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In food safety analysis, the detection and control of foodborne pathogens and their toxins are of great importance. Monitoring of virus transmission is equally important, especially in light of recent findings that coronaviruses have been detected in frozen foods and packages during the current global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have attracted considerable scholarly attention for pathogenic microorganisms and toxins detection and sensing due to their rapid response time, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, high specificity, label-free detection, portability, and cost-effectiveness. FET-based biosensors can be modified with specific recognition elements, thus providing real-time qualitative and semiquantitative analysis. Furthermore, with advances in nanotechnology and device design, various high-performance nanomaterials are gradually applied in the detection of FET-based biosensors. In this article, we review specific detection in different biological recognition elements are immobilized on FET biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, and we also discuss nonspecific detection by FET biosensors. In addition, there are still unresolved challenges in the development and application of FET biosensors for achieving efficient, multiplexed, in situ detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Therefore, directions for future FET biosensor research and applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections originating from pathogenic microorganisms can significantly impede the natural wound-healing process. To address this obstacle, innovative bio-active nanomaterials have been developed to enhance antibacterial capabilities. This study focuses on the preparation of nanocomposites from thermally reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (TRGO/ZnO). The hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize these nanocomposites, and their physicochemical properties were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Subsequently, the potential of TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites as bio-active materials against wound infection-causing bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Furthermore, the investigated samples show disrupted bacterial biofilm formation. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was conducted to investigate the mechanism of nanocomposite inhibition against bacteria and for further in-vivo determination of antimicrobial activity. The MTT assay was performed to ensure the safety and biocompatibility of nanocomposite. The results suggest that TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites have the potential to serve as effective bio-active nanomaterials for combating pathogenic microorganisms present in wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphids are important sucking crop pests. In addition to sucking plants, they also act as vectors to spread a variety of plant viruses, causing serious economic losses to agricultural production. At present, chemical pesticides are still commonly used for the control of aphids. However, long-term chemical control can result in 3R (Resistance, Residue, and Resurgence) problems. Biological control, as a green and environmentally friendly plant protection measure, has attracted more and more attention in recent years. This paper reviews the current research status and prospects of aphid biological control in China in recent years, aiming at providing ideas and basis for the development and application of biological control technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-aged meat is gaining popularity among food business operators and private consumers. The process is carried out in aerobic conditions by hanging beef carcasses or placing subprimal or primal cuts in a dedicated cabinet for several weeks or even months while controlling the environment through the management of process parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and airflow. In this review, we present a critical evaluation of the literature to evaluate tools to manage the process to guarantee food safety and identify critical control points, as well as good hygiene and manufacturing practices. In controlled aging conditions, only Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica can multiply, while a reduction in the number of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 is generally reported. Enterobacteriaceae usually decrease on the surface of the meat during maturation; thus, for the purpose of the hygiene evaluation of the production process, a count no higher than that of unmatured meat is expected. Besides, various studies report that the total bacterial count and the spoilage microorganisms significantly increase on the surface of the meat, up to 5-6 Log10 CFU/g in the absence of visible spoilage. Bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus tend to progressively replace other microorganisms during maturation; thus, the total mesophilic or psychrophilic bacterial load is not a good indicator of process hygiene for matured meat. Critical parameters for the control of the process are temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation, which should be monitored during the process. For this reason, equipment designed and certified for dryaging must be used, and the manufacturer must validate the process. Food business operators must apply general good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygiene practices (GHP) for meat processing and some GMP and GHP specific for dry-aging. Several research needs were identified, among them the evolution of the populations of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica and the microbiology of the inner parts of the dry-aged meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Infections originating from pathogenic microorganisms can significantly impede the natural wound-healing process. To address this obstacle, innovative bio-active nanomaterials have been developed to enhance antibacterial capabilities. This study focuses on the preparation of nanocomposites from thermally reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (TRGO/ZnO). The hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize these nanocomposites, and their physicochemical properties were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Subsequently, the potential of TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites as bio-active materials against wound infection-causing bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Furthermore, the investigated samples show disrupted bacterial biofilm formation. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was conducted to investigate the mechanism of nanocomposite inhibition against bacteria and for further in-vivo determination of antimicrobial activity. The MTT assay was performed to ensure the safety and biocompatibility of nanocomposite. The results suggest that TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites have the potential to serve as effective bio-active nanomaterials for combating pathogenic microorganisms present in wounds.

In post-pandemic period of COVID-19, the increase in the number of sub-healthy population, coupled with factors such as global travel, climate change, and increased contact with wildlife, may lead to a rise in the incidence of central nervous system (Central nervous system, CNS) infections by potential zoonotic pathogens, which has become one of the main reasons for the increase in adjusted life years lost due to human disability. Due to the high case fatality rate of CNS infection and the severe sequelae of the body, it is also one of the most serious global public health challenges at present. To resist pathogen invasion, hosts have constructed a series of barrier structures on their surfaces and within their bodies, including skin barrier, blood-lung barrier, blood-testis barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Among these, the BBB is a complex barrier structure composed of various cellular and non-cellular components. As a biological barrier isolating the CNS from the periphery, BBB can prevent a vast majority of harmful substances from entering the brain, thus ensuring the dynamic equilibrium of the brain's internal environment and the normal functioning of the CNS. However, through long-term evolution, pathogens have developed multiple pathways to cross the BBB and invade the CNS. Currently, five invasion pathways have been confirmed by researchers, including infection or disruption of brain endothelial cells; crossing the BBB through transcellular migration; infiltrating through the BBB as a "Trojan horse" via infected leukocytes; entering the CNS through paracellular spaces; and bypassing the BBB and entering the CNS through axonal transport from the periphery. The severity and complexity of CNS infectious diseases are influenced by the nature of the pathogen itself, the structure and function of the host BBB and the diversity of neural invasion pathways. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens utilize protein interactions, regulate BBB permeability, and invade the CNS through phagocytosis have been elucidated in detail. This has made CNS delivery of certain drugs possible and also laid a theoretical foundation for the development of entirely new CNS drug delivery systems. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the structure of the BBB and the pathways through which pathogens invade the CNS will contribute to the development of strategies to control pathogen invasion, novel brain-targeted drugs, and new delivery systems to mitigate established infections in the host CNS.

The reuse of reclaimed water is a cost-effective way to alleviate water resource scarcity, but the residual pathogenic microorganisms inevitably influence the safety of its reuse. The transport behavior of pathogenic microorganisms in receiving porous media varies under different environmental factors and could be harmful to the natural ecology and even human health if not well treated. Biochar is expected to be an effective, environmentally-friendly functional material to inhibit the transport of pathogenic microorganisms, with unreplaceable advantages of low price, simple preparation method, and strong adsorption capacity. In the present paper, we start from identifying the transport behavior of typical pathogenic microorganisms in porous media, including protozoa, bacteria, and viruses, and then analyzing the primary factors affecting the transport of pathogenic microorganisms from the aspects of biology, physics, and chemistry. Furthermore, the effects of types of raw materials, pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and functional modification methods on the remediation performance of biochar for the transport of pathogenic microorganisms are clearly reviewed. Finally, we aim to clarify the transport rules of pathogenic microorganisms in porous media and provide biochar-based technical means for effectively inhibiting the transport of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby improving the ecological and health safety of reclaimed water reuse. HIGHLIGHTS Pathogenic microorganisms could spread widely through transport behavior in porous media.; The biological, physical, and chemical factors affecting the transport of pathogenic microorganisms were reviewed.; Parameters of biochar impacting the transport of pathogenic microorganisms were discussed.; Biochar is expected to have practical applications in inhibiting the transport of pathogenic microorganisms.;

In post-pandemic period of COVID-19, the increase in the number of sub-healthy population, coupled with factors such as global travel, climate change, and increased contact with wildlife, may lead to a rise in the incidence of central nervous system (Central nervous system, CNS) infections by potential zoonotic pathogens, which has become one of the main reasons for the increase in adjusted life years lost due to human disability. Due to the high case fatality rate of CNS infection and the severe sequelae of the body, it is also one of the most serious global public health challenges at present. To resist pathogen invasion, hosts have constructed a series of barrier structures on their surfaces and within their bodies, including skin barrier, blood-lung barrier, blood-testis barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Among these, the BBB is a complex barrier structure composed of various cellular and non-cellular components. As a biological barrier isolating the CNS from the periphery, BBB can prevent a vast majority of harmful substances from entering the brain, thus ensuring the dynamic equilibrium of the brain’s internal environment and the normal functioning of the CNS. However, through long-term evolution, pathogens have developed multiple pathways to cross the BBB and invade the CNS. Currently, five invasion pathways have been confirmed by researchers, including infection or disruption of brain endothelial cells; crossing the BBB through transcellular migration; infiltrating through the BBB as a “Trojan horse” via infected leukocytes; entering the CNS through paracellular spaces; and bypassing the BBB and entering the CNS through axonal transport from the periphery. The severity and complexity of CNS infectious diseases are influenced by the nature of the pathogen itself, the structure and function of the host BBB and the diversity of neural invasion pathways. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens utilize protein interactions, regulate BBB permeability, and invade the CNS through phagocytosis have been elucidated in detail. This has made CNS delivery of certain drugs possible and also laid a theoretical foundation for the development of entirely new CNS drug delivery systems. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the structure of the BBB and the pathways through which pathogens invade the CNS will contribute to the development of strategies to control pathogen invasion, novel brain-targeted drugs, and new delivery systems to mitigate established infections in the host CNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in promoting growth and development, nutrient absorption, and disease resistance in poplar plantations. Long-term planting decays soil nutrient contents and changes the microfloral structure, and pathogenic microorganisms accumulate. It is of great significance to clarify the distribution and synergistic relationships between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms in plantation soil for solving the long-term planting obstacles of poplar plantation. Methods: High-throughput sequencing, culture, pure bacterial identification, functional verification, and bioinformatics methods were used to explore the population and functional characteristics of the soil microorganisms in the perennial poplar forest, identify the main pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms in the soil, and investigate the synergistic relationships among the microorganisms in the system. Results: An evaluation of soil from a perennial poplar plantation revealed the presence of many beneficial microbes, such as Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Variovorax, and Streptomyces, as well as pathogenic microorganisms, including Fusarium and Alternaria. Most of these microorganisms were enriched in the rhizosphere soil. The study found that phosphorus was the driving factor affecting soil microorganisms, with available phosphorus (K = 0.189) and pH value (K = 0.113) significantly affecting fungal phylogeny. Bacterial community assembly processes were deterministic (βNTI < − 2), while those of fungi were stochastic (− 1 > βNTI > − 2). The microbial network in the rhizosphere was more stable than that in the bulk soil. This study expands our knowledge of the functional microbial germplasm resources of forest plantations and provides a theoretical basis for soil remediation in perennial poplar plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide spread of pathogenic microorganisms poses a significant risk to human health. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as dependable analytical tools for the point-of-care detection of pathogens and can effectively compensate for the limitations of conventional techniques. Real-time analysis, high throughput, portability, and rapidity make them pioneering tools for on-site detection of pathogens. Herein, this work comprehensively reviews the recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection, focusing on those based on the classification of recognition elements, and summarizes their principles, current challenges, and prospects. This review was conducted by a systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases to obtain relevant literature and construct a basic framework. A total of 171 publications were included after online screening and data extraction to obtain information of the research advances in electrochemical biosensors for pathogen detection. According to the findings, the research of electrochemical biosensors in pathogen detection has been increasing yearly in the past 3 years, which has a broad development prospect, but most of the biosensors have performance or economic limitations and are still in the primary stage. Therefore, significant research and funding are required to fuel the rapid development of electrochemical biosensors. The overview comprehensively evaluates the recent advances in different types of electrochemical biosensors utilized in pathogen detection, with a view to providing insights into future research directions in biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-aged meat is gaining popularity among food business operators and private consumers. The process is carried out in aerobic conditions by hanging beef carcasses or placing subprimal or primal cuts in a dedicated cabinet for several weeks or even months while controlling the environment through the management of process parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and airflow. In this review, we present a critical evaluation of the literature to evaluate tools to manage the process to guarantee food safety and identify critical control points, as well as good hygienic and manufacturing practices. In controlled aging conditions, only Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica can multiply, while a reduction in the number of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 is generally reported. Enterobacteriaceae usually decrease on the surface of the meat during maturation; thus, for the purpose of the hygienic evaluation of the production process, a count no higher than that of unmatured meat is expected. Besides, various studies report that the total bacterial count and the spoilage microorganisms significantly increase on the surface of the meat, up to 5-6 Log CFU/g in the absence of visible spoilage. Bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus tend to progressively replace other microorganisms during maturation; thus, the total mesophilic or psychrophilic bacterial load is not a good indicator of process hygiene for matured meat. Critical parameters for the control of the process are temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation, which should be monitored during the process. For this reason, equipment designed and certified for dry aging must be used, and the manufacturer must validate the process. Food business operators must apply general good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygiene practices (GHP) for meat processing and some GMP and GHP specific for dry aging. Several research needs were identified, among them the evolution of the populations of L. monocytogenes and Y. enterocolitica and the microbiology of the inner parts of the dry-aged meat.

Although COVID-19 disease has lost its former severity in the period from its emergence in 2019 until today, it still maintains its importance. In this study, it is aimed to determine the plants preferred before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the microbiological quality of these plants. The information form prepared by ourselves was applied to the local herbalists and market employees in Istanbul in order to determine the plants used in the period and before, and to measure their knowledge about the transportation and storage conditions of the plants. It has been determined that the plants whose use has increased compared to before the pandemic process are turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves, and they are mostly consumed in the form of tea. Plants were obtained from randomly selected herbalists and markets in open and closed forms, and herb and tea forms were subjected to microbiological analysis using the spread plate method. According to the results of the study, it is important that pathogenic bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Yersinia spp. were not detected in the herbs and teas. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the microbial load of the herb and tea forms of the closed samples taken from the markets was higher than that of the open samples taken from the herbalists, and that the microbial load was largely controlled after the brewing process (infusion-decoction). In addition, the importance of maintaining the water temperature in the brewing methods of teas has been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To develop a practical negative pressure blood culture bottle, and to improve the efficacy of clinical pathogenic microorganism diagnosis and inspection. Methods The self-made negative pressure blood culture bottle adopted a 100 mL glass infusion bottle, which was composed of a bottle body and a bottle cap. The bottle body sealed by the bottle cap was in a negative pressure state. The temperature in the sealed bottle body was-10-65℃, the humidity was ≤ 85%, and the pressure was-50--30 kPa. There was cellophane wrapping the bottle mouth at the bottle mouth. The outside of the cellophane was wrapped with gauze. The bottle in the negative pressure state was provided with 30 mL blood culture medium. The formula of blood culture medium was debugged, disinfected and prepared under negative pressure according to the fourth edition of National Clinical Laboratory Procedures, and the clinical performance was verified. Results The self-made negative pressure blood culture bottle showed positive results at the lowest concentration level of all strains, with a positive coincidence rate of 100%. There was no significant difference between the self-made negative pressure blood culture bottle and the traditional blood culture bottle（P＞0. 05). Conclusion The self-made negative pressure blood culture bottle can be punctured once together with the negative pressure tubes of other inspection items, which can reduce the secondary injury and pollution rate. It has practical clinical value in clinical pathogenic microorganism inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon cancer is one of the most common cancers, with 30–50 % of patients returning or metastasizing within 5 years of treatment. Increasingly, researchers have highlighted the influence of microbes on cancer malignant activity, while no studies have explored the relationship between colon cancer and the microbes in tumors. Here, we used tissue and blood samples from 67 colon cancer patients to identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with the diagnosis and prediction of colon cancer and evaluate the predictive performance of each pathogenic marker and its combination based on the next-generation sequencing data by using random forest algorithms. The results showed that we constructed a database of 13,187 pathogenic microorganisms associated with human disease and identified 2 pathogenic microorganisms (Synthetic.construct_32630 and Dicrocoelium.dendriticum_57078) associated with colon cancer diagnosis, and the constructed diagnostic prediction model performed well for tumor tissue samples and blood samples. In summary, for the first time, we provide new molecular markers for the diagnosis of colon cancer based on the expression of pathogenic microorganisms in order to provide a reference for improving the effective screening rate of colon cancer in clinical practice and ameliorating the personalized treatment of colon cancer patients.

This study assessed and compared antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content (TPC) of two commonly consumed vegetable leaves, i.e., bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). The Kirby-Bauer disc Diffusion Assay was employed to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness against bacterial strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as a fungal strain of Candida albicans. The results demonstrated that these vegetable leaves are abundant in phytochemical constituents, as indicated by the range of antioxidant activity (8.32 mg TE/g extract to 16.75 mg TE/g extract) and TPC (239.98 mg TAE/g extract to 458.16 mg TAE/g extract). Notably, the ripe leaves of L. siceraria exhibited the highest TPC and ABTS values among all the leaves investigated. The acetone extract of L. siceraria and C. pepo leaves showed good antimicrobial activity as evidenced by the Zone of Inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus compared to the standard antibiotics. These findings strongly suggest that the investigated plant extracts have the potential to serve as a valuable source for novel antimicrobial drugs. This research emphasizes the possibility of utilizing agricultural waste on a larger scale to obtain significant nutritional benefits without incurring additional costs and reducing the generation of biological waste.

A total of 598 Hu-sheep's nasal swabs were collected form four large-scale sheep farms in Susong, Wangjiang and Huoshan counties of Anhui Province according to the 90% confidence interval. A total of 445 strains were detected after separation, purification, morphological and molecular identification. The dominant strains of opportunistic pathogens are Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was low. A total of 7 strains of 3 kinds of respiratory pathogenic bacteria were detected, including 1 strain of Pasteurella, 1 strain of Streptococcus and 5 strains of Acinetobacter baumanni. Among them, Huoshan County had the highest detection. rate of respiratory pathogens (2.24%), followed by Susong County (2.13%). While the samples from two sheep farms in Wangjiang County did not detect the above respiratory pathogens. This study has guiding significance for rational selection of sensitive drugs for scientific prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases in Hu sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Detection of the pathogen and appropriate early treatment are very important in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). In our study, we evaluated the correlation of culture results and hematologic parameters with tissue polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test in the diagnosis of PJI. Methods. The study included 26 patients whose culture and tissue PCR samples were examined with suspicion of PJI in our clinic. Tissue samples were obtained for PCR and culture during revision surgery. All data were statistically analyzed. Cut-off values of acute phase reactants were tried to be determined according to the culture results. Pathogens were detected in only one patient in culture, whereas pathogens were detected in 5 patients in PCR test. Results. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) values of patients with positive PCR test results were significantly higher than those with negative PCR test results. As a result of the ROC analysis performed to determine the cut-off values, the cut-off value of CRP was 24.5 with 100.0% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity (p<0.05), and the cut-off value of ESR was 64.5 with 80.0% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity (p<0.05). Conclusions. Diagnosing infection with PCR test reduces the possibility of making mistakes. In addition, we tried to find the cut-off values for CRP and ESR in the diagnosis of PJI in our study. To confirm these cut-off values we need prospective studies with larger number of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the value of microbial rapid onsite evaluation (M-ROSE) of sepsis, and septic shock caused by pulmonary infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients with sepsis and septic shock due to hospital-acquired pneumonia were analyzed. Accuracy and time were compared with M-ROSE, traditional culture, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: A total of 48 strains of bacteria and 8 strains of fungi were detected by bronchoscopy in 36 patients. The accuracy rate of bacteria and fungi was 95.8% and 100%, respectively. M-ROSE took an average of 0.34±0.01 hours, much faster than NGS (22h±0.01 h, p<0.0001) and traditional culture time (67.50±0.91 h, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: M-ROSE may quickly identify common bacteria and fungi, so it may be a useful method for the etiological diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock caused by pulmonary infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Packaging & Food Machinery is the property of Packaging & Food Machinery Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. Acute septic arthritis must be extensively assessed, identified, and treated to prevent fatal consequences. Antimicrobial therapy administered intravenously has long been considered the gold standard for treating acute osteoarticular infections. According to clinical research, parenteral antibiotics for a few days, followed by oral antibiotics, are safe and effective for treating infections without complications. This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, particularly aggressive bacterial species has highlighted the need for more research to enhance treatment approaches and develop innovative diagnosis methods and drugs that might combat better in all patients. This article aims to furnish radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, and other medical practitioners with contemporary insights on the subject matter and foster collaborative efforts to improve patient outcomes. This review represents the initial comprehensive update encompassing patients across all age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang Fu, Xiaohua Zhu, Ping Cao, Chen Shen, Xiaowen Qian, Hui Miao, Yi Yu, Hongsheng Wang, Xiaowen Zhai Department of Hematology, National Children’s Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Hongsheng Wang; Xiaowen Zhai, Department of Hematology, National Children’s Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 64931123, Fax +86 21 64931901, Email honswang@hotmail.com; xwzhai@fudan.edu.cnPurpose: To analyze the contribution of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the guidance of clinical treatment and outcomes of infection during myelosuppression among children with hematological and neoplastic diseases.Patients and Methods: The clinical data and results of mNGS assay of febrile patients suspected of infection were retrospectively collected. The characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms and clinical course of myelosuppressed children with hematological diseases were summarized.Results: Our study included 70 patients (45 males) with a median age of 5 years (range: 0.5 to 13 y). During the study period, there were 96 events of suspected infection. According to comprehensive clinical diagnosis, 73 blood infections, 43 pneumonia and 2 urinary tract infections occurred. The positive rate of mNGS was significantly higher than that of traditional microbial detection (83.3% vs 17.7%). The main pathogens detected by mNGS were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, human herpesvirus, Candida and Aspergillus. The average duration of fever was 4.9 days and 11.6 days (P < 0.05), and the average cost of anti-infection treatment was RMB ¥ 28,077 and 39,898 (P < 0.05) among children received mNGS within 48 hours and more than 48 hours after the onset of infection symptoms.Conclusion: mNGS contributes to clinical management of children with infection during myelosuppression, especially among patients with negative traditional microbial detection. Early implementation of mNGS in children with symptoms has a tendency to reduce the time of infection, fever and the cost of treatment.Keywords: metagene, pathogenic microorganism, child, hematology and oncology

Les toxi-infections alimentaires collectives (Tiac) ont toujours suscité des réactions épidermiques de peur dans les populations, avec parfois des conséquences sociétales importantes comme dans le cas de l'ergotisme (mal des ardents, sorcières de Salem). De ce fait, la lutte contre l'apparition de Tiac est un enjeu croissant de santé publique. En effet l'émergence de certains pathogènes, du fait de nouvelles habitudes alimentaires et de l'hypermédiatisation des cas, oblige à une surveillance accrue de la part des autorités mais aussi des professionnels de l'agroalimentaire. Les méthodes de diagnostic ont ainsi fortement évolué depuis deux décennies, permettant des réponses rapides en adéquation avec les contraintes de durée de vie des produits. Outbreaks of food-borne diseases have always aroused epidermal reactions of fear in populations, sometimes with important societal consequences as in the case of ergotism (mal des ardents, sorcières de Salem). Therefore, the fight against the emergence of these outbreaks is a growing public health issue. Indeed, the emergence of some pathogens, due to new food habits and the hypermediatization of cases, requires an increased surveillance from the authorities but also from the food industry professionals. Diagnostic methods have evolved significantly over the last two decades, allowing for rapid responses in line with the constraints of product shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prunus salicina Lindl. (P. salicina) is an essential cash crop in China, and brown rot (BR) is one of its most important diseases. In this study, we collected geographic location information on P. salicina and Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey (M. fructicola), one of the BR pathogenic species, and applied the MaxEnt model to simulate its potential suitable distribution in China. There have been discussions about the dominant environmental variables restricting its geographical distribution and their overlap. The results showed that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, precipitation in July, and minimum temperatures in January and November were the main climatic variables affecting the potential distribution of P. salicina, while the coldest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation of March, precipitation of October, maximum temperatures of February, October, and November, and minimum temperature of January were related to the location of M. fructicola. Southern China had suitable conditions for both P. salicina and M. fructicola. Notably, the overlap area of P. salicina and M. fructicola was primarily located southeast of 91°48′ E 27°38′ N to 126°47′ E 41°45′ N. The potential overlap area predicted by our research provided theoretical evidence for the prevention of BR during plum planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, nucleic acid testing quickly entered people’s lives. In addition to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was commonly used in nucleic acid testing, isothermal amplification methods were also important nucleic acid testing methods. Among several common isothermal amplification methods like displaced amplification, rolling circle amplification, and so on, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was recently paid more attention to. It had the advantages like a simple operation, fast amplification speed, and reaction at 37-42°C, et al. So it was very suitable for field detection. However, there were still some disadvantages to RPA. Herein, our review mainly summarized the principle, advantages, and disadvantages of RPA. The specific applications of RPA in bacterial detection, fungi detection, virus detection, parasite detection, drug resistance gene detection, genetically modified food detection, and SARS-CoV-2 detection were also described. It was hoped that the latest research progress on RPA could be better delivered to the readers who were interested in RPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, metagenomics(MGS)is the fastest growing fields in microbiology, and has been broadly applied in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Comparing with the traditional poly merase chain reaction(PCR)-based detecting technology which relies on microbial culture, MGS can directly detect the sequences of the total microbial DNA from uncultured samples with the high-throughput sequencing platform. It can help the doctors identify the involved pathogens more quickly and provide better medication guidance. Among the known ophthalmic diseases, a lot of them are caused by the infection of pathogens and have many difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment. The development of metagenomics provides us a more effective and reliable way for detecting the pathogens of ophthalmic diseases. This article was aimed to review the development of MGS, applications and in the field of ophthalmology, as well as its current deficiencies and the possible development directions in the future.

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Appropriate biosafety management is a critical component of the successful operation of laboratory animal facilities. Standardizing the management of laboratory animal facilities, protecting staff, and strengthening the construction of laboratory animal health monitoring system are inevitable needs for the benign development of the laboratory animal industry. The control of microbial pathogens is a core component of laboratory biosafety management, and it is an important index for the evaluation of laboratory operation and management. The potential biosafety risk of animal laboratories is high owing to the experimentations with live animals, or pathogenic microorganisms. The control of microbial pathogens is an effective measure to reduce the risk of occupational exposure and acquired infections in laboratories. This study discusses microbial pathogen control strategies in laboratory animal facilities for promoting laboratory animal facility management and biosafety control.

Objective To compare swab sampling method with tissue sampling method to determine whether diabetic foot (DF) were infected pathogenic bacteria and to determine the consistency of pathogenic microorganism by using Meta-analysis method. Methods Relevant literatures were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang Data until March 25, 2021. Two independent researchers evaluated the included literatures and extracted the data to analysis, RevMan5.3 and STATA13 software were used to calculate the sensitivity (Sen) and specificity (Spe) of the swab sampling methods to determine whether DF were winfected pathogenic bacteria and the consistence of the pathogenic microorganisms, and subgroup analysis was conducted according to the depth of infection. To compare the difference between the two methods, t test was used to analyze the number of pathogens and Chi-square test was used to analyze the classification of Gram stain typing. Results A total of 725 samples from 6 studies were included. In the evaluation of swab sampling method to determine whether DF infected pathogenic bacteria, the combined SEN=0.94 [95%CI (0.82-0.98)], the combined SPE=0.59 [95%CI(0.33-0.81)]. While the combined SEN=0.71 [95%CI (0.46-0.87)], the combined SPE=0.28 [95%CI (0.14-0.49)], AUC=0.45 [95%CI (0.41-0.60)], when swab sampling method was used to determine pathogenic microorganisms. In the subgroup analysis, the sensitivity of the shallow infection group was higher than that of the deep infection group. There was no significant difference between the two sampling methods in the number of pathogens obtained by Gram stain typing. Conclusions Swab sampling is of high diagnostic value in determining whether pathogenic bacteria are infected, but its accuracy in identifying DF infection of pathogenic microorganisms is poor. Swab sampling method cannot completely replace tissue sampling method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The importance of preventing the spread of pathogenic microorganisms and viruses in the context of an intensifying pandemic and an unsatisfactory state of the environment has been analyzed. The necessity of application of antimicrobial materials with prolonged action to a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms has been established. The prospects of using antibacterial ceramic and glass materials and coatings with high performance characteristics and sanitary-technical properties have been determined. The expediency of the complex application of the method for determining the dehydrogenase activity of microorganisms and the diffusion method in the study of the antibacterial activity of glass coatings has been substantiated. The choice of glaze and bactericidal fillers for obtaining antibacterial glass-crystalline coatings with prolonged action for ceramic tiles has been justified. The antibacterial effect of the developed glazes and the potential need for their use to protect against pathogenic microorganisms in conditions of an increased risk of microbial load have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seafood is a major group associated with foodborne illnesses, with Salmonella spp. and E. coli being pathogens of great importance. The use of natural preservatives, such as essential oils, is gaining traction in the food industry to combat pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil (OEO) against pathogenic strains of E. coli and Salmonella Enteritidis, experimentally inoculated in mussels (Perna perna). The antagonism test for OEO against Salmonella Enteritidis and E. coli was conducted using the agar well diffusion method, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution. Mussels were experimentally contaminated and treated with OEO, then stored at 5 °C and analysed over ten days. Results showed OEO effectively reduced bacterial counts, with higher efficacy against Salmonella Enteritidis, with an average count difference of 2.252 log CFU/g over the 10-day storage period. The study concludes OEO as a natural preservative, with its effectiveness dependent on oil concentration and microbial load. • Essential oils are natural preservatives with antimicrobial characteristics. • The concentration of 1% OEO is effective for the in vitro inhibition of microorganisms. • OEO is effective as a natural preservative in mussels. • Salmonella Enteritidis showed the greatest reduction in count during 10 days of storage. • Intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence the inhibitory effect of OEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The OCN/Co 3 O 4 catalyst was utilized to individually eliminate TCs and E.coli within the PMS system. • OCN/Co 3 O 4 /Vis/PMS exhibited 99.2% of tetracycline degradation within 20 min. • The OCN/Co 3 O 4 catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic activity and stability. • Activation mechanism of OCN/Co 3 O 4 with respect to PMS was elucidated. The widespread use of graphitic carbon nitride (CN) for environmental pollutant removal has been hampered by intrinsic limitations, notably facile electron-hole recombination and a limited surface area. This work successfully synthesized OCN/Co 3 O 4 composite materials. Furthermore, the implementation of a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) reaction system remarkably enhanced the material's capability to degrade Escherichia coli (E. coli) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). Compared with CN, the composite material possessed a notably larger specific surface area, affording it a profusion of reactive sites. Additionally, the replacement of carbon atoms with oxygen atoms in the original CN structure profoundly altered its electronic configuration. The characterization through UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, photoluminescence, transient photocurrent responses, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also confirmed the excellent optical and electrochemical attributes of OCN/Co 3 O 4. Experimental results illustrated OCN/Co 3 O 4 /Vis/PMS completely degraded E. coli at an initial concentration of 1 × 107 CFU mL−1 within 1 h and reduced TC with the adding concentration of 10 mg/L by 99.2% in only 20 min. An analysis was conducted on reactive oxygen species (ROS) using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and radical quenching experiments. The test results demonstrated the generation of ROS including •O 2 −, •OH, h+, and SO 4 •− within the reaction system. This work explored the degradation mechanism in the OCN/Co 3 O 4 /Vis/PMS system, providing innovative insights for the design of eco-friendly, efficient catalysts as well as the enhancement of TC and E. coli degradation through the synergistic activation of photocatalytic PMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics can improve the intestinal flora structure of host, improve the digestion and absorption of nutrients, enhance the body immunity and promote the healthy growth of animals and improve performance. The paper reviews the biological functions of probiotics and their application in chicken production, to provide reference for the for the application of probiotics in chicken breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we summarize the relationship of PCT with pathogens, evaluate the clinical utility of PCT in the diagnosis of clinical diseases, condition monitoring and evaluation, and guiding medical decision-making, and explore current knowledge on the mechanisms by which pathogens cause changes in PCT levels. The lipopolysaccharides of the microorganisms stimulate cytokine production in host cells, which in turn stimulates production of serum PCT. Pathogens have different virulence mechanisms that lead to variable host inflammatory responses, and differences in the specific signal transduction pathways result in variable serum PCT concentrations. The mechanisms of signal transduction have not been fully elucidated. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the PCT fluctuation range of each pathogen. PCT levels are helpful in distinguishing between certain pathogens, in deciding if antibiotics are indicated, and in monitoring response to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal is the property of Chinese Medical Equipment Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To evaluate the effect of liver transplantation on intestinal microflora in children with biliary atresia. Methods The fecal samples and liver function indexes of 16 children with biliary atresia before and 6 months after liver transplantation were collected, and 10 healthy children were selected as the healthy controls. DNA extraction and metagenome sequencing were carried out in the fecal samples. Statistical analysis was performed by software packages, such as R language. The changes of species structure and functional composition of intestinal microflora after liver transplantation were analyzed. The recovery of intestinal microflora in children with biliary atresia after liver transplantation was assessed. The relationship between intestinal microflora and liver function indexes was investigated. Results Following liver transplantation, the number of species of intestinal microflora in children with biliary atresia was increased. The opportunistic pathogens were the dominant species of intestinal microflora in children with biliary atresia before liver transplantation. The abundance of opportunistic pathogens was decreased and the abundance of shortchain fatty acid-producing bacteria was increased after liver transplantation (all P<0.05). Following liver transplantation, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were enhanced, whereas infectious diseases of bacterial, immune diseases and drug resistance were weakened. Compared with the healthy control group, there were no statistically significant differences in the diversity and structure of intestinal microflora in the post-liver transplant group, but different species were observed between two groups. The liver function indexes of children with biliary atresia after liver transplantation tended to decline (all P<0.000 1). The abundance of beneficial intestinal microflora was negatively correlated with liver function indexes, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogens was positively correlated with liver function indexes (all P<0.05). Conclusions Liver transplantation may significantly improve the structure and functional composition of intestinal microflora in children with biliary atresia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prunus salicina Lindl. (P. salicina) is an essential cash crop in China, and brown rot (BR) is one of its most important diseases. In this study, we collected geographic location information on P. salicina and Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey (M. fructicola), one of the BR pathogenic species, and applied the MaxEnt model to simulate its potential suitable distribution in China. There have been discussions about the dominant environmental variables restricting its geographical distribution and their overlap. The results showed that the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, precipitation in July, and minimum temperatures in January and November were the main climatic variables affecting the potential distribution of P. salicina, while the coldest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation of March, precipitation of October, maximum temperatures of February, October, and November, and minimum temperature of January were related to the location of M. fructicola. Southern China had suitable conditions for both P. salicina and M. fructicola. Notably, the overlap area of P. salicina and M. fructicola was primarily located southeast of 91°48′ E 27°38′ N to 126°47′ E 41°45′ N. The potential overlap area predicted by our research provided theoretical evidence for the prevention of BR during plum planting.

Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] The essential oil from Artemisia annua and its active ingredient 1,8-cineole were used for the in vitro control of postharvest diseases of Lilium davidii,providing a theoretical basis for biological control of postharvest diseases of L.davidii. [Methods] Pathogenicity of postharvest diseases of L.davidii was isolated by tissue separation method and Koch tieback method,and its classification status was determined by combining morphology and molecular biology. In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oil from A.annua and its active component 1,8-cineole were determined by fumigation method and direct contact method. [Results] In the case of injury,the pathogens causing postharvest diseases of L.davidii included 1 strain of Bacillus mojavensis(B-6) and three strains of fungi[Trichoderma lixii(F-2),Talaromyces tumuli(F-3) and Fusarium annulatum(F-6)]; without injury,strain B-6 had no infection on L.davidii,and the infection rate of strains F-2,F-3 and F-6 was slower than that of injury. The fumigation method showed when the concentration of essential oil from A.annua and 1,8-cineole reached 0.7 mL·L-1,the bactericidal rate of B-6 reached 100%,and the EC50 ranges against pathogenic fungi were 0.314-0.357 mL·L-1 and 0.280-0.420 mL·L-1,respectively. The result of direct contact method showed the minimum bactericidal concentrations of essential oil of A.annua and 1,8-cineole to B-6 were 1.25 mL·L-1 and 5 mL·L-1,and the concentrations of essential oil from A.annua of fungicidal to F-2,F-3 and F-6 were 10 mL·L-1,40 mL·L-1 and 40 mL·L-1,respectively,and the concentrations of 1,8-cineole of fungicidal to F-2,F-3 and F-6 were all 20 mL·L-1. [Conclusions] It is found that the 4 pathogens isolated from the rotten L.davidii could all cause the postharvest diseases of L.davidii to varying degrees, and the injury promotes the infection rate of L.davidii by pathogenic of F-2,F-3 and F-6. The essential oil of A.annua and its main active ingredient 1,8-cineole have good antimicrobial activity, and the fumigation method is more advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to forensic research of the damage circumstances by pathogenic microorganisms in the environment after a terrorist attack. The topic is relevant in that it has not yet been studied in forensic such notions as “especially dangerous infections”, “biological agents”, “bacteriological weapons”, “biological weapons”, “pathogenicity”, “contagious properties”, etc. were not considered in the literature. In forensic science, the properties of biological agents of biological weapons developed to date, the mechanism and nature of trace formation in the material situation where a terrorist act can be committed using these means are not systematized. The issues of technical and forensic support for conducting investigative actions were not considered, for example, when inspecting the scene of an incident, if an act of terrorism was committed, there are no recommendations on the tactical features of investigating this category of crimes, and the specialists are not known in what procedural form. Specialists should be established to prove the guilt of the terrorist (s), and other issues are not developed as well. of terrorism. The purpose of research, based on the properties of pathogenic microorganisms of natural origin and biological agents for creating biological weapons, their existing classification by degree of pathogenicity, method of penetration, etc., to identify the main properties of these microorganisms in the forensic aspect, systematize them to determine the tactics of the investigation at the initial stage of the investigation. Scientific works of microbiologists, virologists, biologists, epidemiologists and military epidemiologists devoted to the biological agents and the weapon, the methods of indication of bacteriological materials, also the works of criminologists devoted to the theory and practice of investigating special types of crime served as a basis to this article.