Search

This report details a case of neurosyphilis manifesting as concurrent ocular and otosyphilis, an uncommon presentation of the disease. Here, we describe the diagnosis and treatment of a 27-year-old immunocompetent Caucasian male who presented with uveitis and tinnitus. Physical exam was consistent with uveitis and audiometric testing revealed bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) was reactive at 1:512 with a follow-up cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test likewise reactive at 1:2, confirming neurosyphilis. The patient was treated with intravenous penicillin G with improvement of symptoms and with subsequent improvement of serum and CSF RPR. However, he ultimately represented with recurrent symptoms and fluctuating serum RPR levels, necessitating repeat treatment and ongoing clinical monitoring. Neurosyphilis can occur at any point during the course of a syphilis infection and may present with a variety of nonspecific findings. This case documents a particularly uncommon instance of simultaneous ocular and otosyphilis, a presentation of neurosyphilis that has only been described a handful of times.

Background: Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is a proven preventive agent for preventing the progression of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and is recognized as a standard of care. However, ensuring adherence to BPG remains a global challenge. The objective of this review was to synthesize the available evidence on the barriers to and facilitators of BPG adherence among RHD patients. Methods: This systematic review included both qualitative and quantitative studies on RHD patients published in the English language. This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search strategy involved PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases to identify keywords and terms contained in the title and abstract and the index terms used to describe articles. The review included papers published from January 1, 2000, to March 30, 2024. Two independent reviewers screened, appraised, and extracted the data. The data analysis was carried out deductively to fit onto the components of the COM-B (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour) model. Results: In this review, 1067 records were screened, and 22 studies with 7338 participants were included. Thirty-five barriers and twenty facilitators were identified and mapped onto COM-B components. Physical capability (e.g., felt healthy), psychological capability (e.g., lack of knowledge), reflective motivation (e.g., poor patient handling), automatic motivation (e.g., BPG injection pain), physical opportunity (e.g., BPG unavailability) and social opportunity (e.g., inadequate counseling) were identified as barriers. The most discussed barrier was automatic motivation, followed by psychological capability and physical opportunity. Conclusions: Our review revealed variable levels of BPG adherence across studies and identified significant barriers and facilitators. Further research is recommended to identify contextual interventions to address barriers and capitalize on facilitators. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42024535398. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureusis the leading cause of milk-borne disease in animals and humans worldwide, and it is often contaminated by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial-resistant S. aureusstrains. The current research work was intented to identify the prevalence of S. aureusfrom samples of bovine milk from various dairy farms and local vendors of Kamrup Metro District, Assam, India, by phenotypic and genotypic identification along with antibiotic resistance profiling. The conventional aseptic methods were implemented for S. aureus isolation from milk in Baird Parker Agar, supplemented with egg yolk and potassium tellurite. Further, the isolates confirmation was carried out using the automated VITEK system and amplification of the S. aureus specific nuc gene by PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling for variety of 16 antibiotics was obtained through the conventional disc diffusion method. Eighty-five presumptive isolates with jetblack colonies with a white halo on Baird Parker Agar were selected. Thirty-eight isolates were eventually confirmed as S. aureus by the automated method and the detection of nuc gene. Antibiotic profiling revealed about 60.52% of the isolates to be multidrug resistant and 55.26a ± 0.01 mm resistant against Kanamycin. The statistical analysis data expressed correlation between Penicillin G and Ampicillin with 42.10b ± 0.01 mm and correlation among Tetracycline, Methicillin and Streptomycin with 10.52h ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Resistance against Kanamycin, Trimethoprim, Cloxacillin, and Nalidixic acid is concerning as such a resistant pattern has not been extensively reported in bovine milk samples in India, which could indicate the possible emergence of MDR S. aureus strains in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penicillin is available in both an oral (penicillin V) and intravenous formulation (penicillin G), theoretically allowing for a safe transition between the two. However, the use of oral penicillin remains a topic of debate due to low and variable bioavailability. This study aimed to assess the time for which the free penicillin concentration exceeded targeted minimum inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L) in cancellous bone and subcutaneous tissue after intravenous penicillin and oral penicillin administration. 12 female pigs (68–75 kg) were assigned, according to local standard clinical regimes, to either intravenous penicillin (1.2 g) or oral penicillin (0.8 g) treatment every 6 h over an 18 h period. Microdialysis catheters were placed for sampling in tibial cancellous bone and adjacent subcutaneous tissue. Data was dynamic/continually collected in the first dosing interval (0–6 h), simulating a prophylactic situation, and the third dosing interval (12–18 h), simulating a therapeutic setting. Plasma samples were collected for reference. For all investigated targets, intravenous treatment resulted in a longer mean time above relevant minimum inhibitory concentrations in cancellous bone during the first dosing interval, and in both cancellous bone and subcutaneous tissue during the third dosing interval compared to oral treatment. With clinically relevant dosing, intravenous penicillin provides superior exposure compared to oral penicillin in both a prophylactic and therapeutic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this work, the process began by coating a layer of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on the surface of magnetic Fe3O4 particles (MPs) obtained from the nickel slag. Then, it was grafted by glutaraldehyde (GA) to obtain Fe3O4@PBAT/PVA-g-GA MPs, which were used as a carrier. Finally, the immobilized PGA was achieved by forming a covalent bond through the Schiff base reaction. To confirm each stage, employed Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope-energy spectroscopy of dispersive x-rays (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and x-ray photoelectron spectrophotometry (XPS). The immobilization conditions were studied and optimized to improve immobilized PGA stability and catalytic activity. The immobilization of PGA demonstrated its optimal performance under the process conditions. The results were achieved using a 2.5 vol.% enzyme solution concentration, a pH of 8.0, an immobilization time of 24 h, and an immobilization temperature of 37 °C. Under these conditions, the immobilized PGA exhibited an enzyme activity recovery (EAR) of 93.71%, an enzyme activity (EA) of 31,367 U/g, and an enzyme loading capacity (ELC) of 111 mg/g. The operating stability, reusability, and storage stability of Fe3O4@PBAT/PVA-g-GA-PGA MPs were investigated. Comparatively, immobilized PGA exhibited superior operational and storage stability compared to free PGA. Even after 11 repeated uses, the immobilized PGA retained 58% of its initial activity, while the carrier recovery (Re) reached 82%. This indicated that the immobilized PGA MPs offer improved longevity and efficiency, making them a promising choice for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Single-dose benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is the preferred therapy for early syphilis, but poorer serologic responses have been observed among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). No enhanced regimen has previously been shown to improve serologic outcomes of early syphilis. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to compare the treatment responses to single-dose BPG combined with 7-day doxycycline versus BPG alone in PWH who presented with early syphilis. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titers were determined every 3–6 months for all included PWH. Serologic response was defined as at least a 4-fold decline in RPR titers at month 12. Results During January 2018 to March 2022, 223 PWH with 307 episodes of early syphilis received single-dose BPG plus doxycycline and 347 PWH with 391 episodes received BPG alone. The median age was 36 years and baseline CD4 count was 600 cells/mm3. In the intention-to-treat with last-observation-carried-forward analysis, PWH receiving BPG plus doxycycline had a significantly higher serologic response rate at 12 months of treatment than those receiving BPG alone (79.5% vs 70.3%, respectively; P =.006). The factors associated with 12-month serologic response were RPR titer (per 1-log2 increase, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.35) and receipt of BPG plus doxycycline (AOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.20–2.46). In the subgroup analyses, BPG plus doxycycline was consistently associated with a better serologic response than BPG alone at month 12. Conclusions Among PWH with early syphilis, single-dose BPG plus doxycycline achieved higher serologic responses than BPG alone during a 12-month follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nanocomposite based on alginate microbeads impregnated with novel strontium–aluminum layered double hydroxide (Sr‐Al LDH) incorporated with choline chloride‐urea deep eutectic solvent (ChCl‐U DES) was introduced. The microbeads and LDH were characterized by adsorption/desorption isotherms, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, SEM, and x‐ray diffraction. The adsorbent was employed for determining penicillin G (PENG) using dispersive solid‐phase extraction prior to HPLC analysis. The extraction efficiency of the adsorbent, compared with that of unmodified alginate, showed a 2.5‐fold increase. Significant parameters, including elution conditions, sorbent composition and mass, adsorption time, and sample pH, were optimized. The LOD was 0.4 µg kg−1, and the linear range was 1.4–500 µg kg−1. The LOQ (1.4 µg kg−1) was lower than the established maximum level for PENG by the European Union (4 µg kg−1). Enrichment factor and synthesis reproducibility were also investigated. The method's accuracy was evaluated through PENG analysis in dairy products and water, with recoveries of 81%–107% (RSDs < 7.6%). The procedure's greenness was assessed using the Analytical Eco‐scale and achieved excellent green credentials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis and application of a novel alginate composite for the extraction of PENG from dairy and water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology is the property of Xi'an Jiaotong University Periodicals Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the toxigenic genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 260 raw milk samples collected from dairy farms in Türkiye. The results indicated that 60.7% of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sed, seg, sei, sej, sek, seq, sem, seo, and seu) and 21.4% of the tst and eta genes were positive, with most enterotoxin-positive samples carrying more than one gene. The sec, see, seh, sel, sen, sep, and etb genes were not identified in any samples. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, blaR, blaI, blaZ, vanA, ermT, tetK, aac/aph, ant, dfrA, tcaR, IS256, and IS257) was high at 89.2%, with bla being the most frequently detected gene (75%). The mecA gene was present in 14.2% of samples, while tcaR was detected in 78.5%. Nevertheless, the mecC was not identified. Disinfectant resistance genes (qacA/B, qacC, qacJ, smr) were detected in 21.4% of the samples. The results of the disk diffusion test showed that 64.2% of strains were resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin, with additional resistance found for cefoxitin, teicoplanin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, and other antibiotics. These findings highlight a significant public health and food safety risk associated with raw milk due to the presence of S. aureus strains with toxigenic genes and high antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residues of β-lactam antibiotics (β-LA) in the environment have posed a great threat to human health, while lacking a simple, effective, and universal sensing method. Herein, basic fuchsin and graphdiyne (GDY) were used as precursors to prepare the first reported acidity/basicity-sensitive GDY quantum dots (S-GDY QDs). We propose a novel fluorescence-sensing strategy for β-LA detection based on the ability of β-lactamases to catalyze β-LA to form carboxylic acid, which further induces a change in the acidity/basicity of the solution and causes a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of S-GDY QDs. Furthermore, a fluorescence test strip sensing platform integrated with a smartphone was established to achieve rapid, portable, and visual monitoring of β-LA. Using penicillin G as a model, a detection limit as low as 15.7 nM was achieved, showing important implications for β-LA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with immediate type allergic reactions to penicillins are at risk of anaphylaxis on reexposure. Diagnostic gold standard is drug provocation test (DPT) if allergy is not diagnosed by other means, such as skin testing or in vitro testing with measurement of specific IgE. Specific IgE testing carries low risk for the patient and blood sampling can be performed in primary care, but it is reported to have low sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate if clinical characteristics of patients with suspected allergic reactions to penicillin and elevated specific IgE to penicillins, differed from patients without specific IgE, to identify predictors for elevated specific IgE to penicillins. Methods: Levels of specific IgE to five penicillins (penicillin G, penicillin V, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin minor determinants) were available for 9,100 patients. Using multiple logistic regression, clinical data from 430 patients in this group who had elevated specific IgE to one or more penicillins were compared to data from 4,094 patients without specific IgE to penicillins, who had undergone DPT with a penicillin. Results: In total 5.2% of patients had elevated specific IgE to one or more penicillins. Significantly more patients with elevated specific IgE had a history of immediate type reactions (<2 h) (OR = 4.34, p < 0.001); circulatory symptoms (OR = 1.63, p = 0.03) or angioedema (OR = 1.46, p = 0.005). Also, significantly more patients with elevated specific IgE had been treated with adrenaline (OR = 2.21, p = 0.005), steroids (OR = 1.76, p < 0.001), or antihistamines (OR = 1.83, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A history of an immediate type reaction requiring treatment, combined with elevated specific IgE to one or more penicillins is suggestive of an IgE mediated penicillin allergy and further allergy investigations may not be needed. Specific IgE to penicillins may be used early in allergy investigation of patients with severe immediate type reactions to penicillins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most prevalent bacterial infections, with Enterococcus species now recognized as the second leading cause of these infections. This study focused on symptomatic UTI cases to investigate the risk factors associated with Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolates in patients from Tehran, Iran. Methods: Urine samples were collected from patients presenting with symptomatic UTIs. The identification of E. faecalis isolates was performed using standard microbiological techniques, with confirmation via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby--Bauer disc diffusion method. The presence of virulence genes was determined through PCR, and biofilm formation was assessed using the microtiter plate method. Additionally, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was utilized to genotype linezolid-resistant isolates. Results: Out of 300 UTI cases, E. faecalis was identified as the causative agent in 160 instances. Notably, a high proportion of these isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (83.8%) and minocycline (82.5%). Linezolid resistance was observed in 1.3% (n = 2) of the isolates. Conversely, the highest susceptibility rates were observed for vancomycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin, each demonstrating a 98.8% susceptibility rate. Biofilm formation was detected in 25% of the E. faecalis isolates. A significant majority (93.8%) of the isolates harbored the efbA and ace genes, with varying frequencies of esp (72.5%), asa1 (61.2%), cylA (52.5%), and gelE (88.8%) genes. MLST analysis demonstrated that both linezolid-resistant isolates, characterized by strong biofilm formation and the presence of virulence genes, were assigned to the ST150 lineage, which has not been previously documented in clinical settings. Conclusion: The emergence of the ST150 clonal lineage, underscores its clinical significance, particularly in relation to linezolid resistance in E. faecalis. This study adds to the growing body of evidence linking specific clonal lineages with antibiotic resistance, highlighting the critical need for ongoing surveillance and molecular characterization of resistant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of an algorithm for diagnosing betalactam (BL) allergy. The diagnostic process involves a clinical history, skin tests, in vitro tests, lymphocyte transformation tests, and drug provocation tests. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests vary, with skin tests and in vitro tests showing lower sensitivity but higher specificity. The article also discusses risk stratification, the development of assessment tools, and the use of alternative drugs for allergic patients. It includes a list of various antibiotics categorized by generation, along with recommendations for administration and testing based on structural similarities. The document is authored by a group of researchers and clinicians from Spain and provides references for further exploration. [Extracted from the article]

With the escalation of hospital-acquired infections by multidrug resistant bacteria, understanding antibiotic resistance is of paramount importance. This study focuses on the β-lactamase gene, bla OXA-58, an important resistance determinant identified in a patient-facing hospital wastewater system. This study aimed to characterize the behaviour of the OXA-58 enzyme when expressed using a non-native plasmid and expression host. bla OXA-58 was cloned using a pET28a(+)/ Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression system. Nitrocefin hydrolysis and antimicrobial susceptibility of OXA-58-producing cells were assessed against penicillin G, ampicillin, meropenem, and amoxicillin. bla OXA-58 conferred resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin G, and ampicillin, but not to meropenem. This was unexpected given OXA-58's annotation as a carbapenemase. The presence of meropenem also reduced nitrocefin hydrolysis, suggesting it acts as a competitive inhibitor of the OXA-58 enzyme. This study elucidates the phenotypic resistance conferred by an antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) obtained from a clinically relevant setting and reveals that successful functional expression of ARGs is multifaceted. This study challenges the reliability of predicting antimicrobial resistance based solely on gene sequence alone, and serves as a reminder of the intricate interplay between genetics and structural factors in understanding resistance profiles across different host environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital syphilis (CS) cases in worldwide have reached 700.000 cases until 2023. Especially late or untreated cases can cause up to 80% of poor pregnancy outcomes. This case report discusses the treatment strategy of symptomatic CS case in a newborn with multiple comorbidities. A newborn female infant was admitted with cutaneous lesions comprising white patches with a bluish-red base, as well as jaundice. The patient was born to a single mother with a history of multiple partners and never had an antenatal care. The patient exhibited pale yellow stools with a putty-like consistency and dark-yellow urine. The patient was tachypnea (oxygen saturation of 86% on room air), exhibiting jaundice of the eyes and skin (Cramer IV). Laboratory results were positive for syphilis, severe thrombocytopenia (10×103/µL), hyperbilirubinemia with total bilirubin 18.89 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 11.81 mg/dL, and indirect bilirubin 7.08 mg/dL. Babygram suggested pneumonia, while 2-phase abdominal ultrasound showed impaired gallbladder contractility. The patient was diagnosed with CS, pneumonia neonatal, and cholestasis suspicious for biliary atresia. The patient was stabilized hemodynamically, administered intravenous fluids containing dextrose 10%, benzathine penicillin G 130,000 IU was administered intramuscularly every 24 hours (10 days) according to hospital availability for syphilis treatment, combination of cefoperazone-sulbactam and gentamicin for the treatment of pneumonia, and ursodeoxycholic-acid (UDCA) for the treatment of cholestasis. The patient's condition showed gradual improvement, with the skin lesions also demonstrating improvement, although jaundice persisted. In the last follow-up, due to stable condition, the patient was discharged to outpatient with continued oral UDCA therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitals at home are increasingly offering outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in an attempt to reduce costly inpatient care, but these settings favour broad-spectrum antibiotics that require less frequent dosing than penicillin. Benzyl penicillin could be delivered via continuous infusion pumps (eCIPs), but studies on their safety and efficacy in OPAT are scarce, and it remains unclear how much the availability of eCIPs increases penicillin use in real-life settings. We examined 462 electronic healthcare records of erysipelas patients treated between January 2018 and January 2022 in a large Finnish OPAT clinic. Average marginal effects from logistic models were estimated to assess how the introduction of eCIPs in December 2020 affected penicillin use and to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without eCIPs. Introduction of eCIPs increased the predicted probability of penicillin treatment by 36.0 percentage points (95% confidence interval 25.5–46.5). During eCIP implementation, patients who received an eCIP had 73.1 (58.0–88.2) percentage points higher probability than patients without an eCIP to receive penicillin treatment. They also had about 20 percentage points higher probability to be cured at the time of discharge and 3 months after it. Patient and nurse satisfaction regarding eCIPs was very high. Benzyl penicillin eCIP treatment is effective and safe, and substantially increases the use of penicillin instead of broad-spectrum antibiotics. To reduce the risk of antimicrobial resistance, eCIPs could increasingly be promoted for use in OPAT clinics, and there should be adequate education and support in their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intramuscular (IM) suspension of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) has been used as first‐line therapy for the treatment of syphilis worldwide since its approval in the 1950s. However, there are limited reports about the pharmacokinetics of BPG. A Phase 1 study was conducted on eight Japanese healthy participants to investigate the pharmacokinetics (samples collected predose to 648 h post‐dose) and safety of 2.4 million units of BPG after a single IM injection. Following administration, penicillin G, the active moiety of BPG, was absorbed slowly from the injection site with a median time to Cmax (tmax) of 48 h post‐dose. After the achievement of Cmax, concentrations of penicillin G declined slowly in a monophasic fashion with a mean apparent terminal half‐life of 189 h. Geometric mean AUCinf and Cmax were 50770 ng•h/mL and 259 ng/mL, respectively. Median time (range) above the well‐accepted therapeutic concentration (18 ng/mL) for syphilis treatment was 561 h (439‐608 h [18‐25 days]), which reached and exceeded the necessary duration of 7‐10 days for syphilis treatment. Two participants were underdosed with residual drug left in the syringe due to the high viscosity of the drug product. Only one (12.5%) participant reported a mild adverse event of nasopharyngitis, which was considered not related to the study treatment. The study results supported BPG approval in Japan as an option for syphilis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on an 11-year-old boy presenting with slurred speech and involuntary movements, later diagnosed with a neurological disorder. Topics include his clinical symptoms such as dysarthria and abnormal involuntary movements, his physical exam findings including hyperreflexia and abnormal gait, and the absence of significant prior medical or family history.

Background/Objective: Narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics such as benzylpenicillin and flucloxacillin are increasingly used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) programs to mitigate the adverse effects associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. These beta-lactams require continuous administration via portable infusion devices during OPAT. However, the use of benzylpenicillin in OPAT requires special consideration because of its limited stability at elevated temperatures. Methods: We tested the benzylpenicillin stability, pH, and degradation of products in elastomeric pumps at different concentrations in saline and in buffered solution containing sodium citrate during a prolonged storage and at high temperatures (seven days at 2–8 °C followed by 24 h at 37 °C). Additionally, drug concentrations during intermittent bolus infusion and during OPAT were determined in five patients. The concentrations and degradation products of benzylpenicillin were measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Unbuffered benzylpenicillin solutions that were already degraded during refrigerator storage and analyte concentration were not measurable after 8 days. The stability of the buffered solutions was acceptable at all three of the tested concentrations (97.6 ± 1.3%, 96.3 ± 0.8%, and 94.9 ± 1.1% for 10 Mio IU, 20 Mio IU, and 40 Mio IU of benzylpenicillin). The stability was influenced by benzylpenicillin concentration, and several breakdown products were identified. Benzylpenicillin concentrations were measured in five patients during OPAT and ranged from 7.2 to 60 mg/L. Conclusions: Benzylpenicillin buffered with sodium citrate is a safe and convenient option for use in continuous infusions during OPAT and should be favored over broad-spectrum antibiotics. Therapeutic drug monitoring data indicate sufficient to high plasma levels when patients received benzylpenicillin as continuous infusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly methods in nanoparticle production has driven interest in utilizing renewable resources. In this study, we developed a green synthesis method for producing copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using sucrose as a natural reducing agent. This approach provides an environmentally benign alternative that avoids toxic chemicals, paving the way for broader applications of CuO nanoparticles in biotechnology and environmental remediation. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, DLS, FTIR, and XRD, confirming a spherical morphology with a size range of 30–40 nm. These nanoparticles demonstrated a high photocatalytic efficiency in degrading penicillin G, a widely used antibiotic, under optimized conditions. Specifically, by adjusting the nanocatalyst concentration, pH, and initial antibiotic concentration, we achieved a degradation rate of over 90%, indicating the potential of these nanoparticles for wastewater treatment in removing pharmaceutical contaminants. In addition to their photocatalytic performance, the CuO nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with a DPPH inhibition rate reaching 84% at a concentration of 2000 µg/mL. This suggests that these nanoparticles can effectively neutralize free radicals, which may be beneficial in biomedical applications where oxidative stress plays a key role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical waste is one of the considerable problems of the environment. Membrane contactors are used to treat various of wastewater. This study compared the effectiveness of polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and polysulfone (PSF) membrane contactors in separating antibiotics from pharmaceutical wastewater. For this purpose, PVDF-HFP hollow fiber membranes were prepared using the non-solvent phase separation (NIPS) method. Hollow fiber membranes were characterized. Penicillin G was extracted from pharmaceutical wastewater with a liquid-liquid membrane contacting system. Optimizing the operational variables of penicillin G extraction was done using the response surface method. The results showed that the PVDF-HFP membrane has an open structure with large finger-like cavities, fragile outer skin, and an inner skinless layer. This membrane has an average surface pore size, total porosity, and water contact angle of 0.04 µm, 84%, and 94°, respectively. PVDF-HFP membrane showed the maximum penicillin G extraction flux of 1.54 × 10-3 kg/m2s in the optimal operating conditions of aqueous phase flow rate of 51 ml/min and organic phase flow rate of 144 ml/min. By comparing the characteristics and using the response surface method, it was determined that the PVDF-HFP membrane contactor has a higher extraction flux than PSF in separating penicillin G from pharmaceutical wastewater.

Background: We conducted this study to assess the impact of an intervention to interrupt mother-to-child transmission on the height and weight of syphilis-exposed infants after receiving penicillin prophylaxis after birth and to provide a scientific basis for further elimination of mother-to-child transmission. Methods: We recruited 419 infants born to syphilis-infected mothers from 2015 to 2020 in Changzhou, and performed 1:1 matching to infants born to syphilis-free mothers during the same period. All infants were followed up to 18 months of age. We collected height and weight data and compared them. Results: At 18 months of age, the height and weight of the syphilis-exposed infants were almost greater than the WHO reference standards. However, when compared with local unexposed infants, there were almost no differences. The boys born to mothers who received two courses of treatment had longer body lengths at 18 months of age than did those born to mothers who did not receive two courses of treatment, and the girls born to mothers who did not receive treatment had lower body weights at 3 months of age than did both treated groups. Conclusion: The growth trajectory of infants without congenital syphilis born to syphilis-infected mothers is virtually indistinguishable from that of the general local population. Syphilis-exposed newborns can receive preventive treatment as a public health intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta‐lactam antibiotics (BLAs) are not only important in animal husbandry but are also unavoidable contaminants in milk. The gradual accumulation of BLAs in the human body due to increased milk intake can cause direct harm to human health. Therefore, developing selective and sensitive methods for rapid BLA detection is essential. In this study, a specific electrochemical receptor sensor based on penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs) was established. PBP1a and PBP2x, which have high affinity and specificity for the six BLAs, were used as the receptors and their performance was compared. The sensor was fabricated by sequentially immobilizing a graphene/chitosan nanocomposite, penicillin G (PENG), and Nafion on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode using a convenient casting approach. The mechanism of the electrochemical receptor sensor involved direct competitive inhibition of the binding of the graphene/chitosan/PENG composite to the PBPs by the free BLAs in the solution. The PENG‐PBPs complex resisted the interaction between [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− ions and the glassy carbon electrode, thereby decreasing the current signal of the BLAs. The BLA concentration was quantified using differential pulse voltammetry mode. The graphene/PENG/chitosan/Nafion‐based electrochemical assay demonstrated good selectivity against other antibiotic residues frequently detected in milk. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits of this method ranged from 0.24 to 1.39 ng·mL−1, which are much lower than the maximum residue limits set by China and the EU. Moreover, the sensor showed a satisfactory recovery rate of 98.8 ± 5.8%–103.2 ± 7.1%. The total analysis time involved only one incubation step, and the entire analysis could be completed within 35 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the challenge of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, oxazolone analogs are frequently used for bacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory treatments. However, few studies have shown bis-oxazolone analogs possess antibacterial activities. In this study, we modified bis-oxazolone molecules with various aromatic amines to create new bis-benzamide and bis-imidazolone derivatives. These derivatives were analyzed using FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 1,3C-NMR spectroscopy. Molecular docking revealed favorable interactions with DNA gyrase, with compounds 3, 4a, and 5e showing higher binding affinities than penicillin G and ampicillin. These findings suggest their potential as future antimicrobial agents. The tested compounds demonstrated efficacy against bacterial strains, particularly E. coli and S. aureus, with significant activity observed in compounds 4a, 4e, 5d, and 5e. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH method, showed bis-compounds with excellent results comparable to ascorbic acid. This encourages further studies to explore their potential. Overall, the synthesized bis-oxazolone derivatives demonstrated increased medicinal activity and high potential as future antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-borne Vibrio parahaemolyticus has global economic and public health concern. The frequent way for humans to contract these bacteria is through seafood. In this study, 350 samples were analysed for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Of those, 40 samples were found positive for the bacteria. Ten different antibiotics were used to test the antibiotic sensitivity of these 40 isolates, and they exhibited variable susceptibility pattern. The isolates showed 100% resistance to penicillin G followed by 80% and 75% resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin, respectively. The isolates were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (97.5%), followed by trimethoprim (90%), gentamicin (90%), chloramphenicol (87.5%), amikacin (80%), tetracycline (65%) and cephalothin (65%). Of the 40 isolates, 45.0%, 22.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% isolates were found resistant to 3, 4, 5 and 6 antibiotics, respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value above 0.2 was shown by 80% of the isolates. The presence of MAR highlights the essential need to determine drug susceptibility and monitor antimicrobial resistance profiles. This is crucial for enhancing food safety and protecting public health. By identifying resistant strains, we can develop more effective treatment strategies and implement measures to control the spread of resistant pathogens, thus preserving antibiotic efficacy and ensuring public well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To save the economic cost and improve the performance of enterprises, this study aims to synthesize high performance immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA) carriers with fast reaction speed, high recovery rate of enzyme activity and good reusability through corresponding theoretical guidance and experimental exploration. Design methodology approach: A diblock resin was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization method using N, N-diethylacrylamide (DEA) and β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as functional monomers poly(N, N-diethylacrylamide)-b-poly(β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PDEA-b-PHEMA) was obtained, and the effect of the ratio of DEA and HEMA on the activity of PGA was investigated, and the appropriate block ratio of DEA and HEMA was obtained. After that, the competitive rate of HEMA and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) under the carrier preparation conditions was investigated. Based on the above work, a thermosensitive resin carrier PDEA-b-PHEMA-b-P(HEMA-co-GMA) with different target distances was synthesized, and the chemical structures and molecular weight of copolymers were investigated by hydrogen NMR (1H NMR). Findings: The lower critical solution temperature of the resin support decreases with the increase of the monomer HEMA in the random copolymerization; the catalytic performance study indicated that the response rate of the immobilized PGA is fast, and the recovery rate of the enzyme activity of the immobilized PGA varies with the distance between the targets. When the molar ratio of HEMA to GMA in the resin block is 8.15:1 [i.e. resin PDEA100-b-PHEMA10-b-P(HEMA65-co-GMA8)], the activity recovery rate of immobilized PGA can reach 50.51%, which was 15.49% higher than that of pure GMA immobilized PGA. Originality value: This contribution provides a novel carrier for immobilizing PGA. Under the optimal molar ratio, the enzyme activity recovery could be up to 50.51%, which was 15.49% higher than that of PGA immobilized on the carrier with nonregulated distance between two immobilization sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus anthracis clinical breakpoints, representing a systematic approach to guide clinicians in selecting the most appropriate antimicrobial treatments, are not part of the guidance from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). This is because defined distributions of MIC values and of epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs) have been lacking. In this study, a Europe-wide network of laboratories in collaboration with EUCAST, aimed at establishing standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, wild-type MIC distributions, and ECOFFs for ten therapeutically relevant antimicrobials. About 335 B. anthracis isolates were tested by broth microdilution and disc diffusion methodologies. MIC and inhibition zone diameters were curated according to EUCAST SOP 10.2 and the results were submitted to EUCAST for ECOFFs and clinical breakpoint determination. Broth microdilution and disc diffusion data distributions revealed putative wild-type distributions for the tested agents. For each antimicrobial agent, ECOFFs were defined. Three highly resistant strains with MIC values of 32 mg/L benzylpenicillin were found. MIC values slightly above the defined ECOFFs were observed in a few isolates, indicating the presence of resistance mechanisms to doxycycline, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. B. anthracis antimicrobial susceptibility testing results were used by EUCAST to determine ECOFFs for ten antimicrobial agents. The MIC distributions were used in the process of determining clinical breakpoints. The ECOFFs can be used for the sensitive detection of isolates with resistance mechanisms, and for monitoring resistance development. Genetic changes causing phenotypic shifts in isolates displaying slightly elevated MICs remain to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anatolian Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences is the property of Hayat Saglik ve Sosyal Hizmetler Vakfi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Several antibiotics are partially metabolized by patients after administration and end up in municipal sewage systems. The fate of biodegradation in aquatic environments and the role of biodegradation in the development of bacterial resistance are poorly understood. Thus, as a crucial step in an environmental risk assessment, the biodegradability of many therapeutically significant antibiotics was investigated. Results: A marine halophilic bacteria that degrades penicillin G (PEN-G) was isolated and identified based on morphology, physio-biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequences as Bacillus pseudomycoides AH1 (accession no. MF037698). The effects of various concentrations of PEN-G and carbon and nitrogen sources on the biotransformation ability at 30°C and pH 7.0 were evaluated. Cells grown in medium supplemented with glucose as an additional carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source exhibited maximal PEN-G biotransformation efficiency and rate (71.678% ±1.28 and 2.99 mg/h, respectively). The culture conditions for B. pseudomycoides AH1 cells were optimized using a Plackett–Burman design (PBD). Six key determinants (p < 0.05) significantly affected the process outcome, as deduced by regression analysis of the PBD data, and modified MSM broth achieved PEN-G biotransformation efficiency (100%) under aerobic shaking conditions at 35°C, irrespective of HPLC analysis. Additionally, the present investigation could strongly support the application of immobilization approaches for the removal of PEN-G-contaminated environmental sites. Conclusion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed study on the efficient biotransformation of PEN-G by an alginate-bacteria system as a simple, green, and inexpensive process, as well as a promising method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the blocking mechanism of immobilized penicillin G acylase (PGA) during the enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin. Laboratory observations revealed that the primary cause of clogging was the crystallization of the substrate and product on the enzyme surface. Adjusting key parameters can significantly reduce clogging and improve catalytic efficiency. Methanol can decrease enzyme activity, but isopropyl alcohol cleaners can effectively remove clogs and protect enzyme activity. These findings provide an experimental foundation for optimizing the PGA immobilization process, which is crucial for achieving high efficiency and sustainability in industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONTEXT: Sepsis is a leading cause of young infant mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of different antibiotic regimens to treat young infant sepsis or possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) on clinical outcomes. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, World Health Organization Global Index Medicus, Cochrane Central Registry of Trials. STUDY SELECTION: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of young infants 0 to 59 days with sepsis or PBSI (population) comparing the efficacy of antibiotic regimens (intervention) with alternate regimens or management (control) on clinical outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: We extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicate. We performed random- effects meta-analysis, and used Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation to assess certainty of evidence. RESULTS: Of 2390 publications, we included 41 RCTs (n 5 18 054). Thirty-five trials were hospital-based and 6 were nonhospital-based. Meta-analysis of 4 trials demonstrated similar rates of treatment success with intramuscular/intravenous third generation cephalosporins versus intramuscular/intravenous penicillin or ampicillin 1 gentamicin (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.93--1.13]; n 5 1083; moderate certainty of evidence). Meta-analysis of 3 trials demonstrated similar rates of treatment failure with oral amoxicillin 1 intramuscular gentamicin versus intramuscular penicillin 1 gentamicin for nonhospital treatment of clinical severe illness (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.72--1.02]; n 5 5054; low certainty of evidence). Other studies were heterogeneous. LIMITATIONS: RCTs evaluated heterogeneous regimens, limiting our ability to pool data. CONCLUSIONS: We found limited evidence to support any single antibiotic regimen as superior to alternate regimens to treat young infant sepsis or PSBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parenteral penicillin G (PENG) and oral amoxicillin (AMOX) are recommended as treatment for pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). With recent epidemiologic penicillin susceptibility data for Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common etiology of CAP, the objective of this study was to evaluate optimal dosing regimens of PENG and AMOX based on population pharmacokinetics linked to current susceptibility data. Methods: Using NONMEM v7.3, Monte Carlo simulations (N = 10,000) were conducted for AMOX 15 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 h (standard‐dose), AMOX 45 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 h (high‐dose), and PENG 62,500 units/kg/day IV every 6 h using six virtual subjects with ages spanning 3 months to 15 years old. The probability of target attainment (PTA) was determined for both serum and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) to achieve free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (%fT>MIC) across the population of pneumococci for 30%–50% of the dosing interval. Results: In 2018, all 21 (100%) pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to both PENG and AMOX based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; MIC at 2 mg/L) breakpoints, and 15 of 21 (71%) were susceptible based on EUCAST (MIC at 0.5 mg/L) breakpoints. As compared to CLSI, EUCAST breakpoints consistently achieved higher PTA for all antibiotic regimens. At 50% fT>MIC in the serum at the susceptible MICs, standard‐dose AMOX achieved >4% PTA (CLSI) and >86% PTA (EUCAST); high‐dose AMOX achieved >73% PTA (CLSI) and >99% PTA (EUCAST); and PENG achieved 0% PTA (using CLSI) and 100% PTA (using EUCAST). Standard‐dose AMOX, high‐dose AMOX, and PENG achieved >71%, >93%, and 100% PTA, respectively, in the serum at 30%–50% fT>MIC when each patient was stochastically linked to an MIC based on the frequency distribution of national susceptibility data. The PTA was consistently lower in ELF as compared with serum for all regimens. Conclusion: Based on the recent rates of resistance, antibiotic doses evaluated provide appropriate exposure for pediatric CAP based on the serum and ELF data associated with predicted clinical and microbiologic success for pneumococcus. High‐dose AMOX may still be required to treat pediatric CAP, especially if using CLSI breakpoints. Ongoing surveillance for resistance is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When treating anaerobic brain abscesses, healthcare professionals often face the difficulty of identifying the causal pathogens, necessitating empiric therapies with uncertain efficacy. We present the case of a 57-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital with a fever and headache. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hemorrhagic lesion with wall enhancement at the left hemisphere on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed pleocytosis (23 cells/μL), an elevated protein level (125 mg/dL), and decreased glucose level (51 mg/dL; blood glucose was 128 mg/dL). Intracerebral hemorrhage accompanied by a brain abscess was clinically suspected. The patient received empirical treatment with intravenous meropenem and vancomycin for 2 weeks. However, conventional bacterial culture tests failed to identify the pathogen. We then performed shotgun sequencing and ribosomal multilocus sequence typing, which identified Paraclostridium tenue. Based on this finding, we de-escalated to benzylpenicillin potassium for 4 weeks, leading to a 2.5-year remission of the anaerobic brain abscess. Therefore, Paraclostridium can be a causative pathogen for brain abscesses. Furthermore, whole-metagenome sequencing is a promising method for detecting rare pathogens that are not identifiable by conventional bacterial culture tests. This approach enables more targeted treatment and contributes to achieving long-term remission in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) offers several key advantages, including enhanced patient quality of life, reduced healthcare costs, and a potential reduction of nosocomial infections. It is acknowledged for its safety and effectiveness. This study provides the first systematic clinical data for Germany, where OPAT has not yet been widely adopted. The aim is to establish a foundational reference point for further research and integration of OPAT into the German healthcare system. Methods: This prospective observational study descriptively analyses data obtained from a cohort of patients receiving OPAT. Both in- and outpatients from all medical specialties could be recruited. Patients administered the anti-infective medications themselves at home using elastomeric pumps. Results: 77 patients received OPAT, with a median duration of 15 days and saving 1782 inpatient days. The most frequently treated entities were orthopaedic infections (n = 20, 26%), S. aureus bloodstream infection (n = 16, 21%) and infectious endocarditis (n = 11, 14%). The most frequently applied drugs were flucloxacillin (n = 18, 23%), penicillin G (n = 13, 17%) and ceftriaxone (n = 10; 13%). Only 5% of patients (n = 4) reported to have missed more than one outpatient dose (max. 3 per patient). Only one catheter-related adverse event required medical intervention, and there were no catheter-related infections. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that OPAT can be safely conducted in Germany. In preparation for its broader implementation, crucial next steps include creating medical guidelines, fostering interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral communication, as well as creating financial and structural regulations that facilitate and encourage the adoption of OPAT. Trial registration number: NCT04002453. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The international surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reports S. pneumoniae as one of leading causes of death associated with AMR. Against invasive disease, several vaccinations are available and a reduction in AMR in S. pneumoniae has been observed. Here, we evaluated the impact of anti-pneumococcal vaccination policy and the SARS-CoV2 outbreak on AMR in S. pneumoniae causing invasive disease. Methods: We collected all strains of S. pneumoniae causing invasive disease from 2008 in the Piedmont region (Italy). Each strain was typed in order to identify the serogroup and data about AMR were collected. The population under surveillance was classified as infants, children, adults, and the old population. Results: We collected n = 2076 S. pneumoniae strains, with 21.9% and 40.3% being resistant to penicillin G and erythromycin, respectively. We reported an increased risk of infection with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae among all populations and evaluated whether the infection was caused by a serotype included in the vaccine formulation. A similar increase was observed after the SARS-CoV2 outbreak. Conclusions: In the Piedmont region, subsequently to the introduction of anti-pneumococcal vaccination, a significant increase in the risk of penicillin G-resistant invasive pneumococcal disease among infants and old population was reported. No significant impact was found for the SARS-CoV2 outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intramuscular (IM) injection of penicillin G Benzathine (PGB) is widely recognized as the primary treatment for patients at all stages of syphilis. However, the discomfort and induration associated with PGB injections are often a challenge for patients. While lidocaine is already known to reduce injection pain and is standard practice in some countries, the added value of combining lidocaine with the z-track technique has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to observe the use of combining lidocaine with the Z-track technique in the treatment of syphilis, and to explore less painful methods of administering IM PGB for the treatment of syphilis in adult patients. Methods: 32 syphilis patients requiring penicillin treatment were injected with 1.2 million units of penicillin on both sides of the buttocks. The left side was injected using the traditional method with 0.9% saline as the solvent (control Group), while the right side was injected using a "z" injection method with 0.2% lidocaine as the solvent (experimental Group). The success rate of the single injection, the intensity and duration of the post-injection pain and the induration reaction were observed and recorded. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in single injection success rate and immediate post injection pain score between the two sides (P 0.05). However, the right side had a lower pain score at 30 minutes post injection and fewer induration reactions, showing a statistically significant difference between the two sides (P< 0.05). Chi-squared analysis showed that age, gender and BMI had no significant effect on pain scores 30 minutes after injection in either the control or intervention groups. (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The lidocaine + Z-track penicillin method can reduce delayed pain and induration reactions in patients with syphilis, and provides an additional approach to improving patient comfort beyond the standard use of lidocaine alone. This method merits clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine pyoderma is one of the most common causes of dermatitis with worldwide occurrence in small animal practice. This study was carried out to identify bacterial isolates by simplex, multiplex PCR and to know its antibiotic susceptibility profile from canine pyoderma cases. Staphylococcus intermedius (n=17, 53%) was the major species identified followed by Staphylococcus schleiferi (n=10, 32%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=6, 15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5, 12.5%) and Escherichia coli (n=3, 7.5%) by PCR. Antibiogram profile of Staphylococcus isolates showed sensitive to enrofloxacin (84.37%), ceftriaxone (81.25%), ceftriaxone/tazobactam (62.5%), whereas P. aueroginosa was sensitive to meropenem (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), ceftriaxone/tazobactam (80%) and E. coli was sensitive to meropenem (100%), ceftriaxone/tazobactam (100%), ampicillin/sulbactam (100%). All isolates of this study were resistant to pencillin G, clindamycin (P. aueroginosa and E. coli), co-trimoxazole (Staphyloccous spp. & P. aueroginosa) and streptomycin (E. coli) indicating frequent and indiscriminate use of these antimicrobials in pyoderma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avert bacterial contamination in semen, antibiotics are added. Inspite of addition of conventional antibiotics, extended and frozen semen samples from bulls have been reported to contain a number of bacterial contaminants which may be due to the antimicrobial resistance because of indiscriminate usage of antibiotics. The present study was conducted to know the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates from neat semen and frozen semen straws of cattle and buffalo bulls, collected from three semen stations (Farm A, B & C) of Karnataka. A total of twenty eight Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls, fourteen Murrah and two Surti buffalo bulls were selected for the study. Three time sample collections from each farm at a gap of 15 days were carried out. A total of 205 bacterial isolates were obtained from 264 samples of neat and frozen semen from three different farms (Farm A 49, Farm B 63 and Farm C 93). All isolates were, highly sensitive to newer generation antibiotics Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Imipenem and completely resistant to routinely used antibiotics Penicillin G, and Streptomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]