Search

Este livro descreve alguns dos Cânticos sagrados dos Penitentes Irmãos da Cruz, de Barbalha-Ceará, intitulados "Benditos".

In this historic essay we have investigated the origins of the Quantity Theory of Money in Portugal the middle of the Golden Age. We have found out the origins of this theory in the first Portuguese book of moral theology Manual de Confessores e Penitentes that was composed by the Franciscan Portuguese friar Rodrigo do Porto and was printed in the University of Coimbra in 1549. Also we have found out the inspiration from father Rodrigo do Porto for the formation of economic thought (the theories of just price and the quantity theory) of the great Spanish thinker and true discoverer of the Quantity Theory doctor Martinho de Azpilcueta Navarro. Resumo: Neste ensaio histórico investigamos as origens da Teoria Quantitativa do Dinheiro (Moeda) em Portugal do meio do Século d’Ouro. Temos encontra-do as fontes desta teoria na primeira suma portuguesa da teologia moral Manual de Confessores e Penitentes que foi composto pelo franciscano portu-guês frade Rodrigo do Porto e foi impressa na Universidade de Coimbra em 1549. Também temos encontrado a inspiração de frei Rodrigo do Porto para a formação do pensamento econômico (das teorias do preço justo e da teoria quantitativa) do grande pensador espanhol e verdadeiro descobridor da Teo-ria Quantitativa do Dinheiro doutor Martinho de Azpilcueta Navarro. Palavras-chave: Teoria Quantitativa do Dinheiro (Moeda), Século d’Ouro, Ma-nual de Confessores (1549), Rodrigo do Porto, Martim de Azpilcueta Navarro Keywords: Quantity Theory of Money, Golden Age, Manual de Confessores (1549), Rodrigo do Porto, Martinho de Azpilcueta Navarro

Tropical high‐mountain permafrost has a unique thermal regime due to its exposure to strong solar radiation and to rough surface snow morphology, which reduce ground heat transfer from the surface. Latent heat transfer and higher albedo that occur during the snow‐covered season contribute to positive feedback that supports the presence of permafrost. This preliminary study reports on the thermal state characteristics of tropical mountain permafrost in Peru. This work also evaluates the potential combined impact of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the mountain permafrost of the Coropuna and Chachani volcanic complexes, both located at the western edge of the southern Peruvian Altiplano. Temperature monitoring boreholes were established at 5,217 m at Coropuna and 5,331 m at Chachani, and electrical resistivity was surveyed in both sites. This 7‐year discontinuous record of permafrost temperature data encompasses historically extreme El Niño/La Niña events. Our results show that the current lower‐altitude permafrost boundary (~5,100 m a.s.l.) is critically influenced by the balance of wet and dry seasons: permafrost tends to deplete during drought years. Typical permafrost thickness was 10–20 m and contained ice‐rich pore spaces. The presence of permafrost and its thermal resistance depends on ice content and on higher albedo, usually due to: (a) hydrothermal alteration, which transforms the volcanic rocks into surfaces with ideal albedo for permafrost resilience; and (b) sublimation of the snow cover, forming ice‐pinnacles named penitentes.

Nieves penitentes are pinnacle-shaped ice structures found at high elevations in the dry Andes. Here we report, using molecular and microscopic approaches, the first description of snow algae communities inhabiting penitente ice at 5,277 m a.s.l., demonstrating a new habitat for snow algae in one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Red ice patches on penitentes contained a microbial community dominated by algae in the genera Chlamydomonas and Chloromonas, both of which were closely related to known snow algae from alpine and polar environments. In contrast, we obtained few snow algae sequences from clear ice, but we did find cyanobacteria sequences and evidence of aeolian-deposited organic matter. Tephra (“soil”) within and just downhill from the penitente field hosted more complex bacterial and eukaryotic communities that were significantly different from ice communities in terms of both alpha and beta diversity. In this environment penitentes provide both water and shelter from harsh winds, high UV radiation, and thermal fluctuations, creating an oasis in an otherwise extreme landscape. Intriguingly, recent planetary investigations have suggested the existence of penitente-like structures on other planetary bodies of our solar system. Therefore, penitentes and the harsh environment that surrounds them provide a new terrestrial analog for astrobiological studies of life beyond Earth.

In the conversation, two of the most prominent New Zealand authors in the field of photography talk about the body of work of Anne Noble’s Antarctica photography projects. Had we lived is a re-photographic project reflecting on the tragedies of heroic age exploration (commemorating the centenary of the deaths of Robert Falcon Scott and his men on their return from the South Pole – Terra Nova Expedition or British Antarctic Expedition to the South Pole, 1912) and on the memory of Erebus tragedy of 1975, when a tourist plane flying over Antarctica crashed into Mt Erebus, killing all 257 people on board. Anne Noble re-photographed image taken by Herbert Bowers at the South Pole – the photograph of Scott and his men taken after they arrived at the South Pole to find Amundsen had already been and gone. Phantasms and Nieves Penitentes projects hint at the triumph of Antarctica over human endeavour and as a non-explorer type herself photographer Anne Noble states: “I rather liked this perverse reversal”. Both tragic events have a notable relationship to photography – Erebus in particular, as those who died were likely looking out of the aeroplane windows taking photographs at the time of impact. This relationship is addressed throughout the conversation between the two, providing an insightful commentary on the questions of authenticity, documentary value and the capacity of photography to exist in the in-between spaces of thoughtful imagining, and rational dreaming. Keywords: Antarctica, authenticity, documentary, photographic imaginary, re-photographing

En el presente trabajo analizamos la primitiva procesión de la Sangre de Cristo de Orihuela, origen de las procesiones de Semana Santa en esta ciudad episcopal. El análisis de su composición y la reconstrucción de su estética a través del estudio de las cuentas de las cofradías que la organizaban, nos permite conocer cómo eran en las primigenias manifestaciones pasionarias en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, dado que existe una homogeneidad en todos antiguos territorios de la corona de Aragón y Castilla con características comunes en cuanto a su sentido y simbología. In the present work we analyze the primitive procession of the Blood of Christ of Orihuela, origin of the processions of Holy Week in this episcopal city. The analysis of the composition and reconstruction of its aesthetics through the study of the accounts of the cofradias that organized it, allows us to know how they were in the old pasionary manifestations in Spain in the second half of the sixteenth century. There is a homogeneity in all the old territories of the crown of Aragon and Castile with common characteristics as to its meaning and symbology.

RESUMEN Desde que el Concilio de Trento preciso, en el decreto sobre el Sacramento de la Penitencia (sesion XIV, caps. 3 y 4), que la materia de este son los actos del penitente (contricion, confesion y satisfaccion), se desarrollo un debate teologico sobre la contricion, sus formas y sus efectos. Fuera del ambiente escolastico, confesores y penitentes trataron de encontrar un modo de alcanzar la contricion perfecta, o al menos la atricion: predicaciones y meditaciones cotidianas sobre la Pasion de Cristo o las penas del infierno fueron conformando una sensibilidad religiosa que se mueve entre el dolor y el temor. PALABRAS CLAVE : Confesion, literatura espiritual, sensibilidad religiosa, dolor, temor ABSTRACT Since in the Council of Trent it was specified, in the decree on the Sacrament of Penance (session XIV, chaps. 3 & 4), that its matter is the penitent actions (contrition, confession and satisfaction), a theological debate on contrition was developed, its ways and effects. Outside the scholastic environment confessors and penitents tried to find a way of getting perfect contrition, or at least, the attrition: sermons and daily meditations on the Passion of Christ or on the penalties in hell shaped a religious sensibility moving between pain and fear. KEY WORDS : Confession, spiritual literature, religious sensibility, pain, fear

Penitentes are ablative features observed in snow and ice that, on Earth, are characterized by regular cm to tens of cm spaced bowl-shaped depressions whose edges grade into tall spires up to several meters tall (Nichols et al. 1939, Lliboutry et al. 1954, Claudin et al. 2015). While penitentes have been suggested as an explanation for anomalous radar data on Europa (Hobley et al. 2013), hitherto no penitentes have been identified conclusively on other planetary bodies. Regular ridges with spacing of 3000 m to 5000 m and a depth of $\sim500$ m with morphologies that resemble penitentes (Fig. 1) have been observed by the New Horizons spacecraft (Moore et al. 2016, Stern et al. 2015, Gladstone et al. 2016, Moore et al. 2017) in the Tartarus Dorsa (TD) region of Pluto (approximately 220-250$^\circ$ E, 0-20$^\circ$ N). Here we report simulations, based upon a recent model (Claudinet al. 2015) adapted to conditions on Pluto (Gladstone et al. 2016, Toigo et al. 2015), that reproduce both the tri-modal orientation and the spacing of these features by deepening penitentes. These penitentes deepen by of order 1 cm per orbital cycle in the present era and grow only during periods of relatively high atmospheric pressure, suggesting a formation timescale of several tens of millions of years, consistent with cratering ages and the current atmospheric loss rate of methane. This time scale, in turn, implies that the penitentes formed from initial topographic variations of no more than a few 10s of meters, consistent with Pluto's youngest terrains., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, authors' accepted version of the manuscript submitted as a letter to Nature and published 12th Jan 2017. V2 uploaded to correct a typographical error

In 1979, the Kit Carson Memorial Foundation Museum in Taos announced plans to open to visitors the chapel located inside an old morada (Penitente chapter house) it had purchased two years before from the two remaining Hermanos Penitentes who owned the building. After months of trying unsuccessfully to meet with the museum director, the Brotherhood, or La Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno, including Penitentes from other moradas in the Taos area and throughout the state of New Mexico, staged a dramatic public protest over what they considered an imminent sacrilege. According to the Taos News, more than one hundred Hermanos marched in procession from Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe Church, near the plaza, through the heart of town, eastward down the hill toward Canon, and up the road to Las Cruces (the crosses north of the highway), a distance of at least a mile. They carried banners, chanted alabados (hymns of mourning), and were accompanied by four parish priests, one of whom allegedly pronounced a curse at the doorway. Nearly three hundred parishioners joined them (Daigh 1979). This stunning event quashed the museum's plans to open the morada for public display. The museum board and the Brotherhood reached an agreement whereby they would reopen the matter for negotiation in thirty years. For the next three decades the building was used only to store archives, with access restricted to staff and authorized researchers. Then in October 2008, a resolution was achieved whereby the Taos Historic Museums, Inc., successor to the Kit Carson Memorial Foundation as owner of the morada and two

Indexación: Scopus. Under certain conditions, at high altitude, the surface of snow develops spike-like structures known as penitentes. This is a rather counterintuitive phenomenon, which is a consequence of surface sublimation at a given point as a result of the incidence of light scattered by the surrounding region. Following the existing literature, we model the time evolution of the phenomenon described above as a 1D diffusion equation with a non-local source term, as it represents the light coming from all the line of sight defined for a point of the curve. For small initial perturbations in the surface, the system undergoes a thermodynamic instability which triggers the formation of spikes. For sunlight coming in at a given angle, numerical simulations account for a feature observed in the real system: penitentes get tilted in the direction of the sunlight. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. We thank R. Rojas and R. Soto for interesting discussions. P.G. was financially supported by Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNAB, to attend SOCHIFI 2016 Meeting. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1043/1/012007

Last of all, the Mexicans; in-bred and isolation-shrunken descendants of the Castilian world-finders; living almost as much against the house as in it; ignorant as slaves, and more courteous than kings; poor as Lazarus, and more hospitable than Croesus; Catholics from A to Izzard, except when they take occasion to be Penitentes and even then fighting to bring their matted scourges and bloody crosses into the church which bars its door to them. Charles F. Lummis, 1893

Snow penitentes form in sublimation conditions by differential ablation. Here we investigate the physical processes at the initial stage of penitente growth and perform the linear stability analysis of a flat surface submitted to the solar heat flux. We show that these patterns do not simply result from the self-illumination of the surface --a scale-free process-- but are primarily controlled by vapor diffusion and heat conduction. The wavelength at which snow penitentes emerge is derived and discussed. We found that it is controlled by aerodynamic mixing of vapor above the ice surface., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

Resumo Este artigo analisa fotografias de Guy Veloso pertencentes à série Penitentes: dos Ritos de Sangue a Fascinação do Fim do Mundo que teve início em 2002. Doze dessas imagens foram expostas na 29a Bienal de São Paulo, realizada em 2010. No processo analítico estão presentes questões específicas da estética fotográfica e concernentes à abordagem sociopolítica. A base teórica foi desenvolvida a partir de Andre Rouillé e Euclides da Cunha. Abstract: This article looks at photographs of Guy Veloso belonging to Penitents series: Blood Rites of the fascination of the End of the World which started in 2002. Twelve of these images were exhibited at the 29th Sa?o Paulo Biennial, held in 2010. In the analytical process issues are present specific photographic aesthetics and concerning the sociopolitical approach. The theoretical basis was developed from Andre Rouille and Euclides da Cunha.

Between 1820 and 1822, during the so called “Trienio Liberal”, three European anticlerical novels, published at the end of the previous century, were translated into Spanish for the first time, namely, Denis Diderot’s La religiosa (1821), Ann Radcliffe’s El confesonario de los penitentes negros (1821) and Matthew G. Lewis’ El fraile (1822). Taking into consideration the large number of translations in the first decades of the 19th Century, the omission of these books –very popular in the European narrative after the turn-of-thecentury but almost unknown in our country- can only be explained attending to three reasons: their relationship with Gothic fiction - a very unusual genre in the Spanish narrative-, their treatment of the catholic religion, and their treatment of political issues - critical with the absolutism of the monarchical power. The study of these three aspects will allow us to better understand the ideological projection that these texts might have reached in the Spain under the Bourbons, as well as the reasons that prevented their appearance before the “Trienio Liberal” which also explain why one of them (Lewis’ El fraile) could only be published in a mutilated version. Entre 1820 y 1822, es decir, durante el Trienio Liberal, tres novelas europeas de temática anticlerical (dos del ámbito anglosajón y una francesa), publicadas en el último lustro del siglo anterior, se traducen por vez primera a nuestro idioma: La religiosa (1821) de Denis Diderot, El confesonario de los penitentes negros (1821) de Ann Radcliffe y El fraile (1822) de Matthew G. Lewis. La omisión de las tres obras citadas anteriormente de Diderot, Radcliffe y Lewis -textos enormememente populares en la narrativa europea finisecular pero casi desconocidos en nuestro país- dentro del fervor traductor que caracteriza a la literatura española del período, encuentra su explicación en el parentesco de dichos textos con la ficción gótica, género muy poco frecuentado por nuestra literatura nacional de entresiglos, en las libertades que los tres se permiten a la hora de tratar la materia clerical y en la lectura política, incómoda para el absolutismo, que de ellos se deriva. El estudio de dichas cuestiones nos permitirá entender mejor la proyección ideológica que estos textos podrían haber alcanzado en la España borbónica, las razones por las que no aparecieron en ella hasta la etapa constitucional y las causas que explican el que alguna de ellas (El fraile de Lewis) lo hiciera por fin durante el Trienio en una versión mutilada.

Spike-shaped structures are produced by light-driven ablation in very different contexts. Penitentes 1-4 m high are common on Andean glaciers, where their formation changes glacier dynamics and hydrology. Laser ablation can produce cones 10-100 microns high with a variety of proposed applications in materials science. We report the first laboratory generation of centimeter-scale snow and ice penitentes. Systematically varying conditions allows identification of the essential parameters controlling the formation of ablation structures. We demonstrate that penitente initiation and coarsening requires cold temperatures, so that ablation leads to sublimation rather than melting. Once penitentes have formed, further growth of height can occur by melting. The penitentes intially appear as small structures (3 mm high) and grow by coarsening to 1-5 cm high. Our results are an important step towards understanding and controlling ablation morphologies., Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters

A Contest of Paths: Missionary Women and Pluralism In the American Southwest. By Susan M. Yohn. (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 1995. Pp. xiv, 266. $42.50 cloth; $16.95 paper.) In this interesting and informative book the author discusses the history of Presbyterian Church activities in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, with emphasis on the role of women missionaries in the area under the direction of the Ladies Board of Home Missions, which later became the Women's Executive Committee of Home Missions, from the 1870's to the 1920's. The author has based her study on the extensive documentation she found in the original manuscript sources of the Presbyterian Church Archives (U.S.) in Philadelphia; the correspondence, papers, and reports of the Board of Home Missions; minutes of the annual meetings and office conferences of the Board; biographical files; correspondence and papers from women missionaries in the field to the Board; documents in the Menaul Historical Library in Albuquerque, and in the New Mexico State Records Center and Archives in Santa Fe, New Mexico; and the letters and reports of the women missionaries published in various Presbyterian periodicals, especially the Home Missions Monthly. The following statistics show the composition of the population of the region when it was conquered from Mexico in 1846. The European population totalled about 60,000, nearly all Spanish-speaking Hispanics, many of them the descendants of the Spanish settlers when the region was a Spanish colony from 1598 to the 1820's, a larger number from Mexico after the middle of the nineteenth century. By 1885 the population (exclusive of the native Indian tribes increased to 140,000: 100,000 Spanish-speaking residents, and 40,000 Americans from the United States both in upper New Mexico and southern Colorado. After the 1880's the influx of people from the United States increased rapidly. In 1912, when New Mexico became a state, the population had reached about 180,000, about 50% represented by each of the two main population groups. It should be noted that about 80 of the rural population in the region we Spanish-speaking Hispanics. The primary motive of the first Presbyterian women was to convene the Hispanic population from the Catholic Church to their Protestant religion through the establishment of mission schools. The teaching of the English language thus became a priority from the very beginning. Throughout the book the author necessarily gives considerable attention to the age-old religious conflict in the views of Protestants toward Catholics and vice versa. This deep-seated conflict in religious views was always present. In fact, few Hispanic-speaking residents, especially in the rural areas where most of them lived, were ever converted to Protestantism. In elaborating on this subject as an obstacle to cultural accommodation, the author adds some miscellaneous references to the Penitentes, a Catholic lay brotherhood In upper New Mexico, which are a bit miscast in relation to the basic issue under discussion. There were approximately 230 Presbyterian women assigned to mission schools in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado between 1870 and 1924. The schools were in sixty-three localities, mostly in rural areas where the Hispanic population was largely illiterate. The peak period was between 1885 and 1906, when an average of twenty-five schools were in operation yearly. In 1899, forty-eight mission teachers were teaching in twenty-five schools with a total enrollment of 1,446 students. The number of schools increased to fifty by 1900, with a substantial increase in enrollment and teachers. …

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that the Andes of Mendoza between 33° and 36° south latitude has been invaded extensively and repeatedly by glaciers during the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene record in this part of the Andes is mostly undated, so this research is an important step towards obtaining ages of the drifts, correlations, and palaeoclimatic information of climate changes. In the Rio Grande valley in the south-western Mendoza province, between 34°48' and 35°40' south latitude, relative age-criteria, morphology and radiocarbon dates, permit the glacial deposits to be divided into five mappable units, each less extensive than its predecessor: the Poti-Malal drift, the Seguro drift, and the Valle Hermoso drift; the latter consisting of three stadial deposits. Relative-age criteria, stratigraphical relationships, morphology, and absolute ages form the basis for a preliminary correlation of the deposits in the Rio Mendoza valley with those in the Rio Grande valley, 275 km to the south. The Uspallata drift dcould correlate with Poti-Malal drift; the Punta de Vacas drift is thought to correlate with the Seguro Drift, while the Penitentes, Horcones, and Almacenes drifts could probably be correlated with Valle Hermoso I, II, and III drifts.

Like a procession of hooded sinners, the penitentes – icy shards formed by sublimating ice at high altitude – stand guard on Chile's Chajnantor plain

Penitentes and suncups are structures formed as snow melts, typically high in the mountains. When the snow is dirty, dirt cones and other structures can form instead. Building on previous field observations and experiments, this paper presents a theory of ablation morphologies, and the role of surface dirt in determining the structures formed. The glaciological literature indicates that sunlight, heating from air, and dirt all play a role in the formation of structure on an ablating snow surface. The present paper formulates a minimal model for the formation of ablation morphologies as a function of measurable parameters and considers the linear stability of this model. The dependence of ablation morphologies on weather conditions and initial dirt thickness is studied, focusing on the initial growth of perturbations away from a flat surface. We derive a single-parameter expression for the melting rate as a function of dirt thickness, which agrees well with a set of measurements by Driedger. An interesting result is the prediction of a dirt-induced traveling instability for a range of parameters.

El presente trabajo, tiene corno objeto, la realización de un estudio sobre los flagelantes de Santo Tomás corno elemento propio de la religiosidad popular. Hemos tornado este enfoque para entender el trasfondo humano que revisten estas prácticas y la forma corno la iglesia católica a través de sus devociones y creencias ha asumido al ser humano en un ciclo donde las rogativas, promesas, mandas y su cumplimiento enmarcan su vida y le llevan a creer que todo es designio y voluntad de Dios. Este enfoque permitirá ver como esta práctica de origen europea e implantada por la iglesia subsiste en comunidades corno Santo Tomás de Villanueva donde el sentir religioso popular encuentra su mayor expresión en la flagelación corno sinónimo del sentir parte de la pasión de nuestro señor Jesucristo.

Penitentes, secret lay order in the U.S. Southwest, particularly New Mexico, noted for flagellating rites during Holy Week. It arose from the third order of the Franciscans and is sometimes […]

An attempt is made to throw some light on the physical processes in the development of penitentes as a result of new observations in Peru and a study of the literature. This paper offers a variety of approaches to the problem rather than any final view or theory, and is therefore mostly suggestive and intended to be a program for further, more detailed research.