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This study examines whether the neighborhood effect on vulnerability to radicalization can be mitigated by the density and diversity of social service organizations. In this study, vulnerability to radicalization is composed of perceived discrimination, distrust of democracy, and authoritarianism. To this end, data from surveys conducted in the three German cities of Dortmund (n = 1,900), Bonn (n = 1,986), and Berlin (n = 2,060) is combined with data on social structure and the size, density, and heterogeneity of local social service organizations at the neighborhood level in hierarchical models. Although the findings show no clear preventive effects of organizational ecology on vulnerability to radicalization, they suggest that local social service organizations are more likely to be effective depending on the extent of local challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fatigue is a frequent somatic symptom impacting health and well-being and lately receiving increased attention as a long-term consequence of COVID-19. Emerging evidence suggests that persons afflicted with fatigue symptoms are often stigmatized and discriminated because their symptoms are still poorly understood and not recognizable to others. Existing stigma research mainly focused on specific medical conditions and domains and overlooked intersectional discrimination – the negative amplification effect of intersecting social identities. The purpose of the current study is to examine perceived discrimination in fatigue across different medical conditions and domains, also considering intersectional discrimination. Materials and methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were carried out with 19 patients with clinically significant fatigue, considering a variety of different social identities like gender, history of migration, and occupational status. The interviews were analyzed using a structured qualitative content approach with consensual coding. Results: The findings on perceived discrimination could be subsumed in eight practices: (nonverbal) communication, negative emotional reaction, medical treatment, leadership responsibility, structural barriers, diagnostic terminology, and scientific controversy. Participants reported overlapping experiences of perceived discrimination across several intertwined domains: medical setting, work, social, public, and at an overarching structural level. Thereby, especially discrimination in the medical setting and on structural level occurred with great impact on health care and social protection. By applying an intersectional approach, intersectional discrimination specific for certain stigmatized social identities, like female gender and low occupational status became apparent. Discussion: These findings need to be further researched and addressed in intervention strategies increasing resilience and public knowledge to reduce intersectional discrimination and health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The harmful effects of perceived discrimination for physical and mental health are well documented. Evidence identifies how dimensions of religious/spiritual (R/S) involvement may reduce these harmful effects. This study examined how R/S experiences are associated with the effects of discrimination on perceived stress. With data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), we examined the offsetting and buffering effects of daily spiritual experiences on the relationship between everyday discrimination and perceived stress among 2,221 US midlife women from 5 racial/ethnic groups. Regression analysis identified a positive association between perceived discrimination and perceived stress (p <.001). Daily spiritual experiences were inversely associated with perceived stress (p <.001) for the whole sample and in the subsample of Black women. For this subsample, there was an inverse association between daily spiritual experiences and discrimination. R/S experiences may be one of the ways that R/S reduce the harmful effects of discrimination on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An often overlooked aspect of intergroup relations is how people react to inclusion in a beneficial superordinate category. To examine this issue, we conducted four studies (N = 1,686) in Kosovo about the European Union (EU), using adult (Studies 1, 3, 4) and adolescent (Study 2) samples. We employed experimental designs (Studies 1, 3, 4) and a two-wave longitudinal design (Study 2). In Studies 1–3, we assessed ethnic identification before exposing participants to one of three experimental conditions: inclusion in the superordinate category, exclusion, or a control. Results showed that individuals with low ethnic identification perceived less discrimination (i.e., less unfair treatment), greater metahumanization (i.e., being seen as equal), and less collective victimhood (i.e., lower feelings of being unjustly targeted) in the inclusion condition compared to exclusion or control conditions, whereas those with high ethnic identification exhibited the opposite reactions regardless of condition. In Study 4, we assessed the need to belong to the EU and ethnic identification before exposing participants to similar conditions. Results showed that individuals with a high need to belong to the EU perceived less discrimination, greater metahumanization, and lower collective victimhood in the inclusion condition compared to other conditions, regardless of ethnic identification. This pattern also held for those with a low need to belong to the EU and low ethnic identification. However, it did not appear for those with a low need to belong to the EU and high ethnic identification, whose reactions to inclusion differed from those of participants in other conditions. These effects were mediated by collective victimhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assessed the moderating role of perceived discrimination on the association between same-race/ethnicity friends and negative ethnic-racial identity (ERI) affect among Asian, Black, and Latinx students of color over time. Diverse college students ages 18-25 (73.7% female) provided self-reports of same-race/ethnicity friends, racial discrimination, and negative ERI affect at the beginning of a semester (T1) and end of a semester 4 months later (T2). Results indicated that T1 discrimination was a significant moderator of the relations between T1 same-race/ethnicity friends and T2 negative ERI affect (controlling for T1 negative ERI affect). Specifically, having same-race/ethnicity friends predicted an decrease in negative ERI affect over time, but only when discrimination was low. When discrimination was high, the relation between same-ethnicity friends and negative ERI affect was not significant over time. In other words, discrimination acted as a disrupter of same-race/ethnicity friends being associated with a reduction in negative ERI affect over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses findings from a four year multisite study on how migrant youth in Melbourne, Toronto and Birmingham experienced and responded to racist encounters within the workplace. Firstly, we highlight through our research how regardless of time and place, examples of racist tropes and discriminatory language share similar features, embedded within colonial racial hierarchies, across the three contexts. Secondly, we discuss how young people made sense of such incidents and their decisions on whether to respond to the perceived discrimination they experienced. Adding to literature on young people and agency, we argue that participants’ decisions to respond to racism are nuanced and thought through, weighing up the “costs” of challenging racial stereotypes for maintaining relationships with colleagues from the white majority, and the impact this may have for career progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Discrimination poses a threat to the mental health of university students, especially those affected by social inequality, yet understanding its intersectional impact remains limited. This study examines the intersection of social inequalities with perceived discrimination to explore differences in mental health among students in Germany. Methods: Data from the cross-sectional project "Survey on study conditions and mental health of university students" (n = 14,592) were analysed using Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA). Depressive symptoms, cognitive stress symptoms, and exhaustion were examined across 48 intersectional strata based on gender, first academic generation, family care tasks, and perceived discrimination. Results: The MAIHDA analysis revealed substantial between strata variance, with most of it explained by additive rather than intersectional interaction effects. Perceived discrimination, diverse or female gender, first academic generation, and family care tasks (for exhaustion only) were associated with worse mental health outcomes. Conclusion: The profound associations between perceived discrimination and the mental health among university students call for urgent attention and intervention within university settings. Adopting an intersectional lens is key to identifying and addressing inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Amid escalating global antisemitism, particularly following the Hamas attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, this study addresses critical gaps in understanding the psychosocial impact of antisemitism on Jewish communities worldwide. Methods: Focusing on the Jewish community in Germany, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 420 Jewish individuals (mean age = 40.71 years, SD = 15.90; 57% female). Participants completed measures assessing four distinct forms of perceived and experienced antisemitism: everyday discrimination, microaggressions (subtle antisemitism and collective experiences such as encountering antisemitic comments on social media), vigilance against antisemitism, and perceived prevalence of antisemitism. Psychosocial outcomes—including depression, anxiety, subjective well-being, and social participation—were also measured. Data were analyzed using correlation analyses and multiple linear regressions, and Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) identified distinct groups based on shared perceptions and experiences of antisemitism and levels of Jewish identification. Results: Results indicate that experiences of antisemitism, particularly everyday discriminatory acts, were significantly associated with poorer mental health outcomes and reduced social participation. The LPA revealed three distinct groups, with the high-identity, high-antisemitism group (53% of the sample) reporting significantly higher anxiety levels than those with average identification and more rare experience with antisemitism. Discussion: These findings underscore the pervasive nature of antisemitism and its detrimental effects on the well-being of Jewish individuals. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to promote resilience within Jewish communities and calls for broader societal efforts to combat antisemitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While discrimination based on race, gender, and other factors is well-documented, the discrimination faced by left-handed individuals is often overlooked. To address this gap, a study developed the Perceived Handism Discrimination Scale (PHDS) to assess how left-handed people perceive discrimination related to their hand preference. The original questionnaire consisted of 20 items using a 7-point Likert scale and was evaluated by experts using Lawshe’s methodology. After refinement, the scale was reduced to 12 items, and further analysis through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with two separate samples (n=200 each) led to a final scale of 10 items clustered around two significant factors: cultural and individual dimensions of perceived handism discrimination. The PHDS demonstrated good psychometric properties, including reliability and statistical significance in factor analyses. However, the fit of the assumptions underlying EFA and CFA was not ideal, suggesting that further refinement is needed. Despite this, the PHDS represents a valuable tool for identifying perceived handism discrimination, ultimately aiming to inform policies that mitigate its effects in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research has examined whether accumulation of discrimination over time is associated with worse mental health and whether such experiences are related to socioeconomic status (SES). A sample of UK adults with self-reported discrimination experiences (n = 3863) was taken from three waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2015–2020). Multinomial logistic regression assessed associations between SES (income, education, occupation) and cumulative discrimination (number of timepoints discrimination was reported). Logistic regression models assessed prospective associations between cumulative discrimination and probable mental health problems (GHQ-12; 4+ threshold). Those with lower income were more likely to report discrimination at one timepoint (vs. none). No SES measures were associated with experiencing discrimination at multiple timepoints. Participants who reported one timepoint of discrimination (vs. no experiences) were significantly more likely to report probable mental health problems (OR = 1.47, p <.001, 95% CI 1.20–1.80). Moreover, compared to those experiencing one timepoint, participants reporting multiple timepoints of discrimination were significantly more likely to report probable mental health problems (OR = 1.46, p =.002, 95% CI 1.15–1.86), indicating a cumulative association between discrimination and mental health. There was limited evidence that SES moderated this cumulative association. Mental health measures were based on self-report questionnaires and not a clinical diagnosis. Amongst a sample of UK adults, perceiving discrimination at multiple timepoints increased the likelihood of experiencing probable mental health problems. There was limited evidence that this cumulative association differed by SES. National measures designed to reduce discrimination may benefit mental health. • Accumulation of discriminatory experiences over time were studied. • Odds of cumulative discrimination differ by some demographics, but not SES. • Cumulative discrimination is associated with worse mental health. • Limited evidence effect of cumulative discrimination on mental health differ by SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ageism, defined as stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination against people based on their age, has been shown to have unfavorable impacts on health. While discrimination has often been shown to negatively impact health, whether ageism might accelerate biological aging itself is unclear. Methods: We conducted secondary analyses of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2008, 2012, and 2016 waves). Ageism was estimated using self-perception of aging (SPA) and perceived age discrimination (PAD). Other types of discrimination (e.g., racism, sexism) were also considered. The Everyday Discrimination Scale was used to assess PAD and other types of discrimination. Biological aging was measured through homeostatic dysregulation (HD, n = 3,443, 2016 wave, six measures), epigenetic age (n = 1,484, 2016 wave, five measures), and telomere length (n = 1,981, 2008 wave). Biological aging measures were modeled as a function of ageism within and across waves. Results: Within waves, SPA score was associated with some elevated HD (e.g., β = 0.11, p < 0.001, quantified by 44 biomarkers) and epigenetic age indices (e.g., β = 0.61, p < 0.001, Hannum Epi Age). After controlling for comorbidities and social participation, these variables were no longer associated. Effects were similar but weaker in predicting 2016 biological aging from SPA in 2008 and 2012. PAD was not associated with biological aging measures, in contrast to other types of discrimination, which were. Conclusions: We found no consistent evidence linking ageism to biological aging status. Further research should investigate why; potentially, ageism has less time to become biologically embedded, compared to racism and sexism, which might be experienced throughout one’s life, but measurement challenges could also be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the popularity of the internet, cyberbullying has emerged as an increasingly serious social issue, particularly affecting college students' behavioral health. This study explores the relationship between perceived discrimination and cyberbullying, as well as the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of self-compassion (SC) in this relationship. Using a longitudinal design, data were collected from 892 Chinese college students (414 females, 478 males) in two waves spanning 1 year. The present study measured the compassionate self-responding (CS) and reduced uncompassionate self-responding (RUS) as the two dimensions of self-compassion. The study found that (1) perceived discrimination was significantly and positively correlated with cyberbullying (r = 0.085, p < 0.05); (2) self-esteem mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and cyberbullying (Indirect effect = 0.010, SE = 0.004, Boot 95% CI [0.003, 0.019]); (3) RUS moderated both the direct relationship between perceived discrimination and cyberbullying (b = −0.045, SE = 0.019, 95% CI [−0.082, −0.008]) as well as the indirect relationship through self-esteem (b = −0.081, SE = 0.033, 95% CI [−0.146, −0.015]). Simple slope analysis revealed that college students with high RUS exhibited less cyberbullying when facing discrimination, while those low in RUS were more likely to engage in cyberbullying. The SC exhibited similar moderating effects, but CS did not demonstrate significant moderating effects in those relationships. This study sheds light on the complex interplay between perceived discrimination, self-esteem, self-compassion, and cyberbullying and offers novel insights into the psychological mechanisms underlying cyberbullying among college students. The findings underscore the importance of interventions aimed at enhancing self-esteem and fostering self-compassion, particularly by addressing uncompassionate self-responding, as a strategy to prevent cyberbullying among disadvantaged college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the relationship between perceived discrimination and the sense of belonging among 354 Turkish adolescents in Germany and France. The research employs a cross-country comparative methodology. Firstly, it seeks to identify both the commonalities and disparities in the perceptions of discrimination and the sense of belonging to school among Turkish adolescents across diverse societies while considering demographic variables. Subsequently, it explores whether the perceived discrimination experienced by Turkish youth is related to their sense of belonging. According to results, among Turkish adolescents in both countries, perceived discrimination diminishes the sense of belonging to the school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A form of discrimination associated with international migration is workplace discrimination. This study focused on identifying discriminatory actions in working conditions, as perceived by Venezuelan immigrants residing in Cúcuta, La Parada and Los Patios (Colombia). The goal was to determine the measures employers could implement to reduce such discriminatory actions. A quantitative, non-probabilistic snowball sampling method was adopted, followed by a survey of 177 immigrants. An exploratory and descriptive analysis of the variables under study was conducted using multivariate analysis techniques of multiple correspondences with optimal scaling. The study also explored discrimination perceived by employed and unemployed immigrants, as well as by those who had been denied work during their job search. The study concluded that to address discrimination by employers, culture should be linked to ethics and corporate social responsibility, enabling organisations to successfully raise awareness among their staff, managers and those in charge of human resource management about non-discrimination policies, equal treatment and opportunities, from design to implementation, along with necessary monitoring by Labour Inspecting Offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Sexual minority individuals are at a higher risk of developing several negative health outcomes, such as substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. Meyer's minority stress theory is popularly employed to understand how social stigma and constructed sexual minority communities' unfriendly social conditions affect the health of sexual minority individuals. Based on heteronomativity, sexual minority individuals' desires or identities are silenced, ignored, denied, or labelled as abnormal. Therefore, they may develop tendencies toward self-denial or selfsuppression. These conditions lead to different types of minority stressors for sexual minorities. According to this theory, minority stressors include general, distal, and proximal stressors. However, Meyer suggested that sexual minority individuals develop resilience to buffer the influence of minority stressors. In summary, it is essential to investigate the relationships among perceived discrimination, resilience, internalized sexual stigma (ISS), rumination, and physical or psychological health among male sexual minority individuals. This study examined the joint and interactive effects of perceived discrimination and resilience on ISS, brooding rumination, and physical and psychological health among male sexual minorities in Taiwan. This study also examined the role of ISS and brooding rumination as mediators between perceived discrimination and health and resilience as a moderator of the relationship between perceived discrimination and ISS, rumination, and health. Methods This study administered a cross-sectional online survey distributed on social networking pages and sexual minority community groups between January and June 2021. The respondents were recruited through online advertisements and an online survey. This survey assessed discrimination using the Discrimination/Harassment subscale of the Daily Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire. ISS was measured using the short version of the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma for Lesbians and Gay Men. Further, brooding rumination was assessed using the short version of the Ruminative Response Scale. Furthermore, resilience was measured using the Resilience Scale, and health was assessed using four questions from a questionnaire designed to determine physical and mental health problems in sexual minority communities. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlations between distal and proximal minority stressors, brooding rumination, resilience, and health. We used a series of path analyses to test the relationships hypothesized in the moderated mediation model to determine the significance of the direct and indirect effects. Result A total of 242 male sexual minority individuals aged 18–70 years (M = 34.47, SD = 9.84) participated in this survey. The average Daily Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire score was 0.78 (out of 6). The average score on the Internalized Sexual Stigma is 2.57 (out of 5). Moreover, the average score on the Brooding Ruminative Response Scale's short version was 2,49 (out of 4). The average score on the resilience Scale was 5.17 (out of 7), and the average health score was 3.32 (out of 5), respectively. Regression analyses indicated that (1) discrimination experience, internalized sexual stigma, and rumination were negatively related to physical or psychological health, (2) resilience was positively related to physical or psychological health, (3) discrimination experience was positively related to internalized sexual stigma and rumination, and (4) resilience was negatively related to internalized sexual stigma and rumination. The mediating roles of internalized sexual stigma and rumination in the relationship between discrimination and health, as well as the moderating role of resilience, were partly significant. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that relationships among discrimination, resilience, internalized sexual stigma, rumination, and physical or psychological health among male sexual minorities did exist. The findings also showed that the mediators and moderators used to evaluate the effects of minority stress on health were useful. Some issues and suggestions were discussed to help mental health practitioners provide more appropriate services to male sexual minority individuals. Furthermore, culturally sensitive research in the field of sexual minority health is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial discrimination and the COVID-19 pandemic are important risk factors for negative mental health outcomes in children and adolescents, but few studies have examined the relation between these exposures and posttraumatic stress (PTS) in middle school students. The current study evaluated the association between pandemic exposure and perceived discrimination with PTS symptoms in a sample of 173 middle school students at-risk for aggression in the Southeastern United States. Results indicated that while stressful pandemic experiences and perceived discrimination were both related to increased PTS symptoms in Students of Color, these associations were not present in White students. Study findings are discussed in the context of mental health disparity surveillance, service delivery models, and structural interventions to address discrimination, pandemic exposure, and compounding risk factors. Impact Statement This study found that stressful pandemic-related experiences and racial discrimination were associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in Students of Color, but not in White students. Efforts to support racially/ethnically minoritized students in schools should address disparate impacts of racism and the COVID-19 pandemic on youth mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Race is a consequential sociocultural cue in healthcare contexts. Racism is associated with health disparities by influencing patient-provider communication and utilization of healthcare services. Objective: This study aimed to investigate how Asian American subgroups differ in their perception of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in healthcare settings and whether these perceptions predict their interactions with their health care providers and their utilization of healthcare services. Methods: An online survey study was conducted. ANOVA tests were employed to compare the differences in perceptions of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in the healthcare system among Filipino (N = 310), Japanese (N = 242), Chinese (N = 287), Asian Indian (N = 304), Korean (N = 199) and Vietnamese (N = 151) participants. Multiple regression analyses assessed whether perceptions of everyday racism, internalized racism, and perceived racism in the healthcare system predicted healthcare service utilization and patient-provider communication among the Asian subgroups sampled. Results: There were significant group differences in perceived everyday racism (F = 8.56, p <.001), internalized racism (F = 3.46, p <.01), perceived racism in healthcare (F = 4.57, p <.001). Perceptions of racism and socioeconomic variables were found to predict patient-provider communication and utilization of healthcare services disparately across various Asian subgroups. For instance, the perception of everyday racism was a significant predictor of patient-provider communication for each of the subgroups, excluding the Vietnamese participants. Internalized racism was a significant predictor only for Filipino and Chinese participants. Surprisingly, perceived racism in healthcare was not a predictor for any of the subgroups. Conclusion: Findings highlight the complex interplay of sociodemographic factors and perceived racism in shaping patient-provider communication and healthcare service utilization within the Asian American community. Implications are suggested for addressing the unique challenges faced by different Asian American subgroups and for promoting equitable healthcare access and fostering positive patient-provider relationships among the Asian American subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative effect of poverty on children's cognitive development has been proven, but few studies have examined the potential role of perceived poverty discrimination on poor children's cognitive development. This study investigated the effect of perceived discrimination on executive function, the mediating effect of self-esteem and the moderating effect of perceived social support among 711 children aged 8–13 (M = 9.97 years, SD = 1.19 years, girls: 48.80%) from a Chinese impoverished county. The results indicated that (1) perceived discrimination was negatively associated with children's executive function; (2) self-esteem partially mediated this association; and (3) perceived social support moderated the relation between perceived discrimination and children's self-esteem: high levels of perceived social support increased self-esteem for poor children with more perceived discrimination. The results suggested that self-esteem is a mechanism underlying the negative association between perceived discrimination and children's executive function and perceived social support plays a protective moderating role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Unmet oral health needs remain a significant issue among immigrant adolescents, often exacerbated by experiences of racial discrimination. This study aimed to examine the associations between perceived discrimination and oral health behaviours in adolescents with immigrant backgrounds and explore the potential moderating role of resilience on this association. Methods: Ethical approval for this cross-sectional study was obtained from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board. Participants were 12 to 18-year-old adolescents from immigrant backgrounds. Participants were recruited through nine community organizations using a snowball sampling technique. After obtaining active parental consent and assent from the adolescent, the participants completed a questionnaire covering demographics, oral health behaviours, and perceived racial discrimination and resilience. Perceived racial discrimination and resilience were measured using validated scales. Descriptive statistics summarized variables. Logistic regression assessed associations, controlling for confounding factors. Resilience's moderating impact was analyzed via the interaction model of regression analysis. Results: In this cross-sectional study of 316 participants, average age of 15.3 (SD = 1.9) years, and a median age of 15 years (Inter Quartile Range-12-18), 76% reported discrimination experiences. Adjusted analysis showed that an increase of one unit in the total discrimination distress score was associated with 51% less likelihood of categorizing self-rated oral health as good (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29–0.81). The odds of brushing teeth more than twice a day, as opposed to once a day, decreased by 58% with one unit increase in the total discrimination distress score (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25–0.71). The odds of visiting the dentist for an urgent procedure instead of a regular check-up were 2.3 times higher with a unit increase in the total discrimination distress score (OR = 2.3: 95% CI:1.3–4.0) Resilience did not moderate the observed association. Conclusion: Perceived racial discrimination was associated with the pattern for dental attendance, tooth brushing frequency, and self-rated oral health. Resilience did not moderate the observed association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated shame-proneness as a moderating risk factor within the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes. Moderation across race, gender, and race-by-gender intersections was also examined. Method: Bayesian analysis was employed to examine moderation among African, Latinx, and Asian descent college students (N = 295). Results: Shame-proneness had a moderating role contingent on participants' social identities. Higher shame-proneness moderated the discrimination–anxiety relationship for the African American sample and African American women and moderated the discrimination–depression relationship for African American women and men, respectively. Conclusions: The present study advances our understanding of the association between discrimination and negative mental health outcomes. African American participants with high shame-proneness were uniquely impacted by discrimination. Researchers, clinicians, and university officials are encouraged to develop culturally informed interventions and services to support this population. Public Significance Statement: This study advances the understanding of discrimination's negative impact on mental health. According to the findings, a greater tendency to experience shame worsened discrimination's effect on mental health. Importantly, this was truer for African American college students and less supported for Latinx and Asian or Asian American college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the existence of perceived discrimination as a covert form of discrimination present in the workplace and its relationship to age and gender in the context of the UK financial services industry. Design/methodology/approach: This study used and validated the Workplace Age Discrimination Scale (WADS) to identify perceived age and gender discrimination in the workplace. The study used the results from WADS quantitative survey of 168 financial services industry employees to measure the extent of perceived age discrimination. Findings: This study evidences that in the organisations researched there is a higher degree of perceived discrimination for younger workers which significantly decreases with age, while perceived gender discrimination in women is constant throughout their careers. Originality/value: This research paper proves that the concept of perceived discrimination as a covert form of discrimination regardless of age or gender is present in the UK financial services industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Loneliness is a common emotional experience among international students that can affect their mental health, cultural adaptation, and academic development. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between a sense of power and loneliness among international students, and to examine the mediating role of loneliness stigma and perceived discrimination. Methods The study used the generalized sense of power scale, experiences with discrimination scale, stigma loneliness scale (SLS), and UCLA loneliness scale-6 (ULS -6) for 529 international students in China. The study conducted descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and chain mediation model test on the obtained data using SPSS 20.0 and PROCESS v4.0. Results The sense of power was significantly negatively related to perceived discrimination, and loneliness stigma, with the result that loneliness, and perceived discrimination, loneliness stigma, and loneliness were significantly positively related. The sense of power can directly affect international students’ loneliness (β = -0.167, t = -4.298, p

Abstract According to recent polling, many individuals perceive that universities may limit the freedom of speech of students who hold certain political views. Whereas research has shown that university members who perceive political hostility are more likely to self-censor, few studies have examined how perceived political discrimination affects students’ self-censorship. Thus, this study explored whether perceived political discrimination felt by college students predicts self-censorship in university settings. In Study 1 (N = 163), we found that students who perceived more frequent discrimination reported more self-censorship, regardless of political orientation. In Study 2 (N = 169), we found that Republican students, but not Democrat or Independent students, who believed that they were political minorities at their university were more likely to self-censor if they perceived political discrimination. These findings provide insights into the ongoing discussions about academic freedom and freedom of speech.

Abstract Background Caring for autistic children becomes challenging and may lead to negative psychological outcomes, even increasing the suicide risk (SR). Researchers have studied the SR among parents of autistic children in Western nations, but little is known about it in China and how it relates to perceived discrimination (PD), affiliate stigma (AS), and social alienation (SA). The current study aimed to reveal the SR prevalence rate among Chinese parents of autistic children, and clarify whether AS and SA may play mediating roles in the association between SR and PD. Methods A total of 645 Chinese parents of autistic children were recruited to complete a series of scales to evaluate SR, SA, AS, and PD using the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Perceived Discrimination Scale for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (PDS-FP), Affiliate Stigma Scale (ASS), and General Social Alienation Scale (GSAS), respectively. Then, the SR prevalence rate among Chinese parents of autistic children was evaluated; and the multiple mediation analysis and structural equation modeling with the bootstrap method were conducted to test the mediating effects of AS and SA in the association between SR and PD. Results 34.6% Chinese parents of autistic children had high SR. In particular, the incidence rate of suicide ideation, suicide plans, suicide attempts, and suicide likelihood during the previous year were 49.8%, 11.9%, 2.5%, and 13.8%, respectively. Additionally, PD was positively associated with SR (r = .40, p

Abstract Background Discrimination may further impede access to medical care for individuals in socially disadvantaged positions. Sociodemographic information and perceived discrimination intersect and define multiple contexts or strata that condition the risk of refraining from seeking physician’s care. By applying analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) we aimed to improve the mapping of risk by considering both strata average risk differences and the accuracy of such strata risks for distinguishing between individuals who did or did not refrain from seeking physician’s care. Methods We analysed nine annual National Public Health Surveys (2004, 2007–2014) in Sweden including 73,815 participants. We investigated the risk of refraining from seeking physician’s care across 64 intersectional strata defined by sex, education, age, country of birth, and perceived discrimination. We calculated strata-specific prevalences and prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to evaluate the discriminatory accuracy (DA). Results Discriminated foreign-born women aged 35–49 with a low educational level show a six times higher risk (PR = 6.07, 95% CI 5.05–7.30) than non-discriminated native men with a high educational level aged 35–49. However, the DA of the intersectional strata was small (AUC = 0.64). Overall, discrimination increased the absolute risk of refraining from seeking physician’s care, over and above age, sex, and educational level. Conclusions AIHDA disclosed complex intersectional inequalities in the average risk of refraining from seeking physician’s care. This risk was rather high in some strata, which is relevant from an individual perspective. However, from a population perspective, the low DA of the intersectional strata suggests that potential interventions to reduce such inequalities should be universal but tailored to the specific contextual characteristics of the strata. Discrimination impairs access to healthcare.

Black women (BW) experience age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates that are 40% higher than White women. Although, screening rates for breast cancer are similar between White and Black women, differences in mammography utilization exist among women with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Moreover, perceived everyday discrimination (PED) has been shown to have an inverse relationship on health screening behavior among BW. However, mammography behaviors of BW with low SES, who also report higher levels of PED, is not well known. This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived discrimination, SES, and mammography behavior. Participants were recruited between 2020 and 2022 through the Bench to Community Initiative, a community-based participatory research study, and completed a 41-item survey. Logistic regression was used to test the associations of mammography utilization with PED (assessed by a shortened version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale), SES, and race/ethnicity. Most participants (77%) identified as BW (African American, African, and Caribbean) followed by White (17%) and other groups (6%). Many respondents (87%) had health insurance; 67% reported having had a mammogram; and 41% were breast cancer survivors. Most respondents (63%) had a college education and income between $51,000 and $75,000. In an initial logistic regression model, race/ethnicity, income, and PED significantly predicted mammography behavior (χ2 (8) = 45.464, p <.01). In an additional stepwise logistic regression model that controlled for a history of breast cancer, race/ethnicity, income, PED, and education accounted for 35% of mammogram screening behavior (χ2 (12) = 112.410, p <.01). Race/ethnicity, income, education, and PED were associated with mammography behavior. Addressing these social determinants of health factors may improve our understanding of ways discrimination leaves BW vulnerable to disparate health outcomes, including breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceived racism is the subjective experience one has regarding racism, which may come in the form of blatant discrimination or microaggressions. This study investigated and compared the relations of perceived blatant discrimination and microaggression to university students' well-being (physical and psychological health, academic adjustment), and how the associations may be influenced by racial/ethnic identity and self-esteem. A self-report survey from racial/ethnic minority university students showed that higher perceived racism was associated with higher stress levels, more somatic symptoms, and worse academic adjustment. Microaggression showed larger negative impact than blatant discrimination. Racial/ethnic identity showed complex effects—a large positive effect by promoting self-esteem and a modest negative effect by intensifying the perception of microaggression. Self-esteem was strongly associated with well-being, yet it also exacerbated the negative association between microaggression and academic adjustment. These findings suggest that racism—microaggression in particular—harm racial/ethnic minority university students in multiple aspects, and that racial/ethnic identity and self-esteem are primarily protective factors, yet mechanisms leading to negative outcomes also exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In explaining national identity as an indicator of subjective belonging to the nation-state, researchers have examined factors such as occupational structure, economic discrimination, competition, and political recognition. However, the influence of cultural factors has often been neglected. By investigating the moderating effect of Shia and Sunni rituals on national identification, I find that the nature of rituals significantly influences the strength of national identity among subordinate ethnic groups. In Shia culture, the solidarity generated through ritual practices extends into national identity, fostering the formation of a confessional supra-identity. In contrast, rituals centered on personal piety in Sunni Islam do not produce the same effect. I propose a theory of interethnic solidarity based on ritual processes. A qualitative analysis of the cases of Turkey and Iran shows that in Turkey, the absence of cross-ethnic ties forged through less intense rituals leads to weaker national identity among Sunni Kurds and higher perceived ethnic discrimination. In Iran, however, the frequent practice of interactive rituals that transcend ethnic boundaries strengthens national identity among Shia ethnic minorities and reduces perceived ethnic discrimination. This research underscores how communal, intensive rituals play a key role in explaining variations in national identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research documents extensive Islamophobia and discrimination against Muslims in the United States. The current study seeks to better understand the discrimination experienced by Muslims and its mental health consequences in comparison to that experienced within a general sample of Americans. Using data from an original national survey of 700 American adults and an oversample of 300 Muslims, our analyses indicate elevated levels of perceived discrimination among Muslims (both White and non-White), relative to White non-Muslims, and comparable to that experienced by non-Muslim racial/ethnic minorities. Furthermore, Muslims report higher rates of depressive symptoms than Christians and non-religious individuals, and this mental health disparity is fully explained by Muslims' greater perceived discrimination. These findings suggest that the racialization of Muslims in the United States is a public health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study is guided by Beck's cognitive stress-vulnerability model of depression. We examined the associations between perceived everyday discrimination (PED) and TNF-⍺, an inflammatory biomarker associated with risk for severe illness, through the negative cognitive triad (NCT; negative thoughts about the self, world, and future) and depressive symptoms in adolescents. We utilized a sample of 99 adolescents (36.4% female; ages 13–16, M = 14.10, SD = 0.52) in our cross-sectional study. We used PROCESS and AMOS to compute regressions and direct, indirect, and total effects of PED, NCT aspects and depressive symptoms on TNF-⍺. Negative views of the self and world mediated between PED and depressive symptoms and that negative views of the self and future mediated between PED and TNF-⍺. In conclusion, Beck's theory can be expanded to physical health providing directions for addressing mental and physical health simultaneously by restructuring adolescents' negative view of the self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between perceived discrimination and social adaptation of migrant workers' children, as well as the mediating role of sense of alienation and the moderating role of psychological capital. A multi‐stage‐multi‐source longitudinal study design was adopted. A total of 423 Chinese migrant workers' children (Mage = 13.36, Female ratio = 39.48%) were recruited, and sample data were collected at three time points for 6 months. The results indicated that the interpersonal alienation played a mediating role between discriminatory perception and social adaptation. Psychological capital moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and interpersonal alienation. Compared to participants with high psychological capital, interpersonal alienation played a stronger mediating role between perceived discrimination and social adaptation among those with low psychological capital. Perceived discrimination could reduce the level of social adaptation of migrant workers' children through interpersonal alienation. The social adaptation of migrant workers' children could be improved by improving the level of psychological capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the improvements in the rights of LGBTIQ+ groups, gay men continue to confront prejudice and discrimination in various areas of life, whose effects harm their well-being. Turkey is one of the countries where prejudice and discrimination are high and pervasive. This study tests the possible mediating role of ingroup identification (i.e. satisfaction, solidarity, salience, importance, individual self-stereotyping, ingroup homogeneity), as proposed by the rejection-identification model (RIM), in the negative relationship between perceived discrimination and well-being in a sample of 496 Turkish gay men. Results indicated that identity salience mediated the links from perceived personal discrimination to negative affect and psychological well-being, but the mediating effects were contrary to predictions of the RIM. As for the direct effects, perceived personal discrimination predicted all four outcomes of well-being (i.e. psychological well-being, positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction), whereas perceived group discrimination only predicted negative affect. The results mark the context-dependent nature of the model and are discussed considering the literature regarding the RIM and minority stress theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although people of Asian descent are the fastest-growing ethno-racial group in the United States, there has been limited research on how racialized experiences are related to their civic engagement behaviors. This study examines how perceived racial discrimination relates to political and community civic engagement among people of Asian descent living in California. Analyzing novel data from the 2021 California Health Interview Survey, we find that after the onset of COVID-19 people of Asian descent showed both the sharpest rise in perceived racial discrimination and the lowest level of civic engagement among all ethno-racial groups in California. Moreover, perceived racial discrimination was significantly associated with political engagement but not with community engagement among people of Asian descent. Finally, people of Asian descent showed some unique dynamics in comparison with other minoritized groups. We discuss the implications of these findings for nonprofit and voluntary sector research on the racialization of civic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women remain under‐represented in emergency medicine in Hong Kong, but the role of gender‐based discrimination and harassment in this disparity is unexplored. Objective: To investigate gender‐based discrimination, work experiences and harassment among emergency physicians in Hong Kong. Methods: A cross‐sectional online survey was conducted among fellows and trainees of the Hong Kong College of Emergency Medicine. The survey included the Overt Gender Discrimination at Work (OGDW) scale, gender‐differentiated experiences, burnout and career intentions. Results: Of 708 eligible participants, 236 (33.3%) responded. Female physicians reported significantly higher OGDW scores (median 13 vs. 8 and p < 0.001). 21.3% of women reported sexual harassment compared to 2.7% of men. Women were also more significantly likely to experience gender‐differentiated experiences including receiving gender‐based career advice, experiencing patient bias and feeling excluded. Female physicians were more likely to have seriously considered leaving the speciality (44.3% vs. 27.9% and p = 0.015). Both genders reported similar levels of burnout. Qualitative responses highlighted issues of mistaken identity, workplace discrimination and challenges in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Conclusion: Female emergency physicians in Hong Kong face higher levels of perceived discrimination, more frequent gender‐differentiated experiences and are more likely to consider leaving the speciality. Targeted interventions are needed to address gender disparities, improve reporting mechanisms for harassment and promote equity in emergency medicine. Future research should explore the impact of these experiences on physician well‐being and career trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Donor selection questions differentially impacting ethnic minorities can discourage donation directly or via negative word‐of‐mouth. We explore the differential impact of two blood safety questions relating to (i) sexual contacts linked to areas where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rates are high and (ii) travelling to areas where malaria is endemic. Epidemiological data are used to assess infection risk and the need for these questions. Materials and Methods: We report two studies. Study 1 is a behavioural study on negative word‐of‐mouth and avoiding donation among ethnic minorities (n = 981 people from National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) and the general population: 761 were current donors). Study 2 is an epidemiology study (utilizing NHSBT/UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) surveillance data on HIV‐positive donations across the UK blood services between1996 and 2019) to assess whether the sexual risk question contributes to reducing HIV risk and whether travel deferral was more prevalent among ethnic minorities (2015–2019). Studies 1 and 2 provide complementary evidence on the behavioural impact to support policy implications. Results: A high proportion of people from ethnic minorities were discouraged from donating and expressed negative word‐of‐mouth. This was mediated by perceived racial discrimination within the UK National Health Service. The number of donors with HIV who the sexual contact question could have deferred was low, with between 8% and 9.3% of people from ethnic minorities deferred on travel compared with 1.7% of White people. Conclusion: Blood services need to consider ways to minimize negative word‐of‐mouth, remove questions that are no longer justified on evidence and provide justification for those that remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women's ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows the impact of cultural stressors (e.g. perceived discrimination, bicultural stressors, negative context of reception) on adolescents' psychosocial outcomes. Given the presence of multiple cultural stressors in many Hispanic adolescents' lives, it is essential to examine the (a) developmental sequencing of cultural stressors among recent immigrant youth and (b) predictive effects of cultural stressors on adolescents' psychosocial outcomes. We employed a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model to examine the longitudinal interplay among cultural stressors and their effects on youth outcomes using longitudinal data with six waves among 302 recently immigrated Hispanic adolescents (47% girls, Mage = 14.51, SD =.88). We observed bidirectional within‐person relations and between‐person associations among cultural stressors. At the within‐person level, bidirectional cross‐lagged effects emerged between perceived discrimination and bicultural stress, between perceived discrimination and negative context of reception, and between negative context of reception and bicultural stress. At the between‐person level, bidirectional cross‐lagged effects emerged only between perceived discrimination and bicultural stressors. Our findings indicate that cultural stressors explain heterogeneity in psychosocial outcomes: self‐esteem was inversely predicted by all cultural stressors, whereas depressive symptoms were predicted only by perceived discrimination. In addition, optimism was predicted only by bicultural stressors, and externalizing behavior was predicted by both bicultural stressors and perceived discrimination. These results suggest that the longitudinal relationships among cultural stressors are (partly) bidirectional. Additionally, cultural stressors demonstrated differential predictive effects on psychosocial outcomes, indicating the added value of considering multiple cultural stressors and their longitudinal effects on adolescents' psychosocial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent polling, many individuals perceive that universities may limit the freedom of speech of students who hold certain political views. Whereas research has shown that university members who perceive political hostility are more likely to self-censor, few studies have examined how perceived political discrimination affects students' self-censorship. Thus, this study explored whether perceived political discrimination felt by college students predicts self-censorship in university settings. In Study 1 (N = 163), we found that students who perceived more frequent discrimination reported more self-censorship, regardless of political orientation. In Study 2 (N = 169), we found that Republican students, but not Democrat or Independent students, who believed that they were political minorities at their university were more likely to self-censor if they perceived political discrimination. These findings provide insights into the ongoing discussions about academic freedom and freedom of speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has found that many individuals who believe they have experienced discrimination do not report the incident to a relevant authority figure. Much of this research has focused on gender- and race-based discrimination, with relatively little research examining religion-based discrimination. Using data from a representative sample of U.S. adults, this research note examines the rate of reporting religious discrimination to authorities and the reasons given for non-reporting. Our analysis finds that only 13 percent of individuals perceiving religious discrimination report the experience to a relevant authority figure. The most common reason for non-reporting is a belief that nothing could be done, although the reasons given for non-reporting depend in part on the specific context or type of discrimination experienced. Moreover, relative to Christians, Muslims are significantly more likely to attribute their non-reporting to a belief that nothing could be done and a fear of personal risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how Chinese migrants in Singapore navigate their overseas lives through social media use. Survey data collected from Chinese migrants reveals that social media use serves as a double-edged sword: while it is positively associated with migrants' life satisfaction, it also heightens their perception of online discrimination. Furthermore, results also suggest an essential role of self-esteem: elevated self-esteem correlates with improved life satisfaction and a decrease in online perceived discrimination. Besides, self-esteem can moderate the relationships between social media use and both life satisfaction and online perceived discrimination. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual orientation discrimination increases the risks of negative health outcomes for sexual minorities. Previous studies have found increased rates of eating disorder symptoms in sexual minority individuals, which is attributable to minority stress and discrimination that they experience. Emerging research suggests relationships between sexual orientation discrimination and eating disorder symptoms. However, there is a lack of studies focusing on early adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine prospective associations between discrimination based on sexual orientation and eating disorder symptoms in a national sample of 10–13-year-old early adolescents in the U.S. Methods: We examined prospective data from Year 2 (2018–2020) and Year 3 (2019–2021) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 8976). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between self-reported experiences of sexual orientation discrimination in Year 2 and eating disorder symptoms in Year 3, adjusting for potential confounders, including eating disorder symptoms in Year 2. Sexual orientation discrimination was assessed based on the Perceived Discrimination Scale, which measures adolescents' perception of being treated unfairly based on various sociodemographic characteristics. Eating disorder symptoms were based on the parent-reported Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-5). Results: In this demographically diverse sample of early adolescents (N = 8976, age range 10–13 years at Year 2), 5.5% of adolescents reported sexual orientation discrimination in Year 2. The prevalence of parent-reported eating disorder symptoms in Year 3 varied from 1.0 to 8.3%. In the adjusted models, sexual orientation discrimination was prospectively associated with worry about weight gain (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–4.69) and self-worth tied to weight (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.01–2.53) one year later. Conclusions: Early adolescents who have experienced sexual orientation discrimination have higher odds of experiencing eating disorder symptoms, particularly worrying about weight gain and tying self-worth to weight. Clinicians may consider screening for sexual orientation discrimination and providing affirmative, trauma-informed care when evaluating and treating even younger sexual minority adolescents for eating disorder symptoms. Plain language summary: Sexual orientation discrimination increases the likelihood of adverse health effects for sexual minorities. Prior research has identified increased rates of eating disorder symptoms among sexual minority individuals, linked to minority stress and discrimination they endure. Although recent studies suggest associations between sexual orientation discrimination and eating disorder symptoms, there is a gap in research concerning early adolescents. In this large, demographically diverse, national study of 8,976 adolescents aged 10–13 years, we found that early adolescents who have experienced sexual orientation discrimination are more likely to worry about weight gain and tie their self-worth to weight one year later. These findings support the Minority Stress Theory, which describes how discrimination, stigmatization, and internalized negative beliefs may contribute to worse mental health outcomes and maladaptive health behaviors, including eating disorder symptoms. Clinicians can screen for sexual orientation discrimination and provide affirmative, equity-focused care when evaluating even younger sexual minority patients for eating disorder symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectivesMethodResultsConclusionDiscrimination is associated with worse cognitive outcomes, but research is urgently needed to identify modifiable psychosocial resources that may buffer the impact of discrimination on cognition. Purpose in life is one such resource associated with positive health outcomes. However, it is unclear whether purpose in life may buffer the relationship between discrimination and cognition among older adults.We drew a sample of 22,369 adults aged 51 and older in the 2006 to 2020 waves of the nationally-representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Multilevel mixed models assessed whether (1) measures of everyday discrimination and purpose in life and (2) a purpose in life x discrimination interaction term were associated with cognition.Discrimination was associated with poorer cognitive functioning, both on its own and when controlling for purpose in life. Likewise, purpose in life was significantly associated with better cognitive functioning, with and without controlling for discrimination. Results also indicated that purpose in life significantly moderated the association between discrimination and cognitive functioning (b = 0.05, p = 0.01).Findings underscore the importance of psychosocial resources that may serve as stress-buffering mechanisms and protect older adults’ cognitive health. Future research is needed to clarify the biobehavioral mechanisms that may underlie this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside the aging population, ageism toward older adults has been observed in various contexts, including the care of older adults. This study focuses on institutional ageism, in health contexts and aims to assert the psychometric capabilities of the IAPHe scale with professionals who work directly with older adults. Two hundred and forty professionals who work with older adults (223 women), from 21 to 65 years old (M = 37.97 years old; SD = 11.72) participated in the present study. The IAPHe scale has 18 items, which describe ageist situations. A confirmatory factorial analysis for the scale’s internal structure indicates the presence of three dimensions of institutional ageism evaluated by the IAPHe scale: 1) Perceived Direct Discrimination, 2) Perceived Indirect Discrimination, and 3) Perceived Discriminatory Communication. The analysis of correlations between the total and the scale domains with other variables highlights the importance of scholarity and specific training about aging to the perceived level of institutional ageism, with higher levels reported by professionals with higher educational levels and training about aging. The IAPHe scale thus presents itself as a good measure for institutional ageism assessment with professionals who work directly in the care of older adults. Assessing ageism is the first step toward developing effective interventions to reduce ageist practices and improve older adults’ well-being and quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Based on the Just World Theory (JWT) and Worldview Verification Theory (WVT), we conducted two studies to investigate whether a belief in a just world for the self (BJW-self) moderates the relationship between perceived discrimination against older adults (ageism) and self-esteem in a sample of South Koreans older adults. Methods: In Study 1, we collected survey data from 304 South Koreans aged 65 and older using the scales of perceived ageism, BJW-self, and self-esteem. In Study 2, we randomly assigned 140 South Koreans aged 65 and older to read one of two articles: one describing ageism as pervasive or one describing ageism as rare. Results: Study 1 revealed that perceived ageism negatively correlated with self-esteem at low levels of BJW-self than at high levels of BJW-self. In Study 2, older adults who were told that ageism is pervasive had lower self-esteem than those who were told that ageism is rare, but this difference was greater for those who rejected BJW-self than for those who endorsed BJW-self. Discussion: The results support the notion of the JWT that BJW-self mitigates the deleterious effects of perceived ageism on self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the history of racialized transgressions towards Black adults in the United States and the legacy of forgiveness towards White people despite these transgressions, the current studies examined whether forgivingness is implicated within Black adults’ tendency to engage in activism as a response to discrimination. Study 1 (n = 250) demonstrated that Black adults who reported greater everyday experiences of discrimination were more likely to engage in activism. However, this association was moderated by forgivingness, as it was stronger for those higher on forgivingness. Study 2 (n = 223) asked participants to imagine a potentially racially-charged transgression (a police stop), and then assessed their reactions to the event. Again, forgivingness played a moderating role, insofar that for Black adults higher on forgivingness, the association between perceived discrimination and activist identity was stronger. This research suggests that forgivingness plays a nuanced role in the promotion of activism among marginalized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]