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This research addresses the presence of Elsinoë phaseoli in Kenya, where information on the biology of this pathogen remains scarce. Employing a multifaceted approach, the study demonstrates the steps taken to isolate, identify, and characterize E. phaseoli as the pathogen responsible for scab on common bean. Field observations confirmed scab symptoms, particularly the prominent pod lesions. Elsinoë phaseoli was isolated from common bean using a targeted streaking method on older acervulus-bearing lesions. Morphological examinations revealed a notable diversity within E. phaseoli colonies, consistent with the characteristics of the genus. Molecular identification through ITS-rDNA sequencing confirmed isolate AscoSK1 obtained in this study as belonging to E. phaseoli, offering a robust species differentiation method. Assessing conidium production required the implementation of five different culture methods. An adaptation of the Scheper et al. (2013) method yielded the highest quantity of conidia from 25 colonies spaced at 1 cm apart, with a conidial yield of 5.0 × 106 conidia per 9-cm-diameter Petri dish. A higher conidial yield was attained after the colonies were pre-incubated on potato dextrose agar in the dark at room temperature for 28 days, followed by a transfer to corn meal agar for an additional 2 days at 20°C. This emphasizes the pivotal influence of incubation duration and pre-culture conditions on the process. This research provides insights into the biology of E. phaseoli and introduces an improved method for enhancing in vitro sporulation of the pathogen, setting groundwork for future research and handling.

The interaction between bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes and N-fixing microorganisms has the potential to be utilized in sustainable agricultural production. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of the interaction for growth, production and nodulation characteristics between the bacteria Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense among different bean genotypes. The experiments were conducted in the Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in 2018 and 2019, in randomized block design with three replicates in a 20 × 3 factorial scheme; 20 common bean genotypes were tested under three forms of inoculation (no inoculation, inoculation with R. tropici, co-inoculation of R. tropici + A. brasilense). The number of grains per pod and nodule mass had the most significant direct positive effect on grain yield. For nodulation, a positive correlation of strong magnitude was observed between mass of the aerial part and number of pods per plant (0.68), stem diameter and mass of nodules (0.92) and first pod insertion height and number of nodules (0.64). In the path analysis, the number of grains per pod had the most significant direct effect (0.57) on the grain productivity variable. Regarding nodulation characteristics, selection for nodule mass was preferred due to its direct effect on grain yield as opposed to the number of nodules, which has a negative effect. This suggests an advantage of larger nodules with greater individual mass than a large number of small nodules for both improved yield and N fixing by common bean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of plant–rhizosphere microorganism associations has become an important knowledge resource for sustainable agriculture. However, little has been achieved in the replacement of synthetic fertilization because most of these studies have been carried out under controlled conditions and not in experimental fields. In this study, we evaluated the effect of inoculating plants of two common bean cultivars at the vegetative and reproductive stages of the crop cycle with Alternaria solani native strain IA300 under field conditions. Results showed that A. solani is capable of increasing the production of common bean cultivars, reflected over different vegetative and reproductive response variables: leaf area, plant length (cm), fresh weight (g), dry weight (g), number of leaves, flowers, seedpods, and seed yield. The findings showed that Alternaria solani native strain IA300 may be considered a growth-promoting microorganism under field conditions. The effects on leaf area after inoculating bean plants with Alternaria were cultivar-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial brown spot (BBS) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss), common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans (Xff), and halo bacterial blight (HBB), caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psph), are major bacterial diseases that severely affect common bean yields and global food security. Andean-origin dry beans, representing large-seeded market classes, are particularly susceptible. Using 140,325 SNPs, a multi-locus GWAS was conducted on subsets of the Andean diversity panel (ADP) phenotyped for BBS in South Africa, CBB in Puerto Rico, South Africa, and Zambia, and HBB in South Africa, through natural infection, artificial inoculation, or both. Twenty-four QTL associated with resistance were identified: nine for BBS, eight for CBB, and seven for HBB. Four QTL intervals on Pv01, Pv03, Pv05, and Pv08 overlapped with BBS and HBB resistance. A genomic interval on Pv01, near the fin gene, which determines growth habit, was linked to resistance to all three pathogens. Different QTLs were detected for BBS and CBB resistance when phenotyped under natural infection versus artificial inoculation. These results underscore the importance of combining phenotyping methods in multi-GWAS to capture the full genetic spectrum. Previously recognized CBB resistance QTL SAP6 and SU91 and HBB resistance QTL HB4.2, and HB5.1, were observed. Other common (MAF >0.25) and rare (MAF <0.05) resistance QTL were also detected. Overall, these findings enhance the understanding and utilization of bacterial resistance present in ADP for the development of common beans with improved resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small-scale organic crop producing the protected geographical indication (PGI) cultivar "Faba Asturiana", located in northern Spain, was considered to be a case study for analyzing the environmental impacts associated with the production of this legume (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was employed for the analysis with a "cradle-to-gate" perspective, with 1 kg of dry beans as the functional unit. The results demonstrated that the main contributor to the environmental impacts was electricity consumption (with percentages above 75% for ionizing radiation, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and non-carcinogenic toxicity). A carbon footprint (CF) of 1.20 kg CO2eq per kg of dry beans was obtained (around 1000 kg CO2/ha·y). Electricity consumption was the major contributor to the CF, followed by atmospheric emissions from waste incineration and diesel use. Furthermore, some environmental improvements were suggested, and three alternative scenarios were investigated. In conclusion, it can be established that the CF of the studied PGI bean is within the range reported by other researchers for leguminous crops. The easiest way to reduce the CF for this particular crop would be to compost the organic waste instead of burning it. Additionally, the most effective strategy would be to reduce energy consumption or use renewable energy sources. For example, if the energy supply were obtained through in situ solar production, the CF could be reduced by more than 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a legume of high nutraceutical value, widely cultivated and consumed. However, common bean production faces challenges such as water stress that severely affects its growth and yield. This study evaluated the morphological and physiological response of four native P. vulgaris accessions subjected to different irrigation treatments under greenhouse conditions. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was used, evaluating three irrigation frequencies (100%, 50%, 25%) in combination with four accessions (PER1003541, PER1003542, PER1003543, PER1003544). The results showed that with the 25% irrigation treatment, PER1003544 showed a 54.62% decrease in leaf area, while PER1003542 and PER1003543 experienced reductions of 56.56% and 59.24%, respectively. In addition, accession PER1003544 reported a smaller reduction in the number of flowers and pods, with decreases of 40.21% and 29.9%, in contrast to PER1003543, which showed decreases of 60.66% and 52.63%, respectively. Accessions PER1003541 and PER1003544 also recorded the lowest reductions in dry biomass, with 31.85% and 35.41%, respectively. Regarding yield, PER1003544 and PER1003541 experienced reductions of 59.01% and 69.79%, respectively, unlike PER1003543, which showed a 90% decrease. In relation to stomatal density, PER1003541 recorded a reduction of 28.28%, while PER1003544 had a decrease of 37.10%, and PER1003543 experienced a reduction of 47.05%; chlorophyll content showed a similar trend. Finally, PER1003544 maintained a relatively stable stomatal index, with a reduction of 29.01%, compared to PER1003543, which reduced by 60.99%. In conclusion, accession PER1003544 stands out as a promising variety for breeding programs focused on water stress tolerance, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability in areas affected by limited water availability. However, PER1003541 would be a suitable additional option, offering farmers flexibility in their crop selection according to the specific conditions of their environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change-induced drought stress decreases crop productivity, but the application of β-sitosterol (BS) and biochar (BC) boosts crop growth and yield. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the alone and combined application of BS and BC on the growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris under drought stress. The synergistic application of BS and BC increased plant height (46.9 cm), shoot dry weight (6.9 g/pot), and root dry weight (2.5 g/pot) of P. vulgaris plants under drought stress. The trend of applied treatments for photosynthetic rate remained as BC (15%) < BS (28%) < BC + BS (32%), compared to drought-stressed control. Similarly, the trend of applied treatments for water use efficiency was BS < BC < BC + BS, compared to drought stress control. The levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were reduced by the combined application of BS and BC under drought stress, measuring at 22.8 and 66.4 μmol/g fresh weight, respectively. The combined use of BS and BC significantly alleviated drought stress more than when applied individually. Thus, employing BS and BC together as key agents in drought-stressed common bean plants could promote resilience, fostering growth amid ongoing climate change. Co-applying β-sitosterol and biochar improved drought resilience in Phaseolus vulgaris. Nutrient uptake and biochemical metrics increased in P. vulgaris with the combined effect of β-sitosterol and biochar. This approach enhances growth parameters, suggesting resilience to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compost is a natural and sustainable way to improve soil fertility and enhance plant growth. Moringa leaves have high mineral, cytokinin, and vitamin content which are useful for growth so that they can be used as organic fertilizer. Azotobacter and Streptomyces are from soil and have many biological activities. This study aimed to detect the importance of bioagents formula with Moringa Compost (MC) to enhance plant growth in poor sterile soil and plants were irrigated with half strength of Hoagland nutrient solution. Moringa leaves were collected and cleaned, and organic compost was prepared and analyzed for microbial and chemical composition. The prepared MC was rich in nitrogen and minerals and had high content of bacteria and fungi. The two bioagents used were isolate MB5 and MB11 which were characterized and molecular identified as Azotobacter chroococcum MB5 and Streptomyces griseus MB11. The free-living A. chroococcum can fix atmospheric nitrogen while Streptomyces is a filamentous bacterium with a high ability to produce secondary metabolites. The addition of 20% MC to soil increased soil EC and microbial counts compared to MC-free soil. Moreover, inoculation of soil with either AZ or ST increased the microbial counts and soil EC and the clearest increase was in the case of inoculation of soil with MC+AZ+ST. It also found that MC extract alone with the bacterial filtrates increases seed germination of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), which is a herbaceous annual worldwide plant, grown for its edible dry seeds or green unripe pods. In this regard, inoculation of soil with inoculum of both A. chroococcum MB5, and S. griseus MB11, in the presence of MC has the most pronounced effect and enhances both the growth, fresh and dry weights, leaf number, plant height, and root length of P. vulgaris grown under greenhouse conditions for one month and chemical content of the plant protein carbohydrates, P, N, Ca++ and K+. In conclusion, the combined application A. chroococcum MB5 and S. griseus MB11, as a biofertilizers with Moringa compost is recommended to enhance P. vulgaris growth. The use of these biofertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which can have detrimental effects on soil and the environment. Therefore, further research on the inoculation and application of these microorganisms with MC is essential for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination in the environment, resulting from human activities or natural processes, poses a significant and widespread challenge. L-glutamic (L-glu) and L-aspartic acid (L-asp) treatments have been reported to improve plant metabolism of heavy metal-exposed plants, but the role of these amino acids in the resistance to lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+), arsenic (As3+) and nickel (Ni2+) treated-bean are unclear when applied together. This study investigated the L-glu and L-asp supplementation-induced changes in some physio-biochemical parameters and some stress-related gene expression levels in Pb2+, Cd2+, As3+, and Ni2+-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris (Elkoca and Gina) grown in nutrient solution. The combination of two L-glu and L-asp (1.5 and 3 mM) and Cd2+ (1 mM), Pb2+ (1 mM), As3+ (2 mg/L−1), and Ni2+ (1 mM) concentrations were used. The physio-biochemical parameters of the leaves were determined based on the chlorophyll content (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte conductivity (EC) contents, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activities. Additionally, the metal tolerance protein (MTP) genes, known for their role in heavy metal detoxification, and as PvSOD, PvPOD, and PvAPX antioxidant enzyme genes were analyzed for their temporal expression patterns in leaves. Preliminary results indicate a nuanced response of PvMTPs genes, highlighting potential variations in genotype-specific expression. Among the analyzed PvMTP7, PvMTP8, PvMTP9, PvMTP10, PvMTP11, and PvMTP13 genes, PvMTP10 exhibited particularly higher expression values in all treatments. In heavy metal-exposed beans, there was a concurrent decrease in SPAD, RWC, H2O2, and MDA contents, coupled with an increase in EC values. In turn, L-glu and L-asp pretreatments decreased the harmful effects of heavy metals by increasing the SPAD and RWC values and decreasing the EC, H2O2, and MDA contents and they reached these values close to control. Also, they improved the expressions of the above-mentioned genes. The 3 mM L-glu and L-asp appear to be more effective than 1.5 mM L-glu and L-asp in alleviation of the heavy metal's toxic effects on two genotypes of bean. The findings contribute to our understanding of some stress-related gene expression levels and physio-biochemical responses under heavy metal stresses and offer insights into the potential application of L-glu and L-asp in enhancing stress tolerance in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic information of bean seed traits can be an immense help to the breeder in selection of suitable genotypes and the appropriate breeding strategies. Therefore, the investigation aims to assess the genetic variability and to elucidate the genetic analysis of seed dietary fibre, carbohydrate, seed calcium and phosphorus contents of Phaseolus vulgaris in the high Guinean Savannah zone conditions. 5 × 5 half-diallel crosses of these traits were conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed high differences between five lines beans (p < 0.05), suggesting the sufficient genetic diversity for these traits. High broad sense heritability values were recorded for seed dietary fibre, carbohydrate and seed calcium content, attesting a strong implication of the genetic factors in the control of these traits; thereby, these traits can be improved through regular selection. The ratio GCA/SCA was greater than unity only for seed phosphorus content. It indicates the prevalence of additive gene effect in the involvement of the genetic control for this trait. The combining ability analysis revealed highly significant differences between parental GCA effects and F1 cross SCA effects. The PB, BI, CT and PR lines beans will prove useful in common bean breeding programmes as donor genotypes, in the development of bean genetic resources for betterment improvement of nutritional traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of visit of pollinator insect(Chalicodoma cincta) on the production of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Rose variety), were studied at Sarh in September 2021 and 2022. The experiments were made on four treatments. The activity behavior of Chalicodoma cincta on the flower were appreciated to determinate is impact on the yield. Results indicate that among seven insect species recorded on flowers, C. cincta ranked first (31.41%) and harvested nectar. Throughout the importance of the flower visit, this insect provoked a significant increase of the podding rate (30.45 %), the mean number of seeds per pod (22.42 %) and the percentage of normal seeds (32.81%). The conservation and installation of C. cincta nests close the plantation fields is recommended to improve pod production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDiseases affecting the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have resulted in significant productivity losses, with root-knot nematodes, such as Meloidogyne javanica, being a primary factor, particularly in sandy soils. This study aimed to identify the most effective source of nitrogen (N) for the common bean crop in an area infested with M. javanica. A completely randomized 4 × 6 factorial design was employed, involving four genotypes (IDR Bem-te-vi, IDR Sabiá, IDR Tuiuiú, and IDR Curió) most cultivated in southern Brazil, and five N sources (urea, sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and inoculant), plus control without N fertilization, with four replicates. All four common bean genotypes were susceptible to the nematode, exhibiting a reproduction factor (RF) exceeding 1.0. A direct correlation was observed between root volume and grain yield (GY). The IDR Tuiuiú was the most sensitive to the nematode, producing 36.2% less than the IDR Bem-te-vi. Among the N sources, regardless of genotype, urea and ammonium nitrate were the most effective in enhancing common bean productivity in soil infested with M. javanica, irrespective of the genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the best method to establish optimal timing of fungicide applications on corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris), by comparing results based on the calendar versus agrometeorological data. The experimental design was arranged in randomised blocks with three treatments and eight repetitions. Treatments consisted of control (without application of fungicides), application of fungicides based on the calendar (after establishing the need for chemical control, sprays occurring at intervals of 15 days), or by indication of the AgroDetecta™ programme (based on agrometeorological data). The variables evaluated were: disease incidence and severity, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), income components, and economic return. Among the integrated disease management tools investigated, it was concluded that chemical control improves crop health and yield for corn, soybean, and bean plants, especially when timing of treatment application is based on the calendar. The programme AgroDetecta™ showed promise as a decision-making tool for the best timing to spray, but requires adjustments for commercial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) has been reported in Brazil since 1983, it has only become a significant concern for researchers and farmers in recent years. The objective of this work was to investigate the genetic basis of CPMMV tolerance, mapping and reporting the first loci associated with this trait in common bean (cv. BRS Sublime). Phenotypic assays were carried out on 180 individual plants (F2 generation) and 180 F2:3 progenies comprising 12 plants per family and their parents (BRS Sublime, tolerant parent × CNFCT 16207, susceptible parent). CPMMV was mechanically inoculated and symptoms were evaluated at 35 days after inoculation, using a 1–5 scoring scale. A linkage map was constructed using 1695 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SilicoDArT markers that segregated in the F2 and F2:3 generations as expected. Markers were distributed across 11 common bean chromosomes, resulting in a total length of 2864 cM, with an average distance between markers of 1.8 cM. Phenotypic observations revealed that tolerance in cv. BRS Sublime is controlled by a single dominant gene. The main effect quantitative trait locus (QTL; CPMMV.Pv08) associated with CPMMV tolerance was identified in the terminal region on chromosome 8 (Pv08). This QTL explained approximately 77% of phenotypic variation, indicating that the inheritance of tolerance to CPMMV is monogenic, controlled by a major locus. As far as we know, this study represents the first investigation into the inheritance and genetic mapping of CPMMV tolerance in common bean, with potential for the development of elite lines with multiple virus resistance/tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that foods, biodiversity, and human health are strongly interconnected, and many efforts have been made to understand the nutraceutical value of diet. In particular, diet can affect the progression of intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal cancer. In this context, we studied the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts obtained from a local endangered variety of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fagiola di Venanzio, FV). Using in vitro intestinal cell models, we evaluated the activity of three different extracts: soaking water, cooking water, and the bioaccessible fraction obtained after mimicking the traditional cooking procedure and gastrointestinal digestion. We demonstrated that FV extracts reduce inflammation and oxidative stress prompted by interleukin 1β through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production and through the reduction in reactive oxygen species production and NOX1 levels. The reported data outline the importance of diet in the prevention of human inflammatory diseases. Moreover, they strongly support the necessity to safeguard local biodiversity as a source of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compost is a natural and sustainable way to improve soil fertility and enhance plant growth. Moringa leaves have high mineral, cytokinin, and vitamin content which are useful for growth so that they can be used as organic fertilizer. Azotobacter and Streptomyces are from soil and have many biological activities. This study aimed to detect the importance of bioagents formula with Moringa Compost (MC) to enhance plant growth in poor sterile soil and plants were irrigated with half strength of Hoagland nutrient solution. Moringa leaves were collected and cleaned, and organic compost was prepared and analyzed for microbial and chemical composition. The prepared MC was rich in nitrogen and minerals and had high content of bacteria and fungi. The two bioagents used were isolate MB5 and MB11 which were characterized and molecular identified as Azotobacter chroococcum MB5 and Streptomyces griseus MB11. The free-living A. chroococcum can fix atmospheric nitrogen while Streptomyces is a filamentous bacterium with a high ability to produce secondary metabolites. The addition of 20% MC to soil increased soil EC and microbial counts compared to MC-free soil. Moreover, inoculation of soil with either AZ or ST increased the microbial counts and soil EC and the clearest increase was in the case of inoculation of soil with MC+AZ+ST. It also found that MC extract alone with the bacterial filtrates increases seed germination of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), which is a herbaceous annual worldwide plant, grown for its edible dry seeds or green unripe pods. In this regard, inoculation of soil with inoculum of both A. chroococcum MB5, and S. griseus MB11, in the presence of MC has the most pronounced effect and enhances both the growth, fresh and dry weights, leaf number, plant height, and root length of P. vulgaris grown under greenhouse conditions for one month and chemical content of the plant protein carbohydrates, P, N, Ca++ and K+. In conclusion, the combined application A. chroococcum MB5 and S. griseus MB11, as a biofertilizers with Moringa compost is recommended to enhance P. vulgaris growth. The use of these biofertilizers can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which can have detrimental effects on soil and the environment. Therefore, further research on the inoculation and application of these microorganisms with MC is essential for sustainable agriculture.

Abstract Background Laccase (LAC) gene family plays a pivotal role in plant lignin biosynthesis and adaptation to various stresses. Limited research has been conducted on laccase genes in common beans. Results 29 LAC gene family members were identified within the common bean genome, distributed unevenly in 9 chromosomes. These members were divided into 6 distinct subclades by phylogenetic analysis. Further phylogenetic analyses and synteny analyses indicated that considerable gene duplication and loss presented throughout the evolution of the laccase gene family. Purified selection was shown to be the major evolutionary force through Ka / Ks. Transcriptional changes of PvLAC genes under low temperature and salt stress were observed, emphasizing the regulatory function of these genes in such conditions. Regulation by abscisic acid and gibberellins appears to be the case for PvLAC3, PvLAC4, PvLAC7, PvLAC13, PvLAC14, PvLAC18, PvLAC23, and PvLAC26, as indicated by hormone induction experiments. Additionally, the regulation of PvLAC3, PvLAC4, PvLAC7, and PvLAC14 in response to nicosulfuron and low-temperature stress were identified by virus-induced gene silence, which demonstrated inhibition on growth and development in common beans. Conclusions The research provides valuable genetic resources for improving the resistance of common beans to abiotic stresses and enhance the understanding of the functional roles of the LAC gene family.

Crop production might suffer severe economic losses due to insufficient fertiliser availability. Specific signs of nutrient shortage influence plant morphology and physiology. This study pioneers the non-destructive tracking and characterization of nutrient deficiency symptoms in common beans using multispectral and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, offering novel insights into the dynamic responses of plant morphology and physiology to specific nutrient shortages. Plants were cultivated in nutrient solutions with and without nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and control solution. Measurements were taken every three days for 12 days (MT1-MT4) of growth. K and N deficit plants had the earliest symptoms and most noticeable changes, whereas Fe deficiency plants had the slowest and least noticeable symptoms. Except for Fe, the most responsive chlorophyll fluorescence parameter was electron transport rate, which was reduced in plants from all nutrient deprivation treatments compared to control. All nutrient deficit treatments reduced leaf area at MT2, which was the most affected morphological parameter. The green leaf index, reflection in blue, and specific green were the most affected multispectral traits by nutritional deprivation. These findings demonstrate that plant nutrient deficit can be recognized and tracked non-destructively utilizing multispectral and chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Overall, our work not only sheds light on the dynamics of nutrient deficiency in common bean plants but also offers practical implications for improving crop management strategies using non-destructive digital technology.

Abstract Vertical transmission, the transfer of pathogens across generations, is a critical mechanism for the persistence of plant viruses. The transmission mechanisms are diverse, involving direct invasion through the suspensor and virus entry into developing gametes before achieving symplastic isolation. Despite the progress in understanding vertical virus transmission, the environmental factors influencing this process remain largely unexplored. We investigated the complex interplay between vertical transmission of plant viruses and pollination dynamics, focusing on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The intricate relationship between plants and pollinators, especially bees, is essential for global ecosystems and crop productivity. We explored the impact of virus infection on seed transmission rates, with a particular emphasis on bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Under controlled growth conditions, BCMNV exhibited the highest seed transmission rate, followed by BCMV and CMV. Notably, in the field, bee-pollinated BCMV-infected plants showed a reduced transmission rate compared to self-pollinated plants. This highlights the influence of pollinators on virus transmission dynamics. The findings demonstrate the virus-specific nature of seed transmission and underscore the importance of considering environmental factors, such as pollination, in understanding and managing plant virus spread.

Abstract Background Green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fam.: Leguminosae) is a widely consumed grain legume prized for its edible seeds and pods. It is susceptible to infestations with various pests as insects and mites throughout the growing season. In this study, the efficacy of the predatory species, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), as well as conventional pesticides, Mospilan and Vertimec, were evaluated against the most important pests, mainly the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, infesting the green beans cultivated at two locations Giza and El-Menoufia Governorates in Egypt. Results The findings demonstrate that treatments using C. carnea and M. anisopliae effectively reduced the whitefly population, while pesticide treatments were comparatively less effective. In the Giza plots, at the end of the experiments, the use of both M. anisopliae and C. carnea showed high reductions in whitefly population (85.57 and 84.87%), respectively, while in El-Menoufia, C. carnea (97.74%) was the most effective treatment followed by M. anisopliae (90.32%). Pesticide treatment in this case yielded a reduction rate of (22.76 and 59.67%) in Giza and El-Menoufia plots, respectively. However, for spider mite control, P. persimilis proved to be the most effective treatment in Giza and El-Menoufia plots, reducing the spider mite population to 98.44 and 96.14%, respectively. Metarhizium anisopliae treatment also displayed moderate effectiveness, with reduction rates of 75.62 and 75.37% in Giza and El-Menoufia plots, respectively. In comparison, pesticide treatment showed low effectiveness, with reduction rates of only 23.92 and 53.16% in the two locations, respectively. Conclusion Applications of the predator, C. carnea and the EPF, M. anisopliae were highly effective in reducing the population of whitefly, while the predator mite P. persimilis proved to be the most effective for controlling the spider mites. Overall, the study suggests that biocontrol agents, such as the predators and the EPF, can be considered as alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides for controlling pests infesting green beans.

Background: Laccase (LAC) gene family plays a pivotal role in plant lignin biosynthesis and adaptation to various stresses. Limited research has been conducted on laccase genes in common beans. Results: 29 LAC gene family members were identified within the common bean genome, distributed unevenly in 9 chromosomes. These members were divided into 6 distinct subclades by phylogenetic analysis. Further phylogenetic analyses and synteny analyses indicated that considerable gene duplication and loss presented throughout the evolution of the laccase gene family. Purified selection was shown to be the major evolutionary force through Ka / Ks. Transcriptional changes of PvLAC genes under low temperature and salt stress were observed, emphasizing the regulatory function of these genes in such conditions. Regulation by abscisic acid and gibberellins appears to be the case for PvLAC3, PvLAC4, PvLAC7, PvLAC13, PvLAC14, PvLAC18, PvLAC23, and PvLAC26, as indicated by hormone induction experiments. Additionally, the regulation of PvLAC3, PvLAC4, PvLAC7, and PvLAC14 in response to nicosulfuron and low-temperature stress were identified by virus-induced gene silence, which demonstrated inhibition on growth and development in common beans. Conclusions: The research provides valuable genetic resources for improving the resistance of common beans to abiotic stresses and enhance the understanding of the functional roles of the LAC gene family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High solar radiation, combined with high temperature, causes losses in plant production. The application of foliar protector in plants is associated with improvements in photosynthesis, reduction in leaf temperature and, consequently, improved productivity. Two experiments were conducted. The first aimed to assess the efficacy of foliar protector versus artificial shading in mitigating the negative impacts of excessive radiation and temperature on the physiology, growth, and yield of common bean plants. The second experiment focused on comparing the timing in cycle plants (phenological phases) of foliar protector application in two different bean cultivars (BRS Fc 104 and BRS MG Realce) under field conditions. Artificial shading provided better results for photosynthesis, transpiration, growth and production compared to the application of foliar protector. In the field conditions experiment, the application timing of the foliar protector at different phenological phases did not increase productivity in the cultivars. The application of foliar protector under the conditions studied was not effective in mitigating the negative impacts of high solar radiation and temperature on common bean cultivation. However, it is opportune to evaluate the application of foliar protector in bean plants grown under conditions with water deficit, high solar radiation and high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Effective weed management tools are crucial for maintaining the profitable production of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Preemergence herbicides help the crop to gain a size advantage over the weeds, but the few preemergence herbicides registered in snap bean have poor waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) control, a major pest in snap bean production. Waterhemp and other difficult-to-control weeds can be managed by flumioxazin, an herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). However, there is limited knowledge about crop tolerance to this herbicide. We aimed to quantify the degree of snap bean tolerance to flumioxazin and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: We investigated the genetic basis of herbicide tolerance using genome-wide association mapping approach utilizing field-collected data from a snap bean diversity panel, combined with gene expression data of cultivars with contrasting response. The response to a preemergence application of flumioxazin was measured by assessing plant population density and shoot biomass variables. Results: Snap bean tolerance to flumioxazin is associated with a single genomic location in chromosome 02. Tolerance is influenced by several factors, including those that are indirectly affected by seed size/weight and those that directly impact the herbicide's metabolism and protect the cell from reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Transcriptional profiling and co-expression network analysis identified biological pathways likely involved in flumioxazin tolerance, including oxidoreductase processes and programmed cell death. Transcriptional regulation of genes involved in those processes is possibly orchestrated by a transcription factor located in the region identified in the GWAS analysis. Several entries belonging to the Romano class, including Bush Romano 350, Roma II, and Romano Purpiat presented high levels of tolerance in this study. The alleles identified in the diversity panel that condition snap bean tolerance to flumioxazin shed light on a novel mechanism of herbicide tolerance and can be used in crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can provide the necessary nitrogen for bean crops; however, for this to occur, important limitations involving the inoculant application technology need to be overcome.The use of co-inoculation is a management technique used to obtain benefits and increase the potential of N2 fixation from the association between bacteria from the rhizobia group, such as R. tropici, and bacteria that promote plant growth, such as A. brasilense, in association with the addition of nutrients that allow greater efficiency of bacteria fixing atmospheric N2. This study aimed to evaluate the bean response to the reinoculation of R. tropici in co-inoculation with A. brasilense in a mixture with the micronutrients Co/Mo, in the winter season of 2021, in Anápolis-GO, Brazil. A randomized block design was used, with four replications, and the following treatments (TRs) were studied: TR1—reinoculation with R. tropici; TR2—reinoculation with co-inoculation of R. tropici + A. brasilense; TR3—reinoculation of R. tropici + Mo/Co micronutrients; TR4—reinoculation with co-inoculation R. tropici + A. brasilense + Mo/Co micronutrients; TR5—inoculation via seed, without reinoculation; TR6—mineral N fertilization in the sowing furrow and topdressing; TR7—control, without any N source. At stage R6, nodulation characteristics (number and dry mass of nodules) and the morphophysiological parameters of the plants (main root length, root dry mass, plant height, shoot dry mass, leaf area, and leaf N content in the shoot) were evaluated. At harvest, the final plant stand and components (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and average weight of one hundred grains) were determined, in addition to grain yield. It was concluded that inoculation followed by reinoculation in topdressing with R. tropici in co-inoculation with A. brasilense plus Mo/Co, compared to mineral nitrogen fertilization, improves the efficiency of the nodulation process and the morphophysiological characteristics of the common bean crop. Seed inoculation and topdressing application with R. tropici, associated with co-inoculation with A. brasilense + Mo and Co, have the potential to completely replace mineral nitrogen fertilization in common bean crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bean scab caused by Elsinoë phaseoli is a major challenge to common bean cultivation in Kenya. However, knowledge about its epidemiology and management is limited. This study conducted three experiments in Kakamega, Kenya, evaluating scab inoculum sources and control options. The first experiment evaluated three different inoculum sources over two seasons; bean crop residue caused the highest scab incidence in both the 2021 (62.1%) and 2022 (81.1%) seasons. The second experiment assessed the effect of rotation history on scab over three seasons. Scab incidence consistently surpassed 90% within the first 30 days after planting in half‐yearly rotated fields across all seasons, while the disease was absent after planting in fields with no recent history of legumes. Fields rotated out of legumes consistently had the highest grain yield, averaging 1.5 t ha−1 over the seasons. Additionally, the rotation land treatment displayed significantly more pods per plant during the 2021 (9.7), 2022a (9.8), and 2022b (12.5) seasons. In the third experiment, the impact of five fungicides and four cropping systems on bean scab was investigated over two seasons. Neither fungicide treatments nor cropping systems had an effect on bean scab incidence even when only severe symptoms were considered. Carbendazim had the highest yield (1.9 t ha−1) outperforming the unsprayed control only in the 2022 season while none of the other fungicides outperformed the control treatment in yield parameters in either season. This study emphasizes the challenge of managing bean scab without proper crop rotation and underscores the role of crop residue as a critical inoculum source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), besides being an important source of nutrients such as iron, magnesium, and protein, are crucial for food security, especially in developing countries. Common bean cultivation areas commonly face production challenges due to drought occurrences, mainly during the reproductive period. Dry spells last approximately 20 days, enough time to compromise production. Hence, it is crucial to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms that confer drought tolerance to improve common bean cultivars' adaptation to drought. Sixty six RNASeq libraries, generated from tolerant and sensitive cultivars in drought time sourced from the R5 phenological stage at 0 to 20 days of water deficit were sequenced, generated over 1.5 billion reads, that aligned to 62,524 transcripts originating from a reference transcriptome, as well as 6673 transcripts obtained via de novo assembly. Differentially expressed transcripts were functionally annotated, revealing a variety of genes associated with molecular functions such as oxidoreductase and transferase activity, as well as biological processes related to stress response and signaling. The presence of regulatory genes involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control was also highlighted, for example, LEA proteins and dehydrins associated with dehydration protection, and transcription factors such as WRKY, MYB, and NAC, which modulate plant response to water deficit. Additionally, genes related to membrane and protein protection, as well as water and ion uptake and transport, were identified, including aquaporins, RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferases, antioxidant enzymes such as GSTs and CYPs, and thioredoxins. This study highlights the complexity of plant response to water scarcity, focusing on the functional diversity of the genes involved and their participation in the biological processes essential for plant adaptation to water stress. The identification of regulatory and cell protection genes offers promising prospects for genetic improvement aiming at the production of common bean varieties more resistant to drought. These findings have the potential to drive sustainable agriculture, providing valuable insights to ensure food security in a context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In crop growing, biostimulants are currently used to improve the advance and yield of crops. These biostimulants showed successful effects in various crops against severe stress factors. Therefore, integrative studies are required to define the usage of such products in agriculture. This study investigated the valuable impacts of biostimulants on the growth parameters of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Morocco known for its harsh climatic conditions. Equally, we studied the effect on the soil characteristics. The growth parameters were the number, length, and weight of leaves and pods, and were measured after, 21, 29, 35, 42, and 49 days of cultivation. The soil parameters were organic matter, macro-elements, and microelements. The obtained results exposed that the number of leaves was enhanced by 52.95 % in plants treated with biostimulants, while the improvement of foliar weight was estimated at 83.45 %. The treatment improved the weight of pods by 50 % after 75 days and by 63.65 % after 90 days. Similarly, the treatment improved the length of pods by 48 % after 75 days and by 78 % after 90 days. The improvement of growth parameters was in a time-dependent manner. These results are the first to clarify the faculty of biostimulants to enhance the growth performance of green beans under North African climatic and soil circumstances. However, more experiments are desired to evaluate the optimum quantities of biostimulants needed to get the maximum yield. Equally, future research is required to assess the influence of biostimulants on the nutritive quality of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical transmission, the transfer of pathogens across generations, is a critical mechanism for the persistence of plant viruses. The transmission mechanisms are diverse, involving direct invasion through the suspensor and virus entry into developing gametes before achieving symplastic isolation. Despite the progress in understanding vertical virus transmission, the environmental factors influencing this process remain largely unexplored. We investigated the complex interplay between vertical transmission of plant viruses and pollination dynamics, focusing on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The intricate relationship between plants and pollinators, especially bees, is essential for global ecosystems and crop productivity. We explored the impact of virus infection on seed transmission rates, with a particular emphasis on bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Under controlled growth conditions, BCMNV exhibited the highest seed transmission rate, followed by BCMV and CMV. Notably, in the field, bee-pollinated BCMV-infected plants showed a reduced transmission rate compared to self-pollinated plants. This highlights the influence of pollinators on virus transmission dynamics. The findings demonstrate the virus-specific nature of seed transmission and underscore the importance of considering environmental factors, such as pollination, in understanding and managing plant virus spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose, white mold, powdery mildew, and root rot caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Scletorinia sclerotiorum, Erysiphe spp., and Pythium ultimum, respectively, are among the most frequent diseases that cause significant production losses worldwide in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Reactions against these four fungal diseases were investigated under controlled conditions using a diversity panel of 311 bean lines for snap consumption (Snap bean Panel). The genomic regions involved in these resistance responses were identified based on a genome-wide association study conducted with 16,242 SNP markers. The highest number of resistant lines was observed against the three C. lindemuthianum isolates evaluated: 156 lines were resistant to CL124 isolate, 146 lines resistant to CL18, and 109 lines were resistant to C531 isolate. Two well-known anthracnose resistance clusters were identified, the Co-2 on chromosome Pv11 for isolates CL124 and CL18, and the Co-3 on chromosome Pv04 for isolates CL124 and C531. In addition, other lesser-known regions of anthracnose resistance were identified on chromosomes Pv02, Pv06, Pv08, and Pv10. For the white mold isolate tested, 24 resistant lines were identified and the resistance was localized to three different positions on chromosome Pv08. For the powdery mildew local isolate, only 12 resistant lines were identified, and along with the two previous resistance genes on chromosomes Pv04 and Pv11, a new region on chromosome Pv06 was also identified. For root rot caused by Pythium, 31 resistant lines were identified and two main regions were located on chromosomes Pv04 and Pv05. Relevant information for snap bean breeding programs was provided in this work. A total of 20 lines showed resistant or intermediate responses against four or five isolates, which can be suitable for sustainable farm production and could be used as resistance donors. Potential genes and genomic regions to be considered for targeted improvement were provided, including new or less characterized regions that should be validated in future works. Powdery mildew disease was identified as a potential risk for snap bean production and should be considered a main goal in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fam.: Leguminosae) is a widely consumed grain legume prized for its edible seeds and pods. It is susceptible to infestations with various pests as insects and mites throughout the growing season. In this study, the efficacy of the predatory species, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), as well as conventional pesticides, Mospilan and Vertimec, were evaluated against the most important pests, mainly the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, infesting the green beans cultivated at two locations Giza and El-Menoufia Governorates in Egypt. Results: The findings demonstrate that treatments using C. carnea and M. anisopliae effectively reduced the whitefly population, while pesticide treatments were comparatively less effective. In the Giza plots, at the end of the experiments, the use of both M. anisopliae and C. carnea showed high reductions in whitefly population (85.57 and 84.87%), respectively, while in El-Menoufia, C. carnea (97.74%) was the most effective treatment followed by M. anisopliae (90.32%). Pesticide treatment in this case yielded a reduction rate of (22.76 and 59.67%) in Giza and El-Menoufia plots, respectively. However, for spider mite control, P. persimilis proved to be the most effective treatment in Giza and El-Menoufia plots, reducing the spider mite population to 98.44 and 96.14%, respectively. Metarhizium anisopliae treatment also displayed moderate effectiveness, with reduction rates of 75.62 and 75.37% in Giza and El-Menoufia plots, respectively. In comparison, pesticide treatment showed low effectiveness, with reduction rates of only 23.92 and 53.16% in the two locations, respectively. Conclusion: Applications of the predator, C. carnea and the EPF, M. anisopliae were highly effective in reducing the population of whitefly, while the predator mite P. persimilis proved to be the most effective for controlling the spider mites. Overall, the study suggests that biocontrol agents, such as the predators and the EPF, can be considered as alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides for controlling pests infesting green beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beans are a traditional grain crop consumed by humans that is of great importance for food security and farmers in terms of income in Brazil. Paraná is one of the largest bean-producing states in the country, but the area needed for its production is being lost, changing the dynamics of bean cultivation, and generating social and economic impacts. The objective of this study was to verify the spatiotemporal and economic dynamics of bean production in Paraná. For this purpose, using mainly data from the 2006 and 2017 agricultural censuses, the location quotient, the Hirschman–Herfindahl Index (HHI), the Williamson coefficient (V w), exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied. From the results, it was possible to verify that there was a 13.95% reduction in the number of municipalities that specialized in bean production, from 98 municipalities in 2006 to 86 in 2017. Most specialized municipalities produced black beans or a combination of other colored beans. The HHI revealed that the specialized municipalities accounted for the most income from bean production. The V w indicated that the economic development of the central-eastern and southeastern Paraná mesoregions was related to bean production. Based on the ESDA, it was found a statistically significant and positive presence of spatial concentration in 2006 (Moran' I = 0.36) and 2017 (Moran' I = 0.51). Based on the PCA, it was possible to identify two main components that together explained 71.52% of the data variability. The reduction in the planted area, the decrease in the number of specialized municipalities, and the concentration of income from bean production in some municipalities make it difficult to reduce regional disparities in Paraná, and in addition, these factors increase concern about food security; thus, public policies are needed to reduce such impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) is one of the main pests of storage beans, affecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in tropical world regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate antixenosis of two P. vulgaris genotypes to Z. subfasciatus and the emission of volatile compounds from seeds of these genotypes. Antixenosis in adults and oviposition was evaluated using the obligate antibiosis test, on 'G11051' and 'ICA Pijao' genotypes of common bean to Z. subfasciatus. The volatile compounds of their seeds related to antixenosis were also evaluated. The number of adult insects away from seeds, the percentage of eggs in seeds and the container and the number of total eggs were counted. The presence of volatile compounds was determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Genotype 'G11051' showed higher adult antixenosis (80% non-preference) and antixenosis by oviposition on their seeds than 'ICA Pijao' genotype which showed only 11% repellency. Significant statistical differences were found in the volatile compounds detected. 'G11051' showed 65 compounds and 22 specific to this genotype, while in 'ICA Pijao', 53 compounds were detected, eight of which were specific to this genotype. Of these, dimethyl disulfide, limonene, (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal showed known antixenotic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), one of the most important cultivated legumes, requires a high level of water. It is included among the most sensitive species to climate change; drought and salinity cause a reduction in photosynthesis, metabolic and enzymatic alterations, and oxidative stress. To improve crop tolerance to salt, seed priming and acclimation can be useful tools. To test the salt tolerance of beans, a preliminary screening was undertaken on four cultivars of P. vulgaris (Black Turtle, Cargamanto, Bola Roja, Borlotto) by exposing the seeds to different levels of salinity. The salt-sensitive cultivar Borlotto was chosen for experimental greenhouse trials to study the effects of halopriming and acclimation. Primed and non-primed seeds were sown in non-saline soil and acclimated for 2 weeks; then, the plants were watered with non-saline and saline solutions for 4 weeks. At the end of this growth period, the primed plants showed a marked increase in salt stress tolerance, improving the chlorophyll content, phenolic compounds, and many enzymes' activities, in turn reducing the effect of salt on growth and fruit production compared to the non-primed controls. In conclusion, halopriming can be considered a useful tool to enhance salinity tolerance in beans and other salt-sensitive crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant-based preparations to replace chemical pesticides is a challenge for sustainable agriculture. Preparations from nettle (Urtica dioica L.) are good candidates, as the treatment of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with aqueous suspensions of nettle reduced symptoms of halo blight disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph). The aim of the present work was to test if nettle infusions (Ui) have similar effects and find out what activity is behind this: antimicrobial, promotion of the natural defenses of plants, and/or antioxidant. To achieve this, Pph growth was tested in the presence of infusions of nettle leaves collected in two different years (Ui18 and Ui22), and we found that it was only weakly inhibited at high concentrations of Ui18. Interestingly, Ui22 promoted bacteria growth at all concentrations. Second, we estimated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to flagellin22 (flg22) in common bean leaf discs, since recognition of this bacterial peptide usually leads to ROS accumulation in tissues as a plant immune response. However, leaf discs that were preincubated in Ui showed no accumulation of ROS after flg22 treatment, suggesting that Ui can neutralize ROS production. Finally, in a Pph inoculation experiment of common bean plants grown in vitro, we observed that pretreatment of plants with Ui drastically reduced foliar oxidative damage and disease symptoms 6 h after inoculation. This effect was more noticeable for Ui22, which was related to the higher antioxidant activity found in this extract in comparison with Ui18. These results suggest that the protective properties of Ui are mainly due to the content of antioxidant bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought limits the growth and development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (known as common bean). Common bean plants contain various phenylpropanoids, but it is not known whether the levels of these metabolites are altered by drought. Here, BT6 and BT44, two white bean recombinant inbred lines (RILs), were cultivated under severe drought. Their respective growth and phenylpropanoid profiles were compared to those of well-irrigated plants. Both RILs accumulated much less biomass in their vegetative parts with severe drought, which was associated with more phaseollin and phaseollinisoflavan in their roots relative to well-irrigated plants. A sustained accumulation of coumestrol was evident in BT44 roots with drought. Transient alterations in the leaf profiles of various phenolic acids occurred in drought-stressed BT6 and BT44 plants, including the respective accumulation of two separate caftaric acid isomers and coutaric acid (isomer 1) relative to well-irrigated plants. A sustained rise in fertaric acid was observed in BT44 with drought stress, whereas the greater amount relative to well-watered plants was transient in BT6. Apart from kaempferol diglucoside (isomer 2), the concentrations of most leaf flavonol glycosides were not altered with drought. Overall, fine tuning of leaf and root phenylpropanoid profiles occurs in white bean plants subjected to severe drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White mold, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a challenging disease to common bean cultivation worldwide. In the current study, two non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ß-alanine, were suggested as innovative environmentally acceptable alternatives for more sustainable management of white mold disease. In vitro, GABA and ß-alanine individually demonstrated potent dose-dependent fungistatic activity and effectively impeded the radial growth and development of S. sclerotiorum mycelium. Moreover, the application of GABA or ß-alanine as a seed treatment followed by three root drench applications efficiently decreased the disease severity, stimulated plant growth, and boosted the content of photosynthetic pigments of treated S. sclerotiorum-infected plants. Furthermore, although higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2•-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that S. sclerotiorum infection had markedly triggered oxidative stress in infected bean plants, the exogenous application of both NPAAs significantly reduced the levels of the three studied oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, the application of GABA and ß-alanine increased the levels of both non-enzymatic (total soluble phenolics and flavonoids), as well as enzymatic (catalase [CAT], peroxidases [POX], and polyphenol oxidase [PPO]) antioxidants in the leaves of S. sclerotioruminfected plants and improved their scavenging activity and antioxidant efficiency. Applications of GABA and ß-alanine also raised the proline and total amino acid content of infected bean plants. Lastly, the application of both NPAAs upregulated the three antioxidant-related genes PvCAT1, PvCuZnSOD1, and PvGR. Collectively, the fungistatic activity of NPAAs, coupled with their ability to alleviate oxidative stress, enhance antioxidant defenses, and stimulate plant growth, establishes them as promising ecofriendly alternatives for white mold disease management for sustainable bean production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When designing appropriate machinery systems, equipment, and infrastructures for interacting with, cultivating, gathering, and agriculture-related processing, it is required to have an understanding of the engineering characteristics of agricultural products. This unpredictability makes it difficult to design or develop machines that can efficiently and effectively manage a wide range of product characteristics. Experimental analysis was used to accomplish the study's objective, which was to investigate the implications of variation on the physical characteristics and frictional parameters of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) concerning the design of the threshing machine. One hundred bean seeds from each variety were randomly selected and their three primary dimensions were measured with a digital vernier caliper (least count 0.01 mm) and a microscrew gauge in order to determine the dimensional parameters. The remaining parameters (elongation at the width, thickness, and vertical orientation, geometrical mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter, roundness, sphericity, flakiness ratio, aspect ratio, cross-sectional area, projected area, transverse surface area, and the seed volume) were calculated using mathematical models. Gravimetric characteristics true density and seed volumes were calculated using the toluene displacement method. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Duncan multiple range test was used to separate the means. Significance was accepted at 95% confidence interval (p< 0.05). The results data are required for predicting loads in agricultural storage structures, and to establish useful sources for the development of machinery for handling, cleaning, storing, transporting and drying, among other things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous study, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes were selected in the field for reactions to white mould (WM), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. These genotypes, along with the resistant control A195, were then evaluated in both field and greenhouse (straw test) conditions. The results showed that field trials effectively identified high‐yielding WM‐resistant genotypes for dry‐irrigated conditions. Here we challenge the results of this study with new data and methodology by conducting six sprinkler‐irrigated trials from 2015 to 2017 with five genotype groups (G). Three groups comprised genotypes previously studied: G1, seven partially resistant; G4, two intermediately resistant; and G5, three susceptible. G2 consisted of four lines selected for partial resistance in the current study. The resistant control group, G3, comprised the genotypes A195, G122, Cornell605, and Ouro Branco. WM was absent (one trial), or pressure was either low/moderate (two trials) or moderate/high (three trials). The average seed yield ranged from 2207 (G3) to 3178 kg/ha (G1). The contrast G1, G2 versus G3 was nonsignificant for incidence and severity index, indicating that genotypes selected for resistance in the field were as resistant as the resistant control genotypes. Additionally, the groups selected for resistance yielded 43% more and produced 33% less sclerotia weight compared with the control group. Our results reinforce the effectiveness of selecting WM‐resistant genotypes using beans originally bred for purposes other than WM‐resistance, specifically targeting dry‐irrigated areas. Furthermore, our results suggest that the use of genotypes selected for partial resistance reduces inoculum levels in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch nanocrystals (SNC) are insoluble platelets with crystalline structures produced by acid hydrolysis. Pretreatments, including heat–moisture treatment (HMT), annealing (ANN), and sonication (SNT) can be used to improve SNC properties. They investigate the impact of these pretreatments on SNC structure and properties, including hydrolysis kinetics and yield, molecular structure, infrared spectroscopy, crystallinity (Xc), and thermal stability. Hydrolysis of native and pretreated starches followed a two‐phase first‐order model with an initial rapid stage and a slower second stage based on the k‐values. SNC yield is improved by at least 180% than previously reported. HMT SNC yield is 42.3% while native SNC is 35.2%. Structural analysis reveals that SNC displayed an A‐type structure with increased Xc. However, prolonged acid hydrolysis (7 days) reduces Xc by breaking long molecular chains into shorter glucose ones, reducing SNC yield. Melting temperatures (Tp) of pretreated SNC increase after 5 days of hydrolysis. Pretreated carioca bean starch shows advantages for SNC production after 5 days of hydrolysis, reaching good yield and Xc. HMT and SNT prove effective in improving hydrolysis yield and thermal stability, while ANN slightly accelerates SNC production. Their findings provide valuable insights into optimizing pretreatments for enhancing SNC properties and expanding their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaseolus vulgaris L. , commonly known as the common bean, is a highly nutritious crop often called the "poor man's meat". However, it is susceptible to various diseases throughout the cropping season, with anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum being a significant threat that leads to substantial losses. There is still a lack of understanding about the molecular basis of C. lindemuthianum pathogenicity. The first step in understanding this is to identify pathogenicity genes that express more during infection of common beans. A reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method can be used for virulence gene expression. However, this approach requires selecting appropriate reference genes to normalize relative gene expression data. Currently, there is no reference gene available for C. lindemuthianum. In this study, we selected eight candidate reference genes from the available genome of C. lindemuthianum to bridge the gap. These genes were ACT (Actin), β-tub (β-tubulin), EF (Elongation Factor), Cyt C (Cytochrome C), His H3 (Histone H3), CHS1 (Chitin synthetase), GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and abfA (Alpha- l -Arabinofuranosidase A). The primers for these candidate reference genes were able to amplify cDNA only from the pathogen, demonstrating their specificity. The qPCR efficiency of the primers ranged from 80% to 103%. We analyzed the stability of gene expression in C. lindemuthianum by exposing the mycelium to nine different stress conditions. We employed algorithms, such as GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder tools, to identify the most stable gene. The analysis using these tools revealed that EF , GAPDH , and β-tub most stable genes, while ACT and CHS1 showed relatively low expression stability. A large number of potential effector genes have been identified through bioinformatics analysis in C. lindemuthianum. The stable genes for qPCR (EF and GAPDH) discovered in this study will aid the scientific community in determining the relative expression of C. lindemuthianum effector genes. • Gene expression investigations are hampered by the lack of reference genes in C. lindemuthianum. • We provide the list of qPCR genes that can be used to perform expression analysis of genes in C. lindemuthianum. • We identified EF and GAPDH as the most stable genes. • Our results will aid the scientific community in determining the relative expression of C. lindemuthianum effector genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT The cultivation of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is of great importance to the national economy since they are grown in almost all regions of Brazil and the use of biostimulants based on phytohormones and plant vitamins can improve the yield of the crop. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of the vitamin nicotinamide and phytohormones as biostimulants on bean plants. The experimental design was carried out in randomized blocks in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme with 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of the application of five doses of nicotinamide (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg L-1) in the presence or absence of phytohormones containing auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin. The growth characteristics, production components and productivity of the bean grains were evaluated. The use of phytohormones and nicotinamide alone or together favored the growth, production components and grain productivity of the bean plant. The range of 366 to 469 mL L-1 nicotinamide achieved the highest values for the growth variables, production components and grain productivity of the bean plant, with 414 mL L-1 being the most suitable to achieve higher grain productivity.

Bacterial brown spot (BBS) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss), common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans (Xff), and halo bacterial blight (HBB), caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psph), are major bacterial diseases that severely affect common bean yields and global food security. Andean-origin dry beans, representing large-seeded market classes, are particularly susceptible. Using 140,325 SNPs, a multi-locus GWAS was conducted on subsets of the Andean diversity panel (ADP) phenotyped for BBS in South Africa, CBB in Puerto Rico, South Africa, and Zambia, and HBB in South Africa, through natural infection, artificial inoculation, or both. Twenty-four QTL associated with resistance were identified: nine for BBS, eight for CBB, and seven for HBB. Four QTL intervals on Pv01, Pv03, Pv05, and Pv08 overlapped with BBS and HBB resistance. A genomic interval on Pv01, near the fin gene, which determines growth habit, was linked to resistance to all three pathogens. Different QTLs were detected for BBS and CBB resistance when phenotyped under natural infection versus artificial inoculation. These results underscore the importance of combining phenotyping methods in multi-GWAS to capture the full genetic spectrum. Previously recognized CBB resistance QTL SAP6 and SU91 and HBB resistance QTL HB4.2, and HB5.1, were observed. Other common (MAF >0.25) and rare (MAF