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In the present research, cognitive ability was segmented into five distinct faculties: memory, representational, information processing, logical reasoning, and thinking conversion. The strength of a person's cognitive ability affects the effectiveness of his or her knowledge acquisition and the efficiency of learning. The influence of these five faculties on academic performance was meticulously examined. Utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM), the mediating role of perseverance in the relationship between cognitive ability and academic performance was explored. Additionally, the intervening influence of self-discipline on this mediation was probed, positioning self-discipline as a moderating variable. Findings revealed a pronounced positive correlation between cognitive capability and academic performance. Perseverance was discerned to act as a partial mediator in this relationship. Notably, the moderation of self-discipline was salient in the initial phase of this mediation, suggesting that as self-discipline levels augment, the influence of cognitive ability on perseverance intensifies. Consequently, in scenarios of elevated self-discipline, the mediation becomes more robust, validating the moderated mediation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the development activities of SuperCam Calibration Target, target intended for one of the two first Raman instruments to be deployed on another planetary body, our group developed a laboratory instrument that could simulate to some extent the Raman capabilities of one of such instruments and could provide data with similar quality. The use of this kind of laboratory instruments has demonstrated its utility in the evaluation of potential calibration targets or anticipating the science outcome that an instrument could provide. The present work describes our laboratory setup to support SuperCam, evaluating similarities between both instruments, despite of differences in the hardware. Evaluation of data gathered by SuperCam on Mars and the availability of one replica of SuperCam's Calibration Target allowed the comparison on the same set of targets, demonstrating how similar Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) could be achieved from both instruments. The higher energy per pulse on SimulCam is compensated by a greater analytical footprint and the use of smaller collection optics. The results show how spectra obtained at representative distances of SuperCam are comparable. Operational principles are also comparable in terms of time resolution, and close in terms of spectral resolution. This similarity has allowed different science support works using SimulCam data, as well as the support to Mars detections using our setup. We provide examples of this support that will be shared with the community in different papers, as well as examples of possible operations activities that could benefit from experiments performed with SimulCam. We show how this setup can complement the two laboratory replicas in Los Alamos and Toulouse in providing support data to different experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of abilities beyond cognitive skills, including motivation, effort, and perseverance, plays an important role in shaping one's prospects in the labor market and overall life outcomes. However, little is known about the role of education in improving these abilities, especially among teenagers for whom they are observed to be particularly malleable. We address two questions: can remedial educational interventions improve perseverance during adolescence? And, can we expect heterogeneous effects by gender? We take advantage of an education program for under-performing secondary school students implemented in Spain, and we consider testing behaviors and, in particular test endurance, as a measure of perseverance. We find that the program had a substantial positive effect on test endurance, with effects ranging from 0.04 to 0.05 of one standard deviation. This effect is particularly pronounced for girls, where the corresponding figure is 0.09 of one standard deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative emotions following failure often lead to goal disengagement and have been a major focus of previous research. However, there has been limited research on how to enhance individuals' positive emotions following academic failure to promote their pursuit of goals. Two studies were conducted to address this issue. In Study 1, we used a 2 social comparison × 2 perseverance group to explore whether different levels of perseverance and various social comparison targets influenced happiness and gratitude after an anticipated exam failure. The results showed that participants exhibited lower levels of gratitude when comparing themselves to others than when no comparisons were made. However, social comparison did not affect happiness. Furthermore, individuals with high levels of perseverance reported experiencing greater happiness when their friends succeeded than when strangers succeeded. Study 2 extended this investigation to both contexts of anticipated and actual exam failures. The results for happiness were consistent with Study 1. In addition, individuals with high levels of perseverance expressed higher levels of gratitude following an actual exam failure when strangers succeeded than when their friends succeeded. These findings indicated that emotional responses to exam failure are influenced by both the target of comparison and individual traits during the social comparison process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We distinguish between goal‐specific value, which refers to the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits associated with a particular goal ("value derived from the goal"), and goal‐generic value, which refers to the benefits associated with having, pursuing, or completing a goal in general ("value derived from a goal"). Motivation theory and research have traditionally, if tacitly, sought to explain decision‐making (e.g., What to prioritize? How much to invest?) based on goal‐specific value. But several goal‐related decision regularities are not easily explained by accounting for goal‐specific value alone, such as online workers choosing a lower‐paying assignment (over a higher‐paying assignment) if it allows them to complete the last step in a sequence and college students electing to do more work sooner (rather than less work later) if it provides them closure. Accounting for goal‐generic value—such as the positive experiences of purpose, progress, closure, and accomplishment—offers additional insight into people's decisions. More generally, auditing goals in a way that accounts for both goal‐specific value and goal‐generic value is crucial for understanding goal pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research aims to investigate perseverance and daily affect as antecedents of daily vigor at work. Furthermore, this research examines whether relational conflict acts as a cross-level moderator that influences the association between employees' daily affect and daily vigor at work. Design/methodology/approach: Using the experience sampling method (ESM), this research collected data twice a day over 10 workdays with a sample of 103 restaurant employees in China. Findings: The results of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses show that perseverance and daily positive affect were positively related to daily vigor at work. The association between daily negative affect and daily vigor at work was nonsignificant. Moreover, relational conflict attenuated the relationship between daily positive affect and daily vigor at work and strengthened the association between daily negative affect and daily vigor at work. Originality/value: This research adds to the literature on the antecedents of vigor by revealing how perseverance and daily affect impact daily vigor at work. By investigating relational conflict as a moderator, this research highlights the important role of interpersonal relationships in shaping the relationship between daily affect and daily vigor at work. The use of the ESM helps to enhance the ecological validity of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental toughness (MT) is an important predictor of athletic performance with a growing number of studies examining the effects of MT on athletic performance. However, there is a lack of clear understanding regarding the exact effects. Therefore, we aimed to synthesise the extant literature regarding the MT-athletic performance effect by systematic review and meta-analysis. Using related keywords of mental toughness, sport, and performance, we searched ten major academic databases from January 2000 to August 2022. Results found that the 16 studies we examined showed moderate to high publication quality, moderate heterogeneity, low sensitivity, and low publication bias. Furthermore, using a random effect estimate-r, we found a moderate to a high correlation between MT and athletic performance, yielding an overall effect size of r = 0.36. Moreover, we found the MT-athletic performance relationship was moderated by age group (r = 0.20 for adolescents and r = 0.41 for adults); sports category (r = 0.73 for combat sports, r = 0.30 for ball sports, and r = 0.32 for endurance sports); sports type (r = 0.73 for individual sports and r = 0.21 for team sports); athletic performance measure (r = 0.33 for objective measure and r = 0.62 for subjective measure); and measure of MT (r = 0.56 for MTQ group, r = 0.32 for PPI-A group, r = 0.33 for MTI group, and r = 0.13 for others). We thus concluded that MT is a broad and multi-factored concept with diverse components in measures. We suggested future studies continuously examining the MT-athletic performance effect with updated measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern inlet channel to Jezero crater (Sava Vallis) terminates in a fan‐shaped depositional feature, part of which blends into the separate well‐known western fan delta that is the field site for the Mars 2020 mission's Perseverance rover. Jezero's northern fan potentially represents either a second fan delta within the crater or a distal portion of the western fan. To constrain the fluvial and sedimentological history of Jezero and place the rover's in situ observations in proper geologic context, we photogeologically map the northern fan deposits at a larger mapping scale than previous studies, using ground‐based imaging from the Perseverance rover for context. Fifteen map units are identified using HiRISE‐based interpretations of geologic characteristics and inferred processes as well as crosscutting relative age relationships. Mapped units are also defined based on orbital data from CRISM and THEMIS to assess their compositional signatures. We interpret the northern fan deposits as older than the uppermost blocky unit in the western fan delta, suggesting that they were deposited contemporaneously with or prior to the deposition of the western fan, and under similar climate conditions. The eastern portion of the northern fan deposits shows evidence of fluvial deposition from Sava Vallis, while part of its western side could represent a distal part of the western fan delta. We synthesize our interpretations to present scenarios for the deposition of the northern and western fans, which can help constrain the history of both watersheds and place it into context within the broader Isidis basin region. Plain Language Summary: The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover has primarily focused on using its scientific instruments to study the delta along Jezero crater's western margin. But there are fan‐shaped features that appear to originate from both the crater's western and northern channels ‐ Neretva Vallis and Sava Vallis, respectively. In this project, we compile orbital images, spectroscopy data sets, and images taken by the rover's Mastcam‐Z instrument to investigate whether the northern fan originated from the northern channel or is an outlying part of the western delta. Based on these observations and the geologic map created using them, we show that the northern fan deposits are older than the uppermost unit mapped in the western delta. We also demonstrate how the western portion of the northern fan deposits could be an outer part of the western delta, while the eastern portion may preserve material from Sava Vallis. We show that some units across the northern and western fans are the same or similar, making this work useful as the rover's mission continues. Finally, we present scenarios that could lead to what we see in Jezero today, helping us to understand the potential history of this area and the relationship between the northern and western watersheds. Key Points: Deposition of Jezero crater's northern fan predates that of its western fan blocky material—the western delta's uppermost surficial unitThe northern fan shows evidence of deposition from Sava Vallis, but part of its western region could be a distal part of the western deltaThe stratigraphic and depositional hypotheses presented provide context for the Mars 2020 mission and help constrain the history of both watersheds [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality in rural areas of developing countries is a notable problem. In this article, drinking water quality from eleven villages in the Pavlodar and the Akmola region of Kazakhstan was analyzed. Questionnaires of village respondents and chemical components of drinking water were analyzed to identify the quality of drinking water. In each of the villages, the chemical content varied depending on the source of drinking water. In the rural Pavlodar region, we observed that some cations and anions exceed the MPC. Respondents' perceptions of water quality are associated with water sources and physical components. For example, respondents' satisfaction by inside tap of central water systems' water was high, the answers of those whose water source was private wells showed more mixed satisfaction levels. The drinking water physical quality indicators are closely related to water mineralization and general hardness. The total microbial count of drinking water has a significant relationship with respondents' complaints about unpleasant taste, odor, and salinity. The relationship between perceived and physical water quality is a critical aspect of water resource management. By bridging the gap between scientific assessments and public perceptions, we can enhance public health, build trust in water management systems, and promote sustainability of water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coach leadership style has long been positively correlated with athlete experiences such as motivation, health (i.e., burnout), and performance outcomes (i.e., enhanced execution time to complete tasks) (24). More recently, grit (18) has been positively correlated with athlete experiences such as engagement (39) and decreased burnout (32). Given the impact coaches have on their athletes and the positive psychological benefits of grit, it is reasonable to explore the intersections of coaching behaviors and grit. As such, the purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between athlete perceptions of coach leadership behaviors and athlete grit. Intercollegiate athletes completed measures of grit and the leadership behaviors of their coach. A significant positive relationship was observed between the grit perseverance subscale and the leadership behavior of training and instruction (r =.30, p < .05). Additional analyses revealed that athletes’ perceptions of coach positive feedback significantly predicted their perseverance. Taken together, these findings suggest a link between positive coach feedback and athlete perseverance. Implications of these results for professional practice and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mathematical-related affect research agenda demands studies on the affect-cognition relationship, as well as interventions aimed at improving affective aspects of mathematical learning. The potential of technological environments for promoting cognitive changes in students has been widely informed and there is evidence of their influence in students´ attitudes towards mathematics, such as interest and enjoyment. Research on the so-called mathematical attitudes, more related to mental habits and closely tied to cognitive processes is much scarcer. In this study, we report the transformation of three such mathematical attitudes in the students: perseverance, precision-rigor, and autonomy, when introducing GeoGebra in two secondary classes. Quantitative and qualitative analyses performed on data from various sources, with the total number of students and with a representative sample, show how it is possible to capitalize on initial positive attitudes towards mathematics with technology to bring about a significant improvement in the three above-mentioned attitudes, deemed as genuine elements of mathematical work. GeoGebra affordances constructivity, navigability and interactivity made it possible for new forms of behaviour to emerge in the classroom. Namely, flexible and fluent perseverance on problem solving; increasing inclination for accuracy and realization of its importance for proper reasoning; and willingness to collaborate with peers, helping each other, as well as sharing insights and ideas, thus, gaining independence from the teacher to face non-routine tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic brought many new challenges to whole society, and especially to health systems, including nurses who had to find the strength and perseverance to overcome all obstacles and challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of perseverance among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine the influence of age, gender, level of education and work experience on their perseverance. The study includeed 109 respondents (88.1% females), in the Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation Krapinske Toplice during February 2021. The validated GRIT questionnaire was used as a research instrument, which contains 12 statements to which respondents responded on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. The data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics, and presented at the significance level of P<0.05. Analyzing the collected data, the mean value of perseverance was 3.59±0.49. There was no difference in perseverance between participants in terms of age, gender, ward they work in, and their work experience. A statistically significant difference was found regarding the level of education. The highest level of perseverance was found among nurses with a specialist degree (4.22) or a university graduate professional studies degree (3.97), and the lowest level of perseverance among those with completed undergraduate professional nursing studies (3.51; P=0.042). The results point to a difference in the level of perseverance of nurses depending on the level of education, but not on the workplace. The research on the perseverance of nurses is important for the further development of the nursing profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of ground and near surface atmospheric temperatures at Jezero obtained during 700 sols by the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) characterize the thermal behavior of the near surface Martian atmosphere during a full Martian Year. The seasonal evolution of MEDA measurements is compared with predictions from the Mars Climate Database and the solar irradiance at the surface. Thermal tides observed in the daily cycle of temperatures follow a seasonal cycle with additional variations greater than 2 K on time‐scales of tens of sols. We also observe sol‐to‐sol variations of about 1 K in mean daily air temperatures in autumn and winter with periodicities of 4–7 sols that might be related to baroclinic disturbances that are frequent in those seasons at high latitudes. We examine the evolution of the vertical thermal gradient and temperature fluctuations without finding a seasonal response to irradiance and dust load. We find that the convective boundary layer becomes isothermal and collapses 1 hr before sunset except during northern hemisphere winter, when the collapse occurs closer to sunset, implying a longer duration of the daytime convective instability. Around this period, the rover was located in the delta front in a location of complex topography where we observed stronger thermal gradients and intense daytime air temperature fluctuations. We also find in this place a nighttime event of gravity waves on near‐surface air temperatures, with amplitudes of 2 K and periods of 10 min. These waves possibly propagate downward through a near isothermal stable layer. Plain Language Summary: The Perseverance rover on Mars is carrying a meteorological station that among other measurements obtains air temperatures at three heights near the surface as well as ground temperatures. We analyze seasonal and local changes in temperatures measured over one Martian year (687 Earth days) in which Perseverance moved several kilometers across Jezero crater, comparing in situ observations with the output from a Global Climate Model of the atmosphere of Mars. Our results show that the diurnal cycle of temperatures is modulated by the solar irradiance on the surface, the amount of dust in the atmosphere, local dynamics and large‐scale weather systems. The temperature difference between the ground and the atmosphere greatly determines the meteorology in the lower atmosphere. Neither this temperature difference, nor temperature fluctuations, which during daytime are a proxy of atmospheric convection driven by the heating of the surface, show seasonal variations in line with the seasonal solar irradiance or dust load. Instead, the rover path toward a more complex topography led to the highest surface‐to‐air temperature difference during the northern hemisphere winter, despite the solar irradiance being minimum at that time. Close to this complex topography, the meteorological station recorded oscillations in near‐surface temperature related to gravity waves. Key Points: Seasonal variations in irradiance at Mars' surface drive observed daily mean near‐surface air temperatures with some differences from modelsThermal tides and long‐period traveling waves present a clear seasonal cycle with autumn and winter seasons more prone to variabilityAir temperatures underwent non‐seasonal changes near Jezero's delta, with strong daytime convection and nighttime gravity waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overlap between virtue epistemology and the philosophy of education has been dominated by discussions of the epistemic qualities of good learners, that is, the intellectual virtues that must be nurtured in students. Not much has been said about the epistemic qualities of good teachers expressed in virtue-theoretic terms. This paper offers a preliminary account of such qualities, which are designated as pedagogical virtues. I use Battaly's pluralist conception of intellectual virtue as a starting point, then describe a pedagogical virtue as an intellectual virtue with an other-regarding success or motivational component. I end with an elucidation of the pedagogical versions of two mainstream intellectual virtues, perseverance and inquisitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Educational Psychology is the property of International Journal of Educational Psychology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This analysis examines Ernest Hemingway's classic novel, The Old Man and the Sea, through the lens of the self-confident profile portrayed by the protagonist, Santiago. The study delves into the themes of perseverance, man versus nature, isolation, and pride to unravel Santiago's unwavering self-assurance in the face of adversity. Through an exploration of the novel's characters, including Santiago and his young apprentice Manolin, as well as the symbolic representation of the marlin and the sea, the analysis reveals the nuances of Santiago's self-confidence and its impact on his actions and relationships. Additionally, the study investigates Hemingway's literary techniques, such as symbolism, imagery, minimalism, and stream of consciousness, to highlight how they contribute to the portrayal of Santiago's self-assured nature. Drawing on critical essays, scholarly articles, and comparative studies, the research contextualizes the self-confident profile within the broader scope of Hemingway's works and provides a comprehensive understanding of the character's development throughout the narrative. By shedding light on Santiago's resilience, dignity, and the internal strength he draws from his experiences, Reader-Response Criticism analysis offers valuable insights into the profound exploration of self-confidence and its significance in The Old Man and the Sea.

Objectives: Studies have shown that grit-defined as perseverance and passion for achieving one's long-term goals-is associated with improved health outcomes, including lower levels of psychological distress. However, the psychometric properties of the original Grit Scale (Grit-O Scale) has not been validated among sexual minority men (SMM). The present study aimed to validate the Grit-O Scale among a sample of older SMM and assess the relationships between the Grit-O Scale factors and symptoms of psychological distress.Method: We used data from a single visit of participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) Healthy Aging longitudinal study. The sample included 981 older SMM (mean age = 61, SD = 8.5) with and without HIV. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify the two factors of the Grit-O Scale: consistency of interest and perseverance of effort. We also conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify distinct profiles of psychological distress from self-reported scales of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress.Results:The Grit-O Scale showed acceptable reliability estimates for the items with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.77 to 0.82. The CFA identified the two factors of the Grit-O Scale with acceptable model fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.058 [95% CI = 0.050, 0.067], comparative fit index = 0.95, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.93, standardized root mean square residual = 0.07). The LPA yielded three mutually exclusive profiles of psychological distress (profile 1: low stress, anxiety, and depression; profile 2: high stress and depression and low anxiety; and profile 3: high stress, anxiety, and depression). In adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis, we found that both higher levels of consistency of interest and perseverance of effort factors of the Grit-O Scale were significantly associated with decreased odds of being in profiles 2 and 3 compared with being in profile 1.Conclusion: Our findings support the use of the Grit-O Scale among older SMM. Grit factors could explain variability in the negative psychological symptoms among older SMM and warrant further investigation.Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2032594.

The paper presents an analysis of the relation between the perceived parental style and the grit of adolescents. The theoretical background includes the ideas about the interconnection between the parenting and the grit. Research data were collected from 738 adolescents aged 15-20 in the Slovak Republic attending general secondary schools and specialized secondary schools (ISCED 3). Their average age was 17.19 year (SD = 1.36). We used two assessment methods: The Grit Scale and Parenting Style Inventory II. The linear regression modelling showed that the most significant predictors of the grit, passion and perseverance are male sex responsiveness and autonomy granting of the parents. The results are important in the psychological and educational praxis in the relation to the future carrier selections and personal beliefs about ability to reach the self-defined goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is Conscientiousness a useful construct across cultures? Using the 2012 Program for International Student Assessment data, we examined whether perseverance, a measure of Conscientiousness, was related to achievement and truancy across 62 countries/regions (N > 470,000). We investigated whether these relationships were linear or curvilinear in nature and assessed the utility of item-level information. After establishing partial metric invariance of the perseverance measure across various countries/regions and cultural regions, our findings unveiled that perseverance consistently predicted both math achievement and truancy, with predominantly linear associations. Notably, among the five items of the Perseverance scale, the item reflecting one's tendency to give up easily in the face of challenges emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor of math achievement. Further, country-level correlations between perseverance and both math achievement and truancy displayed contradictory patterns compared to individual-level correlations, suggesting the presence of biasing factors in how people respond to these measures. Nonetheless, it appears reasonable to conclude that measures of Conscientiousness are pan-cultural predictors of achievement and truancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grit—passion and perseverance toward long‐term goals—is generally associated with conscientiousness and consistency and thus presumed to be ideologically conservative in nature. Yet, an understanding of how liberals and conservatives differ in grittiness remains elusive. In this research, overall grit did not differ between liberals and conservatives, rather ideology played an essential role in driving which dimension of grit (perseverance; passion) was emphasized. Contrary to conventional wisdom, grit‐based perseverance (passion) was more influential to liberals (conservatives). Across two studies and a pilot study (appendix), the authors find that while ideology had no direct influence on moral consumer choices, grit‐based perseverance (passion), related to consumers' liberal (conservative) ideology, significantly increased (decreased) intentions to make moral consumer choices. These findings delineate the relationship between political ideology and grit, and the impact on moral consumer choices. The current research offers important implications for practitioners as well as numerous avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study is to translate the Grit questionnaire into Hungarian and validate specifically within the context of sports. The second goal is to assess the questionnaire in Hungarian as a pilot study in the athlete population and to compare the grit trait with the coaches' athlete evaluation. Methods: Two hundred and sixty nine athletes, including 40 national team players, took part in the study, with an average age of 18.17 years (SD = 5.51). For the preliminary assessment, the Cloninger Temperament and Character Questionnaire (TCI-RH) was used; the coaches' athlete evaluation was modeled on a talent map. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the two-factor structure, and the internal reliability of the questionnaire scales also proved to be adequate. 2. There is no relationship between adolescents' perceived grit and coach ratings. 3. The national team players achieved a higher grit score. Conclusion: Based on the psychometric indicators, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire proved to be adequate. Therefore, it is applicable and useful for psychological practitioners and researchers in the Hungarian population within the context of sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relationship between leisure and subjective well-being has been widely studied in the leisure literature, the role of an individual's personality in this relationship has rarely been explored. This study focuses on grit—a personality trait that consists of two dimensions of perseverance of effort and consistency of interest—and examines the relationships among grit, leisure involvement, and life satisfaction. Data were collected from participants (N = 347) in a triathlon event held in Japan. The results showed that perseverance of effort was positively associated with attraction, centrality, self-expression, and life satisfaction. Perseverance of effort was also positively indirectly associated with life satisfaction through attraction and negatively indirectly associated with life satisfaction through centrality. These findings contribute to the leisure literature by identifying the utility of perseverance of effort in predicting leisure involvement, and a negative relationship between centrality and life satisfaction in an interdependent cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental strength is defined as a person's ability to persist through challenging situations and recover from hardships and failures. Due to combat sports (CS) vigorous nature, several authors have identified various psychological factors modified through CS engagement and experience. This research aimed to determine the psychometrics of the Mental Strength Scale, explore the correlations between mental strength and age, CS experience, and competitive engagement, and investigate the existing group differences in mental strength based on sex, age, CS engagement, competition engagement, and CS experience. The total sample included 431 participants from 18 to 67 years of age, including 373 CS practitioners and 58 non-practitioners. Results revealed that The Mental Strength Scale demonstrated good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha = 0.809) and convergent validity (Grit Scale correlation: p < .001, r = .539; Brief Resilience Scale correlation: p < .001, r = .551). A positive correlation was found between CS experience and mental strength. Group comparison demonstrated higher mental strength in CS practitioners than non-practitioners and in men compared to women. Moreover, CS participants in the >5, 2-5, and <2 years of experience reported higher mental strength than participants with no CS experience. In conclusion, the findings confirm that the Mental Strength Scale is a good psychometric instrument to assess the degree of mental strength, particularly in CS practitioners, and that CS engagement and experience positively influence the development of mental strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria De Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Educación is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to explore factors that influence stroke survivors' ability to persevere with home-based upper limb practice. A qualitative descriptive study embedded within a theoretical framework was conducted. Data were collected through semi-structured focus group, dyadic, and individual interviews. The Theoretical Domains Framework and Capability, Opportunity, Motivation – Behaviour (COM-B) model guided data collection and directed content analysis. Participants were 31 adult stroke survivors with upper limb impairment, with 13 significant other/s, who were living at home in Queensland, Australia. Three central tenants aligned with the COM-B and six themes were identified. Stroke survivors' capability to persevere was influenced by being physically able to practice and being able to understand, monitor and modify practice, their opportunity to persevere was influenced by accessing therapy and equipment required for practice and fitting practice into everyday life, and their motivation to persevere was influenced by having goals and experiencing meaningful outcomes and having support and being accountable. Persevering with practice is multifaceted for stroke survivors. All facets need to be addressed in the design of strategies to enhance stroke survivors' ability to persevere and in turn, enhance their potential for continued upper limb recovery. Many stroke survivors do not persevere with long-term home-based upper limb practice despite the belief that high dose practice will promote continued recovery. Therapists need to support stroke survivors to setup individualised goal-based home programs that they can complete independently, or with support, within their everyday life. Stroke survivors need coaching to monitor and modify their practice and map their progress, so that they can recognise and experience meaningful recovery. To optimise upper limb recovery after stroke, strategies to enhance stroke survivors' capability, opportunity, and motivation to persevere across the continuum of recovery, need to be co-designed by stroke survivors, therapists and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procrastination is a delay in an intended course of action and, thus, a self‐regulation failure hindering growth and well‐being. Contrarily, self‐regulation is a set of cognitive and metacognitive skills and strategies supporting goal‐directed behavior. There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which (and the ways in which) promoting self‐regulation may counteract procrastination. On the one hand, it is argued that procrastination is linked with stable personal dispositions; on the other hand, it is said that this problematic behavior is associated with contextual influences. To deepen the understanding of these relationships, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a theory‐driven model integrating four self‐regulation factors (goal setting, decision making, persevering, and learning from mistakes) and two measures of procrastination (irrational and academic). We hypothesized that goal setting, decision making, and perseverance would sequentially mediate between learning from mistakes and procrastination outcomes, thus, suggesting that cognitive‐motivational (learning from mistakes, goal setting), strategic (decision making), and volitional (perseverance) factors may all be necessary for successful self‐regulation, which could potentially be promoted by contextual influences. Participants of the present study were 433 Chilean university students (304 women, 129 men, M = 20.74 years, SD = 2.86) who completed measures for procrastination and self‐regulation. Findings support the important roles of goal setting and perseverance for successful self‐regulation and suggest that goal setting may mediate the effects of learning from mistakes on perseverance and decision making; whereas perseverance may mediate the effects of goal setting and decision making on procrastination variations. These results suggest that the negative effects of motivational and strategic factors of self‐regulation on procrastination may depend at least partly on the abilities to improve goals and persevere. Taking into account these critical roles in dealing with procrastination, it seems appropriate to support college students' self‐regulation skills and strategies, raising awareness about the indispensability of adequate goal setting and persistence in following through with intended courses of action. Practitioner Points: Student procrastination reflects failed behavioral self‐regulation.Motivation, strategy, and implementation are required to avoid procrastination.Teachers must provide ongoing support for goals, decisions, and perseverance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited evidence showed that impulsivity is negatively related to life satisfaction and wellbeing; however, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. We aimed through this work to investigate the relationship between impulsivity dimensions and well-being and to explore the moderator role of mindfulness on this relationship in a sample of Lebanese university students. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 363 university students recruited through convenience sampling through several universities in Lebanon's governorates. Higher mindfulness was significantly associated with better wellbeing in the models that considered urgency and sensation seeking as independent variables. A lack of premeditation and a lack of perseverance were both inversely associated with well-being. The interaction lack of perseverance by mindfulness was significantly associated with wellbeing; for students who were low in mindfulness, more lack of perseverance was significantly associated with a lower wellbeing. Our study suggested that mindfulness practice may offer a promising avenue for implementing strategies aiming at improving the well-being of students with high levels of impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Using the extant literature review, this paper aims to explore the relationship between gender, entrepreneurial education (EE) and entrepreneurial intention (EI) in the Indian context, which the authors believe is a novel approach to this research stream. The authors also use career preparedness as a control variable to examine this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 368 undergraduate students across four Indian universities (one exclusively for female students) through a standard structured questionnaire. Additionally, rather than examining, EI has been treated as a monolithic construct; however, the authors conceptualize it as comprising three different dimensions that include grand vision and risk-taking ability; opportunity exploitation; and ability to persevere. An additional analysis was conducted for the students who reported higher scores for "being well prepared for their careers" through their institutes' academic programs and communities of entrepreneurs. The authors also interviewed some entrepreneurship instructors, who confirmed the present findings through their observations. Findings: The findings indicate that, essentially, there is a positive relationship between EE and EI. The authors find that male students scored higher for the first two dimensions of EI but not the third. Additionally, the authors used career preparedness as a control variable for additional analysis. The authors observed that students with higher "career preparedness" reported a positive relationship between EE and EI, independent of gender, for all three dimensions of EI. Thus, it may be assumed that if a community of entrepreneurs needs to be developed in India, a focus on career preparedness is critical. Research limitations/implications: First, given that the present survey reflected a single moment in linking EE to EI (which may be considered a limitation of the study), future researchers might focus on a longitudinal approach. Second, all the respondents are attending urban universities (and, as such, very likely belong to the upper middle class of Indian society). The financial divide between urban and rural India is well known; as such, the results might be different if the sample was drawn from rural and poor India. Originality/value: The salience/value of this study lies in the conceptualization of EI comprising three sub-constructs to understand the impact of formal EE (with three sub-constructs) on EI. The focus on career preparedness for a female student is a new direction of inquiry with respect to entrepreneurial intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home-based exercises are an important component of stroke rehabilitation but are seldom fully completed. Past studies of exercise perseverance in the general public have suggested the importance of early exercise frequency and schedule consistency (in terms of which days of the week exercises are performed) because they encourage habit formation. To test whether these observations apply after a stroke, we leveraged data from 2,583 users of a sensor-based system (FitMi) developed to motivate movement exercises at home. We grouped users based on their early exercise frequency (defined across the initial 6 weeks of use) and calculated the evolution of habit score (defined as exercise frequency multiplied by exercise duration) across 6 months. We found that habit score decayed exponentially over time but with a slower decay constant for individuals with higher early frequency. Only the group with an early exercise frequency of 4 days/week or more had non-zero habit score at six months. Within each frequency group, dividing individuals into higher and lower consistency subgroups revealed that the higher consistency subgroups had significantly higher habit scores. These results are consistent with previous studies on habit formation in exercise and may help in designing effective home rehabilitation programs after stroke.

In the modern era of academic pressure, individuals often face psychological challenges that affect their ability to persevere and succeed. Cognitive restructuring counselling has been shown to be effective in changing an individual's mindset, but there have not been many studies examining the influence of the integration of spiritual values such as Wahdatul Ulum in this context. This study aims to explore the effect of integrating Wahdatul Ulum values in cognitive restructuring counseling to increase mental resilience and student perseverance. This study uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach to develop and test a cognitive restructuring counseling model that integrates the values of Wahdatul Ulum. The population is students of FITK UIN SU Medan class of 2020 totaling 195 students. The research sample was 32 BKPI students who were selected purposively. Instrument development by identifying and analyzing literature, expert validation, limited trials, and developing cognitive restructuring counselling models covering aspects of Wahdatul Ulum values. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test that utilizes SPSS 25 to detect any significant changes. The results showed that the perseverance of the treatment group increased significantly, while the perseverance of the control group decreased. These findings support the idea that the integration of spiritual values in counselling can provide an effective holistic approach to improving individual resilience. This research provides insight into how cognitive restructuring counselling with the Wahdatul Ulum approach can help students overcome psychological barriers and improve their ability to face challenges in daily life. The practical implication is that cognitive restructuring counselling with spiritual values can be an effective alternative to guidance and counselling services to improve students' perseverance and mental resilience.

Objective: To examine treatment outcomes for classes of ADHD drugs in conjunction with physicians' prescribing rationales and the utility of treatment perseverance in treatment effectiveness. Methods: A retrospective non-interventional study using physician-provided chart data for treated adolescent and adult ADHD patients in the United States (April–June 2019). Multivariable analyses compared the effectiveness and tolerability of drug classes. Results: Among the 1,232 ADHD patients included in this study, 37.7% experienced one, 11.8% two, and 6.7% three treatment changes post their first prescribed regimen. These changes were mostly attributed to lack of rapid onset and duration of effect. Achieving best response correlated with the number of previous treatments for adolescents, but not adults. Maintaining full response correlated with the length of current treatment for adolescents and adults. Conclusion: Physicians' prescribing rationales targeted duration of effect and tolerability. ER monotherapy demonstrated potential advantages over other regimens. Treatment perseverance is integral to effective ADHD management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at higher risk for developing common chronic diseases. Engagement in physical activity (PA) can prevent health issues; however, people with ASD are known to engage in lower levels of PA in comparison to their peers. This study evaluated the effect of a long-term, 12-month PA intervention on the fitness and quality of life of adults with ASD. A quantitative approach was implemented to assess participants' fitness, functional ability, quality of life, and participation in a range of PA classes at three different time points. Qualitative data were collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with three participants with ASD and three staff members. A total of 34 adults with ASD (mean age 39.76 + 7.27) participated in the quantitative part of the study. Approximately 53% of the participants exhibited perseverance and conducted adequate PA each month. Significant improvements were found in one fitness component and two quality-of-life components. Factors revealed for the program's success were the individuals' free choice of the PA classes and supporting people and a budget that tailored the project. Policymakers who plan health promotion programs for adults with ASD should consider long-term PA programs, with freedom of choice among PA modalities and schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various factors contribute to the success and life satisfaction of individuals. Grit, however, becomes the most important one in the long run. Grit, described as commitment to long-term goals and perseverance, can be crucial for personal development. This study aims to investigate the relationship between grit, curiosity, and life satisfaction through a correlational research design. Through purposive sampling, a sample of 390 participants (181 women, 208 men, and one unspecified gender) was recruited and administered the Grit scale, Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II, and Life satisfaction scale. The study's results were analyzed using SPSS 23 and AMOS 21, illuminating the substantial indirect influence of grit on life satisfaction, mediated by curiosity, and a direct, positive impact of grit on life satisfaction. These findings reinforce the idea that well-being is a complex interplay of psychological traits and experiences. Encouraging a holistic approach to personal development and well-being, considering factors like grit and curiosity, can lead to more fulfilling and satisfying lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained in a master's degree research, whose general objective was to analyze the relationship between the practices of accompanying significant persons for second grade students of the Institución Educativa Alejandro Vélez Barrientos in Envigado city with their school performance. For this, a qualitative, hermeneutic-comprehensive methodology was proposed. The participants were 6 second grade students of such institution, men, and women for each academic performance (Low, Basic, and High) and 6 significant persons, one for each student. In the collection of the analysis unit, semi-structured interviews and observations recorded in a field diary were used with the selected students, a focus group with their significant persons and a questionnaire with 20 parents of second grade students. Among the main findings is that the family and the school keep on being pillars for children's formation and their articulation is reflected on them. In addition, the accompaniment of significant people affects the students' school performance, as well as their constancy in practices and emotional well-being as a basis for other learning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grit is expressed as hard work aiming to conquer life challenges while sustaining interest and effort throughout long periods and despite failures, adversities, and plateaus. Several benefits have been established in the literature related to higher levels of grit, including lower depression, higher life satisfaction, higher academic and financial outcomes, and lower criminality. As vigorous activities, combat sports have been shown to influence grit. The present study aimed to explore the potential correlations between grit and age, combat sports experience, and competitive engagement and compare group differences in grit based on sex, age, competition engagement, and combat sports experience. In this cross-sectional quantitative study, 329 combat sports practitioners ranging from 18 to 57 years of age responded to the grit scale and additional demographic information. Findings demonstrate positive correlations between grit and age, combats sports experience and competition engagement. Group comparison showed higher grit in the 38-47 and 48-57 groups than the 18-27 group, higher grit in the >5 years of experience group compared to the <2 and 2-5 groups. Moreover, the >4 competitions per year group showed higher grit than the 1-4 group but not than the non-competitors group. In conclusion, this study suggests that age, combat sports experience, and competitive engagement contribute to the development of grit in combat sports practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stress and poor academic performance often lead to high levels of nursing school attrition. Purpose: To explore nursing students' perceived stress, grit, and satisfaction with life, and assess the effectiveness of a remediation program for students at risk for poor academic performance. Methods: Perceived stress, grit, and satisfaction with life were measured, and the effect of remediation given to at-risk students was studied. Examination and psychometric scores were compared between remediation and nonremediation groups. Results: The remediation group had higher levels of perceived stress and a lower satisfaction with life compared with the rest of the cohort. Remediation significantly improved examination scores of at-risk students although scores remained lower than those among nonremediation students. Conclusions: Perceived stress and grit scores were high in nursing students, and satisfaction varied among age groups. Remediation based on metacognitive theory significantly improved at-risk students' examination scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sulfur plays a major role in martian geochemistry and sulfate minerals are important repositories of water. However, their hydration states on Mars are poorly constrained. Therefore, understanding the hydration and distribution of sulfate minerals on Mars is important for understanding its geologic, hydrologic, and atmospheric evolution as well as its habitability potential. NASA's Perseverance rover is currently exploring the Noachian‐age Jezero crater, which hosts a fan‐delta system associated with a paleolake. The crater floor includes two igneous units (the Séítah and Máaz formations), both of which contain evidence of later alteration by fluids including sulfate minerals. Results from the rover instruments Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemistry and Planetary Instrument for X‐ray Lithochemistry reveal the presence of a mix of crystalline and amorphous hydrated Mg‐sulfate minerals (both MgSO4·[3–5]H2O and possible MgSO4·H2O), and anhydrous Ca‐sulfate minerals. The sulfate phases within each outcrop may have formed from single or multiple episodes of water activity, although several depositional events seem likely for the different units in the crater floor. Textural and chemical evidence suggest that the sulfate minerals most likely precipitated from a low temperature sulfate‐rich fluid of moderate pH. The identification of approximately four waters puts a lower constraint on the hydration state of sulfate minerals in the shallow subsurface, which has implications for the martian hydrological budget. These sulfate minerals are key samples for future Mars sample return. Plain Language Summary: The history of water on Mars is a puzzle that is of interest to scientists as well as the general public. Mars currently has water in the form of ice at the poles, trace amounts of gas in the atmosphere, and an unknown amount beneath the surface as ground water, bound in minerals, and in ice. However, there is strong evidence that ancient Mars may have had long‐lived streams, rivers, and lakes. There is still much to learn about what Mars was like and how it transformed over time. One approach is to study the inventory of water at different times. In this work, we report the presence of hydrated magnesium sulfate (similar to Epsom salts) and dehydrated calcium sulfate that were formed by water flowing through cracks in volcanic rocks at the bottom of the 3.8‐billion‐year‐old Jezero crater. These hydrated minerals trap water within themselves and record the history of how and when they formed. Returning samples of these minerals to Earth would allow researchers to explore the history of Mars' water and climate, and possibly evidence of ancient life with the most sensitive instruments possible. Key Points: Sulfate phases detected by Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemistry and PIXL in igneous units consists of crystalline/amorphous Mg‐sulfate minerals with 3–5 waters and anhydrous Ca‐sulfate mineralsHydration of sulfate minerals sets a lower constraint on how much subsurface water is stored in sulfate mineralsThe sulfate minerals of Jezero crater floor were deposited in moderate pH, likely at low temperature, and during several episodes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being able to use a foreign language to communicate will increase an individual's opportunities of employment and personal growth, which implies the significance of adopting a lifelong learning approach to language learning. This study was conducted to explore language learners' lifelong learning tendency in general and the key factors affecting this tendency in a humanities and language division in an international college in Thailand. By using stratified random sampling strategies, 383 full-time language learners participated in this study. The survey questionnaire was designed based upon the Lifelong Learning Tendency Scale developed by Coskun and Demirel (2010). The scale contained four dimensions with 27 statements: motivation (6), perseverance (6), self-regulation (6), and curiosity (9) with Cronbach alpha of 0.89 from the pilot study results (n = 50). After performing statistical analyses (T -test, analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression) to the data, it was found that students in the Thai context held a comparatively high level of inclination for lifelong learning. Among the selected demographic variables, only the year of learning at college was found to correlate with the lifelong learning tendency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perseverance refers to the ability that individuals show in the process of overcoming failure repeatedly and achieving success. The present study aimed to investigate how many stories about struggling role models undergraduates with a low level of perseverance need to read to effectively improve their perseverance after experiencing failure. Undergraduates with high and low levels of perseverance who had experienced failure were randomly assigned to read 5 struggle stories or 5 achievement stories of role models. They were asked to report their confidence in success, their emotional experience, and their persistent intentions after experiencing failure (i.e., their initial report after reading 0 stories) and then again after reading each story. The results showed that the participants' initially reported level of confidence in success improved after reading 1 struggle story of a role model and further improved after reading 5 struggle stories of role models. Furthermore, the participants' initially reported level of positive emotions increased after reading 1 struggle story or 1 achievement story of a role model, and the positive effects began to level off after reading 4 struggle stories or 4 achievement stories of role models. The participants' initially reported persistent intentions improved after reading 5 struggle stories of role models. These findings reveal that undergraduates can benefit from reading struggle stories of role models regardless of their perseverance levels. Undergraduates' confidence in success and their emotional experience can be improved more quickly than their persistent intentions after experiencing failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a personal account about staying committed and describes how the author completed her book. She draws parallels between her experiences in creating, improving the world, and writing, emphasizing the importance of perseverance and motivation. The text discusses the significance of beginnings and sharing creative ideas and approaches to problem-solving. It emphasizes that the world would be a better place if more people shared their ideas. The text also addresses the phenomenon of negativity dominance and the importance of dealing with self-doubt in order to keep going. The author describes often procrastinating tasks and being afraid to start or continue. She recommends creating a concrete to-do list with small, achievable steps and deadlines to tackle tasks. Additionally, she emphasizes that one's own work is still relevant and impressive despite other impressive works. The author also shares her experiences with publishing her book and how she learned to overcome internal obstacles. She encourages enjoying the process and being proud of the completed work, regardless of whether one would do something differently. [Extracted from the article]

I have had some success with academic writing. Yet, even after publishing in journals like the Teachers College Record, I still find myself running into moments of doubt about my voice, the purpose of my writing, and how to make my work have the impact it deserves. I offer this commentary to you – the academic writer (at any career stage) – and myself to reveal some of my vulnerable, innermost reflections about writing. In doing so I hope to demystify academic writing, or at least normalize the journey required for some (like me) to gain confidence in its praxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]