73 results on '"patogene bakterije"'
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2. Utjecaj bakteriocina enterokoka na odabrane uzročnike bolesti prenosivih hranom.
- Author
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Vukušić, Nina and Zdolec, Nevijo
- Abstract
Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Modulacija adhezije bakterij Campylobacter in Listeria na modelnih površinah
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Pesterean, Maria and Klančnik, Anja
- Subjects
collagen ,modelna biotska površina ,udc:579.24/.26:547.96 ,pathogenic bacteria ,polystyrene ,Listeria monocytogenes ,lectins ,fibronektin ,Campylobacter jejuni ,patogene bakterije ,modelna abiotska površina ,adhesion ,mucin ,fibronectin ,kolagen ,Listeria innocua ,adhezija ,model abiotic surface ,model biotic surface ,lektini ,polistiren - Abstract
Patogene bakterije iz rodu Campylobacter in Listeria so bakterije prenosljive s hrano, ki so sposobne adhezije na različnih inertnih površinah uporabljenih v industriji, kar predstavlja prvo fazo pri nastanku biofilma. Biofilm celice zaščiti pred neugodnimi pogoji, ter jim omogoči preživetje in obstojnost v prehranjevalni verigi, kjer lahko pride do navzkrižne kontaminacije in prenosa do naslednjega gostitelja. Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija poroča o porastu pojavnosti kampilobakterioze in listerioze kot posledice uživanja nezadostno obdelanega kontaminiranega mesa, mleka ali vode. V magistrskem delu smo ovrednotili adhezijo bakterij vrst Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes in Listeria innocua na: (i) modelni abiotski površini iz polistirena prisotnega v prehrambenih obratih, (ii) na modelnih biotskih površinah kot so mucin, fibronektin in kolagen, ki so prisotni v humanem prebavnem traktu. V nadaljevanju smo ovrednotili adhezijo na biotske ter abiotske površine po dodatku 10 lektinov iz gob. Rezultati so pokazali različno oziroma specifično sposobnost adhezije med bakterijami Campylobacter ter Listeria, ter tudi večjo sposobnost adhezije na biotske površine. Izpostavimo lahko lektina Tectonin2 (bakterije C. jejuni) in ABL (bakterije L. monocytogenes in L. innocua), ki predstavljata potencialno učinkovino naravnega izvora ter usmerjata razvoj novih strategij nadzora nad patogenimi bakterijami preko zmanjševanja oziroma preprečevanja adhezije. Pathogenic bacteria of the genus Campylobacter and Listeria are foodborne bacteria capable of adhering to various inert surfaces used in industry, which is the first stage of biofilm formation. The biofilm protects the cells from adverse conditions and allows them to survive and remain in the food chain, where cross-contamination and transmission to the next host can occur. The World Health Organization reports an increase in campylobacteriosis and listeriosis as a result of consumption of inadequately processed contaminated meat, milk or water. In the Master thesis, we investigated the adhesion of Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua on: (i) abiotic model surfaces of polystyrene found in food crops, (ii) biotic model surfaces of mucin, fibronectin and collagen found in the human digestive tract. We also investigated the modulation of adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces after addition of 10 fungal lectins. The results showed a different/specific ability of adhesion between Campylobacter and Listeria, and a greater ability of adhesion on biotic surfaces. Thus, the lectins Tectonin2 (C. jejuni) and ABL (L. monocytogenes in L. innocua) represent effective agents of natural origin that allow the development of new control strategies against pathogenic bacteria by reducing/preventing adhesion.
- Published
- 2023
4. Antagonistic potential of Bacillus spp. isolates against bacterial pathogens of tomato and fungal pathogen of pepper.
- Author
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Milijašević-Marčić, Svetlana, Todorović, Vesna, Stanojević, Olja, Berić, Tanja, Stanković, Slaviša, Todorović, Biljana, and Potočnik, Ivana
- Subjects
PHYTOPATHOGENIC bacteria ,PHYSIOLOGICAL control systems ,XANTHOMONAS ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,CLAVIBACTER michiganensis - Abstract
Copyright of Pesticides & Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i Fitomedicina is the property of Institute of Pesticides & Environmental Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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5. Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Author
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Essam A. Makky, Wong Zi Qi, Mahmood H. Mahmood, Ooi Wei Ting, and Manaf AlMatar
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Antioxidant ,DPPH ,General Chemical Engineering ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Ethyl acetate ,free radicals ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Food processing and manufacture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Staphylococcus epidermidis ,bacterial pathogen ,medicine ,Food science ,ABTS ,sekundarni metaboliti ,slobodni radikali ,patogene bakterije ,biology ,Chemistry ,secondary metabolites ,TP368-456 ,biology.organism_classification ,Antimicrobial ,Staphylococcus aureus ,Antibacterial activity ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Research background. Antioxidants are important compounds present at low concentrations that inhibit oxidation processes. Due to the side effects of synthetic antioxidants, research interest has increased considerably towards finding natural sources of antioxidants that can replace the synthetic ones. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance require the development of new drugs or some potential sources of novel medicine. This work aims to extract the secondary metabolites of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using ethyl acetate as a solvent and to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracted metabolites. Experimental approach. The antioxidant activity of the secondary metabolites of S. cerevisiae were determined using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of S. cerevisiae against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed. Results and conclusion. Five out of 13 of the extracted secondary metabolites were identified as antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of the S. cerevisiae extract exhibited relatively high IC50 of 455.26 and 294.51 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS respectively, while the obtained FRAP value, expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents, was 44.40 μg/mL. Moreover, the extract had a significant antibacterial activity (p, Pozadina istraživanja. Antioksidansi su važni spojevi koji već pri niskim koncentracijama inhibiraju oksidacijske procese. Zbog štetnih nuspojava primjene sintetskih antioksidanasa porastao je interes za istraživanjem prirodnih izvora antioksidansa. Pojava i proširenost antibiotske rezistencije potakli su interes za razvojem novih lijekova ili mogućih izvora novih lijekova. Svrha je ovoga rada bila ekstrahirati sekundarne metabolite kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae pomoću etil-acetata kao otapala, te odrediti antioksidacijsku i antimikrobnu aktivnost dobivenih metabolita. Eksperimentalni pristup. Antioksidacijska aktivnost sekundarnih metabolita kvasca S. cerevisiae određena je pomoću metoda DPPH, ABTS i FRAP. Osim toga, ispitan je antimikrobni učinak etil-acetatnog ekstrakta kvasca S. cerevisiae na bakterije Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus i Staphylococcus epidermidis. Rezultati i zaključci. Od 13 izdvojenih sekundarnih metabolita, identificirano je njih pet s antioksidacijskim učinkom. Ekstrakt S. cerevisiae imao je relativno veliku IC50 vrijednost, i to 455,27 μg/mL utvrđenu DPPH metodom i 294,51 μg/mL dobivenu ABTS metodom, te FRAP vrijednost, izraženu u ekvivalentima askorbinske kiseline, od 44,40 μg/mL. Osim toga, ekstrakt je imao izraženi antibakterijski učinak (p
- Published
- 2021
6. Inhibitory Potential of Selected Probiotic Products
- Author
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Baksa, Stella and Pavlović, Hrvoje
- Subjects
patogene bakterije ,probiotics ,probiotički proizvodi ,inhibitorni potencijal ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,pathogenic bacteria ,Tibetan mushroom ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,inhibitory potential ,Tibetanska gljiva - Abstract
Ispitan je inhibitorni potencijal odabranih probiotičkih proizvoda na određene bakterije: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis i Staphylococcus aureus. Probiotici su kulture živih stanica mikroorganizama koje djeluju korisno na domaćina poboljšavajući svojstva autohtone mikroflore probavnog sustava domaćina. E. coli i S. typhimurium pripadaju razredu Gammaproteobacteria (porodica Enterobacteriaecae), dok se E. faecalis i S. aureus nalaze u razredu Bacilli (porodice Enterococcaceae te Staphylococcaceae). Od odabranih probiotičkih proizvoda, jedino je fermentirano mlijeko Tibetanskom gljivom uzrokovalo potpunu zonu inhibicije i to kod gram negativnih bakterija: E. coli i S. typhimurium. Fortia (Vindija) je jedini fermentirani probiotički napitak koji je uzrokovao djelomičnu inhibiciju rasta S. aureus. Niti jedan probiotički proizvod nije uzrokovao inhibiciju E. faecalis. Inhibitory potential of selected fermented probiotic product was analyzed on test bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Probiotics are live microbial cultures having beneficiary effect on host improving host`s digestive tract microflora. E. coli and S. typhimurium are systemized in class Gammaproteobacteria (family Enterobacteriacease) while E. faecalis and S. aureus are in class Bacilli (family Enterococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae, respectively). Of selected probiotics, only Tibetan mushroom fermented milk exhibited full inhibition zone on Gram negative E. coli and S. typhimurium. On S. aureus only Fortia (Vindija) displayed partial inhibition of inoculated cells. None of the tested probiotics was inhibitory on E. faecalis.
- Published
- 2021
7. The potential of Sedum roseum (roseroot) root ethanolic extract and its fractions as an antibacterial agent
- Author
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Kunčič, Ajda and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
antimicrobial activity ,plant extracts ,protimikrobno delovanje ,quorum sensing ,pathogenic bacteria ,rožni koren ,Campylobacter jejuni ,patogene bakterije ,rastlinski izvlečki ,udc:582.702:615.322:615.33:579.61(043.2) ,Sedum roseum ,medcelično signaliziranje ,proanthocyanidins ,proantocianidini - Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics in veterinary and human medicine, antibiotic-resistant strains are developing. Among them is Campylobacter jejuni, a major foodborne pathogen and the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, i.e. campylobacteriosis. In addition to the search of novel antimicrobial agents, the identification of new targets for their action is becoming increasingly important. Plant extracts contain various compounds that could act as antibacterial agents. Sedum roseum has long been used in traditional medicine. Extracts from the underground organs of the plant contain a wide range of biologically active compounds with various pharmacological activities. Most of these extracts are obtained from wild plants, even though harvesting is prohibited in many countries. To preserve the natural sources of S. roseum and to ensure the quality and authenticity of the plant material, domestication and cultivation of the plant seems to be the best solution. In the present work, we used cultivated S. roseum plant material, i.e. “Mattmark” (the first synthetic S. roseum cultivar) and “Rosavine”. Ethanolic extracts of both plant materials were prepared and further fractionated to obtain fractions rich in different compounds or compound groups, i.e. salidroside, rosavins, proanthocyanidins, and/or flavonoids. In this work, for the first time, biologically active compounds or compound groups from S. roseum were separated into different fractions and the antimicrobial activity in relation to chemical composition of the extracts and their fractions was studied. We found that fractions rich in proanthocyanidins had the strongest antimicrobial effect against C. jejuni, with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), the highest effect on quorum sensing (QS), reduction of motility and adhesion to the polystyrene surfaces. On the other hand, fractions without proanthocyanidins were less effective. We conclude that proanthocyanidins could be one of the crucial compound groups responsible for the antimicrobial activity of S. roseum ethanolic extracts. Since S. roseum is an expensive source of biologically active compounds, it would be beneficial to search for cheaper and more easily available material with similar proanthocyanidin pattern. In addition, further studies are needed to determine exactly how proanthocyanidins act as antibacterial agents against C. jejuni. Zaradi prekomerne uporabe antibiotikov v veterini in humani medicini, postajajo bakterije vedno bolj odporne nanje. Mednje sodijo tudi bakterije vrste Campylobacter jejuni, ki so najpogostejše s hrano prenosljive črevesne bakterije, ter predstavljajo glavni vzrok za bakterijski gastroenteritis pri človeku, tj. kampilobakteriozo. Poleg iskanja novih protimikrobnih učinkovin je potrebno iskati tudi nove tarče, na katere bi le-te delovale. Rastlinski izvlečki vsebujejo spojine s protimikrobnim delovanjem. Rožni koren se že vrsto let uporablja v tradicionalni medicini. Izvlečki iz podzemnih organov te rastline vsebujejo širok spekter biološko aktivnih spojin z različnim farmakološkim delovanjem. Večina izvlečkov izhaja iz rastlin, ki rastejo v naravi, čeprav je nabiranje v mnogih državah prepovedano. Zaradi želje po ohranjanju naravnih virov rožnega korena in z namenom zagotoviti kakovosten ter pristen material za pripravo izvlečkov, so rastlino začeli vzgajati izven njenega naravnega okolja. V nalogi smo uporabili vzgojeni rastlinski material rožnega korena, “Mattmark” (prvo sintetično sorto rožnega korena) ter “Rosavine”. Pripravili smo etanolne izvlečke iz obeh rastlinskih materialov, v nadaljevanju pa ločili različne spojine ali skupine spojin znotraj njih. Pridobili smo frakcije, ki vsebujejo veliko količino salidrozida, rosavinov, proantocianidinov in/ali flavonoidov. V nalogi smo prvič do sedaj biološko aktivne spojine ali skupine spojin, izolirane iz korenin rožnega korena, ločili na posamezne frakcije ter proučevali njihovo protimikrobno delovanje v odvisnosti od kemijske sestave. Ugotovili smo, da so frakcije obogatene s proantocianidini najbolj biološko aktivne, saj zavrejo rast bakterij vrste C. jejuni že v zelo nizkih koncentracijah, v največji meri zmanjšajo medcelično signaliziranje, gibljivost ter zmožnost pritrditve bakterij na polistirenske površine. Frakcije, ki niso vsebovale proantocianidinov, so bile manj protimikrobno učinkovite. Glede na rezultate sklepamo, da so proantocianidini ena od ključnih skupin spojin, ki je odgovorna za visoko protimikrobno učinkovitost izvlečkov, pridobljenih iz korenin rožnega korena. Ker pa rožni koren predstavlja drag vir biološko aktivnih učinkovin, bi bilo zanimivo poiskati cenejši in lažje dostopen material s podobnim spektrom proantocianidinov. Poleg tega bi bilo potrebno nadalje raziskati način, po katerem proantocianidini na bakterije vrste C. jejuni tako uspešno protimikrobno delujejo.
- Published
- 2021
8. Primerjava adhezinov med patogenimi bakterijami rodu Salmonella, Escherichia in Campylobacter
- Author
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Kralj, Suzana and Klančnik, Anja
- Subjects
Escherichia ,patogene bakterije ,adhezini ,food safety ,udc:579.67:614.31 ,control strategy ,Salmonella ,Campylobacter ,pathogenic bacteria ,adhesins ,varnost živil ,biofilm ,strategija nadzora - Abstract
Adhezini so beljakovinske površinske strukture bakterij, ki se specifično vežejo na receptorje gostiteljske celice in na pritrjevalne površine. Najpogostejši receptorji oz. tarčne molekule so različni glikoproteini in saharidni ostanki na površini celic gostitelja. Namen raziskave je primerjava različnih najpogostejših adhezinov patogenih bakterij rodu Salmonella, Escherichia in Campylobacter. Med njimi so najpogostejši fimbrijski adhezini, ki so tudi ključni za ireverzibilno pritrditev na površino. Bakterije rodu Campylobacter nimajo fimbrij oz. jih pri njih še niso odkrili, zato primerjava teh ni bila mogoča. Podobnosti adhezinov bakterij pa smo ugotovili pri vezavi na tarčne molekule kot so fibronektin, laminin in manoza. S to ugotovitvijo lahko sklepamo, da mehanizem vezave adhezinov lahko predstavlja novo potencialno strategijo nadzora nad patogenimi bakterijami, saj lahko tarčne molekule zamenjamo z različnimi učinkovinami. Poleg tega pa smo ugotovili, da imajo vsi trije rodovi bakterij izraženo flagelo, ki pripomore k adheziji na površino. Adhezini tako predstavljajo specifičen odtis vsakega rodu bakterij. Adhesins are protein cell surface components or appendages of bacteria that enable adhesion to host cell receptors and adhesion surfaces. The most common targets (receptors) are various glycoproteins and sugar residues such as the mannose receptor. The aim of this work was to compare different adhesins between pathogenic bacteria Salmonella, Escherichia and Campylobacter. Fimbrial adhesins are the most abundand and play the major role in ireversible adhesion to the surface. Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter do not have fimbriae (they have not yet been discovered), so the comparison between them was not possible. The similarity between adhesins that adhere to target molecules such as fibronectin, laminin and mannose was discovered. We concluded that adhesins represent a new potential control strategy to interfere with pathogenic bacteria. The target molecules can be replaced by different substances. Furthermore, we discovered that all the mentioned bacteria have expressed flagella, which contributes to adhesion. All adhesins represent a specific expression of individual bacteria.
- Published
- 2021
9. Higiensko-tehnična ustreznost delovnega procesa v vzgojno varstveni ustanovi Lendava, s poudarkom na higienski ustreznosti oblačil vzgojiteljic in pomočnic vzgojiteljic
- Author
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Kikec, Lea and Jevšnik, Mojca
- Subjects
glive ,pathogenic bacteria ,sanitary engineering ,workwear ,magistrska dela ,vrtec ,higiena ,patogene bakterije ,hygiene ,clothing ,udc:614 ,oblačila ,Escherichia coli ,delovna obleka ,stafilokoki ,fungi ,nursery school ,sanitarno inženirstvo ,master's theses ,staphylococci - Abstract
Uvod: Zaradi tesnih medsebojnih stikov se lahko med otroci v vrtčevskem okolju patogeni mikroorganizmi hitro širijo, zaradi nepopolno razvitega imunskega sistema. Zato je zelo pomembno, da strokovni delavci in otroci dosledno upoštevajo higienske ukrepe. Namen: Analizirati izbrane higiensko-tehnične kriterije v obravnavanem vrtcu Lendava, s poudarkom na ustreznosti uporabe civilne obleke, ki jo strokovni delavci uporabljajo v vzgojno varstvenem procesu. Metode dela: Uporabili smo kombinirani metodološki pristop. V prvi fazi raziskave smo s pomočjo opazovalne liste v dveh starostnih obdobjih obravnavanega vzgojno varstvenega zavoda analizirali higiensko-tehnično ustreznost delovnega procesa, s poudarkom na higienski ustreznosti oblačil strokovnih delavcev. Drugo fazo raziskave predstavlja kvalitativna vsebinska analiza strukturiranih intervjujev, ki smo jih s strokovnimi delavci izvedli v času opazovanja, z namenom pridobiti poglobljene informacije o pomembnosti nošenja in vzdrževanja oblačil, ki jih uporabljajo pri delu. Nato smo odvzeli vzorce in z metodo mokrega brisa z gobicami iz vnaprej določenih vzorčnih mest ugotavljali, katera mesta na civilni obleki strokovnih delavcev so najbolj izpostavljena ter mikrobiološko onesnažena, in bi lahko predstavljala tveganje za prenos okužb na varovance. Rezultati: Vzdrževanju splošnega zdravstveno-higienskega režima je potrebno nameniti večji poudarek. Le tako prekinemo verigo prenosa okužb. Pri tem je zelo pomembna ustrezna komunikacija med vodstvom in strokovnimi delavci. Iz rezultatov brisov oblačil strokovnih delavcev je razvidno, da je najbolj izpostavljeno in mikrobiološko onesnaženo mesto na oblačilih predel okoli pasu. Na površini civilnih oblek in predpasnikov za hranjenje smo ugotovili potencialno patogene predstavnike enterobakterij in stafilokokov. Povprečno skupno število aerobnih mezofilnih mikroorganizmov je bilo najvišje na predelu pasu (3,2 × 102 CFU/100 cm2 ), na predelu ramen 2,5 × 102 CFU/100 cm2 in le 56 CFU/100 cm2 na predpasniku za hranjenje. Escherichia coli je bila prisotna v 8,8 % in plesni v kar 62,5 % vseh odvzetih vzorcev. Razlike v številu mikroorganizmov v vzorcih, odvzetih na začetku in ob koncu tedna, niso bile statistično značilne. Razprava in zaključek: Za obvladovanje nalezljivih bolezni v vrtčevskem okolju je treba izvajati strožji higienski režim. Najpomembnejši ukrep za izboljšanje ugotovljenega stanja je poleg izobraževanja in ozaveščanja strokovnih delavcev tudi dosledno upoštevanje in izvajanje vseh higienskih ukrepov. Vzpostaviti je treba boljšo komunikacijo med vodstvom in strokovnimi delavci. Introduction: Because of close contacts, pathogen microorganisms can spread easily among nursery school children, due to their not fully developed immune system. Therefore, it is very important to consistently follow hygiene measures among professional workers and children. Purpose: To analyse the chosen hygiene-technical criteria in the Children day care centre Lendava, focusing on the suitability of personal clothing which professional workers use in the day care process. Methods: A combined methodological approach was used. In the first phase of research we analysed the hygiene-technical suitability of the work process focusing on the suitability of professional workers’ clothing by means of an observation list in two age groups of the discussed children day care centre. The second phase of the research consists of a qualitative content analysis of structured interviews that were carried out with professional workers during the observation period with the goal of gathering information about the importance of wearing and maintaining the clothing used at work. Then we took samples using the method of wet sponge swab on specified areas and determined which areas of personal clothing of professional workers are most exposed and microbiologically contaminated and could present a risk of infecting the children. Results: It is important to acknowledge and to pay more attention to maintaining a general health-hygiene regime, as the chain of transmitting infections can be broken this way. Good communication between the head of institution and employees is essential in completing this goal. The results of the employee clothing swab test show that the most exposed and microbiologically contaminated area on the clothing of professional workers is the waist area. On the surface of the personal clothing and the apron for feeding, potential pathogenic representatives of enterobacteria and staphylococci were found. The average total number of anaerobic mesophilic microorganisms was the highest in the waist area (3,2 × 102 CFU/100 cm2 ), we measured the number 2,5 × 102 CFU/100 cm2 in the shoulder area, and only 56 CFU/100 cm2 on the feeding apron. Escherichia coli was present in 8,8% and fungi in 62,5% of all samples taken. The differences in the number of organisms in samples taken in the beginning and at the end of the week were not statistically significant. Discussion and conclusion: To contain contagious diseases in the environment of day care centres it is important to carry out a stricter hygiene regime. The most important measures to improve the current state include educating the employees, and addressing the importance of employees and children consistently following the hygiene measures. More efficient communication between the head of institution and professional workers needs to be established.
- Published
- 2021
10. Vpliv rizosfernih bakterij na rast sadik paradižnika (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
- Author
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Demšar, Tina and Ravnikar, Maja
- Subjects
poljski poskusi ,plant protection ,rizosfera ,rizobakterije ,BIOLOG ,growth ,paradižnik ,pathogenic bacteria ,tomato ,Solanum lycopersicum L ,inhibition ,inhibicija ,patogene bakterije ,PGPR ,bolezni rastlin ,rhizobacteria ,rhizosphere ,udc:632:631.46:635.64(043)=163.6 ,plant diseases ,rast ,varstvo rastlin ,field trails - Published
- 2020
11. Kontaminacija podplatov obutve laboratorijskih delavcev s sporami bakterije Clostridioides difficile
- Author
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Ogrizek, Ema and Starčič Erjavec, Marjanca
- Subjects
laboratories ,Clostridioides difficile ,vzorci podplatov ,toksinotipizacija ,pathogenic bacteria ,shoe sole samples ,udc:579.852.13:685.343.2/.4:577.2.083 ,contamination of shoes ,laboratoriji ,PCR-ribotipizacija ,molecular characterization ,PCR-ribotyping ,patogene bakterije ,molekularna karakterizacija ,kontaminacija obutve ,toxinotyping - Abstract
Clostridioides difficile je anaerobna, sporogena, po Gramu pozitivna bakterija, ki proizvaja toksine. Prenaša se po fekalno-oralni poti, in je ena izmed pomembnejših črevesnih patogenih bakterij. C. difficile tvori spore, ki so zelo odporne na neugodne razmere. Okužba s C. difficile se najpogosteje pojavlja pri hospitaliziranih bolnikih. V zadnjem desetletju pa se pojavlja veliko izven bolnišničnih okužb pri zdravih osebah. Spore C. difficile najdemo v vodi, prsti, parkih, gospodinjstvih, hrani, v živalskih vzorcih, ter na podplatih obuval v domačem in bolnišničnem okolju. Namen magistrskega dela je bilo preveriti kontaminacijo obutve laboratorijskih delavcev s sporami C. difficile, in primerjati PCR-ribotipe s PCR-ribotipi, izoliranimi iz kužnin, iz diagnostičnega laboratorija, v istem časovnem obdobju. Vzorčili smo podplate samo laboratorijskih obuval in podplate domačih obuval, tistih, s katerimi pridejo na delovno mesto, jih bodisi pustijo v garderobi ali pa jih imajo obute tudi tekom dela v laboratoriju. Izolatom iz podplatov in kužnin smo določili PCR-ribotip. Izolate iz podplatov smo tudi toksinotipizirali. Bakterijo C. difficile smo izolirali iz 4 vzorcev podplatov. Vsi pozitivni vzorci so bili podplati nelaboratorijskih obuval. Iz štirih vzorcev smo osamili 31 izolatov in jih uvrstili v 3 različne PCR-ribotipe, dva izmed teh sta bila toksigena in sta pripadala toksinotipu 0. Samo en PCR-ribotip iz podplatov je bil enak, kot smo ga našli tudi pri izolatih iz kužnin, to je 014/020. Naši rezultati se ne skladajo s prejšnjimi raziskavami, saj je bila bakterija C. difficile na podplatih nelaboratorijskih obuval prisotna v nižjem deležu, na podplatih laboratorijskih obuval pa C. difficile nismo našli. Kljub temu pa lahko sklepamo, da so podplati obuval lahko potencialni vektor za raznos spor med različnimi okolji Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic, sporogenic, Gram positive, toxin-producing bacterium and is one of the major intestinal pathogenic bacteria, with transmission occurring primarily via the faecal-oral route. Infection with C. difficile occurs primarily in hospitalised patients and is mediated by the formation of bacterial spores, which are highly resistant to environmental conditions. The C. difficile spores can be found in water, soil, parks, households, food, in animal samples and on the shoe soles in the home and laboratory environment. The significant increase in the number of community-associated infections in the past 10 years requires elucidation of C. difficile spore localisation to support transmission prevention. Thus, this study aims to determine the contamination of shoe soles with C. difficile spores and to compare PCR-ribotypes from shoe soles with PCR-ribotypes isolated in a diagnostic laboratory from patients with C. difficile infections in the same period of time. Shoe sole samples were collected from both laboratory and private shoes, which were either left in the locker room, or have been used for working inside the laboratories. PCR-ribotyping and toxinotyping were used for molecular characterization of isolates from shoe soles, and only PCR-ribotyping for the isolates from patients. In total, C. difficile was isolated from 4 shoe sole samples, all of which were collected from the worker's private shoes. Additionally, out of the 4 samples, 31 bacterial isolates were detected and classified into 3 different PCR-ribotypes, two of which were toxigenic and belonged to toxinotype 0. Interestingly, only one PCR-ribotype, 014/020, was the same as those isolated from patients with C. difficile infection. In contrast to previous work C. difficile was present in lower percentages on shoe soles from home environment and was not found on soles of the laboratory shoes. However, we conclude that the shoe soles serve as a potential vector for spore dissemination and transmission between different environments.
- Published
- 2020
12. Protibakterijsko delovanje eteričnega olja poprove mete (Mentha piperita) na govejem mesu
- Author
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Lisičić, Belmin and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
goveje meso ,antimicrobial activity ,protimikrobne snovi ,minimalna baktericidna koncentracija ,Mentha piperita ,pathogenic bacteria ,udc:579.24:547.913:633.8 ,beef ,antimicrobials ,essential oil ,patogene bakterije ,eterično olje ,minimal bactericidal concentration ,Salmonella Typhimurium ,poprova meta ,protimikrobna aktivnost - Abstract
Uporaba naravnih protimikrobnih sestavin za konzerviranje hrane pridobiva vedno večjo pozornost zaradi večje osveščenosti potrošnikov glede vpliva varne hrane na zdravje, vključno z naraščajočo skrbjo o mikrobni odpornosti na konvencionalne metode konzerviranja. Vir naravnih protimikrobnih spojin je tudi poprova meta oz. njeni pripravki, ki vsebujejo mentol, sestavino z izrednim protimikrobnim delovanjem. Namen te diplomske naloge je bil najprej določiti protimikrobno aktivnost različnih pripravkov poprove mete z metodo mikrodilucije in vitro v mikrotitrski ploščici. Eterično olje (EOPM) z najmanjšo mikrobicidno koncentracijo (MBK 0,89 μL/mL) smo uporabili v nadaljnji raziskavi določanja protimikrobne aktivnosti v modelnem poskusu na govejem mesu. Tekom petdnevnega skladiščenja smo s standardnimi mikrobiološkimi metodami potrdili inhibirano rast vseh spremljanih indikatorskih skupin bakterij (skupnega števila aerobnih mezofilnih bakterij, enterobakterij in salmonel). Vendar premaz z dodatkom EOPM ni popolnoma zavrl rasti salmonel in drugih bakterij, predvidoma zaradi previsokega inokuluma salmonel in temperature skladiščenja nad 4-5 °C. Najboljši protimikrobni učinek EOPM smo potrdili proti enterobakterijam (povprečno 1,39 log zmanjšano število). Natural antimicrobials as food preservatives receive increasing attention due to improved consumer awareness about the influence of safe food and nutrition on human health, including a growing concern about microbial resistance towards conventional methods of food preservation. The source of natural antimicrobials is also Mentha piperita, which contains menthol, an important compound with extraordinary antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this thesis was initially to determine antimicrobial activity of various Mentha piperita preparations in vitro, by broth microdilution method. The preparation with a lowest minimal bactericidal concentration (0.89 μL/mL) was used in further studies to determine antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPEO) on beef stored for 5 days in a model experiment. Using standard microbiological methods, we found that the addition of MPEO inhibited the growth of all monitored indicator groups of bacteria (total aerobic mesophilic count, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella) during storage. However, the addition of MPEO did not completely inhibit the growth of Salmonella and other bacteria, presumably due to the high inoculum and temperatures above 4-5 °C, which allowed Salmonella and other bacteria still to grow. The best antimicrobial effect of the MPEO was observed against Enterobacteriaceae, with 1.39 average log reduction.
- Published
- 2020
13. Protimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakta Alpinia katsumadai v mletem mesu
- Author
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Gorenc, Teja and Jeršek, Barbara
- Subjects
senzorične lastnosti ,antimicrobial compounds ,antimicrobial activity ,plant extracts ,protimikrobne snovi ,Alpinia katsumadai ,bacterial cocktail ,pathogens ,Listeria monocytogenes ,Campylobacter jejuni ,growth inhibition ,patogene bakterije ,minced meat ,bakterijski koktail ,inhibicija rasti ,EGKG ,mleto meso ,Escherichia coli ,rastlinski ekstrakti ,sensory properties ,protimikrobna aktivnost ,udc:579.67+579.24:547.9:637.514.5 - Published
- 2020
14. Protimikrobna učinkovitost rastlinskih izvlečkov in vitro in v izbranih živilih
- Author
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Piskernik, Saša and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
plant extracts ,minimal inhibitory concentration ,piščančji mesni sok ,grampozitivne bakterije ,antimicrobials ,growth inhibition ,patogene bakterije ,izvleček rožmarina ,kvarljivci ,jabolčni sok ,foods ,inhibicija rasti ,apple juice ,piščančje meso ,spoilage bacteria ,chichen meat juice ,antimicrobial activity ,protimikrobne snovi ,protimikrobna učinkovitost ,rosemary extract ,udc:579.67 ,in vitro ,pathogens ,Gram-positive bacteria ,živila ,rastlinski izvlečki ,gramnegativne bakterije ,Gram-negative bacteria ,minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija ,chicken meat - Published
- 2020
15. Določanje bakterij vrst Salmonella enterica in Listeria monocytogenes s PCR v realnem času
- Author
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Ledinek, Sebastjan and Jeršek, Barbara
- Subjects
specifičnost PCR v realnem času ,udc:579.67.083:577.2.083 ,specificity of real-time PCR ,Salmonella enterica ,mikrobiološke metode ,microbiological methods ,pathogenic bacteria ,sensitivity of real-time PCR ,Listeria monocytogenes ,patogene bakterije ,občutljivost PCR v realnem času ,PCR v realnem času ,določanje bakterij ,real-time PCR - Published
- 2020
16. Kombinirano delovanje visokega hidrostatskega tlaka in izvlečka timijana (Thymus vulgaris) na zaviranje rasti bakterij vrste Listeria monocytogenes v modelnem živilu
- Author
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Saje, Klemen and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
udc:579.67:579.24:547.9:582.929.4 ,antimicrobial activity ,plant extracts ,sinergijski učinek ,sveži siri ,high hydrostatic pressure ,food ,Thymus vulgaris L ,izvleček timijana ,pathogens ,thyme extract ,Listeria monocytogenes ,živila ,patogene bakterije ,rastlinski izvlečki ,synergistic effect ,soft cheese ,thyme ,visoki hidrostatski tlaki ,protimikrobna aktivnost ,supercritical fluid extraction ,timijan ,superkritična tekočinska ekstrakcija - Published
- 2020
17. Odziv različnih sort paradižnika in krompirja na okužbo z bakterijo Ralstonia solanacearum v laboratorijskih razmerah
- Author
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Mesarič, Mateja and Dermastia, Marina
- Subjects
udc:632.35:579.22+579.24 ,test patogenosti ,printing test ,paradižnik ,pathogenic bacteria ,bacterial wilt of tomato ,pathogenicy test ,tomato ,bolezenska znamenja ,krompir ,patogene bakterije ,bakterijsko venenje paradižnika ,bolezni rastlin ,Ralstonia solanacearum ,potato ,symptoms ,rjava gniloba krompirja ,odtis rastline ,plant diseases ,potato brown rot - Published
- 2020
18. Opredelitev lastnosti nevraminidaz in hemaglutininov iz bakterij Mycoplasma canis in Mycoplasma cynos
- Author
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Koprivec, Saša and Benčina, Dušan
- Subjects
Mycoplasma canis ,dogs ,udc:579:636.045(043.3)=163.6 ,sialidase ,virulence factors ,haemagglutinin ,sialidaza ,nevraminidaza ,hemaglutinin ,pathogenic bacteria ,neuraminidase ,patogene bakterije ,mikoplazme ,Mycoplasma cynos ,psi ,virulenčni dejavniki ,disertacije - Published
- 2020
19. Optimizacija pridobivanja bakteriofagov v bioreaktorju
- Author
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Zaletel, Eva and Podgornik, Aleš
- Subjects
bacteriophages ,antibiotic resistance ,bioprocesses ,bakteriofagi ,fage therapy ,bioreaktorji ,bioreactors ,pathogenic bacteria ,odpornost na antibiotike ,Campylobacter jejuni ,patogene bakterije ,udc:606:602.3:578.347(043.2) ,fagna terapija ,bioprocesi - Published
- 2020
20. Utjecaj bakteriocina enterokoka na odabrane uzročnike bolesti prenosivih hranom
- Author
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Nevijo Zdolec and Nina Vukušić
- Subjects
General Veterinary ,enterocin ,patogene bakterije ,hrana životinjskog podrijetla ,bacterial pathogens ,food of animal origin - Abstract
Enterokoki imaju važnu ulogu u fermentaciji hrane te često pokazuju probiotička svojstva. U ovom radu istražen je njihov antimikrobni učinak in vitro prema referentnim sojevima i sojevima izoliranih iz hrane bakterija Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria innocua, Yersinia enterocolitica i Salmonella Typhimurium. Korištena je agar difuzijska metoda, a nadtalozi neutralizirani i tretirani proteazom. Enterococcus faecalis EF-101 je pokazao snažno inhibicijsko djelovanje prema svim sojevima bakterije roda Listeria, kao i soja Y. enterocolitica O:3. Karakterizacijom inhibitora ustvrđeno je da se radi o tvari proteinske strukture, moguće bakteriocina enterocina čija je aktivnost bila 1280 AU/mL. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja radi potencijalne primjene enterocina kao prirodnog konzervansa u očuvanju održivosti i povećanja mikrobiološke sigurnosti hrane., Enterococci have an important role in food fermentation and often exhibit probiotic properties. In this paper, their antimicrobial effect was investigated in vitro against the following reference strains and strains isolated from food: Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria innocua, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella Typhimurium. The agar diffusion method was used, and the supernatants were neutralized and treated with protease. Enterococcus faecalis EF-101 showed strong inhibitory activity against all strains of Listeria as well as the Y. enterocolitica O:3 strain. The activity of the proteinaceous inhibitor was 1280 AU/mL. Further research should be carried out to assess the potential use of enterocin as a natural preservation agent in food protection.
- Published
- 2020
21. Protimikrobna učinkovitost izvlečkov rastlin Ecballium elaterium in Cucurbita pepo
- Author
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Kikovič, Teja and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
plant extracts ,udc:579.22/.24:547.9 ,protimikrobne snovi ,Ecballium elaterium ,navadna buča ,squirting cucumber ,pathogenic bacteria ,minimal inhibitory concentration ,navadni štrkavec ,antimicrobials ,Cucurbita pepo ,microdilution method ,patogene bakterije ,molds ,rastlinski izvlečki ,metode mikrodilucije ,pumpkin ,plesni ,protimikrobna aktivnost ,minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija ,antimicrobial efficacy - Abstract
V diplomski nalogi smo želeli preveriti protimikrobno učinkovitost etanolnih izvlečkov rastlin Ecballium elaterium in Cucurbita pepo na izbrane bakterije in plesni. Ovrednotili smo inhibicijo rasti po Gramu pozitivne bakterije (Staphylococcus aureus), po Gramu negativne bakterije (Escherichia coli) ter dveh mikotoksigenih plesni (Aspergillus flavus and A. niger). Testirali smo etanolni izvleček plodu E. elaterium ter etanolni izvleček posušene in zmlete bučne pogače C. pepo z uporabo metode mikrodilucije na mikrotitrski plošči. Določili smo minimalno inhibitorno koncentracijo (MIK) obeh pripravljenih izvlečkov. Rezultati so pokazali, da je etanolni izvleček plodu E. elaterium bolje zaviral obe bakteriji in plesni v primerjavi z bučno pogačo, za katero so bile potrebne višje koncentracije. Etanolni izvleček plodu E. elaterium je po Gramu pozitivno bakterijo S. aureus zaviral z minimalno koncentracijo 1,5–1,75 mg/ml, po Gramu negativno bakterijo E. coli pa z MIK več kot 3,5 mg/ml. MIK istega izvlečka za mikotoksigeno plesen A. niger je znašal 37,5–75 mg/ml, za plesen A. flavus pa 4,6–9,4 mg/ml. Pri preizkušanju etanolnega izvlečka zmlete in posušene bučne pogače nismo natančno določili minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije zaradi otežene priprave izvlečka višje koncentracije kot 150 mg/ml. Pokazalo se je, da za inhibicijo rasti po Gramu negativne bakterije potrebujemo višje koncentracije obeh izvlečkov, prav tako kot za inhibicijo plesni. In the thesis we wanted to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of plant extracts from Ecballium elaterium and Cucurbita pepo against selected bacterial and fungal species. We evaluated the growth inhibition of the Gram positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), the Gram negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and two mycotoxigenic molds (Aspergillus flavus and A. niger). We tested the ethanol extract of E. elaterium fruit and ethanol extract of C. pepo dried and ground pumpkin oil cake using microdilution method on a microtiter plate. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both extracts was determined. Results showed that the ethanol extract of E. elaterium fruit expressed better growth inhibition of both bacteria and molds compared to pumpkin oil cake extract, which required higher concentrations. The ethanol extract of E. elaterium inhibited a Gram positive S. aureus with minimal inhibitory concentration 1,5–1,75 mg/ml and a Gram negative E. coli with MIC more than 3,5 mg/ml. MIC of the same extract on micotoxigenic mold A. niger was 37,5–75 mg/ml and 4,6–9,4 mg/ml for A. flavus. In the experiment the MIC of the ground and dried pumpkin oil cake ethanol extract was not determined precisely, due to the difficulty of preparing concentration of the extract higher than 150 mg/ml. The research showed that higher concentrations of both extracts are required for growth inhibition of Gram negative bacteria as well as for molds.
- Published
- 2019
22. Mikrobiološke analize prehrambenih proizvoda animalnog podrijetla
- Author
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Hećimović, Dubravka and Slačanac, Vedran
- Subjects
milk ,analiza ,analysis ,pathogenic bacteria ,proizvodnja ,patogene bakterije ,meat ,contamination ,mikroorganizmi ,kontaminacija ,meso ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,production ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,microorganisms ,mlijeko - Abstract
Prema podrijetlu sirovina namirnice možemo podijeliti na namirnice animalnog (životinjskog) podrijetla i biljnog podrijetla. Namirnicama animalnog podrijetla pripadaju: mlijeko, jaja, meso i riba i oni čine veoma veliku skupinu proizvoda. Namirnice animalnog podrijetla bogate su bjelančevinama i mineralnim tvarima, dok je meso bogato i mastima, masnim kiselinama i kolesterolom. Tijekom vođenja procesa (proizvodnje, transporta, skladištenja) proizvoda moguća je kontaminacija samog proizvoda. Namirnice animalnog podrijetla su veoma često kontaminirane patogenim bakterijama (Salmonella, Lysteria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus itd.). Najčešći načini kontaminacije su preko glodavaca, insekata, drugih proizvoda ili tijekom same proizvodnje. Kako bi spriječili kontaminaciju proizvoda, moramo kontrolirati proces proizvodnje, od sirovine do gotovog proizvoda. By origin, raw materials can be divided into foodstuffs of animal origin and vegetable origin. Foods of animal origin include: milk, eggs, meat and fish and they form a very large group of products. Foods of animal origin are rich in protein and minerals, while meat is rich in fats, fatty acids and cholesterol. During the process (production, transport, storage) of the product, contamination of the product is possible. Foods of animal origin are often contaminated with pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Lysteria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus etc.). The most common methods of contamination are through rodents, insects, other products or during production. In order to prevent contamination of the product, we must control the production process, from the raw material to the finished product.
- Published
- 2019
23. Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria associated with the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis
- Author
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Grgić, Andreja and Samaržija, Dubravka
- Subjects
lactic acid bacteria ,patogene bakterije ,bakteriocini ,antibiotici ,bakterije mliječne kiseline ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija) ,pathogenic bacteria ,mastitis ,mastitis, patogene bakterije, bakterije mliječne kiseline, antibiotici, bakteriocini ,antibiotics ,bacteriocins ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy - Abstract
Mastitis je najčešda i najskuplja bolest mliječnih krava. Procjenjuje se da od ukupnog broja muznih krava njih približno jedna tredina pati od infektivne upale vimena. U najvedem je broju slučajeva mastitis posljedica galaktogene penetracije patogenih bakterija u vime životinje. Najčešdi uzročnici mastitisa u mliječnih krava su: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae i Streptococcus uberis. Međutim, danas je uspjeh liječenja mastitisa antibioticima ograničen bududi da je vedina tih bakterijskih vrsta postala rezistentna na antibiotike. Stoga su bakteriocini bakterija mliječne kiseline koji imaju visoki antibakterijski potencijal prema brojnim patogenim bakterijama i pri tom ne stvaraju rezistentnost, postali predmetom intenzivnih istraživanja u prevenciji i liječenju mastitisa. Djelotvorni bakteriocini u prevenciji i liječenju mastitisa razni su oblici nizina, lakticina i aureocina. Bakteriocini djeluju brzo na osjetljive organizme staničnom lizom te na taj način sprječavaju da ne dođe do razvoja rezistencije kod patogena. Bakteriocini u liječenju mastitisa mogu djelovati samostalno ili u sinergiji s drugim bakteriocinima ili antibioticima. Mastitis is the most common and most expensive disease in dairy farming. It is estimated that one third of dairy cows suffer from infectious udder inflammation. In most cases, mastitis is a consequence of penetration of galactogenic pathogenic bacteria into the udder of the animal. The most common causes of mastitis in dairy cows are: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. However, it has been harder to treat mastitis due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Therefore, lactic acid bacteriocins, which have high antibacterial potential against many pathogenic bacteria and do not create antibiotic resistance, have become the subject of intense research in the prevention and treatment of mastitis. The most effective bacteriocins in prevention and treatment of mastitis are various forms of nisin, lacticin and aureocin. Bacteriocins act rapidly on susceptible organisms by cell lysis and with this rapid action could ensure that resistance is less likely to develop by pathogens. Bacteriocins can act independently or in a synergy with other bacteriocins or antibiotics when used in the treatment of mastitis.
- Published
- 2019
24. Delovanje lektina kokaprina na patogene in probiotične bakterije
- Author
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Kuret, Neja and Klančnik, Anja
- Subjects
lektin kokaprin ,lectin kokaprin ,patogene bakterije ,probiotic bacteria ,adhesion ,udc:606:61:579.6(043.2) ,growth ,probiotične bakterije ,biotehnologija ,pathogenic bacteria ,adhezija ,rast - Abstract
Odpornost mikroorganizmov proti obstoječim protimikrobnim sredstvom postaja ena izmed glavnih težav javnega zdravstva. Protimikrobna sredstva so problematična tudi z vidika normalnega človeškega mikrobioma, saj zavrejo rast probiotičnih, za človeka koristnih bakterij. Lektini, proteini, ki se reverzibilno in specifično vežejo na ogljikove hidrate, imajo dokazano protibakterijsko aktivnost in potencialno predstavljajo alternativno strategijo nadzora ali preprečevanja okužb odpornih mikroorganizmov. V raziskovalnem delu smo pripravili lektin KKP iz gobe Coprinopsis cinerea s pomočjo bakterijskega ekspresijskega sistema ter preučevali njegov vpliv na rast in adhezijo patogenih in probiotičnih mikroorganizmov. Lektin KKP zmanjša kapaciteto rasti patogene bakterijske vrste Salmonella infantis, ob dodatku proteaznih zaviralcev pa zmanjša tudi adhezijo. Nasprotno, lektin KKP poveča adhezijo večine analiziranih probiotičnih bakterij, predvsem rodu Lactobacillus. Učinek lektina KKP je bil zelo podoben pri bakterijah istega rodu, različen pa pri bakterijah različnega rodu, kar nakazuje na zelo specifično delovanje. Lektin KKP se specifično veže na proteine celične stene oz. zunajcelične proteine bakterijah vrste Lactobacillus plantarum. Lektin KKP bi lahko uporabljali kot naravno alternativno protimikrobno snov za preprečevanje okužb z bakterijsko vrsto Salmonella infantis. Potencialno bi ga lahko uporabljali tudi kot naravno dopolnilo pri zdravljenju z obstoječimi protimikrobnimi sredstvi in na ta način ohranili rast in delovanje bakterij normalne mikrobiote. Antimicrobial resistance against commonly used antibiotics is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. Moreover, the use of antibiotics also has detrimental effect on human intestinal microbiome diversity due to microbicidal activity against beneficial commensal bacteria. Lectins are proteins that specifically and reversibly bind to carbohydrates and exert anti-microbial activity, potentially representing an alternative strategy to fight against infections by resistant microbial strains. In our study, we recombinantly expressed and isolated lectin KKP from Coprinopsis cinerea. We evaluated its effect on growth and adhesion of pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. Lectin KKP reduced the growth capacity of pathogenic bacteria Salmonella infantis and an additive effect of KKP and protease inhibitors was observed reducing the adhesion of this bacteria. In contrast, lectin KKP augmented the adhesion of commensal bacteria, especially Lactobacillus species. The overall effect of lectin KKP on growth and adhesion of microorganisms was very similar for the strains of the same species but varied significanly between different species, pointing towards very specific target recognition and binding. We proved that lectin KKP specifically binds to the cell wall proteins and extracellular proteins of Lb. plantarum strains. In summary, lectin KKP could potentially be used as a natural, alternative anti-microbial substance against Salmonella infantis infection. Furthermore, it could also be used as a natural supplement to antibiotic therapy that preserves the growth and fuction of commensal bacteria.
- Published
- 2019
25. Protimikrobna aktivnost etanolnih izvlečkov navadne (Urtica dioica) in mrtve koprive (Lamium sp.)
- Author
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Žalik, Anamarie and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
antimicrobial activity ,plant extracts ,protimikrobne snovi ,minimalna baktericidna koncentracija ,Urtica dioica ,mrtva kopriva ,dead nettle ,pathogens ,minimal inhibitory concentration ,udc:579.24/.26:547.9 ,navadna kopriva ,antimicrobials ,microdilution method ,patogene bakterije ,rastlinski izvlečki ,minimal bactericidal concentration ,metoda mikrodilucije ,protimikrobna aktivnost ,minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija ,Lamium sp ,stinging nettle - Abstract
Za preprečevanje kvara hrane in obvladovanje povzročiteljev okužb in zastrupitev s hrano so še vedno pogosto v uporabi kemijski konzervansi. Med potrošniki so nezaželeni zaradi potencialno negativnih učinkov, vključno z nevarnostmi za zdravje ljudi zaradi kemijskih ostankov v živilskih izdelkih ter pridobivanjem odpornosti mikroorganizmov na uporabljene kemijske učinkovine. S tem se je povečala potreba po iskanju učinkovitih naravnih protimikrobnih sredstev. V diplomskem delu smo preiskovali protimikrobno učinkovitost izvlečkov navadne koprive (Urtica dioica) in dveh vrst mrtve koprive (Lamium orvala in Lamium galeobdolon) na sevih bakterij Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli in Pseudomonas fragi, izoliranih iz hrane. Najprej smo iz posušenih rastlin pripravili etanolne izvlečke in z mikrodilucijsko metodo testirali njihovo učinkovanje, kar smo ovrednotili kot minimalno inhibitorno koncentracijo (MIK) in minimalno baktericidno koncentracijo (MBK). Izvlečki so pokazali protimikrobno delovanje pri vseh testiranih bakterijah, pri tem je bil izvleček navadne koprive (U. dioica) nekoliko učinkovitejši kot izvlečka mrtve koprive (L. orvala in L. galeobdolon). Rezultati so pokazali, da je ekstrakt U. dioica primerljivo oz. bolje deloval na gramnegativne bakterije kot na grampozitivne, saj je najbolje inhibiral rast gramnegativne bakterije P. fragi. Protimikrobno učinkovanje izvlečkov mrtve koprive L. orvala in L. galeobdolon je bilo primerljivo, razlika se je pokazala le pri bakteriji P. fragi, ki jo je bolje inhibiral izvleček L. galeobdolon. Chemical preservatives are still commonly used to prevent food spoilage and control infectious agents and food poisoning. Among consumers they are undesirable because of the potentially negative effects, including the dangers to human health of chemical residues in food products and the acquisition of resistance of microorganisms to the chemical substances used. This has increased the need to find effective natural antimicrobials. In the thesis we investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of extracts of nettle (Urtica dioica) and two dead nettle species (Lamium orvala and Lamium galeobdolon) on the food strains of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fragi. First, ethanol extracts were prepared from the dried plants and their effect was tested by microdilution method, which was evaluated as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against all bacteria tested, while the extract of stinging nettle (U. dioica) was slightly more effective than the extract of dead nettle (L. orvala and L. galeobdolon). Surprisingly, the results showed that U. dioica extract had a comparable or better effect on gram-negative bacteria than on gram-positive ones, as it best inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria P. fragi. The antimicrobial effect of the dead nettle extracts of L. orvala and L. galeobdolon was comparable, with the difference only in P. fragi, which was better inhibited by the L. galeobdolon extract.
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- 2019
26. Potential applications bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria in production of dairy products
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Petanjek, Zvjezdana and Dolenčić Špehar, Iva
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bakteriocini, bakterije mliječne kiseline, mliječni proizvodi, patogene bakterije, bakterije uzročnici kvarenja ,lactic acid bacteria ,bakteriocini ,patogene bakterije ,dairy products ,bakterije mliječne kiseline ,bakterije uzročnici kvarenja ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija) ,pathogenic bacteria ,mliječni proizvodi ,bacteriocins ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy ,spoilage bacteria - Abstract
Bakteriocini su peptidi koji se sintetiziraju ribosomalno, a sintetizira ih većina bakterija. Djelovanje im može biti baktriostatsko ili baktericidno, te je najčešće usmjereno na srodne bakterijske vrste ili sojeve iste vrste. Većinu poznatih bakteriocina sintetiziraju bakterije mliječne kiseline, a neki od najbolje istraženih su nizin, pediocin, lakticin i enterocin. Mogu se koristiti kao biokonzervansi u proizvodnji mliječnih proizvoda u cilju sprječavanja rasta i razmnožavanja patogenih bakterija i bakterija uzročnika kvarenja, poboljšanja kvalitete i senzorskih svojstava sira te kao sredstvo za suzbijanje biofilmova u mljekarskim pogonima. Unatoč tome, danas se uz nizin komercijalno proizvodi još jedino pediocin PA-1/AcH, iako postoje i drugi, još nedovoljno istraženi bakteriocini, koji pokazuju potencijal primjene u proizvodnji mliječnih i drugih prehrambenih proizvoda. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides synthesized by most bacteria. Their action can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal, and is usually directed against closely related bacterial species or strains of the same species. Most of the known bacteriocins are synthesized by lactic acid bacteria, while some of the most studied ones are nisin, pediocin, lacticin and enterocin. They can be used as biopreservatives in the production of dairy products to prevent the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and to improve the quality and sensory properties of cheese. Bacteriocins can be used to control biofilms in dairy plants. Despite that, only pediocin PA-1/AcH is currently produced commercially alongside nisin, although there are other, still underinvestigated bacteriocins, that show potential for application in dairy and other food products.
- Published
- 2019
27. Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and cheese
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Petričko Pučar, Petra and Samaržija, Dubravka
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patogene bakterije ,listeriosis ,listerioza ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija) ,pathogenic bacteria ,Listeria monocytogenes ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy - Abstract
Mikrobiološka kvaliteta mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda je vrlo važna budući da mlijeko i mliječni proizvodi pripadaju rizičnoj skupini namirnica koji mogu biti izvori različitih uzročnika bolesti. Prisutnost patogene bakterije Listeria monocytogenes u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima predstavlja velik javnozdravstveni problem. L. monocytogenes kao uzročnik listerioze javlja se puno rjeđe u odnosu na druge bolesti prenosive putem hrane, poput salmoneloze i kampilobakterioze, no ima izuzetno visoku stopu smrtnosti do 40%. Iako su u proizvodnji mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda postavljeni vrlo visoki higijenski standardi u zadnjih nekoliko godina pojavnost L. monocytogenes je u porastu. The microbiological quality of milk and dairy products is very important since milk and dairy products belong to a risky group of foods that can be sources of various pathogens. The presence of the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products is a major public health problem. L. monocytogenes as a causative agent of listeriosis occurs much less frequently in relation to other food-borne diseases, such as salmonella and campylobacteriosis, but has an extremely high mortality rate of up to 40%. Although high hygiene standards have been achieved in the production of milk and dairy products in last few year occurrence of L. monocytogenes is increasing.
- Published
- 2018
28. Protimikrobno delovanje etanolnega izvlečka cvetov, listov in stebel rastline Anaphalis margaritacea na bakterije vrste Campylobacter jejuni
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Kunčič, Ajda and Smole Možina, Sonja
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Anaphalis margaritacea ,antimicrobial compounds ,antimicrobial activity ,plant extracts ,protimikrobno delovanje ,protimikrobne snovi ,pathogens ,phenolic compounds ,Campylobacter jejuni ,patogene bakterije ,rastlinski izvlečki ,efflux pump ,udc:579.24/.26:547.9+547.56 ,fenolne spojine ,membranske izlivne črpalke - Abstract
Glede na prilagoditve bakterij, bodisi zaradi upravičene ali neupravičene prekomerne uporabe antibiotikov, se učinkovitost le-teh zmanjšuje, mikroorganizmi pa se bodo po vsej verjetnosti stalno prilagajali novim protimikrobnim snovem. Velik problem predstavljajo tudi bakterijske okužbe, ki jih povzroča vrsta Campylobacter jejuni. Zaradi pridobivanja odpornosti na antibiotike smo v diplomskem delu želeli preveriti protimikrobno delovanje rastlinskih izvlečkov cvetov, listov in stebel rastline Anaphalis margaritacea na bakterijski sev Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168. Najprej smo pripravili etanolni izvleček cvetov, listov in stebel rastline Anaphalis margaritacea in z UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analizo določili prisotnost različnih fenolnih spojin v izvlečkih. Potem smo s poskusom določili minimalno inhibitorno koncentracijo (MIK) in minimalno bakteriocidno koncentracijo (MBK) etanolnih izvlečkov. MIK in MBK etanolnega izvlečka cvetov in listov je bila 500 µg/mL, MIK in MBK etanolnega izvlečka stebel pa 1000 µg/mL. Glede na dobljene rezultate, smo preverili še vpliv etanolnih izvlečkov na membranske izlivne črpalke seva Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168, pri čemer smo uporabili sub-inhibitorne koncentracije, in sicer ½ in ¼ MIK. Rezultati so pokazali boljši vpliv etanolnega izvlečka cvetov v koncentraciji ¼ MIK (125 µg/mL) in listov v koncentraciji ½ in ¼ MIK (250 µg/mL in 125 µg/mL) na membranske izlivne črpalke kot etanolnega izvlečka stebel v koncentraciji ½ in ¼ MIK (500 µg/mL in 250 µg/mL). Pri koncentraciji ½ MIK (250 µg/mL) etanolnega izvlečka cvetov sklepamo, da uporabljena sub-inhibitorna koncentracija že zavira rast bakterijskega seva Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168. Regarding the adaptation of bacteria, either because of justified or unjustified excessive use of antibiotics, the efficacy of these decreases and microorganisms are likely to be constantly adapting to new antimicrobial agents. Campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter jejuni can cause many problems. Due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in our thesis we wanted to check the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from flowers, leaves and stems of Anaphalis margaritacea on the bacterial Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 strain. We first prepared ethanol extract from flowers, leaves and stems of Anaphalis margaritacea and with UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS determined the presence of various phenolic compounds in the extracts. Then we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the ethanol extracts. MIC and MBC of ethanol extract from flowers and leaves was 500 µg/mL, while MIC and MBC of ethanol extract from stems was 1000 µg/mL. According to the results, we have checked the influence of the ethanol extracts on membrane efflux pumps of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 strain, where we used the sub-inhibitory concentrations corresponding to ½ and ¼ MIC. The results showed a better effect of the ethanol extract from the flowers in a concentration corresponding to ¼ MIC (125 µg/mL) and leaves in a concentrations of ½ and ¼ MIC (250 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL) on the membrane efflux pumps, as the ethanol extract from the stems in a concentrations of ½ and ¼ MIC (500 µg/mL in 250 µg/mL). At a concentration corresponding to ½ MIC (250 µg/mL) of the ethanol extract from flowers we conclude that the used sub-inhibitory concentration already inhibits the growth of a bacterial strain Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168.
- Published
- 2018
29. Kvantifikacija kombiniranega protiadhezijskega delovanja naravnih učinkovin na bakterije vrst Campylobacter jejuni in Listeria monocytogenes z metodami na osnovi PCR
- Author
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Pretnar, Gaja and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
epigallocatechin gallate ,antimicrobial compounds ,carvacrol ,absolute quantification ,timol ,Campylobacter jejuni ,patogene bakterije ,anti-adhesive effectiveness ,udc:579.24/.26:547.9:57.083.1 ,PCR v realnem času ,thymol ,epigalokatehin galat ,pathogenic microorganisms ,absolutna kvantifikacija ,α-pinen ,molekularne tehnike ,dPCR ,protimikrobne snovi ,digitalni PCR ,karvakrol ,Listeria monocytogenes ,adhesion ,qPCR ,α-pinene ,molecular techniques ,protiadhezivna učinkovitost, adhezija - Abstract
Naraščanje odpornosti patogenih bakterij na antibiotike ter odpornost biofilmskih oblik bakterij, ki so prisotne na abiotskih površinah v živilski industriji, predstavlja velik izziv pri zagotavljanju varne hrane. Trenutne raziskave so usmerjene v iskanje alternativnih učinkovin naravnega izvora in v mehanizem njihovega delovanja na bakterijske celice. Obenem je potreben razvoj hitrih, specifičnih in cenovno dostopnih metod za detekcijo in kvantifikacijo patogenih bakterij v živilskih proizvodnih obratih. V delu smo se osredotočili na adhezijsko sposobnost Gram negativnih bakterij C. jejuni in Gram pozitivnih bakterij L. monocytogenes ter optimizirali metodo za kvantifikacijo adheriranih bakterij. Z uporabo metode digitalnega PCR (dPCR) smo pripravili umeritveno krivuljo ter nadalje z uporabo metode PCR v realnem času (qPCR) določili število pomnožkov tarčne DNK, ki predstavlja premosorazmerno količino adheriranih bakterij na polistiren. Nato smo preverili protiadhezijsko učinkovitost naravnih učinkovin karvakrola, timola, α -pinena in epigalokatehin galata (EGKG) v subinhibitorni koncentraciji (0,1 mg/ ml). Posamezen dodatek karvakrola, timola in EGKG je inhibiral adhezijo za več kot 90 %. Več kot 99 % inhibicijo adhezije smo ugotovili pri kombiniranju karvakrola, timola in EGKG ter pri kombiniranju vseh štirih učinkovin. Naravne učinkovine predstavljajo alternativno strategijo pri preprečevanju adhezije bakterij ter posledično nastanka biofilma na abiotskih površinah. Increased antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria and the resistance of bacterial biofilms on the abiotic surfaces in the food industry is a major challenge for ensuring food safety. Current research is focused on alternative components of natural origin as well as on the mechanisms of their action on bacterial cells. At the same time, there is an urgent need for development of fast, specific and cost-effective methods for detection and quantification of pathogenic bacteria in production facilities. In our research, we focused on adhesion of Gram negative C. jejuni and Gram positive L. monocytogenes bacteria. By combining digital PCR and real time PCR methods, we were able to quantify DNA amplicons, which are proportional to the quantity of cells that adhered on polystyrene surface. Furthermore, we evaluated the anti-adhesive effect of natural compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, α -pinene and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The addition of carvacrol, thymol and EGCG individually in subinhibitory concentration showed more than 90% reduction of adhesion. Moreover, more than 99% adhesion inhibiton was shown when combining the above three compounds and all four of them. As seen, the natural compounds present an efficient alternative strategy in prevention of bacterial adhesion and consequent biofilm formation.
- Published
- 2018
30. Antagonistički potencijal izolata Bacillus spp. protiv bakterija patogena paradajza i gljive patogena paprike
- Author
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Milijašević-Marčić, Svetlana, Milijašević-Marčić, Svetlana, Todorović, Vesna, Stanojević, Olja, Berić, Tanja, Stanković, Slaviša, Todorović, Biljana, Potočnik, Ivana, Milijašević-Marčić, Svetlana, Milijašević-Marčić, Svetlana, Todorović, Vesna, Stanojević, Olja, Berić, Tanja, Stanković, Slaviša, Todorović, Biljana, and Potočnik, Ivana
- Abstract
Ispitivan je antagonistički potencijal jedanaest izolata Bacillus spp. protiv dve fitopatogene bakterije i jedne gljive u in vitro uslovima s ciljem identifikacije potencijalnih agensa biološke kontrole u povrtarskim usevima. Izolati Bacillus spp. ispoljili su različit stepen antagonističkog dejstva protiv testiranih patogenih mikroorganizama. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su veću osetljivost X. vesicatoria prema sojevima Bacillus spp. u poređenju sa C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Deset sojeva B. subtilis izazvali su inhibiciju porasta X. vesicatoria, dok soj B. pumilus nije uticao na porast ove bakterije. Najveće zone inhibicije protiv X. vesicatoria izazvali su sojevi B-319, B-325 i B-358. Fitopatogenu bakteriju C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis najviše su inhibirala dva soja B. subtilis (B-338 i B-348) sa prosečnim vrednostima zona inhibicije prečnika do 20 mm. Soj B. subtilis B-319 koji se pokazao najboljim u inhibiciji X. vesicatoria, ispoljio je najmanji inhibitorni efekat na C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Najveći procenat inhibicije porasta (PGI) patogene gljive Verticillium sp. (PGI oko 70%), izazvali su sojevi B. subtilis B-310 i B-322. Ostali testirani sojevi B. subtilis imali su vrednosti PGI od 45% do 68%, dok je soj B. pumilus B-335 ispoljio najmanji antagonistički potencijal (PGI=34.43%) prema ovom patogenu. Rezultati ovog istraživanja identifikovali su najmanje jednog pogodnog kandidata za biološku kontrolu, i to soj B. subtilis B-358, koji se pokazao efikasnim in vitro protiv sva tri patogena povrća., In vitro antagonistic potential of eleven isolates of Bacillus spp. against two phytopathogenic bacteria and one fungus was tested in order to identify potential biocontrol agents in vegetable crops. The Bacillus spp. isolates demonstrated different levels of antagonistic effect against the tested pathogenic microorganisms. Data in the study proved Xanthomonas vesicatoria to be more sensitive to Bacillus spp. strains than Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Ten B. subtilis strains induced growth inhibition of X. vesicatoria, while a strain of B. pumilus did not affect the growth of that bacterium. The largest inhibition zones against X. vesicatoria were induced by strains B-319, B-325 and B-358. The pathogenic strain C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was most inhibited by two B. subtilis strains (B-338 and B-348) with mean inhibition zone diameters of up to 20 mm. B. subtilis strain B-319 which was the best in inhibiting X. vesicatoria, showed the lowest inhibitory effect on C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The largest growth inhibition percentage of Verticillium sp. (PGI approximately 70%) was induced by B. subtilis strains B-310 and B-322. The other B. subtilis strains showed PGI values ranging from 45% to 68%, while B. pumilus strain B-335 had the least antagonistic potential (PGI =34.43%) against the pathogen. This study identified at least one suitable biocontrol candidate, B. subtilis strain B-358, as effective in vitro against all three vegetable pathogens.
- Published
- 2018
31. Adhezija bakterij vrst Listeria monocytogenes in Escherichia coli na zeleno solato (Lactuca sativa L.)
- Author
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Svetelj, Gašper and Jeršek, Barbka
- Subjects
adhezija bakterij ,mikrobiota ,izpiranje ,pathogens ,surface contamination ,bacterial adhesion ,Listeria monocytogenes ,patogene bakterije ,chemical analysis ,zelena solata ,kemijske analize ,Escherichia coli ,kontaminacija površin ,microbiota ,inoculation ,Lactuca sativa L ,washing ,inokulacija ,udc:579.67:635.52:614.31 ,green lettuce - Abstract
Namen dela je bil oceniti adhezijo bakterij vrst L. monocytogenes in E. coli na liste zelene solate (Lactuca sativa L.). Bakterije vrste L. monocytogenes so po kontaminaciji solatnih listov na njih dobro rastle in se adherirale pri 12 °C (4,3 ± 0,1 log cfu/g po 1 dnevu, 5,3 ± 0,2 log cfu/g po 9 dneh). Podoben trend adhezije smo zaznali pri bakterijah vrste E. coli (5,1 ± 0,1 log cfu/g po 1 dnevu, 6,4 ± 0,2 log cfu/g po 9 dneh). V nadaljnjih preiskavah so se bakterije vrste E. coli bolje adherirale na neoprane, kot na oprane solatne liste. Glede na dobljene rezultate, smo predvidevali, da ima površina solate dovolj ustreznih hranilnih snovi, ki omogočajo bakterijam vrste E. coli adhezijo in rast na solatnem listu. Dobro rast bakterij smo potrdili v vodnem izpirku solatne površine, saj so bakterije vrste E. coli iz začetnega števila 5,35 ± 0,02 log cfu/ml v 2 dneh dosegle koncentracijo 7,15 ± 0,03 log cfu/ml. Kemijske analize sladkorjev (glukoza, fruktoza, saharoza) sveže solate in solate med skladiščenjem pri 12 °C so pokazale, da se vsebnosti le-teh zmanjšujejo. Sladkorje smo določili tudi na sami površini solatnih listov, to je v vodnem izpirku solatne površine (glukoza 0,215 ± 0,131 mg/100 ± 5 cm2 fruktoza 0,121 ± 0,086 mg/100 ± 5 cm2 saharoza: 0,430 ± 0,130 mg/100 ± 5 cm2). Na površini solatnih listov smo določili tudi za bakterije izkoristljive vire dušika (nitratni dušik: 0,019 mg/100 ± 5 cm2 in amonijev dušik: 0,003 mg/100 ± 5 cm2). Rezultati naših raziskav kažejo, da so solatni listi ugodno okolje za adhezijo, kolonizacijo in rast bakterij vrst E. coli in L. monocytogenes. Pranje solatnih listov v vodi vpliva na zmanjšanje hranilnih snovi, potrebnih za bakterijsko rast in tako na zmanjšanje njihove adhezije in rasti. The purpose of this research was to assess the adhesion of L. monocytogenes and E. coli on lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.). After artificial inoculation of salad leaves with L. monocytogenes these bacteria have adhered well and grown at 12°C (4.3 ± 0.1 log cfu/g, 5.3 ± 0.2 log cfu/g after 1 and 9 days, respectively). Similar adhesion trend was observed for E. coli (5.1 ± 0.1 log cfu/g, 6.5 ± 0.1 log cfu/g after 1 and 9 days, respectively). Further experiments with E. coli indicated that these bacteria adhered better on unwashed lettuce leaves than on washed one. That indicates that the surface of salad leaves have enough nutrients to allow adhesion and growth of E. coli. Therefore, we have checked the growth of E. coli in lettuce washing solution. The results revealed that E. coli grew well in lettuce washing solution as from initial concentration of 5.35 ± 0.02 log cfu/ml they reached 7.15 ± 0.03 log cfu/ml in 2 days. Chemical analysis of fresh lettuce leaves and lettuce leaves during storage showed that they contained fructose 0.71 ± 0.08 g/100g (2 days), 0.36 ± 0.15 g/100g (9 days), glucose 0.55 ± 0.10 g/100g (2 days) in 0.27 ± 0.10 g/100g (9 days) and sucrose 0.19 ± 0.04 g/100g (2 days), 0.08 ± 0.06 g/100g (9 days). All three sugars were also detected on the surface of fresh lettuce leaves (in lettuce leaves washing solution) and average amounts were: fructose 0.121 ± 0.086 mg/100 ± 5 cm2, glucose 0.215 ± 0.131 mg/100 ± 5 cm2, and sucrose 0.430 ± 0.130 mg/100 ± 5 cm2. Nitrogen compounds present on surface of lettuce leaves were determined as nitrate 0.019 mg/100 ± 5 cm2 and ammonium 0.003 mg/100 ± 5 cm2. Our results indicate that lettuce leaves represent favourable environment for adhesion, colonisation and growth of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Washing of lettuce reduces nutrients for bacterial growth and consequently diminish the adhesion and growth of E. coli.
- Published
- 2017
32. Priprava in analiza izražanja fuzij genov za virulentne dejavnike bakterije Escherichia coli in genov za fluorescentne proteine
- Author
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Petrič, Andreja and Žgur Bertok, Darja
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fluorescent proteins ,virulence factors ,gene fusion ,genska fuzija ,pathogenic bacteria ,fenotipska heterogenost ,fluorescence microscopy ,phenotypic heterogeneity ,patogene bakterije ,fluorescentni proteini ,fluorescentna mikroskopija ,udc:579.253.2:579.842:577.21 ,virulentni dejavniki ,Escherichia coli ,gene expression ,izražanje genov - Abstract
Sevi bakterije Escherichia coli so zelo raznoliki. Okužbe povzročajo sevi, ki so pridobili zapise za sintezo virulentnih dejavnikov. Pri komenzalih in patogenih sevih E. coli so za prvi stik z gostiteljem pomembni adhezini, za preživetje različni sistemi za prevzem železa in izogibanje imunskemu sitemu gostitelja. Patogeni bakterijski sevi imajo tudi zapisi za toksine, ki delujejo na gostiteljeve celice. V populaciji genetsko identičnih bakterijskih celic je poznan fenomen fenotipske variabilnosti. Heterogeno izražanje genov bakterijam nudi prednost v spremenljivem okolju, saj je tako del populacije pripravljen na hitre in neugodne spremembe. Namen naše raziskave je bil pripraviti genske fuzije promotorjev nekaterih genov za virulentne dejavnike in genov za fluorescentne proteine ter analizirati izražanje s fluorescentnim mikroskopom. Preučevali smo promotorje genov, clbA za fosfopanteteinil transferazo, cnf1 za toksin Cnf1 in cdtABC za citotoksin CDT. Genske fuzije smo v več korakih pripravili v plazmidnem vektorju pBAC in ga vnesli v celice bakterijskega seva MG1655. Z genskimi fuzijami smo ugotovili, da vse celice E. coli izražajo gen clbA. Ugotovili smo, da je izražanje genov za sintezo toksina Cnf1 in citotoksina CDT bakterije E. coli heterogeno, saj se izražata le v majhnem delu populacije. Escherichia coli is a very diverse bacterial species. Bacterial strains with genes for virulence factors provoke infections. For commensal and pathogenic strains, adhesins are essential for first contact with the host, they also have systems for iron uptake and to avoid the host’s immune system. Pathogenic strains, harbor genes for toxins that damage host cells. In populations of genetically identical bacterial cells, phenotypic heterogeneity has been described. Heterogeneous gene expression provides bacteria an advantage in variable environments and under stress conditions. The purpose of our study was to construct gene fusions of promoters of some virulence factor genes and genes for fluorescent proteins and subsequently analyze their expression with fluorescence microscopy. We studied promoters of genes, clbA for phosphopanteteinyl transferase, cnf1 for toxin Cnf1, and cdtABC for cytoxin CDT. Gene fusions were prepared stepwise in the plasmid vector pBAC and introduced into the bacterial strain MG1655. We found that all cells expressed the clbA gene. Expression of genes for the Cnf1 toxin and cytotoxin CDT was heterogeneous, as they were expressed in only a small subpopulation.
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- 2017
33. Otitis externa in dogs – microbial pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility
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Sukalić, Tomislav, Pavljak, Ivica, Končurat, Ana, and Sivončik, Berislav
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dog ,otitis externa ,pathogens ,antimicrobial susceptibility ,pas ,patogene bakterije ,antimikrobna osjetljivost ,pas, otitis externa, patogene bakterije, antimikrobna osjetljivost - Abstract
Upala vanjskog slušnog kanala ili otitis externa (OE) česta je pojava u pasa. Bolest je multifaktorijalne etiologije, a primarni uzroci najčešće su: alergije, poremećaji u izlučivanju žlijezda, poremećaji epitelizacije, tumori ili polipi slušnog kanala, strana tijela u slušnom kanalu te autoimune bolesti. Infekcije bakterijama i kvasnicama predstavljaju sekundarne uzročnike upale kod OE, koji nastupaju po djelovanju primarnih uzroka i faktora koji mijenjaju mikrookoliš slušnog kanala. Predisponirajući faktori mogu biti suženja slušnog kanala, pretjerana vlažnost, endokrinopatije ili traume, a upala će uvijek biti rezultat kombinacije gore navedenih čimbenika. Najčešći patogeni mikroorganizmi koji kompliciraju upalu u pasa su stafilokoki i streptokoki od Gram-pozitivnih bakterija te bakterije roda Pseudomonas, Proteus i Escherichia od Gram-negativnih bakterija. Uz navedene bakterijske uzročnike u visokom postotku je zastupljena kvasnica Malassezia pachydermatis koja kao oportunist naseljava kožu psa. U istraživanju smo pretražili 44 obriska vanjskog slušnog kanala pasa s izraženom kliničkom slikom upale. Iz navedenih obrisaka izdvojili smo patogene bakterije i kvasnice u 25 slučajeva ili 56,81%. Najzastupljeniji patogeni bili su Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n=8 ili 32%) i Malassezia pachydermatis (n=5, 20%), a zatim koagulaza- negativni stafilokoki (16%), streptokoki (12%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Bacillus spp. (8%) te Proteus mirabilis (4%). Osjetljivost izolata prema antimikrobnim lijekovima određivali smo disk difuzijskom metodom, a testirano je ukupno 14 komercijalno dostupnih antimikrobnih pripravaka. Najbolju osjetljivost izolati su pokazali prema amoksicilinu s klavulanskom kiselinom te prema gentamicinu, enrofloksacinu i cefaleksinu, a najveća rezistencija zabilježena je prema ceftiofuru, neomicinu i sulfametoksazolu s trimetoprimom. Amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom pokazao je 100% učinkovitost prema Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, ali i potpunu rezistenciju kod izdvojenih Gram- negativnih bakterija. U slučajevima infekcije s Gram-negativnim bakterijama Pseudomonas aeruginosa i Proteus mirabilis, jedino su na gentamicin pokazale punu osjetljivost, dok su na ostale testirane pripravke pokazali potpunu rezistenciju. Visoki postotak bakteriološki negativnih rezultata (43,18%) najvjerojatnije je posljedica uzimanja uzoraka nakon neučinkovite terapije., Inflammation of the external ear canal or otitis externa (OE) is common in dogs. Disease is of a multifactorial aetiology, and the most common primary causes are allergies, glandular disorders, epithelial disorders, tumours or polyps of the auditory canal, foreign bodies in the auditory canal and autoimmune diseases. Bacterial and yeast infections are secondary causes of inflammation in the OE, which occur due to the action of primary causes and factors that alter the microenvironment of the auditory canal. Predisposing factors may be obstruction of the auditory canal, excessive humidity, endocrinopathies or trauma. Inflammation will always be the result of a combination of the above-mentioned factors. The most common pathogens that complicate inflammation in dogs are staphylococci and streptococci among the Gram positive bacteria, and the genera Pseudomonas, Proteus and Escherichia among the Gram negative bacteria. In addition to the above-mentioned bacterial pathogens, Malassezia pachydermatis is frequest, and settles on the skin of the dog as an opportunist. In this study, we examined 44 swabs of the external ear canal of dogs with a pronounced clinical picture of inflammation. Of these samples, pathogenic bacteria and yeasts were identified in 25 cases or 56.81%. The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n=8 or 32%) and Malassezia pachydermatis (n=5, 20%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (16%), streptococci (12%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Bacillus spp. (8%) and Proteus mirabilis (4%). The susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial drugs was determined by the disc diffusion method, and 14 commercially available antimicrobial drugs were tested. Bacterial isolates showed the highest susceptibility to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (88.9%), gentamicin, enrofloxacin and cephalexin. The highest resistance of isolates was observed against ceftiofur (100%), cefovecin, neomycin and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains showed 100% susceptibility to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, unlike isolates of Gram negative bacteria which showed complete resistance to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. In cases of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis, isolates showed full sensitivity only to gentamicin and complete resistance to other tested antimicrobials. The high percentage of negative results (43.18%) is likely the result of sampling after commenced or completed antimicrobial therapy.
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- 2017
34. Microbiological analysis of foods of animal origin
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Rašić, Anđela and Slačanac, Vedran
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patogene bakterije ,victuals ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,pathogenic bacteria ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,namirnice ,bacteria ,bakterije - Abstract
Sve namirnice mogu se podijeliti na namirnice životinjskog (animalnog) i biljnog podrijetla. Namirnice animalnog podrijetla čine mlijeko, meso i jaja koje formiraju veliku i heterogenu skupinu. Njihova karakteristika je visoka hranjiva vrijednost, visok sadržaj bjelančevina i mineralnih tvari, ali kod mesa se nalazi i sadržaj masti, masnih kiselina te kolesterola. Namirnice animalnog podrijetla su veoma često kontaminirane patogenim bakterijama (Salmonella, Lysteria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus itd.) Pojava određene bakterije ovisi o samom proizvodu, njegovom kemijskom sastavu, procesu proizvodnje, načinu skladištenja te procesu pripreme namirnica. Način kontaminacije životinje proizlazi iz više izvora: preko stočne hrane, insekata, glodavaca ili preko drugih životinja, a na čovjeka se prenosi direktno ili konzumacijom animalnih proizvoda. Kako ne bi došlo do kontaminacije, potreban je kontroliran proces proizvodnje, od sirovine do gotovog proizvoda. All victuals can be divided into victuals of herbal lineage or victuals of animal lineage. Victuals of animal lineage are milk, meat and eggs as they form large and heterogenous groups. Their characteristics are high nutritive values, high content of proteins and minerals, but meat also contains lipids, fatty acids and cholesterol. Victuals of animal lineage are very often contaminated by pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Lysteria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus etc.). Apparition of bacteria depends on the product, chemical composition of the product as well as the manufacturing and preparation process. The contamination arises from multiple sources: pasturage, rodents, insects or other animals and it is transmitted to humans directly or by ingestion of animal victuals. However, to avoid contamination a controlled manufacturing process, from raw material to prepared foodstuff, is needed.
- Published
- 2016
35. In vitro kontrola patogenih bakterija poreklom iz humanog materijala delovanjem etarskih ulja i ekstrakata odabranih biljnih vrsta
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Stanković, Nemanja, Mihajilov-Krstev, Tatjana, Čomić, Ljiljana, Kocić, Branislav, Zlatković, Bojan, and Stankov-Jovanović, Vesna
- Subjects
antibakterijska i antioksidativna aktivnost etarskih ulja i metanolnih ekstrakata ,patogene bakterije ,sinergističko delovanje etarskih ulja i antibiotika ,chemical composition of essential oils and methanolic extracts ,human pathogens ,synergistic effects of essential oils and antibiotics ,hemijski sastav etarskih ulja i metanolnih ekstrakata ,Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oils and methanolic extracts - Abstract
Poslednjih decenija jedan od vodećih problema u medicini je stvaranje rezistentnosti patogenih mikroorganizama na delovanje antibiotika. Bakterije koje pokazuju značajnu rezistentnost na postojeće antibiotike su: meticilin rezistentni Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., itd. Prilikom delovanja na patogene bakterije, antibiotici neselektivno utiču i na nepatogene bakterije, izazivajući pri tom nepredvidive genetske promene. Pored korisnih efekata u delovanju na bakterije, raspoloživi antibiotici, takođe mogu prouzrokovati neželjene efekte kao što su hipersenzitivnost i imunosupresija. To je razlog zbog koga se traga za novim agensima sa antibiotskim delovanjem. Jedan od prirodnih izvora takvih agenasa su etarska ulja i ekstrakti aromatičnih biljaka koji se koriste u tradicionalnoj medicini za lečenje mnogih infektivnih bolesti i bolesti koje nastaju kao posledica oksidativnog stresa. Zbog toga je cilj istraživanja ove disertacije bio da se izvrši komparativna analiza hemijskog sastava, antibakterijske i antioksidativne aktivnosti odabranih biljnih vrstaAngelica pancicii, Angelica sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia absinthium, Tanacetum parthenium i Hyssopus officinalis koje su veoma zastupljene u tradicionalnoj medicini. Materijal i metode. Biljni materijal koji je korišćen u ovom istraživanju je prikupljan tokom 2012. i 2013. godine na teritoriji jugoistočne Srbije. Nakon sušenja biljnog materijala, pristupilo se procesu izolovanja etarskih ulja metodom hidrodestilacije u aparaturi po Klevindžeru, kao i pripremanju metanolnih ekstrakata alkoholnom ekstrakcijom. Hemijski sastav ulja je analiziran pomoću GH (gasna hromatografija) i GH/MS (gasna hromatografija sa spektrometrijom masa) metoda. Ukupni fenoli su određivani metodom po Folin-Sjoklto-u, sa malim modifikacijama, a ukupni flavonoidi su utvrđivani korišćenjem aluminijum hlorid (AlCl3) kolorimetrijskog metoda. Antioksidativna aktivnost etarskih ulja i ekstrakata je određivana pomoću ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolin-6- sulfonska kiselina), DPPH (2,2-difenil, 1-pikril hidrazil), TRP (total reducing power) i FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) metoda. Antibakterijska aktivnost izolovanih etarskih ulja,metanolnih ekstrakata i četiri antibiotika (ciprofloksacin, doksiciklin, gentamicin i eritromicin) je ispitivana mikrodilucionom metodom protiv 16 bakterijskih sojeva poreklom iz briseva rana, grla i nosa, sputuma i aspirata pacijenata (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae i Enterococcus faecalis). Sinergističko delovanje najaktivnijih ulja i antibiotika sa najslabijim delovanjem, eritromicinom, u cilju snižavanja njegovih aktivnih koncentracija, je određivno uz pomoć metode šahovske table tj. „checkerboard“ metodom. During the last several decades one of the leading challenges in medicine is appearance of resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotic activity. Bacteria showing significant resistance on existing antibiotics include: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., etc. During the activity on pathogenic bacteria, the antibiotics simultaneously show non-selective impact on nonpathogenic bacteria, causing unpredictable genetic changes. In addition to beneficial effects on bacteria, the available antibiotics may also cause adverse effects such as hypersensitivity and immunosuppression. Therefore studies of new agents with antibiotic activity are constantly ongoing. One of the natural sources of such agents are essential oils and extracts of aromatic plants used in traditional medicine as a cure for many infectious diseases and ailments caused by oxidative stress. Therefore the goal of study presented in this dissertation was comparative analysis of chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of eight chosen plant species regularly represented in traditional medicine: Angelica pancicii, Angelica sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia absinthium, Tanacetum parthenium and Hyssopus officinalis. The plant material used in this study was collected in 2012 and 2013 in southeastern Serbia. After the plant material was dried, essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation method using the Clevenger apparatus, while methanol extracts were prepared by alcoholic extraction. The chemical composition of oil was analyzed by GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (gas chromatography with mass spectrometry) methods. The total amount of phenols was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method with slight modifications, while total flavonoids were determined by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method. The antioxidant activity of essential oils and extracts was determined by ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), TRP (total reducing power) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. The antibacterial activity of isolated essential oils, methanol extracts and four antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin and erythromycin) was studied by micro-dilution method against 16 bacterial strains collected from swabs of wounds, throat, nose, sputum and aspirate of patients (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis). The synergistic activity of most active oils and the lowest-activity antibiotic (erythromycin), in order to decrease its active concentrations, was determined by the so-called “checkerboard” method.
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- 2016
36. Mikrobiološka kvaliteta mlijeka u proizvodnji sira od sirovog mlijeka
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Zebec, Vlatka and Samaržija, Dubravka
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BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy. Dairy ,higijenska kvaliteta ,mikrobiological quality ,mikrobiološka kvaliteta ,Paški cheese ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija). Mljekarstvo ,Krčki cheese ,legislation ,sheep milk ,Paški sir ,legislativa ,patogene bakterije ,Domiati sir ,hygienic quality ,Krčki sir ,ovčje mlijeko ,patogenic bacteria ,Domiati cheese - Abstract
U radu su na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja prikazani znanstveni rezultati istraživanja mikrobiološke kvalitete sirovog mlijeka i sira na primjeru Paškog, Krčkog i Domiati sira. Paški i Krčki sir su najpoznatiji tvrdi ovčji sirevi u Hrvatskoj, a Domiati je bijeli meki sir koji zrije u salamuri, veoma popularan u Egiptu i zemljama Bliskog Istoka. U proizvodnji većine tradicionalnih sireva koristi se sirovo mlijeko koje može biti izvor patogenih bakterija i mikroorganizama uzročnika kvarenja. Stoga je poznavanje izvora kontaminacije, načina njihovog rasta u mlijeku i njihovog uništenja presudno za dobivanje zdravstveno ispravnog sira. Učinkovita metoda za kontrolu rasta mikroorganizama je primjena HACCP sustava u proizvodnom postrojenju i primjena načela dobre proizvođačke, poljoprivredne i veterinarske prakse u primarnoj proizvodnji mlijeka. Tijekom pokusnog razdoblja prosječni broj somatskih stanica u ovčjem mlijeku (n=15) koje se koristilo u proizvodnji Krčkog sira (n=9) bio je 407 000 mL-1, a ukupan broj bakterija 750 500 cfu mL-1. U ovčjem mlijeku koje se koristilo u proizvodnji Paškog sira tijekom pokusnog razdobljaod tri godine utvrđeni prosječni broj somatskih stanica bio je manji od 200 000 mL-1 a ukupni broj bakterija manji od 5000 cfu mL-1 (n=720). Na temelju rezultata higijenske kvalitete mlijeka i jedno i drugo ovčje mlijeko ispunjava propisane kriterije Pravilnika (NN 102/00). Rezultati mikrobioloških analiza na pojavnost patogenih bakterija u Paškom siru (n=240) tijekom trogodišnjeg praćenja bili su negativni te su u potpunosti sukladni odredbama Pravilnika o mikrobiološki kriterijima za hranu (NN 156/08). Suprotno, 45% uzoraka Krčkog sira u istraživanom razdoblju bilo je pozitivno na bakterije Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli. Mikrobiološkim analizama kravljeg mlijeka (n=50) i Domiati sira (n=50) utvrđena je prisutnost patogenih bakterija iznad dozvoljenih granica propisanih Uredbom EZ 853/2004 i ES 1008/2000. U usporedbi s Paškim i Krčkim sirom Domiati sir je podložniji pojavnosti patogenih bakterija. Razlog tome je visoki postotak vlage i pH u sirnom tijestu i tehnologija proizvodnje u kojoj se koriste niske temperature obrade sirnog gruša i kratko trajanje zrenja. Reviewing previous scientific research results of microbiological quality of raw milk and Paški, Krčki and Domiati cheese are shown. Paški and Krčki cheese are famous Croatian hard sheep cheese, while Domiati cheese, which ripens in brine, is very popular in Egypt and Middle East countries. In the production of most traditional cheeses raw milk is used, which can be source of pathogenic bacteria and spoilage microorganisms. Therefore, knowledge of the origin, the way of their growth in milk and their destruction is crucial to obtain a safe cheese. An effective method to control growth of microorganisms is the application of the HACCP system in the production plant and the application of the principles of good manufacturing, agricultural and veterinary practices in the primary production of milk. During the experimental period the average number of somatic cells in the sheep's milk used in the manufacture of Krčki cheese was 407 000 mL-1 and the total bacterial count of 750 500 cfu mL-1. The sheep's milk used in the manufacture of Paški cheese during the experimental period of three years average number of somatic cells was less than 200,000 mL-1 and the total bacterial count of less than 5000 cfu mL-1 (n =720). Based on the results of hygienic quality of milk both sheep milks comply criteria prescribed by Pravilnik (NN 102/00).The results of microbiological analysis on the incidence of pathogenic bacteria in the Paški cheese (n=240) during the three-year period were negative, and are fully compliant with the provisions of the Regulation for microbiological criteria for food (NN156/08). In contrast, 45% samples of Krčki cheese in the investigation period were positive for Staphylococcus. aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Microbiological analyzes of cow's milk (n=50) and Domiati cheese (n=50) was found the presence of pathogenic bacteria over the allowable limit prescribed by Regulation EC 853/2004 and EC 1008/2000. Compared with the Paški and Krčki cheese, Domiati cheese is more susceptible on the incidence of pathogenic bacteria. The reason for this is the high percentage of moisture and higher pH value in cheese curdand specificity of production technology, which uses low-temperature processing of cheese curd and short duration of ripening.
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- 2016
37. Antibakterijski učinak propolisa na odabrane patogene bakterije
- Author
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Bosilj, Kristijan
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propolis ,antibakterijsko djelovanje ,patogene bakterije - Abstract
Propolis je prirodna smolasta tvar koju pčele prikupljaju s različitih dijelova biljaka kao što je kora drveća, pupoljci te drugi oštećeni dijelovi biljke. Posjeduje ugodne aromatične mirise te varira u boji od žute do smeđe i crvene ovisno o samom botaničkom i geografskom području, ali i vremenu sakupljanja. Propolis posjeduje brojna biološka svojstva koja su najjača kod svježeg propolisa te sve više slabe stajanjem propolisa. U ovom radu ispitivano je antimikrobno djelovanje različitih ekstrakata propolisa. Za pripremu ekstrakata propolisa su korištene metode maceracije, djelovanje ultrazvučnih valova kroz 15 i 30 minuta te djelovanje mikrovalova kroz 20 i 30 sekundi. Ispitivano je antibakterijsko djelovanje propolisa na odabrane patogene bakterije: Escherichia coli, dva soja Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, dva soja Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Legionella pneumophila te na Staphylococcus aureus i meticilin rezistentni S. aureus. Antimikrobno djelovanje se ispitivalo pomoću difuzijke i dilucijske metode. Najosjetljivija bakterija na sve uzorke ekstrakta propolisa je L. pneumophila sa najvećom zonom inhibicije od 31 mm te MBK vrijednosti od 0, 4 mg/mL, dok se najotpornijom bakterijom pokazala E. coli sa najvećom zonom inhibicije od 8, 5 mm te MBK vrijednosti od 6, 3 mg/mL. Svi testirani ekstrakti propolisa dobro djeluju i na rezistentne sojeve A. baumannii ATCC BAA 1605 i meticilin rezistentni S. aureus. Najbolju antimikrobnu aktivnost je pokazao ekstrakt propolisa dobiven djelovanjem mikrovalova kroz 30 sekundi. Zaključno, svi ispitivani ekstrakti propolisa pokazuju dobro antimikrobno djelovanje prema ispitivanim bakterijama.
- Published
- 2016
38. Primena etarskih ulja u cilju unapređenja bezbednosti i kvaliteta mesa
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Bošković, Marija, Đorđević, Jasna, Janjić, Jelena, Ivanović, Jelena, Glišić, Milica, Glamočlija, Nataša, Marković, Radmila, and Baltić, Milan Ž.
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patogene bakterije ,etarska ulja ,proizvodi od mesa ,oksidacija ,organoleptičke osobine - Abstract
Etarska ulja predstavljaju smešu aromatičnih i lako isparljivih jedinjenja male molekulske mase, koje se rastvaraju u lipidima i organskim rastvaradima i uglavnom ekstrahuju destilacijom, ekspresijom i ekstrakcijom rastvaračima iz različitih biljnih organa. Primena određenih sintetskih aditiva moze dovesti do trovanja, mutagenih i kancerogenih promena kao i alergija koje predstavljaju sve značajniji problem na globalnom nivou, zbog čega se poslednjih godina javlja sve veća potreba za prirodnim aditivima koji se mogu koristiti u prehrambenoj indusiriji. Etarska ulja ispoljavaju veliki broj bioloških efekata, a zbog antimikrobnih i antioksidativnih osobina posebno se radi na njihovoj upotrebi u proizvodima od mesa. Meso kao namirnica bogata visoko vrednim proteinima, polinezasićenim masnim kiselinama, vitaminima i mineralnim materijama predstavlja nezamenjiv izvor u ishrani ljudi, ali i pogodni medijum za razvoj kako mikroorganizama kvara tako i patogenih mikroorganizama koji i pored mere prevencije i kontrole predstavljaju rastući zdravstveni i ekonomski problem. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da različita etarska ulja, ukljuiujuii etarsko ulje origana, timijana, majorama, ruzmarina, bosiljka, karanfilića, crnog bibera uspešno suprimiraju rast različitih bakterija uzročnika bolesti prenosivih hranom, kao i da spreiavaju ili odlaZu oksidacione promene u mesu i proizvodima od mesa. I pored antioksidativnih i antimikrobnih osobina koje poseduju etarska u|ja, njihova upšotreba u praksi je ograničena pre svega zbog njihovog efekta na organoleptičke osobine namirnica u koje se dodaju. I dok jedni rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju pozitivan efekat etarskih ulja na senzorne osobine, drugi pokazuju da je njihov uticaj na miris i ukus namirnica limitirajuci faktor za njihovu upotrebu. Pre upotrebe etarskih ulja na ljudima, bilo kao aromaterapije, kozmetičkih preparata, upotrebom u medicinske svrheili kao konzervansa u hrani, neophodno je utvrditi bezbednost njihove primene. Veliki broj etarskih ulja smatra se bezbednim za upotrebu kao aromatične supstance u hrani i kategorisana su kao GRAS- generally recognized as safe. Zbornik radova
- Published
- 2016
39. Antibacterial activity of Domestic Balkan donkey's milk
- Author
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Cvetković, Dragoljub, Milanović, Spasenija, Antov, Mirjana, Mandić, Anamarija, and Savić, Dragiša
- Subjects
mleko magarice ,patogene bakterije ,Антибактеријска активност ,Antibakterijska aktivnost ,млеко магарице ,donkey milk ,pathogenic bacteria ,Antibacterial activity ,патогене бактерије - Abstract
Млеко магарице је тек последњих година доспело у фокус научних истраживања, иако су његова благотоворна терапеутска и козметичка својства позната још од античких времена. Упркос томе што знање о функционалности млека магарице константно расте, његов антимикробни потенцијал остаје најмање истражен. Литературни подаци о микробиологији и евентуалној антимикробној активности млека магарице балканске расе која егзистира на подручју Србије и околних балканских земаља су јако лимитирани. Ово млеко се традиционално конзумира без претходне топлотне обраде, што покреће низ питања која се односе на здравствену безбедност конзумирања млека у сировом стању. Предмети истраживања ове докторске дисертације били су утврђивање микробиолошког квалитета сировог млека магарице балканске расе, као и испитивање његове антибактеријске активности према одабраним сојевима Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes и Klebsiella pneumoniae. У циљу утврђивања главних носилаца антибактеријског дејства, као и самог модела антибактеријског деловања, у одабраним узорцима овог млека намењеним извођењу антибактеријских испитивања, извршено је одређивање садржаја антимикробних протеина - лизозима и лактоферина, као и садржаја калцијума. У узорцима млека магарице предвиђеним за испитивање антибактеријске активности према S. aureus и L. monocytogenes, одређен је садржај масних киселина са документованом антибактеријском активношћу према Грам позитивним бактеријама. Присуство L. monocytogenes и Salmonella spp. није утврђено ни у једном од 137 испитаних узорака сировог млека магарице, док је број E. coli, колиформних бактерија, Enterobacteriaceae, квасаца и плесни и суспектног B. cereus био испод границе детекције методе. Према резултатима добијеним у овој докторској дисертацији сви испитани узорци сировог млека магарице балканске расе су задовољавали захтеве европских регулатива 92/46/ЕЕC и EC 853/2004 и са микробиолошког аспекта су у потпуности били безбедни за директно конзумирање без претходне топлотне обраде. Сирово млеко магарице балканске расе је показало различиту антибактеријску активност према Грам позитивним и Грам негативним бактеријским сојевима тестираним у оквиру ове докторске дисертације, чији интензитет је зависио од нивоа контаминације узорака млека тестираним патогеном и температуре инкубирања. Температура инкубирања од +15 °C је у односу на +9 °C била генерално повољнија за активност антибактеријских супстанци у млеку магарице према свим тестираним патогенима, али је антибактеријски потенцијал узорака млека магарице на +15 °C био лимитиран бржим умножавањем испитаних бактерија на овој температури. То је посебно важило за узорке са већим нивоима контаминације (103 и 104 cfu/ml). Антибактеријска активност сировог млека магарице према L. monocytogenes и S. aureus се нa свим радним температурама састојала од продужeња лаг фазе и инхибирања бактеријског раста, док се у случају S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, E. coli АTCC 8739, E. coli АTCC 10536 и K. pneumoniae она огледала у редукцији њиховог почетног броја и/или продужењу лаг фазе. Резултати ове докторске дисертације су указали на калцијум зависну природу антибактеријске активности сировог млека магарице према S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium и оба тестирана соја E. coli. Најснажнију антибактеријску активност према K. pneumoniae показали су узорци млека магарице, који су поред великог садржаја лизозима имали и велики садржај лактоферина, па би у овом случају основни механизам антибактеријског деловања млека магарице могао бити синергизам лизозима и лактоферина. Лизозим је највероватније главни носилац антибактеријске активности млека магарице балканске расе, обзиром да је у односу на други антимикробни агенс – лактоферин у тестираним узорцима млека магарице детектован у вишеструко већој концентрацији. Известан допринос антибактеријској активности млека магарице балканске расе према L. monocytogenes и S. aureus могле би да дају и масне киселине са документованим антибактеријским дејством према Грам позитивним бактеријама (линолна, лауринска и олеинска киселина), које су у анализираним узорцима млека магарице у збиру чиниле од 40,3 до 54,7% од укупних масних киселина. Mleko magarice je tek poslednjih godina dospelo u fokus naučnih istraživanja, iako su njegova blagotovorna terapeutska i kozmetička svojstva poznata još od antičkih vremena. Uprkos tome što znanje o funkcionalnosti mleka magarice konstantno raste, njegov antimikrobni potencijal ostaje najmanje istražen. Literaturni podaci o mikrobiologiji i eventualnoj antimikrobnoj aktivnosti mleka magarice balkanske rase koja egzistira na području Srbije i okolnih balkanskih zemalja su jako limitirani. Ovo mleko se tradicionalno konzumira bez prethodne toplotne obrade, što pokreće niz pitanja koja se odnose na zdravstvenu bezbednost konzumiranja mleka u sirovom stanju. Predmeti istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije bili su utvrđivanje mikrobiološkog kvaliteta sirovog mleka magarice balkanske rase, kao i ispitivanje njegove antibakterijske aktivnosti prema odabranim sojevima Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes i Klebsiella pneumoniae. U cilju utvrđivanja glavnih nosilaca antibakterijskog dejstva, kao i samog modela antibakterijskog delovanja, u odabranim uzorcima ovog mleka namenjenim izvođenju antibakterijskih ispitivanja, izvršeno je određivanje sadržaja antimikrobnih proteina - lizozima i laktoferina, kao i sadržaja kalcijuma. U uzorcima mleka magarice predviđenim za ispitivanje antibakterijske aktivnosti prema S. aureus i L. monocytogenes, određen je sadržaj masnih kiselina sa dokumentovanom antibakterijskom aktivnošću prema Gram pozitivnim bakterijama. Prisustvo L. monocytogenes i Salmonella spp. nije utvrđeno ni u jednom od 137 ispitanih uzoraka sirovog mleka magarice, dok je broj E. coli, koliformnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, kvasaca i plesni i suspektnog B. cereus bio ispod granice detekcije metode. Prema rezultatima dobijenim u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji svi ispitani uzorci sirovog mleka magarice balkanske rase su zadovoljavali zahteve evropskih regulativa 92/46/EEC i EC 853/2004 i sa mikrobiološkog aspekta su u potpunosti bili bezbedni za direktno konzumiranje bez prethodne toplotne obrade. Sirovo mleko magarice balkanske rase je pokazalo različitu antibakterijsku aktivnost prema Gram pozitivnim i Gram negativnim bakterijskim sojevima testiranim u okviru ove doktorske disertacije, čiji intenzitet je zavisio od nivoa kontaminacije uzoraka mleka testiranim patogenom i temperature inkubiranja. Temperatura inkubiranja od +15 °C je u odnosu na +9 °C bila generalno povoljnija za aktivnost antibakterijskih supstanci u mleku magarice prema svim testiranim patogenima, ali je antibakterijski potencijal uzoraka mleka magarice na +15 °C bio limitiran bržim umnožavanjem ispitanih bakterija na ovoj temperaturi. To je posebno važilo za uzorke sa većim nivoima kontaminacije (103 i 104 cfu/ml). Antibakterijska aktivnost sirovog mleka magarice prema L. monocytogenes i S. aureus se na svim radnim temperaturama sastojala od produženja lag faze i inhibiranja bakterijskog rasta, dok se u slučaju S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, E. coli ATCC 8739, E. coli ATCC 10536 i K. pneumoniae ona ogledala u redukciji njihovog početnog broja i/ili produženju lag faze. Rezultati ove doktorske disertacije su ukazali na kalcijum zavisnu prirodu antibakterijske aktivnosti sirovog mleka magarice prema S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium i oba testirana soja E. coli. Najsnažniju antibakterijsku aktivnost prema K. pneumoniae pokazali su uzorci mleka magarice, koji su pored velikog sadržaja lizozima imali i veliki sadržaj laktoferina, pa bi u ovom slučaju osnovni mehanizam antibakterijskog delovanja mleka magarice mogao biti sinergizam lizozima i laktoferina. Lizozim je najverovatnije glavni nosilac antibakterijske aktivnosti mleka magarice balkanske rase, obzirom da je u odnosu na drugi antimikrobni agens – laktoferin u testiranim uzorcima mleka magarice detektovan u višestruko većoj koncentraciji. Izvestan doprinos antibakterijskoj aktivnosti mleka magarice balkanske rase prema L. monocytogenes i S. aureus mogle bi da daju i masne kiseline sa dokumentovanim antibakterijskim dejstvom prema Gram pozitivnim bakterijama (linolna, laurinska i oleinska kiselina), koje su u analiziranim uzorcima mleka magarice u zbiru činile od 40,3 do 54,7% od ukupnih masnih kiselina. Donkey's milk has recently become a very popular topic among scientific community although it has been used for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes since ancient times. Even though the number of investigations concerning donkey's milk functionality has increased, the studies on its antimicrobial potential are limited. Especially, there is a lack in literature data on microbiological quality and antibacterial activity of donkey's milk obtained from Domestic Balkan breed originated in Serbia and other countries in Balkan region. The fact that this milk is traditionally consumed without heat treatment launches a series of issues concerning its safety. The aim of this thesis was to determine microbiological quality of Domestic Balkan donkey's milk, as well as to investigate its antibacterial activity against the selected strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia. In order to determine the major antibacterial substances, as well as the model of antibacterial activity, the content of antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme and lactoferrin) and calcium was determined. The amount of fatty acids which are known to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria was determined in milk samples tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus и L. monocytogenes. The presence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the 137 raw donkey's milk samples, while the levels of E. coli, coliform bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and molds and suspect Bacillus cereus were below the limit of detection of the assays. According to obtained results, all examined Domestic Balkan donkeys' raw milk samples were in accordance with the EU regulations 92/46/ЕЕC and EC 853/2004 in terms of their microbiological quality, thus being completely safe for direct consumptions, without thermal treatment. Raw Domestic Balkan donkey's milk has expressed different antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains tested in this thesis, with the intensities which depended on contamination level and incubation temperature. In comparison to temperature of +9 °C, the incubation temperature of +15 °C was more favourable for activity of antibacterial substances in donkey's milk against all tested pathogens. However, the antibacterial potential of donkey's milk samples at +15 °C was limited with rapid multiplication of bacteria at this temperature. This was especially pronounced in samples characterized with higher contamination levels (103 and 104 cfu/ml). Antibacterial activity of raw donkey's milk against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus at all tested temperatures reflected in prolonged lag phase and inhibition of bacterial growth, while the activity against S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, E. coli АTCC 8739, E. coli АTCC 10536 and K. pneumonia comprised reduction of initial bacterial numbers and/or prolongation of lag phase. Results obtained in this thesis have indicated on calcium dependent antibacterial activity of raw donkey's milk against S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and both E. coli strains. The most pronounced antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia was found in donkey's milk samples which besides high content of lysozyme had high content of lactoferrin, thus indicating that the basic antibacterial mechanism of donkey's milk might be the synergism between lysozyme and lactoferrin. Lysozyme was probably the substance with the highest antimicrobial activity in Domestic Balkan donkey's milk, since it was detected in significantly higher concentrations than lactoferrin. The fatty acids which are known to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria (linoleic, lauric and oleic) and which comprised from 40.3 to 54.7% of total fatty acids in tested samples, may also contribute to antimicrobial activity of Domestic Balkan donkey's milk against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus.
- Published
- 2015
40. Vpliv različnih pridelovalnih sistemov na prisotnost patogenih bakterij v zelenjavi
- Author
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Vrabelj, Uroš and Bavec, Martina
- Subjects
patogene bakterije ,načini pridelave ,patogene bakterije,krhkolistna solata,varnost prehrane,načini pridelave zelenjave,mikrobiološka aktivnost ,knackingen Salaten ,mikrobiološka aktivnost ,Pathogenen Bakterien ,knackigen Salaten ,Herstellungsmethoden Gemüse ,udc:635.5:631.153.3:614.31:579.8(043.2)=863 ,mikrobiologische Aktivität ,varnost prehrane ,krhkolistna solata ,Lebensmittelsicherheit - Abstract
V diplomski nalogi smo preverjali prisotnost nekaterih patogenih bakterij na solati. Preverjali smo hipoteze kako mesta prodaje, način proizvodnje in letni čas vplivajo na prisotnost patogenih bakterij v krhkolistni solati. Za vzgojo bakterij smo uporabili štiri selektivna gojišča namenjena za izolacijo bakterij iz hrane in vode. Bakterije smo izolirali, prešteli, ter določene vizualno identificirali. Rezultati so pokazali, da je najmanj bakterij v vzorcih kupljenih na tržnicah in slovenskega porekla. Največje število je bilo na solati iz uvoza, kupljeni v trgovini. Glede na pridelavo je najmanj vsebovala ekološko in integrirano pridelana zelenjava. Glede na letni čas je od šest prodajnih mest bilo najvišje število kolonij na štirih spomladi in na dveh poleti. In der Diplomarbeit überprüften wir die Anwesenheit von einigen pathogenen Bakterien in Salaten. Die Überprüfung galt der Hypothese wie Verkaufsstände, Herstellungsverfahren und verschiedene Jahreszeiten die Anwesenheit von pathogenen Bakterien auf Sprödblattsalat beeinflusst. Für die Züchtung der Bakterien wurden vier selektive Nährböden zur Isolierung der Bakterien in Nahrungsmittel und Wasser benutzt. Die Bakterien wurden isoliert, abgezählt und visuell identifiziert. Die Resultate zeigten, dass die geringste Anzahl der Bakterien auf den Proben der Salate gefunden, die auf Märkten gekauft wurden und die slowenischer Herkunft waren. Die größte Anzahl der Bakterien wurden auf Salaten aus dem Import gefunden. In Bezug auf das Herstellungsverfahren waren die geringsten Bakterien auf dem Gemüse das aus ökologischer und integriert Herstellung stammte. Unter dem Augenmerk der Jahreszeiten, konnten wir ersehen, das aus 6 verschiedenen Warenhäusern, in vier, die meisten Kolonien in Frühling zu finden waren. In zwei aus denen im Sommer.
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- 2015
41. Vrednotenje učinkovitosti potencialnih inhibitorjev Mur ligaz na standardnih bakterijskih sevih
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Lesar, Nataša and Peterlin-Mašič, Lucija
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metode ,patogene bakterije ,inhibitorji ligaz ,udc:542+543 ,peptidoglikan ,Mur ligaze ,protimikrobne učinkovine - Published
- 2015
42. In vitro kontrola patogenih bakterija poreklom iz humanog materijala delovanjem etarskih ulja i ekstrakata odabranih biljnih vrsta
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Mihajilov-Krstev, Tatjana, Čomić, Ljiljana, Kocić, Branislav, Zlatković, Bojan, Stankov-Jovanović, Vesna, Stanković, Nemanja, Mihajilov-Krstev, Tatjana, Čomić, Ljiljana, Kocić, Branislav, Zlatković, Bojan, Stankov-Jovanović, Vesna, and Stanković, Nemanja
- Abstract
Poslednjih decenija jedan od vodećih problema u medicini je stvaranje rezistentnosti patogenih mikroorganizama na delovanje antibiotika. Bakterije koje pokazuju značajnu rezistentnost na postojeće antibiotike su: meticilin rezistentni Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., itd. Prilikom delovanja na patogene bakterije, antibiotici neselektivno utiču i na nepatogene bakterije, izazivajući pri tom nepredvidive genetske promene. Pored korisnih efekata u delovanju na bakterije, raspoloživi antibiotici, takođe mogu prouzrokovati neželjene efekte kao što su hipersenzitivnost i imunosupresija. To je razlog zbog koga se traga za novim agensima sa antibiotskim delovanjem. Jedan od prirodnih izvora takvih agenasa su etarska ulja i ekstrakti aromatičnih biljaka koji se koriste u tradicionalnoj medicini za lečenje mnogih infektivnih bolesti i bolesti koje nastaju kao posledica oksidativnog stresa. Zbog toga je cilj istraživanja ove disertacije bio da se izvrši komparativna analiza hemijskog sastava, antibakterijske i antioksidativne aktivnosti odabranih biljnih vrstaAngelica pancicii, Angelica sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia absinthium, Tanacetum parthenium i Hyssopus officinalis koje su veoma zastupljene u tradicionalnoj medicini. Materijal i metode. Biljni materijal koji je korišćen u ovom istraživanju je prikupljan tokom 2012. i 2013. godine na teritoriji jugoistočne Srbije. Nakon sušenja biljnog materijala, pristupilo se procesu izolovanja etarskih ulja metodom hidrodestilacije u aparaturi po Klevindžeru, kao i pripremanju metanolnih ekstrakata alkoholnom ekstrakcijom. Hemijski sastav ulja je analiziran pomoću GH (gasna hromatografija) i GH/MS (gasna hromatografija sa spektrometrijom masa) metoda. Ukupni fenoli su određivani metodom po Folin-Sjoklto-u, sa malim modifikacijama, a ukupni flavonoidi su utvrđivani korišćenjem aluminijum hlorid (AlCl3) kolorimetrijskog metoda. Antioksid, During the last several decades one of the leading challenges in medicine is appearance of resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotic activity. Bacteria showing significant resistance on existing antibiotics include: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., etc. During the activity on pathogenic bacteria, the antibiotics simultaneously show non-selective impact on nonpathogenic bacteria, causing unpredictable genetic changes. In addition to beneficial effects on bacteria, the available antibiotics may also cause adverse effects such as hypersensitivity and immunosuppression. Therefore studies of new agents with antibiotic activity are constantly ongoing. One of the natural sources of such agents are essential oils and extracts of aromatic plants used in traditional medicine as a cure for many infectious diseases and ailments caused by oxidative stress. Therefore the goal of study presented in this dissertation was comparative analysis of chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of eight chosen plant species regularly represented in traditional medicine: Angelica pancicii, Angelica sylvestris, Laserpitium latifolium, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea crithmifolia, Artemisia absinthium, Tanacetum parthenium and Hyssopus officinalis. The plant material used in this study was collected in 2012 and 2013 in southeastern Serbia. After the plant material was dried, essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation method using the Clevenger apparatus, while methanol extracts were prepared by alcoholic extraction. The chemical composition of oil was analyzed by GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (gas chromatography with mass spectrometry) methods. The total amount of phenols was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method with slight modifications, while total flavonoids were determined by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric method. The antioxidant activity of essential oils and extracts was deter
- Published
- 2016
43. EFFECTS OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF FUMARIC ACID ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus AND Aeromonas sobria CHALLENGE
- Author
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Olajumoke Omosowone, Ayokanmi Dada, and Eunice Adeparusi
- Subjects
organska kiselina ,preživljavanje ,hematološki parametri ,som ,patogene bakterije ,organic acid ,survival ,haematological parameters ,catfish ,pathogenic bacteria - Abstract
Five iso-nitrogenous (39.0% crude protein) and iso-caloric diets (510 kJ gross energy) were prepared with fumaric acid added at varying inclusion levels: 0 (D1), 0.5 (D2), 1.0 (D3), 1.5 (D4) or 2.0 (D5) g kg-1 of diet. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of Clarias gariepinus (mean initial weight 68.14±1.5 g) for 84 days in 50 liters glass tanks. At the end of the experiment, fish fed diet D3 gave significantly higher growth indices closely followed by the control diet (D1). There were significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio and percentage survival in fish fed diet D3 when compared with those fed diet D5. The haematological parameters of experimental fish revealed significant variations among treatments. The highest haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) values were recorded in fish fed diet D2 while the lowest were recorded in those fed diets D3. Challenge test showed that mortality was 100% in the control while it was between 0 and 86.67% in other treatments. Inclusion of 1.0 g kg-1 of fumaric acid in C. gariepinus diets boosted growth. Inclusion of 0.5 g kg-1 of fumaric acid improved fish haematological parameters. In overall, incorporation of fumaric acid in C. gariepinus diets improved fish survival after Aeromonas sobria challenge., Za potrebe istraživanja pripremljeno je pet hranidbenih smjesa izjednačenih prema hranidbenom sastavu (39% sirovih protein, 510 kJ bruto energije) u koje je nadodana fumarna kiselina s različitim udjelima: 0 (D1), 0,5 (D2), 1,0 (D3), 1,5 (D4) ili 2,0 (D5) g kg-1 od ukupne smjese. Afrički somovi su podijeljeni u triplikate te hranjeni 84 dana u 50 litarskim bazenima. Na kraju pokusa, ribe hranjene hranidbenom smjesom D3 imale su značajno više indekse rasta, usporedive sa sličnim rezultatima kontrolne hranidbe (D1). Utvrđene su značajne razlike u masi, specifičnoj stopi rasta, konverziji hrane i postotku preživljavanja kod usporedbe riba hranjenih hranidbenim smjesama D3 i D5. Hematološki parametri ukazuju na značajne varijacije između tretmana. Najviše vrijednosti hemoglobina, PCV, eritrocita i leukocita zabilježene su kod riba hranjenih s D2, a najniže kod riba hranjenih s D3 hranidbenom smjesom. Pri izlaganju riba patogenu, zabilježen je 100% mortalitet u kontrolnoj skupini te između 0 – 86,67% u ostalim tretmanima. Možemo zaključiti da je uključivanje 1,0 g kg-1 fumarne kiseline u hranidbu afričkog soma unaprijedilo rast riba dok je inkluzija od 0,5 g kg-1 poboljšala krvne pokazatelje. Ugradnja fumarne kiseline u hranidbu afričkog soma poboljšala je preživljavanje nakon izloženosti patogenu Aeromonas sobria.
- Published
- 2015
44. Patogene bakterije i kontaminacija voća i povrća
- Author
-
Vrkljan, Petra
- Subjects
patogene bakterije ,kontaminacija hrane ,tehnologija prerade ,konzerviranje namirnica - Abstract
Uslijed mikrobiološkog kvarenja voća i povrća namijenjenog za konzumaciju u svježem stanju čak 30 do 50 % od ukupne količine propada. Najčešći uzročnici kvarenja su bakterije, kvasci i plijesni. Visoki udio vode u voću i povrću pogodan je medij za razvoj mikroorganizama koji izazivaju kvarenje. Voće i povrće može se kontaminirati putem tla, zraka, štetnika i tijekom obrade. U cilju sprječavanja mikrobioloških promjena na svježem voću i povrću preporučuje se konzerviranje neposredno poslije berbe ili pak skladištenje pri nižim temperaturama (oko 0 do 4°C) u manjim pakiranjima, te uz osigurano strujanje zraka. Cilj ovo rada bio je ustanoviti koje su to kritične točke u preradi voća i povrća tijekom kojih može doći do kontaminacije bilo sirovine bilo prerađenih proizvoda. Biljna proizvodnja i prerada uključuje složeni opskrbni lanac od polja do točke potrošnje. Iz mnogih aspekata neophodno je ojačati svaku kariku u lancu i održavati kvalitetu i sigurnost proizvoda. Postoji sustav upravljanja sigurnošću hrane pomoću kojeg se sigurnost može kontrolirati i smanjiti rizik, međutim još nije moguće postići razinu bez rizika.
- Published
- 2015
45. Ugotavljanje patogenih bakterij in virusov v školjkah slovenskega morja in njihova genetska karakterizacija
- Author
-
Henigman, Urška and Barlič-Maganja, Darja
- Subjects
patogene bakterije ,verotoksin ,novovirusi ,virusi ,verižna reakcija s polimerazo ,udc:636.99.09(043.3) ,Escherichia coli ,Vibrio parahaemolyticus ,školjke ,virus hepatitisa A ,Tržaški zaliv - Published
- 2014
46. Genetska variabilnost gena cmeB pri bakterijah vrst Campylobacter jejuni in Campylobacter coli
- Author
-
Šporin, Monika and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
restrikcijske karte ,restrikcijski vzorci ,resistance to disinfectants ,efflux pumps ,gen cmeB ,izlivne črpalke ,pathogens ,Campylobacter coli ,odpornost proti antibiotikom ,genska raznolikost ,Campylobacter jejuni ,patogene bakterije ,PCR-RFLP ,resistance to antibiotics ,genetic variability ,cmeB gene ,udc:579.24/.26:577.2.083 ,odpornost proti razkužilom ,restriction maps ,restrictions patterns - Published
- 2014
47. Protimikrobno delovanje kombinacije ekstrakta Alpinia katsumadai in epigalokatehin galata na bakterijski koktajl
- Author
-
Kinčič, Anja and Jeršek, Barbara
- Subjects
udc:579.24+579.26+579.67:547.9 ,epigallocatechin gallate ,antimicrobial activity ,plant extracts ,protimikrobno delovanje ,Alpinia katsumadai ,bacterial cocktail ,pathogenic bacteria ,minimal inhibitory concentration ,Listeria monocytogenes ,Campylobacter jejuni ,growth inhibition ,patogene bakterije ,inhibicija rasti ,bakterijski koktajl ,Escherichia coli ,rastlinski ekstrakti ,minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija ,epigalokatehin galat - Published
- 2014
48. Protimikrobno delovanje ekstraktov rožmarina na bakterije vrste Listeria monocytogenes v mesnih izdelkih
- Author
-
Borak, Iztok and Jeršek, Barbara
- Subjects
listerije ,karnozolna kislina ,minimal inhibitory concentration ,mesni izdelki ,razdeto meso ,ekstrakt rožmarina ,patogene bakterije ,foods ,minimal bactericidal concentration ,rožmarin ,bacteria ,rosemary extracts ,carnosic acid ,antimicrobial activity ,protimikrobno delovanje ,minimalna baktericidna koncentracija ,pathogens ,Listeria monocytogenes ,živila ,udc:579.24:637.52:582.929.4 ,minced meat ,jetrna pašteta ,meat products ,rosemary ,minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija ,liver paste - Published
- 2014
49. Protimikrobno delovanje izvlečkov listja in grozdnih kožic vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) na patogene bakterije živil
- Author
-
Keser, Bojana and Smole Možina, Sonja
- Subjects
udc:579.22+579.24:547.56 ,Staphylococcus aureus ,plant extracts ,protimikrobne snovi ,phenolics ,extracts of grape leaves ,Salmonella infantis ,minimum inhibitory concentration ,izvlečki listja vinske trte ,antimicrobials ,grapevine ,patogene bakterije ,izvlečki grozdnih kožic ,rastlinski izvlečki ,Bacillus cereus ,Vitis vinifera L ,Escherichia coli ,MIC ,fenolne spojine ,minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija ,extracts of grape skins ,vinska trta ,pathogenes - Published
- 2014
50. Optimizacija metode mPCR za sočasno določanje bakterij rodu Salmonella in vrste Listeria monocytogenes
- Author
-
Kocmur, Tadeja and Jeršek, Barbara
- Subjects
občutljivost mPCR ,sočasno določanje ,optimization of mPCR ,udc:579.67.083:577.2.083 ,mikrobiološke metode ,microbiological methods ,pathogens ,multiplex PCR ,Listeria monocytogenes ,multipli PCR ,zaporedni PCR ,patogene bakterije ,nested PCR ,gojišče UPB ,Salmonella ,sensitivity of mPCR ,optimizacija mPCR ,simultaneous detection ,obogatitvena gojišča ,enrichment media ,UPB - Published
- 2014
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