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Water is the main component of wheat flour dough. Its content, distribution, presence state, and state of existence moisture have an important impact on the processing characteristics, preservation and product quality stability of the flour dough. Wheat flour is composed of a variety of components such as protein, starch, fat, pentosan, minerals and etc. Wheat flour is mixed with water to form a dough, in which complex physicochemical changes occur. The composition and physico-chemical properties of the various components in the dough have an important influence. Therefore, understanding the changes of different components in the process of dough mixing with water is of great significance for the quality control and quality improvement of products. In this review, the research results in related fields in recent years were classified and summarized, the interaction mechanism between different components in wheat flour and with water molecules was systematically analyzed, the water absorption and water holding characteristics of different components of wheat flour were discussed, and the effects of different components of wheat flour on water distribution and migration were analyzed. This paper concluded the key ingredients that determine the moisture migration and product quality of dough, such as protein, starch, damaged starch and pentosan etc., in order to further guide the production of wheat flour products.

Purpose: To review the first Research and Safety in Therapeutics (ReST) Committee webinar and summarize the most current recommendations regarding diagnosis and management. Methods: The ReST Committee is comprised of members of the American Society of Retina Surgeons (ASRS). At regular internal meetings, safety issue reports from the website are reviewed. A webinar series was started in 2021 to update members on multiple relevant potential safety events. Results: Topics reviewed in the webinar included pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron) maculopathy, intraocular pressure elevation reported with the aflibercept prefilled syringe (PFS), and brolucizumab-associated inflammation with occlusive retinal vasculitis. Retinal toxicity related to intraoperative medications was reviewed, including hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis after intraocular vancomycin, dilution errors with intravitreal aminoglycosides, inadvertent overdoses of cefuroxime after cataract surgery, and toxic posterior segment syndrome after dropless cataract surgery using compounded triamcinolone-moxifloxacin. Indocyanine green toxicity has been reported after its use as an adjuvant during macular hole surgery. Conclusions: The past decade has seen advances in retinal pharmaceuticals and drug-delivery devices. The ASRS ReST Committee collects data from its website reporting system to inform members about up-to-date pharmaceutical and device safety concerns. Recently, a webinar was used to inform members of pigmentary maculopathy associated with pentosan polysulfate sodium, safety regarding the aflibercept PFS, intraocular inflammation and occlusive retinal vasculitis secondary to brolucizumab, and retinal toxicity from intraoperative ocular medications., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of the article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Foaming of mashes during distillation is a common problem encountered in spirit drink production. It has a negative impact on the purity of the final product. This research article presents the key aspects of foam accumulation in rye mashes during distillation. Foam accumulation was influenced by substrate characteristics and process parameters. The experiments showed that pentosan levels and thermal energy input were the crucial parameters for foam accumulation in rye mashes. Foam accumulation was significantly enhanced by higher pentosan levels, due to the higher viscosity imparted by pentosan. Hence, degradation of pentosans prior to distillation presents a way to reduce foam accumulation. In terms of thermal energy input, foam accumulation was significantly lower when the thermal energy input was reduced from 400 to 200 W/L. Substantial foaming only occurred in a narrow temperature range of 89.5 to 98.2 C. The results allowed for the first time to make recommendations to prevent problematic foam accumulation during distillation of rye mashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sulfated xylooligosaccharides are promising therapeutic leads for a multitude of afflictions, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of commercially deployed forms (e. g. Pentosan polysulfate 1) complicates their path to further clinical development. We describe herein the synthesis of the largest homogeneous persulfated xylooligomers prepared to date, comprising up to eight xylose residues, as standards for biological studies. Near quantitative sulfation was accomplished using a remarkably mild and operationally simple protocol which avoids the need for high temperatures and a large excess of the sulfating reagent. Moreover, the sulfated xylooligomer standards so obtained enabled definitive identification of a pyridinium contaminant in a sample of a commercially prepared Pentosan drug and provided significant insights into the conformational preferences of the constituent persulfated monosaccharide residues. As the spatial distribution of sulfates is a key determinant of the binding of sulfated oligosaccharides to endogenous targets, these findings have broad implications for the advancement of Pentosan‐based treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food & Dairy Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using corncob as raw material, high-temperature pyrolysis was used to extract pentosans. Based on single-factor experiments, orthogonal test methods were used to optimize the extraction process parameters, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to extract pentosans. Component analysis. The results showed that the optimal extraction process conditions were solid-liquid ratio 1:15 (g/mL), pyrolysis temperature 180℃, pyrolysis time 60 min, and the extraction rate under these conditions was 25.84%. The chromatogram results show that the extract contains a large amount of pentosan, xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentaose and xylanose, which provide raw materials for the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis process to prepare xylo-oligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the quality of life of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) and to study effective options used to control symptoms on outpatient basis., Materials and Methods: The results of a descriptive prospective cross-sectional cohort study are presented. The medical charts of patients who were treated in the City Clinical Hospital named after Spasokukotsky from 2021 to 2023 were analyzed. Eighty inpatient medical charts of various patients with a final diagnosis of IC with Hunner's lesion were identified. Only 53 patients were interviewed due to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Respondents were asked to complete a survey consisting of 15 questions. The survey was carried out online for patients who did not require surgical treatment at the time of the study, and offline for patients admitted for repeated surgical treatment., Results: The average age of respondents was 59.011.1 years. 58% (31) of patients noted the presence of constant pain in the pelvic area during the day, while 85% (45) of patients reported pain outside the bladder area, in the urethra and perineum. The intensity of pain in the pelvic area was 4.9 (2.3-5.6) points. Higher pain scores 6.24 (5.8-9.0) were observed in 47% (25) of patients admitted for repeat surgical treatment. 62% (33) of patients had a titer of bacteria in a urine test above 104, while 51% (27) of patients experienced relief of symptoms after taking antibacterial drugs. For the treatment and symptomatic relief, the following are most often used: pentosan sodium polysulfate (26%, n=14), antibacterial drugs of the nitrofuran group (25%, n=13), amitriptyline (15%, n=8), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (11%, n=6) patients. 23% (12) of respondents received intravesical therapy. The time from the onset of symptoms to the final diagnosis was 48 (24-96) months., Conclusions: Although infection is a criterion for excluding the diagnosis of IC, more than 62% of patients have positive urine culture. The results obtained indicate the need to improve existing approaches to the diagnosis of IC, as well as to develop treatment algorithms for painful bladder syndrome to control symptoms.

Reactivity of dissolving pulp is one of the main parameters to determine its availability to be transformed into viscose. It is related to the use of carbon disulphide (CS2). An industrial sequential totally chlorine free bleaching process is used as case study. It is carried out in two stages: (1) Alkaline extraction (EOP) and (2) peroxide bleaching (PO). In order to assess how to decrease the use of carbon disulphide, several experiments were performed at laboratory scale for the two stages mentioned before by modifying the operating conditions: NaOH and H2O2 dosages, time and temperature. Reactivity using a modified Fock's method and pentosan content was analysed along with quality pulp parameters: α-cellulose, viscosity and lignin content (kappa number). Results showed that reactivity increases through the bleaching process and varies with the chemical dosage in both stages. Pulp obtained at the best conditions had the following characteristics: reactivity, 95.3%; α-cellulose 91.17%; intrinsic viscosity, 448 mL/g; kappa number, 1.81 and pentosan content 2.86%, and as a result, CS2 usage was reduced by 11.88%. At the best conditions obtained in this work, NaOH dosage in PO stage was reduced to zero and temperature was slightly lower, when compared with industrial operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzymatic properties and oxidative cross -linking properties of black wheat flour pentosan (WEP) were studied. Xylanase was used to hydrolyze WEP, and the viscosity of pentosan solution was measured under different enzyme dosage and reaction time. And the viscosity of pentosan solution was also measured under different oxidation systems of hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase (H2O2 /POX), glucose/glucose oxidase/peroxidase (Glc/GOX/POX) and FeCl3 chemical oxidation system, thus to confirm the optimum concentration of the oxidant reagent. The results showed that with the increase of the amount of xylanase content, the rate of pentosan hydrolysis increased. When the dosage of enzyme was 10 mg/g substrate, the specific viscosity of WEP solution reduced 72 % after enzymatic hydrolysis for 120 minutes. When the dosage of enzyme was 1 mg/g, the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis also increased with increase of reaction time. The specific viscosity of WEP reduced 45 % after the reaction of 240 minutes. Oxidative cross-linking characteristics study found that pentosan could be oxidized cross-linked in different degrees under three oxidation systems. Under the most suitable conditions, the degree of oxidative cross-linking of FeCl3 was the largest, with a specific viscosity increase of 108.2 %, followed by GLC/GOx/POX system and H2O2 /POX system, with 51.5 % and 34.8 % respectively. The enzymatic properties and oxidative cross-linking properties of pentosan from black-grain wheat flour could be used to change its viscosity to increase its applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat bran as a by-product of milling contain various compounds such as pentosans which have health promoting effects and functinal properties in industrial applications. In this study the extraction yield of pentosans by hot water 80oC, 0.01 mM sodium hydroxide and 2% alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions as the conventional methods for pentosan extraction was evaluated. Then, the effects of pretreatments such as cellulase, ultrasound, autoclave and microwave in the presence of sodium hydroxide and water to increase the pentosan extraction yield were studied. Finally, in order to increase the extraction yield of the pentosans, pretreatments with the highest extraction yield (sonication, cellulase enzyme, hot water, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide) were evaluated as combined treatments. The results showed that the purity of pentosans extracted with sodium hydroxide was significantly higher than the hot water and hydrogen peroxide solution (p<0.05). Also, among the pretreatments of cellulase enzyme, ultrasound, autoclave and microwave in presence of water or sodium hydroxide, the combination of cellulase-sodium hydroxide and ultrasound-sodium hydroxide treatments resulted in the higher yields. The combined treatment of hot water (80oC)+cellulase enzyme+(0.1%)+ultrasound power (560 w, 2 minutes) and the combined treatment of hot water (80oC)+hydrogen peroxide (4%, pH=11.5) were identified respectively as the best combination factors to maximize extraction yield and pentosans purity from wheat bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulisan ini mengemukakan hasil analisis komponen kimia 10 jenis kayu yang berasal dari hutan tanaman di Jawa Barat. Jenis kayu tersebut adalah ki sereh (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Meissu), suren (Toona sureni Merr), ki bawang (Melia excelsa Jack.), pulai kongo (Alstonia kongoensis), tusam (Pinus merkusii Jungth), sengon buto (Entorolobium cyclo), kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica), salamander (Grevillia robusta A.cunn), mahoni (Switenia macrophylla King) dan ki lemo (Litsea cubeba Pers). Analisis yang dilakukan mencakup penetapan kadar holoselulosa, lignin, pentosan, abu, kelarutan dalam air dingin, air panas, alkohol benzena dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%. Analisis ini merupakan dasar untuk menetapkan kegunaan kayu tersebut terutama sebagai bahan baku pulp kertas. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa kadar holoselulosa berkisar antara 64,6 - 69,9%, lignin antara 26,0 - 30,9%, pentosan antara 15,6 - 18%, abu antara 0,2 - 0,9%, silika antara 0,1 - 0,5%. Kelarutan dalam air dingin antara 2,4 - 6,3%, air panas antara 3,0 - 7,3%, alkohol benzena antara 1,5 - 5,75% dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% antara 9,1 - 20,7%. Semua jenis kayu yang diteliti mengandung kadar holoselulosa yang tinggi lebih dari 65% yaitu kayu ki sereh, suren, ki bawang, tusam, sengon buto, kapur, salamander, mahoni dan ki lemo, kecuali kayu pulai kongo yaitu 64,6%. Kadar lignin dan abu semua jenis kayu yang diteliti termasuk ke dalam kelas sedang, karena kadarnya ada di antara 18 - 33% untuk kadar lignin dan ada di antara 0,2 - 6,0% untuk kadar abu. Kadar pentosan semua jenis kayu yang diteliti termasuk kelas rendah karena kadarnya kurang dari 21%. Sedangkan kadar zat ekstraktifnya terutama kelarutan dalam alkohol benzena yang termasuk kelas sedang antara 2 - 4% adalah kayu suren, ki bawang, tusam dan ki lemo, dan yang termasuk ke dalam kelas tinggi lebih dari 4% yaitu kayu ki sereh dan pulai kongo, sedangkan yang termasuk kelas rendah kurang dari 2% yaitu kayu sengon buto, kapur, salamander dan mahoni. Berdasarkan atas nilai skor dan hasil uji BNJ (Beda nyata jujur) komponen kimia 10 jenis kayu asal Jawa Barat (Tabel 3) ternyata hanya kayu ki sereh dan pulai kongo yang tidak cocok untuk bahan baku pulp kertas, sedangkan ke delapan jenis kayu lainnya yang terdiri dari kayu suren, ki bawang, tusam, sengon buto, kapur, salamander mahoni dan kayu ki lemo cukup baik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan pulp untuk kertas dengan menggunakan proses kimia, dan semikimia.

Tulisan ini mengemukakan analisis komponen kimia kayu dari lrian Jaya sebanyak 9 jenis. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian sifat dasar yang dilaksanakan setiap tahun di Pusat Penelitiaan dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi Kehutanan. Maksudnya adalah untuk mengetahui sifat kayu yang penting seperti sifat .fisis, mekanis dan kimia yang berguna bagi penggunaan kayu. Analisa yang dilakukan meliputi penetapan kadar holoselulosa, selulosa, lignin, pentosan, BJ, air, abu, silika, kelarutan dalam air dingin, air panas, alkohol benzena 1 : 2 dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1 %. Analisa ini berguna untuk menentukan perkiraan kegunaan kayu seperti untuk pulp dan turunan selulosa. Hasil analisa memperlihatkan bahwa kadar holoselolusa berkisar antara 69,61 - 75,21 %, selulosa 47,33 - 54,80 %, lignin 24,79 - 30,39 %, pentosan 1,18 - 18,48 %, berat jenis 0,36- 0,85 g/cm3 , kadar air 9,20 - 15,44 %, abu 0,79 - 1,90 %, silika 0,33 - 1,07 %, kelarutan dalam air dingin 4,33 - 7,41 %, air panas 4,67- 9,47 %, alkohol benzena (1: 2) antara 1,99 - 9,21 % dan kelarutaan dalam NaOH 1 % antara 18,16 - 30,07 %. Berdasarkan standar FAO untuk pulp, maka 9 jenis kayu dari irian Jaya cukup baik untuk dibuat pulp.

Bamboo is an effective alternative material to alleviate the burden on wood supplies. Chemical components distributed in the gradient structure of bamboo culm are likely to be the determining factors in selecting the optimal application of bamboo. Bamboo culm exhibits a complicated chemical composition of in holocellulose, lignin, pentosan and extractives in the longitudinal direction of its culm cultivated for varying periods of time. In this study, the chemical constituents of moso bamboo were analyzed statistically at different heights cultivated for a minimum of 6 months to as long as 9 years. No significant impact on chemical components was found in the longitudinal direction of the bamboo culm. However, bamboo culm age should be taken into consideration in the trends of holocellulose, pentosan, lignin and extractives located in the inner, middle and outer layers. The moso bamboo cultivated from 3 to 5 years was optimal for industrial application. The yield percentage and difference between layers, in particular, are fundamentals for evaluating and improving the properties for bamboo products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted to study the effect of NPK fertilization on wheat grain yield, minerals concentration, grain quality, gluten, pentosan, and phytate phosphorous (phy-P) content, and the influence of maternal plant NPK fertilization on the seed physiological attributes during the germination period. NPK treatments comprised a control, where no fertilizer was applied (T0), and two levels of NPK fertilizer: T1 (110 kg N+60 kg P2O5+55 kg K2O ha-1), and T2 (200 kg N+120 kg P2O5+100 kg K2O ha-1). Winter wheat was grown in a greenhouse during the growing season of 2015-16, following randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The results indicated that a high level of NPK (T2) fertilization increased the grain yield, crude protein, water-soluble pentosan, and dry gluten, up to 151.6, 65.3, 40.5, and 408.9% compared to the control, respectively. It also enhanced the grain mineral concentration, but did not affect the grain starch significantly. Grain phy-P was increased with a high NPK fertilization and, interestingly, the level of phytase enzyme was also increased up to 46% in T2 compared to the control. Moreover, maternal plant NPK fertilization enhanced seed germination percentage, seedling fresh weight, phytase activity, inorganic phosphorus, and phy-P metabolism during the germination period. From the results of this study, it was concluded that grain nutritional quality was improved with increasing NPK rates, but antinutritional compound phy-P was also increased, while it may enhance seed viability, germination, and seedling vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress severely reduces wheat productivity and affects grain quality. In this study the effects of combined application of salicylic acid (SA) and potassium (K) on yield and grain quality of wheat under drought stress condition was investigated. Winter wheat cultivar Minaminokaori was grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to 3 levels of K (50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) fertilizer applications. The plants were foliar sprayed with SA (0.7 mM) at heading stage, and then imposed to the drought stress until grain maturity. Drought stress decreased grain yield by 41.1%, starch content by 10.2% and water-soluble pentosan content by 3.5% in comparison to well-irrigated control. However, grain crude protein content, total pentosan content and phytate phosphorus content were increased by 33.0%, 17.9%, and 13.4% respectively. Under the same drought condition, the application of combined SA and high K levels has increased grain yield (13.3%), starch (12.2%) and water-soluble pentosan content (20.3%) compared to SA-untreated with low level of K fertilizer. In addition, SA application decreased the percentage of phytate phosphorus to total phosphorus under drought stress. These results suggested that combined treatment of SA foliar application and a higher doses of K fertilizer can partially improve wheat productivity, grain nutritional quality, particularly water-soluble pentosan that influences the bread-making quality, without increasing the anti-nutrient component phytate under drought stress condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: Sodium pentosan polysulfate (Na‐PPS) is a plant‐based agent that has similar action with low‐molecular‐weight heparin. It inhibits factor Xa, preventing blood clot formation. To date, its use in clinical practice as thromboprophylaxis agent is still limited. In addition, the efficacy and safety profile of this agent was not robustly reported globally, especially for countries with major Muslim population. We hypothesized that Na‐PPS was equally effective as the standard thromboprophylaxis. We aim to compare the efficacy and safety of Na‐PPS against standard agent (fondaparinux or enoxaparin). Methods: This was a randomized control, open‐label trial. Women underwent major gynecological surgery were randomized to receive either subcutaneous 50 mg of Na‐PPS twice daily or subcutaneous enoxaparin 40 mg once daily. Fondaparinux 2.5 mg once daily was given to Muslim women as an alternative to enoxaparin. The treatment was started 6 h postoperatively, for at least 3 days. All the patients received thromboembolic deterrent stockings. The primary efficacy outcome was venous thromboembolism up to 3 days postsurgery. The main safety outcomes were minor and major bleeding. Results: Among 109 participants, there was no incidence of venous thromboembolism. None of the women developed major bleeding. Minor bleeding was observed in 28.3% (15/53) and 5.4% (3/56) of Na‐PPS and standard thromboprophylaxis group, respectively (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Na‐PPS was associated with increased risk of minor bleeding. There was insufficient data to conclude its efficacy as thromboprophylaxis. Further research is needed to evaluate Na‐PPS safety as a standard thromboprophylactic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main pentosan components of sugarcane bagasse, which can be subjected to alkaline hydrolysis, are xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose. The pentosan reaction mechanism was considered for alkali-treated bagasse with variation of temperature and time. The kinetics of pentosan degradation were studied concurrently at temperatures of 50 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C, with a solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:15, a stirring speed of 500 revolutions/min, and different holding times for bagasse alkali pre-extraction. With respect to residual pentosan content and the losses of raw material, the hydrolysis rates of alkali pre-extraction and pentosan degradation reactions of bagasse all followed pseudo-first-order kinetic models. Finally, the main degradation activation energy was determined to be 20.86 KJ/mol, and the residual degradation activation energy was 28.75 KJ/mol according to the Arrhenius equation.

Chemical constituents of naturally decayed Qinghai spruce branches were analyzed in terms of holocellulose, lignin, and pentosan. The holocellulose content declined from 57.98% to 35.29% in one year. The rate of change may be related to weather conditions, i.e., the rate of variation was higher when the temperature was high and rainfall was abundant. The changes in lignin and pentosan relative content were completely different from holocellulose; they increased first and then decreased during the decay period. Compared with fresh raw materials, pentosan content (from 14.44% to 25.9%) was increased by 79.4% after four months decay. The highest yield of furfural (10.2%) prepared by a two-stage method from decayed Qinghai spruce branches was similar to the reported yield from corncobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrolysate pretreatment (HP) uses hot water pre-hydrolysis liquor (HWPL) as partial or full pretreatment medium for biomass. Pentosan dissolution during Eucalyptus HP was studied under holding times between 0 min and 160 min, holding temperatures between 150 °C and 190 °C, a hot water pre-hydrolysate ratio (HWPR) from 20% to 100%, and a fixed liquid to wood ratio of 1:6. Both the pentosan removals in the hydrolysate pretreated solid (HPS) and the hydrolysate pretreatment liquor (HPL) pento-saccharides contents were determined and compared with those of hot water pre-hydrolysis (HWP). When compared to HWP, the HP enhanced pentosan removal from the solid phase, and enriched the saccharides or promoted the in-situ conversion of saccharides into other chemicals in the liquid phase. Pentosan removal in the HPS increased when holding time and temperature were increased. Increasing holding time first increased the pento-saccharide content in the HPL, and then decreased it after reaching the maximum. Elevating the holding temperature increased the pento-saccharide content in the HPL, except for arabino-oligosaccharide. Different HWPR had varying influences on pentosan removal in the HPS and on the saccharides concentration in the HPL. When controlled, HP positively influenced hemicellulose removal from biomass, and increased utilization value of the liquid phase obtained post pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(12, 14, 16 and 18%) of conditioned hulled and hull-less barley grains prior to milling on extraction rate, color and characteristics of flours. Flour extraction rate was decreased as the tempering moisture of grains prior to milling increased. In all conditioning treatments, the flour yield was lower in hulled than in hullless variety. The flour color was significantly improved (become white) as the conditioning moisture of hull-less barley grains before milling increased, while the hulled barley showed slight improving. The chemical composition of flours including protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, pentosan, β-glucan, bond and total phenolic compound and phytic acid contents showed decreasing, whereas starch, reducing sugar and free phenolics contents were raised as the conditioning moisture of grains prior to milling in both varieties increased. A slight raise in solubility of protein and starch with substantially increasing in the solubility of pentosan and β-glucan was observed in all flours from both barley varieties as the tempering moisture of grains before milling increased. The solubility of β-glucan was higher in flours from hulled than that corresponding flours from hull-less variety and this reflected the higher values of relative viscosity of flour water extract from the former than the latter. The Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) measurements for the flours obtained from hull and hull-less barley indicated that the values for pasting temperature, time to gelatinization, time to peak, peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity were decreased as the moisture content of barley grains prior to milling increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of low levels of water-soluble pentosans (WSP), alkaline-extractable pentosans (AEP), and xylanase on the growth and organ development of broiler chicks. Three hundred and fifty 1-d-old female broiler chicks were randomly allocated into seven experimental groups of five pen replicates, with ten chicks per replicate. The control group consumed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Six dietary treatment groups consumed the basal diet supplemented with one of the following: WSP at 50 mg/kg (WSP50) or 100 mg/kg (WSP100); AEP at 50 mg/kg (AEP50) or 100 mg/kg (AEP100); or xylanase at 3 mg/kg (Xase3) or 6 mg/kg (Xase6). Data including the body weight, digestive organ weights, gut length, rectal digesta viscosity, and gut microflora and pH were collected on d 5, 10, and 15. When compared to the control group, WSP50 promoted body weight gain and organ growth throughout the study, calculated as 3-d averages (p

The effect of Glucose oxidase (GOX) and Xylanase (XYL) on gluten-starch separation and physicochemical properties of gluten was studied. The gluten yield and R max increased and the extensibility of gluten and the amount of free sulfhydryl groups (SHf) decreased in comparison to the control with the addition of GOX up to 80 ppm. These observations indicated the high strength of gluten network by 80 ppm of enzyme. GOX caused a shift to larger particle size distribution of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) gel. Here, GMP gel at low enzyme level was more elastic and stiffer. Generally, an improvement of GMP gel quality can be obtained by the addition of GOX, although inverse effects were obtained when excessive enzyme levels were added. The results indicated that XYL leads to increase the tendency to aggregate by degradation of pentosane and decreasing the viscosity. The enzyme led to decrease the particle size distribution in GMP gel. In these samples, a tendency to increase the amount of SHf content was observed and it seems that the incorporation of pentosan and protein prevented the disulfide crosslinking. GMP gel separated with XYL had higher delta value and lower storage modulus in comparison to GMP gel separated without XYL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delignification and pentosan dissolution of old corrugated cardboard (OCC) pulp was carried out using formic acid (FA) followed by alkaline extraction at atmospheric pressure. The kappa number of the initial OCC pulp was 41.4, which was decreased to 18.0 after 3.5 h of formic acid treatment. At this point, the pentosan content in the formic-acid-treated pulp was 6.20 %, being further decreased to 3.92 % after alkaline extraction with 8 % NaOH for 120 min at 90 °C. The overall pulp yield after FA treatment and alkaline extraction reached 48.0 %. Alkaline-extracted pulp was bleached to 85 % brightness using a DEDED bleaching sequence, with α-cellulose content of 94.7 %. FA and alkaline extraction liquor dissolved mostly hemicellulose and lignin, which were isolated and characterized. The fractions of lignin and hemicellulosic sugars recovered from the FA spent liquor were 4.3 and 12.7 %, respectively. The lignin was characterized as having a lower amount of methoxyl but higher amount of phenolic hydroxyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel composite breads were prepared by using banana pseudo-stem flour (BPF). BPF was substituted for commercial wheat flour (CWF) (at 10%, w/w) to prepare B10BPF and the B10BPF with added hydrocolloids [xanthan gum (XG) or sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose (Na CMC)] to prepare B10BPFXG and B10BPFCMC, respectively. The prepared composite breads had high level of minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, and manganese), total sugars, and resistant starch contents. Except for the composite bread prepared by adding XG, all other samples showed non-significant decrease in the total and digestible starch. Slow starch hydrolysis rate (corresponding to increase in time) was recorded with a subsequent reduction of hydrolysis index and estimated glycemic index in the composite breads. As this is a novel composite bread developed with health promoting properties, it is expected to benefit consumers, especially for those requiring high fiber diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp hemicelluloses can be extracted with NaOH and quantified by colorimetric and gravimetric techniques. However the most usual methods to measure eucalyptus pulp hemicelluloses have been through the pentosan method or through xylan analyses by GC or HPLC techniques. In this study a comparison was made between the more traditional methods and indirect method of NaOH 5% extraction followed by colorimetric analyses. It was observed that the content of NaOH 5% extract correlates very well with pulp xylan content and reasonably well with the pentosan content. It is concluded that the 5% NaOH solubility method can be used in replacement of the other two, since it is faster, simpler and less costly to carry out than the others.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of steam explosion on water soluble pentosans mass fraction of wheat bran. The common commercial wheat bran was exploded by steam under the conditions as follows: the ratio of water to material was 20%, 30% and 50%, steam retention time was 30, 60 and 120 s per ratio of water to material, and steam pressure was kept at 2.0 MPa. Mass fractions of water soluble pentosans, total pentosan, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose, and thermogravimetric curves were analyzed. The results showed that steam explosion could significantly increase the mass fraction of water soluble pentosans in wheat bran (P<0.05). Under the same steam pressure, water soluble pentosan mass fraction of the treatments through steam explosion could be increased with the lengthening of steam retention time (P<0.05), water soluble pentosan mass fraction under 60 s steam retention time could be increased by 9.0 times (P<0.05), and that under 120 s retention time could be increased by 10.1 times (P<0.05) compared with untreated wheat bran. Compared with untreated bran, steam explosion increased water soluble pentosans mass fraction at different degree with the increase of ratio of water to material (P<0.05), which could be increased by 9.4 times (P<0.05) at 30% ratio of water to material and by 6.5 times at 50% ratio of water to material (P>0.05). The mass fraction of total pentosans could be significantly decreased in wheat bran by steam explosion (P<0.05), and reduced by 62% (P<0.05) under the conditions of 20% water material ratio, 2.0 MPa steam pressure and 120 s steam retention time compared with untreated wheat bran. Considering the extraction efficiency and energy consumption, the better steam explosion conditions for water soluble pentosans were 30% ratio of water to material and steam processing for 60 s when steam pressure was kept at 2.0 MPa, and under these conditions mass fraction of water soluble pentosans could be increased by 10.8 times (from 1.3% to 13.9%), neutral detergent fiber could be decreased by 17.2% (P<0.05), hemicellulose decreased by 26.7% (P<0.05), activation energy of hemicellulose pyrolysis process increased by 21.5%, initial and end temperature were postponed by 19-30 °C, temperature corresponding to maximum weight loss rate took forward by 13°C and maximum weight loss rate reduced by 43%. This study demonstrates that steam explosion can significantly improve the mass fraction of functional active polysaccharides (water soluble pentosan) in wheat bran, which is helpful for deep processing and utilization of wheat bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water extractable and alkali extractable pentosans from black-grained wheat were obtained by water and Ba (OH)2 aqueous solution, and the physicochemical properties were analyzed by ion exchange chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the main sugar components of WEAX were arabinose (Ara) and xylose ( Xyl) , with a small amount of galactose ( Gal) . The molar ratio of Ara : Xyl : Gal was 5. 74 : 11.64 : 1. The substitution degree ( A/X) of WEAX was 0. 49 and the relative molecular weight (Mw) was 7.73 X 105. WUAX was mainly composed of Ara and Xyl. The molar ratio of Ara I Xyl was 1 I 1.74. The A/X was 0. 57 and the Mw was 6. 56 X 104. These indicated WEAX had a lower substitution degree, but a higher Mw than WUAX. IR spectra showed that there were characteristic absorption peaks of sugar in the two kinds of pentosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali/acid-pretreated canola meal and mustard bran were subjected to endo-1,4- β-xylanase ( T. longibrachiatum) hydrolysis for oligosaccharide production. Pretreatments significantly ( α = 0.05) increased the relative content of pentose sugars, especially in alkali-pretreated canola meal (∼44 %) and mustard bran (∼72 %). The amounts of pentosan (g/100 g) in acid- and alkali-pretreated canola meal were 7.50 and 8.21 and in corresponding mustard bran were 8.67 and 10.39, respectively. These pretreated substrates produced a pentose content (g/100 g) of 2.10 ± 0.14 (18 h) and 2.95 ± 0.10 (24 h), respectively, during hydrolysis. As per UPLC-MS data, the main oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzates of alkali-pretreated substrates are xylo-glucuronic acid and xylobiose. The release of total phenolics of the hydrolyzates increased until 18 h irrespective of the type of substrate or pretreatment. Hydrolyzates of acid-pretreated substrates indicated more total antioxidant activity than alkali-pretreated substrates, attributed to its high phenolic content. The study suggests the potential of canola meal and mustard bran for the production of oligosaccharides, wherein the use of various combinations of cell-wall-degrading enzymes and its optimization may result in a better yield, with simultaneous production of endogenous phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrothermal carbonization of monosaccharides and polysaccharides is widely used in the production of carbonaceous material with a desired structure. However, the liquid products are regarded as waste and discarded. Here, we report a facile approach for the synthesis of water-soluble carbon nano dots (CNDs) with substantial fluorescence from the liquid by-products of the hydrothermal carbonization of pentosan, thus the by-products of pulp refining. The synthesized CNDs are monodispersed spheres with abundant oxygen-containing groups and they have an average size of 30 nm. Quantum yield measurements revealed CNDs with substantial green photoluminescence (PL) without passivation. Additionally, excitation was independent, pH-sensitive and stable. The use of CNDs as a photosensitizer in the CNDs/TiO 2 system for methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible light irradiation is attractive. The spectral response range of the CNDs/TiO 2 system can be widened from the UV region to a part of the visible light region (400–550 nm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main pentosan components of sugarcane bagasse, which can be subjected to alkaline hydrolysis, are xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose. The pentosan reaction mechanism was considered for alkalitreated bagasse with variation of temperature and time. The kinetics of pentosan degradation were studied concurrently at temperatures of 50 oC, 70 °C, and 90 °C, with a solid-liquid mass ratio of 1:15, a stirring speed of 500 revolutions/min, and different holding times for bagasse alkali pre-extraction. With respect to residual pentosan content and the losses of raw material, the hydrolysis rates of alkali pre-extraction and pentosan degradation reactions of bagasse all followed pseudo-firstorder kinetic models. Finally, the main degradation activation energy was determined to be 20.86 KJ/mol, and the residual degradation activation energy was 28.75 KJ/mol according to the Arrhenius equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review article is devoted to the possibilities of using targeted therapy for urothelial diseases, namely painful bladder syndrome (BPS). The protective structural components of the bladder mucosa, as well as their chemical features, are described in detail. Pentosanpolysulfate (PPS), being an oral heparinoid, can be used as part of pathogenetic therapy to restore the mucous membrane of the bladder. The efficacy and safety of this drug has been proven by us in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. An additional assessment of the effectiveness and safety of the use of PPS in BPS was confirmed as part of our systematic review and meta-analysis. Thus, PPS is a pathogenetically sound tool in the treatment of patients with painful bladder syndrome.

This study investigated the effects of low levels of water-soluble pentosans (WSP), alkaline-extractable pentosans (AEP), and xylanase on the growth and organ development of broiler chicks. Three hundred and fifty 1-d-old female broiler chicks were randomly allocated into seven experimental groups of five pen replicates, with ten chicks per replicate. The control group consumed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Six dietary treatment groups consumed the basal diet supplemented with one of the following: WSP at 50 mg/kg (WSP50) or 100 mg/kg (WSP100); AEP at 50 mg/kg (AEP50) or 100 mg/kg (AEP100); or xylanase at 3 mg/kg (Xase3) or 6 mg/kg (Xase6). Data including the body weight, digestive organ weights, gut length, rectal digesta viscosity, and gut microflora and pH were collected on d 5, 10, and 15. When compared to the control group, WSP50 promoted body weight gain and organ growth throughout the study, calculated as 3-d averages (p<0.05). WSP100 increased weight gain and enhanced organ development (proventriculus, gizzard, and gut) on d 10 (p<0.05), but the 3-d averages were not different from the control group except for the weight of gizzard. Both Xase3 and Xase6 increased the 3-d average weight gain and the growth of the gizzard (p<0.05). WSP50 increased the digesta viscosity compared to Xase3 on d 10 and 15 (p<0.05). WSP50, Xase3, and Xase6 increased the concentration of Lactobacillus in the rectum when compared to the control group (p<0.05), but only Xase3 lowered the digesta pH in the ileum and cecum on d 10 and 15. AEP had minimal influence on the growth and organ development of broilers. The results showed that low levels of WSP, AEP, and xylanase had different effects and underlying mechanisms on the growth and organ development of broiler chicks. WSP50 could increase the growth performance of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Different models covered various wood species including softwoods and hardwoods. [•] Models suitable for quantification: HWS extractive, pentosan and cellulose content. [•] The analysis of chemical structure of composition was done. [•] HWS extractive and cellulose content models were suitable for quality control analysis. [•] Pentosan content model could be used in any analytical situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentosans are quantitatively minor constituents of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), but they influence the end-use and nutritional qualities of grain cereals. Although several studies on the physicochemical properties and genetic basis of pentosans and pentosan-associated traits have been reported, the genetic architecture and determinants of pentosans remained ambiguous. In this research, 107 QTLs for pentosans and pentosan-associated traits were detected based on a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a 1RS/1BL translocation line × non-1RS/1BL translocation line. We identified seven stable expression QTLs for pentosans and one major QTL (Q.HI.scau-7D linked to xwmc634-7D) for hardness index (HI). Q.HI.scau-7D may be the gene responsible for the bimodal HI distribution map. More than one genetic location harbored QTLs for water-soluble pentosan (WSP), and the ratio of WSP content to water-insoluble pentosans (WIP) content (RWW) varied simultaneously, meaning that these loci harbored pleiotropic genes for WSP and RWW. WSP was the main factor in pentosans affecting wheat HI. This study gives a better understanding of the molecular genetics of pentosans and pentosan-related traits, and provides a certain theoretical basis for molecular genetics and breeding for pentosans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Because capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) showed higher resolution for highly charged large carbohydrates and complex structures when compared to other chromatographic separation methods, it was chosen for the characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) of pentosan polysulfate (PPS). Thus, using the CZE technique, we developed a reliable, sensitive and rapid protocol that allowed the detection and characterization of PPS NPs. This protocol was able to determine the profile of both the NPs and the species of PPS entrapped into them, and to quantify free and bound PPS showing high reproducibility, acceptable accuracy and a good degree of precision. Moreover, it allowed the evaluation of the size and charge of the NPs. This protocol might be suitable for the characterization of other kinds of NPs also. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several commercial beers have been analyzed for their content of β-glucans, pentosans and their degradation products using high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography and chemical and enzymic analysis procedures. The beers tested contained high levels of residual high molecular weight pentosan, but much less high molecular weight β-glucan. The beers also contained sizeable levels of oligosaccharides, especially trisaccharides, reflecting the incomplete degradation of polymeric materials in malting and mashing and the inability of yeast to ferment them. There is substantially more β-linked glucosyl material in beer than pentosyl substances, although the higher molecular weight of the latter probably makes it more likely to represent soluble fibre. In respect of fibre claims for the beers examined, even for the beer containing the least pentosan, it seems that less than a litre of the product would afford sufficient material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propensity for xylanase to convert insoluble to soluble arabinoxylan is an important parameter in many applications. Current methods for determining xylanase activity on insoluble substrates are nonspecific or utilize artificial substrates which may provide much different results from native substrates. Therefore, a new method for the determination of xylanase activity on insoluble substrates was developed. This method involved incubation of the enzyme with a material containing insoluble arabinoxylan. Arabinoxylan released by the enzyme was quantified as total pentose sugars colorimetrically by reaction with phloroglucinol upon heating in acetic-hydrochloric acid. Absorbance was determined at 552 nm, and interfering hexoses were accounted for by subtracting the absorbance at 510 nm. Because the method measured total pentose sugars released by the enzyme, (arabino)xylanase activity, rather than xylanase activity, was recommended for expressing results. The method was tested using two xylanases and six insoluble arabinoxylan-containing substrates. Sodium acetate and sodium citrate buffers (50 mM) were suitable for the reaction; sodium phosphate buffer substantially interfered with quantification of reaction products by reducing color development. The enzymic release of soluble arabinoxylan was linear for at least 5 min under all reaction conditions tested. Contaminating amylase and cellulase activity did not influence the results, despite the presence of starch and cellulose in many substrate sources. Relative standard deviations were <5% between reactions assayed on different days. Activity on substrates from different botanical origin differed by up to 100-fold, emphasizing the need for the use of application-specific substrates to obtain accurate estimations of enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased oxidative stress is considered one of the main causes of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a steroid hormone and pentosan polysulfate sodium (pentosan), a heparin analog, in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) as a model of ONFH. One hundred twenty-three 13-week-old male SHRSP///Izm rats were divided into four groups: a control group (group C), pentosan-administered group (group P), steroid-administered group (group S), and group administered pentosan plus steroid (group PS). Methylprednisolone acetate, as the steroid hormone, at a dose of 4 mg (15 mg///kg) was administered at 15 weeks of age. Pentosan at a dose of 3 mg///day///kg was continuously administered intraperitoneally from 13 weeks of age for 4 weeks. Rats were sacrificed at 17 weeks of age, and heart blood and both femora were collected. Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in group PS than in group S, indicating that pentosan improves lipid metabolism. The incidence of histologic ONFH was significantly lower in group P, at 14.8%%% (10///71 femoral heads), than in group C, at 30.4%%% (17///56 femoral heads), and significantly lower in group PS, at 40.8%%% (29///71 femoral heads), than in group S, at 91.3%%% (42///46 femoral heads), indicating that pentosan markedly inhibits ONFH. Immunohistochemical staining for oxidative stress showed that the stainability was significantly lower in group PS than in group S. Pentosan seems to reduce the incidence of ONFH in SHRSP by improving lipid metabolism and decreasing oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: About 15 Parthenium species grow in the North American continent with Parthenium argentatum (guayule) as the only species containing harvestable amounts of the rubber latex. The predicted commercialization of the guayule plant for its hypoallergenic latex will result in a significant amount of waste fiber or bagasse biomass that can also be put to use for making wood, paper, and other chemical products, as well as in energy production. Thus, the guayule wood and bark fibers can be considered a new source of plant biomass that may be used as a direct substitute for forest-based wood fiber. However, little information is available on the chemical composition of the wood and bark tissues of guayule (P. argentatum). The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical and fiber composition of guayule and to compare it with other wood fiber sources. Three germplasm lines of mature guayule (Cal-6, AZ-101, and G7-15) and another species of Parthenium (P. tomentosum, PT), juvenile soft maple (Acer rubrum), a deciduous tree, and milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) that has long fibers were the plant sources. Separate wood and bark tissues were analyzed for hot water, 1% sodium hydroxide, and alcohol–toluene extracts. In addition, the lignin, holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and pentosan contents were determined. All the chemical components in the wood fibers for the Partheniums were equal to or greater than the juvenile maple tree. Milkweed had higher alpha-cellulose and lower alcohol–toluene extract contents than both the guayule and soft maple. The guayule bark fibers had more chemical extracts than the wood fibers. The specific gravity of guayule wood was greater than the deciduous wood species. However, the fiber lengths of soft maple wood, guayule wood, and milkweed are similar. Based on the chemical composition, P. argentatum and P. tomentosum could serve as raw materials for the paper and chemical industries as well as for energy production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Acetic acid or formic acid treatment of rice straw with the variation of reaction variables, namely acid concentration, catalyst (HCl or H2SO4) concentration, reaction time, temperature and liquor ratio, was investigated to ascertain effects on the dissolution of hemicellulose, which facilitates the dissolution of lignin during alkaline extraction or peroxyacid treatment and improved the drainability of straw pulp. Maximum pentosan dissolution was observed in 80% acetic acid with 0.6% H2SO4 catalyst at 80 °C for 120 min. Acetic acid dissolved pentosan more slowly than formic acid. The catalytic activity of H2SO4 was higher than that of HCl with respect to pentosan dissolution from rice straw. The optimum pulp yields with the lowest kappa number and the highest pulp yield with the optimum kappa number were obtained with formic acid/peroxyformic acid and acetic acid/peroxyacetic acid pulping, respectively. Acetic or formic acid treated pulp did not produce a lower kappa number in alkaline extraction. Acetic acid/peroxyacetic acid pulping produces better pulp from rice straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doughs prepared from wheat flour by milling partially debranned grain with a 60% reduction of apparent xylanase activity levels compared with flours from whole kernels showed slowed solubilisation and degradation of arabinoxylans on refrigeration at 6 °C for up to 34 d. At the same time, dough syruping was effectively suppressed. The onset of syruping was delayed from 3 d to more than 16 d, and the rate of syrup development was slowed. In addition, the dough showed better retention of consistency. Loss of water-holding capacity due to degradation of arabinoxylans is considered to be one critical factor in the changed syruping behaviour of the refrigerated doughs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An in situ gelling, bioadhesive liquid formulation was developed to enhance the bioavailbility (BA) of a polysaccharide, pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). The formulation was tested to determine its bioavailability enhancement in a non-flush/non-ligated rat ileal model. A potent synergistic effect was found with a gelling agent Cremophor and a permeation enhancer sodium salicylate. The absolute bioavailabilities were 1.9%, 4.6%, 6.3% and 46.4%, respectively, for the PPS solution in saline, sodium salicylate/PPS, Cremophor/PPS and Cremophor/sodium salicylate/PPS. Therefore, we successfully demonstrated the approach of utilizing an in situ gelling/bioadhesive liquid carrier to enhancing the bioavailability of a hydrophilic macromolecule at the distal small intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of wheat pentosan and inulin on the metabolic activity of fecal microbiota and on bowel function were compared in healthy humans. In a parallel study 14 subjects consumed daily for three weeks 13 g of wheat pentosan or inulin baked in wheat bread. Activities of bacterial enzymes (β-glucuronidase, β-glucosidase, urease) and concentrations of bacterial metabolites (short chain fatty acids, phenol, p-cresol) in feces, bowel function and intestinal symptoms were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention period. Changes in most parameters studied were similar in subjects receiving pentosan or inulin bread, but pentosan increased total SCFA (P = 0.048) and butyrate (P = 0.009) concentrations in feces more than inulin. Pentosan also increased the occurrence of flatulence (P < 0.05). Pentosan appears to be more easily fermented than inulin, and due to the increase in the fecal butyrate concentration may have favourable effects on colonic health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Whole grains of soft-type wheat were polished from the surface layer to the center by 10% of the total weight using a modified rice-polisher. Qualities of classified flours from polishing wheat grain (PWG) and effect of pentosan in the flours of PWG (F-PWG) on breadmaking were determined. All the F-PWG contained larger amounts of dietary fiber and damaged starch, and showed higher diastatic activity than conventionally milled wheat flours of Hermes (hard-type) or Norin 61 (N61, soft-type). All kinds of F-PWG made harder or less moist dough from microscopic observations than Hermes or N61 did. The gluten matrix of F-PWG dough was distinctly not continuous in the presence of large dietary fiber, and the gluten sheet was clearly more discontinuous than those of Hermes and N61. Also, the gelatinization of starch in F-PWG during baking appeared to be more incomplete than that observed with Hermes or N61. However, additions of water-soluble and-insoluble pentosans obtained from the innermost fraction of F-PWG to N61 significantly improved the bread qualities. The improvements of bread quality and maturity of dough might be caused by the large amounts of pentosans and damaged starch in F-PWG. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Instant mixes for traditional foods, based on blends of rice and black gram flours, are widely available in the Indian subcontinent. However, no analytical methods are as yet reported to determine the blend composition. This work attempts to utilise differences in the pentosan content of rice (0.16%) and black gram (7.41%) as parameters to quantify the blend composition, using a modified bromate/bromide method. The validity of the method was confirmed by using model blends of rice and black gram flours. Analysis of market brands of such mixes using the method revealed that the premixes for idli, dosa, medu vada and papad flours contained black gram, ranging from 24.5 to 31.0, 28.0 to 31.35, 71.0 to 74.5 and 69.0 to 80.0%, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]