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The fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique is widely used in different industries due to its low cost and ability to produce complex geometries from polymers. In this technique, some manufacturing parameters are essential because of their effects on the mechanical performance of the final fabricated part. The current study investigated the impact of path strategy and printing speed, two key manufacturing factors, on the mechanical performance of printed disks. Six types of path strategies of rasters corresponding to the loading direction, namely unidirectional-vertical, unidirectional-horizontal, unidirectional-45, cross, cross-45, and concentrate, were used for printing some disks, and compressive tests were done on them. The results showed that these path strategies' average compressive failure loads were 2955, 4957, 2342, 4640, 3971, and 5893 N, respectively. The lower compressive strength of the unidirectional path pattern was due to the weak zones that were located between the printed layers and rasters. Besides, three printing speeds of 40, 60, and 80 mm/s were considered to fabricate the disks with a concentrate path pattern, and compressive experiments were performed. The results showed that the 40 mm/s printing speed conducted a compressive failure load of 4544 N, while 60 and 80 mm/s resulted in 3008 and 2828 N, respectively. Finally, inter-layer strength as a major factor in controlling the compressive strength of the disks was comprehensively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of additive manufacturing has experienced a surge in popularity over recent decades, particularly as a viable alternative to traditional metal part production. Directed energy deposition (DED) is one of the most promising additive technologies, characterized by its high deposition rate, with wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) being a prominent example. Despite its advantages, DED is known to produce parts with suboptimal surface quality and geometric accuracy, which has been a major obstacle to its widespread adoption. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complex geometries produced by the additive layer. To address this challenge, researchers have focused on characterizing the geometry of the additive layer, particularly the outer part of the bead. This paper specifically investigates the geometrical characteristics and symmetry of walls produced by comparing two different techniques: an oscillated strategy and overlapping beads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of additive manufacturing has experienced a surge in popularity over recent decades, particularly as a viable alternative to traditional metal part production. Directed energy deposition (DED) is one of the most promising additive technologies, characterized by its high deposition rate, with wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) being a prominent example. Despite its advantages, DED is known to produce parts with suboptimal surface quality and geometric accuracy, which has been a major obstacle to its widespread adoption. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complex geometries produced by the additive layer. To address this challenge, researchers have focused on characterizing the geometry of the additive layer, particularly the outer part of the bead. This paper specifically investigates the geometrical characteristics and symmetry of walls produced by comparing two different techniques: an oscillated strategy and overlapping beads.

The study aimed to examine the effect of modern crises management strategies on the marketing perform of Kuwaiti international companies. The study focused on this relationship in terms of changing path strategy, crisis team strategy, crisis exhausting strategy, crisis fragmentation strategy, crisis containment strategy and reserve mobilization strategy as independent variables, marketing performance as dependent variable. The results came to demonstrate at the level of significance (a ≤ 0.05) the presence of a correlation and impact between changing path strategy and marketing performance in Kuwaiti international companies, as it was clear that there is a correlation and impact between crisis team strategy and marketing performance in Kuwaiti international companies, a correlation and influence between crisis exhausting strategy and marketing performance in Kuwaiti international companies, a Correlation and influence between Crisis Fragmentation Strategy and Marketing Performance in Kuwaiti International Companies a correlation and influence between crisis containment strategy and marketing performance in Kuwaiti international companies, a correlation and influence between reserve mobilization strategy and marketing performance in Kuwaiti international companies at a significant level (a ≤ 0.05). Among the most important things suggested by the study is the need for Kuwaiti international companies to have sufficient knowledge in the use of modern crisis management strategies and increase the experience of workers through the knowledge gained from training and the formation of an efficient team to face crises, Preparing and planning for facing crises, following up the development in modern crises management strategies to benefit from it and increase leadership skills in practicing Modern crises management strategies through training and adopting and modern and developed standards in measuring results and making sure it is correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) has received increasing attention with its advantages of economy and flexibility for small batch sheet metal parts. However, the excessive thinning may be resulted at large forming angles for complex parts, which cannot meet the design requirements and seriously impedes the industrial application of ISF. Although the multistage incremental sheet forming (MISF) has been proposed to overcome the dilemma of excessive thinning in ISF, the design of the optimal strategy which can control material flow and improve thickness distribution is a critical issue. In this paper, three promising multistage two point incremental sheet forming (MTPIF) path strategies, i.e., parallel line strategy, variable angle strategy, and stretch-bend-assisted strategy, are selected to investigate the influence of tool paths on thickness distributions, material flow, and geometric error. Firstly, experimental thickness distributions of truncated pyramids formed with three path strategies and single-stage TPIF strategy are compared. Meanwhile, the theoretical models are introduced to illustrate the difference of thickness distributions both at the wall and the corner. Compared with single-stage TPIF strategy, MTPIF path strategies studied in this paper are effective to improve the thickness distribution of truncated pyramids at both the component wall and the corner. Through the theoretical analysis, it is found that the thickness distribution at the wall can be controlled by adjusting intermediate forming angles. Meanwhile, the intermediate shape in circumferential direction has significant influence on the thickness distribution for complex parts. Then, the material flows of three path strategies at different forming stages are analyzed. It is found that the materials at the flange as well as transition arcs are deformed into wall to increase the thickness distribution. Finally, considering both thickness distributions and geometric errors, the variable angle strategy is found as the effective MTPIF strategy for the studied process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a novel abrasive water jet machining (AWJM)-based tool fabrication strategy has been proposed and implemented to make electrical discharge machining (EDM) tools for large-area texturing. The novelty of the work lies in the path strategy proposed for jet movement that moves along two raster paths placed at 90° to each other. By using this path strategy, micro-tools of EDM for machining arrays of square holes were fabricated by AWJ milling process. Based on selected parameters of AWJ process (step-over, traverse speed, path strategy), micro-tools were fabricated on brass and copper sheets. The quality of the kerf obtained during machining by AWJ is conventionally measured using the taper angle. It is explained here how this kind of measurements fall short of quantifying the quality of blind features generated in modern applications of AWJM. These generated features can be accurately measured using highly sensitive techniques of 3D optical profilometer. Based on these measurements, a model based on two performance indices, namely Area-Based Performance Index (API) and Curve-Based Performance Index (CPI) were introduced to analyse such fabricated tools. The technology of large-area texturing to make the overall process fast, by producing high-quality tools in less time, has been demonstrated by using the proposed methodology. Performance of such fabricated tools was investigated by performing experiments on EDM machine. Arrays of square blind holes (texture) were made on stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet using Die sinking mode EDM. The depth of texture was measured through 3D optical profilometer and was found to be in the range of 10 to 100 μm. The dimensions of textured features were found deviating from the tool dimension due to taper present on sidewalls of micro-tools produced through AWJM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]