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Electronic transport in inversion symmetry broken monolayer phosphorene under the influence of electron–phonon interaction is investigated. Such interaction renormalizes the band structure, leading to a significant modification of electron dynamics, which depends on the interaction strength. We find that the imaginary part of the self-energy remains minimal within a particular region of energy ℏ ω , where the quasiparticle has zero density of final states. It turns out that the emission of phonon is not allowed in that energy range. At the boundary of this region, there is a sudden increase in the imaginary part of the self-energy, where its real part exhibits singular behavior around specific energies. In addition, it is shown that dynamic optical conductivity exhibits remarkable effects in the presence of the electron–phonon interaction. In particular, it remains minimal in a particular region of energy ℏ ω , then it increases monotonically and hits the peak of the main absorption edge. Moreover, we find that the dynamic optical conductivity changes significantly with the change in electron–phonon interaction strength, temperature, phonon energy, chemical potential, and bandgap in the energy spectrum of the system. Both the real and imaginary parts of the self-energy acquire energy dependence that reflects phonon structure and leads to a shift in the conductivity peak of the longitudinal optical conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican-hat-shaped quartic dispersion manifests itself in certain families of single-layer two-dimensional hexagonal crystals such as compounds of groups III–VI and groups IV–V as well as elemental crystals of group V. A quartic band forms the valence band edge in various of these structures, and some of the experimentally confirmed structures are GaS, GaSe, InSe, SnSb, and blue phosphorene. Here, we numerically investigate strictly one-dimensional and quasi-one dimensional (Q1D) systems with quartic dispersion and systematically study the effects of Anderson disorder on their transport properties with the help of a minimal tight-binding model and Landauer formalism. We compare the analytical expression for the scaling function with simulation data to distinguish the domains of diffusion and localization regimes. In one dimension, it is shown that conductance drops dramatically at the quartic band edge compared to the quadratic case. As for the Q1D nanoribbons, a set of singularities emerge close to the band edge, suppressing conductance and leading to short mean-free-paths and localization lengths. Interestingly, wider nanoribbons can have shorter mean-free-paths because of denser singularities. However, the localization lengths sometimes follow different trends. Our results display the peculiar effects of quartic dispersion on transport in disordered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the photonic spin Hall effect of a linearly polarized Gaussian beam reflected on the surface of twisted bilayer phosphorene. The photonic spin shift depends strongly on optical resonance behavior, which is determined by the twist angle. The magnified spin shift near the Brewster angle is sensitive to the twist angle and can be fitted by numerical models. In particular, the spin shifts in the terahertz region of frequency are well within the current experimental detection precision. Our findings suggest that the photonic spin Hall effect is promising for precise characterization of the optical property and the structure of twisted bilayer phosphorene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the electronic and transport properties of phosphorene nanorings in two perpendicular directions (zigzag and armchair directions) in the presence of a zigzag metallic source and drain leads. Our results are based on the non-equilibrium Green's function method and a five-parameter tight-binding approach. We investigate how system parameters affect the electronic transport. These parameters include the radius of the rings, the width of the leads, and the external potential. Our results show that for all configurations studied, a transport energy gap exists whose size can be tuned by the width of the leads and the radius of the nanoring. The transmission function of wider leads shows more sensitivity to the variation of the inner radius due to higher electronic states that can respond to smaller changes in the scattering region. In addition, the transport along the armchair direction is more susceptible to tuning than the transport along the zigzag direction. The effects of external potentials on the conductance are more pronounced than the geometrical parameters. In particular, the circular potential of the amplitude of 0.1 eV can widen the transport gap by about ∼0.35 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edge reconstruction of two‐dimensional (2D) materials is significant for the stability, properties, and applications. Significant progress has been made in understanding the edge reconstruction of 2D materials. Herein, an overview of the latest theoretical and experimental advances on edge reconstruction of α‐phase phosphorene nanoribbon and IV–VI group binary compounds MX (M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se), focusing on the mechanism, stability, physical, and chemical properties of the edge reconstructions is provided. The status, challenges, and contradictions in experiments and theory are addressed and the progress in edge reconstruction of α‐phase puckered 2D materials as well as the effects of edge reconstruction on physicochemical properties are systematically introduced. A novel tube‐like edge reconstruction is suggested to be universal for α‐phase puckered monolayers. While ZZ(U) edge can be another important reconstruction in bilayer. Beyond the review, the edge structures of phosphorene have odd–even layered oscillations are also proposed. The edge terminations can affect the exfoliation mechanism and electronic, transport properties. Interesting, unique U‐edge, which has been verified by experiment, exhibits nearly edgeless electronic and thermal transport, which is beneficial for ultrafast microelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorene and fullerene are representative two‐dimensional (2D) and zero‐dimensional (0D) nanomaterials respectively, constructing their heterodimensional hybrid not only complements their physiochemical properties but also extends their applications via synergistic interactions. This is however challenging because of their diversities in dimension and chemical reactivity, and theoretical studies predicted that it is improbable to directly bond C60 onto the surface of phosphorene due to their strong repulsion. Here, we develop a facile electrosynthesis method to synthesize the first phosphorene‐fullerene hybrid featuring fullerene surface bonding via P−C bonds. Few‐layer black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) obtained from electrochemical exfoliation react with C602− dianion prepared by electroreduction of C60, fulfilling formation of the "improbable" phosphorene‐fullerene hybrid (BPNS‐s‐C60). Theoretical results reveal that the energy barrier for formation of [BPNS‐s‐C60]2− intermediate is significantly decreased by 1.88 eV, followed by an oxidization reaction to generate neutral BPNS‐s‐C60 hybrid. Surface bonding of C60 molecules not only improves significantly the ambient stability of BPNSs, but also boosts dramatically the visible light and near‐infrared (NIR) photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rates, reaching 1466 and 1039 μmol h−1 g−1 respectively, which are both the highest values among all reported BP‐based metal‐free photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) based on 2D materials have emerged as promising candidates for low-power devices. However, many TFETs utilizing 2D materials suffer from the limitation of low ON current. Black phosphorene, a 2D material exhibiting a high ON current and also an appropriate band gap, is known as a notable candidate. This paper investigates simulation results of armchair/zigzag phosphorene nanoribbon tunneling field-effect transistors (APNR-TFET/ZPNR-TFET). Our approach relies on the combination of density functional-based tight binding with the nonequilibrium Green’s function. Results encompass energy band structure, I–V characteristics, on/off current ratio, Power-Delay Product (PDP), delay time and cutoff frequency. It is shown that ZPNR-TFETs possess a higher Ion/Ioff ratio, PDP and intrinsic gain compared to APNR-TFETs. Hence, the ZPNR-TFET is better suited for digital applications. Due to the increased gm in APNR-TFET, this structure exhibits a higher cutoff frequency, resulting in enhanced performance in analog applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorene, a 2D(two‐dimensional) material, holds immense promise in various applications due to its unique properties. Here, a comprehensive overview of their recent synthesis progresses, with a specific focus on three phosphorene varieties: black phosphorene, blue phosphorene, and violet phosphorene is provided. Black phosphorene, given its versatile properties, is extensively studied, but the challenges persist in achieving scalable production with high quality and controllable thicknesses. The synthesis of blue phosphorene involves epitaxial methods but results in relatively small structures, limiting its practical applications. Notably, the successful synthesis of violet phosphorene remains limited, achieved only through mechanical and liquid‐phase exfoliation (LPE) methods. Despite significant progression in phosphorene synthesis, a critical need is emphasized for a cost‐effective and easily controllable method capable of efficiently managing the thickness of phosphorene. The challenges, such as scalability issues and the presence of impurities, highlight the complexity of phosphorene preparation methods. The review emphasizes the importance of continued scientific engagement to overcome these obstacles and advance the research topic. In essence, while phosphorene shows great potential, unlocking its full range of applications requires further research and innovation in synthesis methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We focus on estimating the influences of uniaxial tensile and shear strains on a band gap in the electronic structure of monolayer black phosphorus. To study numerically the dependence of the band gap on the deformation type and strength, we apply two approaches: the tight-binding model (with the exponential and inversely quadratic strain-induced bond-length-dependent hoppings) and the density-functional-theory-based calculations. Both approaches corroborated that phosphorene as a direct semiconductor in the unstrained state can become a semimetal at certain types and strengths of deformations. The critical values of the semiconductor–semimetal transition are different depending on approximations and model parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, long-range van der Waals (vdW) and effective Coulomb interaction (Ueff) corrected density functional theory (DFT + vdW + Ueff) calculations were performed to explore the effect of co-doping (of Co and Sn) on the crystal structure, electronic, magnetic and chemical (H2 adsorption) properties of phosphorene. The stability of the doped structures was determined with formation energy (Ef) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The dopants were found to form strong bonds with phosphorus (P) atoms. The introduction of Co/Sn-atoms slightly altered the local geometry of phosphorene, resulting in new electronic characteristics. For instance, unlike pristine phosphorene (P48), the co-doped phosphorene (P45CoxSny) can exhibit ferrimagnetic (FIM) or ferromagnetic (FM) coupling in the ground state. The doped structures exhibit integral magnetic moments, mainly contributed by the Co-atoms. The P45Co1Sn2 and P45Co2Sn1 structures show metallic band structure, while P45Co3 becomes a small band gap (Eg) semiconductor (Eg =0.2 eV). The adsorption of the H2 molecules was investigated at various sites on un-doped and co-doped phosphorene. It was found that H2 molecule is weakly adsorbed on un-doped phosphorene, whereas moderate adsorption was observed for co-doped systems. The adsorption energy (Ea) was found to be -0.03, -0.35, -0.48, and − 0.65 eV, respectively for P48, P45Co1Sn2, and P45Co2Sn1 and P45Co3. The DOS plots confirmed that the observed adsorption is due to the s-d interaction between H-atom and the doped Co-atom. The Bader charge and charge density difference (CDD) analysis showed that H2 molecule acts as a charge acceptor and doped phosphorene as a charge donor. In addition, the effect of strain on adsorption was also considered. The adsorption capacity of the doped systems decreased with the number of H2 molecules. These findings show that co-doped phosphorene can be used for spin-based nanodevices and hydrogen capture for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of black phosphorene (BP) and its preparation and modification for developing and applying devices have become a hot topic in the interdisciplinary field. We propose ultrasound-electrochemistry co-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation as an eco-friendly one-step method to prepare gold–silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Au−AgNPs)-decorated BP nanozyme for smartphone-based portable sensing of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in different water sources. The structure, morphology, composition, and properties of Au−AgNPs−BP nanozyme are characterized by multiple instrumental analyses. Bimetallic salts are induced to efficiently occupy oxidative sites of BP to form highly stable Au−AgNPs−BP nanozyme and guarantee the integrity of the lamellar BP. The electrochemistry shortens the exfoliation time of the BP nanosheet and contributes to the loading efficiency of bimetallic nanoparticles on the BP nanosheet. Au−AgNPs−BP-modified screen-printed carbon electrode coupled with palm-sized smartphone-controlled wireless electrochemical analyzer as a portable wireless intelligent sensing platform was applied to the determination of 4-NP in a linear range of 0.6−10 μM with a limit of detection of 63 nM. It enables on-site determination of 4-NP content in lake water, river water, and irrigation ditch water. This work will provide a reference for an eco-friendly one-step preparation of bimetallic nanoparticle-decorated graphene-like materials as nanozymes and their smartphone-based portable sensing application outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the transport properties of a phosphorene nanoribbon with zigzag edges are investigated. Although phosphorene is a two-dimensional structure with gaps, each zigzag edge of phosphorene nanoribbon acts like a one-dimensional quantum wire, so a nanoribbon with two edges is similar to two parallel quantum wires. We also show that by adding an impurity line between the upper and lower edges, we can create an impurity strip that can connect the upper edge to the lower edge. In other words, different inputs can be coupled to different outputs. To calculate coupling coefficients between inputs and outputs, we use the Lippmann-Schwinger formulation. The final results show that depending on the energy of the input state and the corresponding standing wave in the impurity band, the phenomenon of resonance or anti-resonance can be created in the dispersion between inputs and outputs. Besides the theoretical aspect of the proposed scheme presented in this article, it can be applied to make nanoswitches in practice.

With the increasing demand for energy, it has become imperative to investigate the thermoelectric properties that can be beneficial to directly converting heat into electric energy. Here, we theoretically study the thermoelectric transport of the Mn-doped blue phosphorene (blue-P) along the zigzag direction. We show that the spin-polarized electronic transport in the blue-P can be produced by the Mn-doping induced half-metallic energy band structure, and the Seebeck coefficients can take positive and negative values, indicating that the main carriers may be holes and electrons. Thus, the spin-down, spin, and charge Seebeck coefficients show a high peak and a deep valley, while the spin and charge thermoelectric figures of merit show two wide peaks. Moreover, the spin and charge thermoelectric figures of merit are found to be so large that the Mn-doped blue-P along the zigzag direction can be used as good thermoelectric materials. In addition, we consider the effect of the doping concentration on the electronic structure and thermoelectric transport properties. This research should be an important reference for designing spin caloritronic and thermoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exceptional electronic properties and potential applications of black phosphorus (BP) have garnered significant interest in the fields of electrochemical catalysis and energy storage. However, its poor environmental stability severely hampers its practical use. In this study, an innovative strategy is proposed to protect fresh black phosphorene (BPene) against oxidation by adsorbing or weakly bonding aluminum ions (Al3+) onto its surface, while facilitating their self‐removal under operating conditions. By leveraging Al3+‐protected black phosphorene (Al‐BPene) as a catalyst for the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia (NH3), the effectiveness of this removable Al3+‐protected strategy is demonstrated. Quantitative analysis reveals that Al‐BPene maintains structural and compositional stability for over 7 days under ambient conditions, while the Al3+ can be readily eliminated through self‐desorption or dissolution in the electrolyte. With highly active sites pre‐protected, Al‐BPene exhibits a striking NH3 yield rate of 55.1 µg h−1 mg cat−1 and a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 66.5% in alkaline media, as exemplified by the representative application example. Moreover, it is found that the prepared Al‐BPene can tolerate a thermal environment, and a higher NH3 yield rate of 75 µg h−1 mg cat−1 at 60 °C is recorded. Undoubtedly, these findings pave the way for broader applications of BPene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic engineering faces persistent challenges in achieving precise Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage, especially with the limitations associated with current enzyme‐based methods, exemplified by issues in CRISPR technologies. This study introduces a groundbreaking approach: utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by Multiphoton Absorption (MPA)‐excited Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots (BPQDs) under femto‐second laser irradiation. This innovative method not only allows excitation with lower energy but also enhances overall efficiency. The integration of complementary RNA sequences facilitates high‐efficiency, site‐selective DNA cleavage in the system, named “TADPOLE” (Targeted DNA Precision Oriented Laser Excision). Beyond its precision in targeting arbitrary DNA sequences using quantum dots, TADPOLE harnesses the unique multiphoton absorption property of BPQDs, enabling excitation with lower‐energy light sources suitable for in vivo applications in the future. Moreover, the approach integrates guiding RNA and ultrafast laser technology to provide precise control over local ROS generation and minimal heat production. This guarantees site‐specific DNA cleavage while mitigating the risk of damage to non‐targeted sequences. In summary, this study catalyzes advancements in enzyme‐free DNA cleavage technologies, with transformative implications for genetic engineering, biotechnology, and medicine. The holistic precision, versatility, and endurance presented by TADPOLE open new avenues for targeted gene therapies and transformative applications in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using density functional theory, we investigated the adsorption of different gases, including CO, CO2, H2S, NO2, and SO2, on decorated phosphorene with various alkali metals such as Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. Gas molecules are physisorbed on phosphorene and, according to calculations, alkali metal decoration significantly improves the adsorption of gas molecules by phosphorene due to the reinforcement of interface interactions. Based on the stability criterion (ΔEads), the preference for choosing the best decorated phosphorene system for adsorbing different gases can be arranged as follows: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs. Li‐phosphorene is the most stable decorated system, and due to its higher binding energy in complexation with CO, CO2, H2S, NO2, and SO2, Li‐decorated phosphorene shows greater potential in absorbing these gases. Donor‐acceptor interactions analysis has confirmed that the origin of stability can be attributed to molecular orbital interactions between these metals and the phosphorene surface (201.69 kcal mol‐1). Based on the calculated adsorption energies, Li‐decoration on black phosphorene has the most significant adsorption value for CO (−2.48 eV). Finally, Li has been suggested as the most suitable phosphorene decorator for enhanced gas molecule adsorption or detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of lithium-decorated phosphorene for hydrogen storage is significantly limited due to metal aggregation on substrates. Despite considerable research and effort in the literature to address this issue, no one has succeeded in enhancing the capacity of phosphorene through metal atom decoration. Based on density functional theory (DFT) and AIMD simulations, superalkali NLi 4 -decorated black phosphorene monolayer is developed as a new hydrogen storage solid-state material. Our results show that the NLi 4 -cluster exhibits a significant binding energy of −3.18 eV when attached to one side of the phosphorene on a stable site, indicating a strong affinity between the NLi 4 -cluster and phosphorene surfaces. Moreover, 2(NLi 4)@phosphorene can store up to 30H 2 molecules with a suitable average hydrogen adsorption-energy and a maximum hydrogen storage capacity of 6.8 wt%. Using the van't Hoff equation and increasing the pressure, we find that the desorption temperature is higher than the critical point for hydrogen. AIMD simulations at different temperatures demonstrate the thermal stability of the hydrogenated 2(NLi 4)@phosphorene and the H 2 desorption process. The findings of the present study suggest the potential utilization of the 2(NLi 4)@phosphorene adsorptive material for hydrogen storage applications. [Display omitted] • NLi 4 -decorated black-phosphorene was investigated for reversible H 2 storage using DFT and AIMD simulations. • NLi 4 binds on phosphorene with binding energy of - 3.18 eV at the hollow site. • The wt.%.H 2 adsorption reaches up to 6.8 wt% and meets the US-DOE's standard of 5.5 wt%. • Thermodynamic analysis confirms the efficiency of the H 2 molecules charging/discharging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorene, or two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus, has recently emerged as a competitor of graphene as it offers several advantages, including a tunable band gap, higher on/off current ratio, piezoelectric nature, and biocompatibility. Researchers have succeeded in obtaining several forms of phosphorene, such as nanosheets, nanorods, nanoribbons, and quantum dots, with satisfactory yields. Nanostructures with various controlled properties have been fabricated in multiple devices for energy production. These phosphorene-based devices are lightweight, flexible, and efficient, demonstrating great potential for energy-harvesting applications in sensors and nanogenerators. While ongoing exploration and advancements continue for these lightweight energy harvesters, it is essential to review the current progress in order to develop a future roadmap for the potential use of these phosphorenebased energy harvesters in space programs. They could be employed in applications such as wearable devices for astronauts, where ultralow weight is a vital component of any integrated device. This review also anticipates the growing significance of phosphorene in various emerging applications such as robots, information storage devices, and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding and predicting the charge carriers in two-dimensional materials is critical for advancements in electronic devices. Numerous research efforts focus on optimizing their functionality to unveil their full potential for expected applications. 2D materials such as graphene exhibit unique electronic, mechanical, thermodynamic and transport characteristics, making them promising candidates for nano electronic devices. Herein, we report 2D phosphorene-like (P-AsP3) and graphene-like arsenic tri phosphide (G-AsP3) monolayers. Our findings reveal that both monolayers possess semiconducting nature, where P-AsP3 exhibits a direct bandgap of 1.51 eV and is anisotropic in carrier transport, while G-AsP3 possesses an indirect bandgap of 2.62 eV and is isotropic in carrier transport. The phonon dispersion curve and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at 500 K confirm their dynamic and thermodynamic stability. Deformation potential theory (DPT) was applied to determine the carrier mobilities of electrons and holes along the x (armchair) and y (zigzag) directions. In the armchair direction, electron mobility significantly increases from 212 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the P-AsP3 monolayer to 1412 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the G-AsP3 monolayer, and for holes, it rises from 367 cm2 V−1 s−1 to 1003 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. A suitable bandgap and high carrier mobility highlight their potential for nanoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an omnidirectional and high-performance free-standing monopole patch radio-frequency antenna was fabricated using a urea-functionalized phosphorene/TiO2/polypyrrole (UTP) nanocomposite. The UTP nanocomposite antenna was fabricated via ball milling of urea-functionalized phosphorene, chemical oxidative polymerization of the UTP nanocomposite, and mechanical pelletizing of the composite. Based on experiments, the proposed UTP nanocomposite-based antenna exhibited long-term stability in terms of electrical conductivity. After 12 weeks, a slight change in surface resistance was observed. The proposed antenna exhibited high radiation efficiency (78.2%) and low return loss (−36.6 dB). The results of this study suggest the potential of UTP nanocomposite antennas for applications in 5G technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (c-PSCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their numerous advantages including ease of fabrication, the potential of assembling flexible devices, low manufacturing costs as well as large-scale production. However, c-PSCs suffer from the limited hole extraction and high charge carrier recombination due to the inadequate interface contact between the carbon electrode and perovskite film. Herein, we report the fabrication of planar c-PSCs with high efficiency and excellent stability by employing electrochemically produced large-area phosphorene flakes as a hole-transporting layer (HTL). Large-area phosphorene shows well-aligned band energy levels with the perovskite, and thus led to the efficient hole extraction and the reduced hysteresis behaviour. Consequently, while exhibiting excellent stability under various harsh testing conditions, the devices with phosphorene HTL delivered a power conversion efficiency of over 15% with an open-circuit voltage of 1.082 V, which is the highest reported value for c-PSCs without traditional hole transporting materials to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials containing cobalt phosphide nanoparticles are among the most promising electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction in terms of compromise between activity, cost, and durability. A simple and effective approach to fabricating a nanocomposite of graphene–phosphorene structures decorated with CoP nanoparticles 2–5 nm in size is proposed. The nanocomposite was fabricated by the electrochemical exfoliation of black phosphorus followed by the solvothermal synthesis. The synthesis was carried out in the presence of few-layer graphene structures doped with nitrogen atoms in the solution containing Co2+ ions. The electrocatalyst exhibited high activity and stability towards hydrogen evolution reaction in the acidic medium. In order to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm–2, an overpotential of ~220 mV was required, and the Tafel slope was ~63 mV dec–1. It is suggested that this result is due to both the synergistic effect of the interaction between graphene and phosphorene structures and the electrocatalytic activity of CoP nanoparticles, which are located at the edges of phosphorene structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study has been conducted on the cathode electrolysis plasma emission spectra recorded during the plasma-assisted electrochemical exfoliation of black phosphorus and graphite under maximally identical experimental conditions. It has been found that in the case of black phosphorus exfoliation, the concentration of active intermediates (OH radicals and O atoms) in electrolytic plasma is significantly lower than that in the case of the graphite electrode. It has been assumed that this effect is due to the fact that the rate of interaction of the above intermediates with the synthesized phosphorene structures is significantly higher than the rate of interaction with graphene-like particles. This assumption has been confirmed by the detection of a significantly higher oxygen content in the exfoliation products of black phosphorus than the oxygen content in the synthesized carbon nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a novel two-dimensional (2D) material, black phosphorene (BP) finds wide applications in gas adsorption and detection devices due to its distinctive optical, thermoelectric, and surface properties. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that BP exhibits strong selectivity towards gas adsorption and displays significant affinity towards gas molecules containing the element N, thereby greatly impeding its utilization in gas detection. To partially compensate for this deficiency, this study investigates the impact of halogen atom decoration on the adsorption behavior of BP towards CO2, H2O, and O2 molecules. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the variations in gas adsorption energy with and without decorated halogen atoms. The results showed that the adsorbates of CO2, H2O, and O2 molecules and halogen atoms (Cl, Br) adsorbed at the top (T) site of BP was much stronger than those at the bridge (B) and the hollow (H) sites of the P-P bond of BP, owing to their low adsorption energies. After the t position of BP is modified by the halogen (Cl, Br) atom, the optimal adsorption of CO2 changes from −0.85 eV to −1.70 eV (Cl) and −1.64 eV (Br), and the optimal adsorption of H2O changes from −0.72 eV to −1.48 eV (Cl) and −1.23 eV (Br), respectively. The adsorption properties were significantly enhanced. That is to say, the gas adsorption properties of BP have been largely improved by halogen Cl (Br) atoms decorating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are a widely used and effective treatment for bacterial infections. However, bacteria can gradually evolve during infection, leading to developing resistance to antibiotics, which renders previously effective treatments ineffective. Finding a useful and convenient manner to treat bacterial infections is a great challenge. Here, we report a flexible hydrogen-bond-bridged phosphorene film with photodynamic antibacterial properties and excellent mechanical properties, fabricated from electrochemical exfoliation of black phosphorus (BP). When illuminated under 700 nm light, the hydrogen bond-bridged phosphorene flexible film is capable of converting ground-state triplet oxygen (O2) into excited-state singlet oxygen (1O2), destroying the structure of the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus, and eventually leading to bacterial death, via breaking the C=C of unsaturated fatty acids within the bacterial cell membrane after the reaction between 1O2 and unsaturated fatty acids, thus realizing a highly efficient antibacterial approach, which is supported by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. This work establishes an effective phototherapy platform for treating bacterial traumatic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report a titanium dioxide/polypyrrole/phosphorene (TiO2/PPy/phosphorene) nanocomposite as an active material for supercapacitor electrodes. Black phosphorus (BP) was fabricated by ball milling to induce a phase transition from red phosphorus, and urea-functionalized phosphorene (urea-FP) was obtained by urea-assisted ball milling of BP, followed by sonication. TiO2/PPy/phosphorene nanocomposites can be prepared via chemical oxidative polymerization, which has the advantage of mass production for a one-pot synthesis. The specific capacitance of the ternary nanocomposite was 502.6 F g−1, which was higher than those of the phosphorene/PPy (286.25 F g−1) and TiO2/PPy (150 F g−1) nanocomposites. The PPy fully wrapped around the urea-FP substrate provides an electron transport pathway, resulting in the enhanced electrical conductivity of phosphorene. Furthermore, the assistance of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles enhanced the structural stability and also improved the specific capacitance of the phosphorene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the potential of phosphorene hybridized with conducting polymers and metal oxides for practical supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Favipiravir (FP) and ebselen (EB) belong to a diverse class of antiviral drugs known for their significant efficacy in treating various viral infections. Utilizing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, machine learning, and van der Waals density functional theory, we accurately elucidate the binding properties of these antiviral drugs on a phosphorene single-layer. To further investigate these characteristics, this study employs four distinct machine learning models—Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and CatBoost. The Hamiltonian of antiviral molecules within a monolayer of phosphorene is appropriately trained. The key aspect of utilizing machine learning (ML) in drug design revolves around training models that are efficient and precise in approximating density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, the study employs SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) to elucidate model predictions, providing insights into the contribution of each feature. To explore the interaction characteristics and thermodynamic properties of the hybrid drug, we employ molecular dynamics and DFT calculations in a vacuum interface. Our findings suggest that this functionalized 2D complex exhibits robust thermostability, indicating its potential as an effective and enabled entity. The observed variations in free energy at different surface charges and temperatures suggest the adsorption potential of FP and EB molecules from the surrounding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the thermoelectric properties of armchair black phosphorene nanoribbons while considering the presence of line edge roughness. Employing the tight‐binding method in conjunction with non‐equilibrium Green's function techniques and Landauer formulas, the impact of various parameters on thermoelectric performance is explored. These findings reveal that the electrical conductivity and, consequently, the power factor exhibits an increasing trend with expanding ribbon length and width. This behavior can be attributed to heightened collision rates, particularly in narrow ribbons, induced by line edge roughness as length increases. Remarkably, the Seebeck coefficient at the Fermi energy corresponding to the maximum power factor remains nearly constant across different widths, lengths, temperatures, and transport regimes. Furthermore, the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) demonstrates a positive correlation with both ribbon length and width. In narrow widths and lengths ≈1000 nm, the power factor and figure of merit exhibit an upward trend with ribbon width. However, with further increases in ribbon width, the influence of line edge roughness on thermal conductivity diminishes. Consequently, the figure of merit decreases due to the rise in thermal conductivity. Notably, the thermoelectric figure of merit is higher for short and narrow ribbons and long and wider ribbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with other two-dimensional materials, two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has attracted extensive attention across various fields including transistors, photonics, optoelectronics, sensors, batteries and catalysis in recent years owing to its high carrier mobility, wide adjustable band gap, and in-plane anisotropy. However, the instability of black phosphorus in natural environmental conditions and the chanllenges in the fabrication of large-area, high-quality semiconducting black phosphorus nanostructures seriously have hampered its rapid development in the field of nanodevices, catalysis and biophotonics. In this work, we summarize the controlled fabrication and optical properties of highly stable BP nanostructures in recent years. The research advances in photoresponse applications, including photodetectors, nonlinear and linear photonics, photocatalysis and biophotonics, are highlighted. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities of BP nanostructures in future optoelectronic devices, photocatalysis and biophotonics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edge reconstruction of two‐dimensional (2D) materials is significant for the stability, properties, and applications. Significant progress has been made in understanding the edge reconstruction of 2D materials. Herein, an overview of the latest theoretical and experimental advances on edge reconstruction of α‐phase phosphorene nanoribbon and IV–VI group binary compounds MX (M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se), focusing on the mechanism, stability, physical, and chemical properties of the edge reconstructions is provided. The status, challenges, and contradictions in experiments and theory are addressed and the progress in edge reconstruction of α‐phase puckered 2D materials as well as the effects of edge reconstruction on physicochemical properties are systematically introduced. A novel tube‐like edge reconstruction is suggested to be universal for α‐phase puckered monolayers. While ZZ(U) edge can be another important reconstruction in bilayer. Beyond the review, the edge structures of phosphorene have odd–even layered oscillations are also proposed. The edge terminations can affect the exfoliation mechanism and electronic, transport properties. Interesting, unique U‐edge, which has been verified by experiment, exhibits nearly edgeless electronic and thermal transport, which is beneficial for ultrafast microelectronics.

Using a combined approach of molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory, we develop a phosphorene nanopore to realize the tunable H2 sieving from mixtures with CH4 or CO2 via introducing the in-plane tensile strain. Our results show that 0%–10% strains exerted on the phosphorene membrane ensures a fast permeation of H2 while completely prohibiting the passage of CH4, demonstrating high efficiency and selectivity. Thanks to the outstanding mechanical flexibility of phosphorene, the strain tension can be utilized to easily control the pore size by which the permeance speed of H2 can be controlled in real time. However, all strained pores allow the passage of CO2, indicating a weaker strain regulation for H2/CO2 sieving by the phosphorene pore. Density functional theory calculations further confirm that the transport of H2 is energetically more favorable than CH4 and CO2 to traverse all phosphorene pores. Our findings exploit a flexible phosphorene membrane for real-time tunable H2/CH4 separation by controlling the in-plane strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorene (BP), a two-dimensional (2D) material composed of monolayer or few-layers of black phosphorous (bBP), has recently emerged as a promising candidate for biomedical applications due to its unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. This review presents an overview of the theoretical and experimental investigations on the use of BP in various biomedical applications including drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and its incorporation into various treatment modalities. BP is an excellent candidate for drug delivery applications due to its tunable bandgap, large surface area, and puckered structure. In addition, due to the intrinsic photoacoustic and fluorescence properties of BP, it is regarded highly for biosensing and bioimaging applications. Researchers have taken advantage of its bioimaging capabilities to develop novel synergistic and theranostic treatment modalities, achieving excellent results. Furthermore, the mechanical and chemical properties of BP make it suitable for tissue engineering applications, particularly in the regeneration of bone tissue. The review also discusses concerns regarding the application of BP in biomedicine, including potential toxicity.

Phosphorene is a unique semiconducting two-dimensional platform for enabling spintronic devices integrated with phosphorene nanoelectronics. Here, we have designed an all phosphorene lattice lateral spin valve device, conceived via patterned magnetic substituted atoms of 3d-block elements at both ends of a phosphorene nanoribbon acting as ferromagnetic electrodes in the spin valve. Through First-principles based calculations, we have extensively studied the spin-dependent transport characteristics of the new spin valve structures. Systematic exploration of the magnetoresistance (MR) of the spin valve for various substitutional atoms and bias voltage resulted in a phase diagram offering a colossal MR for V and Cr-substitutional atoms. Such MR can be directly attributed to their specific electronic structure, which can be further tuned by a gate voltage, for electric field controlled spin valves. The spin-dependent transport characteristics here reveal new features such as negative conductance oscillation and switching of the sign of MR due to change in the majority spin carrier type. Our study creates possibilities for the design of nanometric spin valves, which could enable integration of memory and logic elements for all phosphorene 2D processors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to deeply understand how the interlayer interaction acts on controlling the structural and electronic properties of shifted patterns of bilayer phosphorene. A comprehensive first-principles study on the bilayer phosphorene through relative translation along different directions has revealed that there is a direct correlation between the potential energy surface and the interlayer equilibrium distance. The shorter the interlayer distance, the lower the potential energy surface. The shifted patterns with the most stable state, the metastable state, and the transition state (with energy barrier of ∼1.3 meV/atom) were found associated with the AB, the A δ, and the TS stacking configurations, respectively. The high energy barriers, on the other hand, are ∼9.3 meV/atom at the AA stacking configuration along the zigzag pathway, ∼5.3 meV/atom at the AB′ stacking configuration along the armchair pathway, and ∼11.2 meV/atom at the AA′ stacking configuration along the diagonal pathway, respectively. The character of electronic bandgap with respect to the shifting shows an anisotropic behavior (with the value of 0.69–1.22 eV). A transition from the indirect to the direct bandgap occurs under the shifting, implying a tunable bandgap by stacking engineering. Furthermore, the orbital hybridization at the interfacial region induces a redistribution of the net charge (∼0.002–0.011 e) associated with the relative shifting between layers, leading to a strong polarization with stripe-like electron depletion near the lone pairs and accumulation in the middle of the interfacial region. It is expected that such interesting findings will provide a fundamental reference to deeply understand and analyze the complex local structural and electronic properties of twisted bilayer phosphorene and will make the shifted patterns of bilayer phosphorene promising for nanoelectronics as versatile shiftronics materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2D material few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) has promising applications in various fields of chemistry and physics due to its unique electronic and optical properties. Chemical functionalization of the FLBP surface is an effective strategy for improving the oxidative stability of the material, tuning its intrinsic properties or endowing it with new properties. The present work proposes an approach to the immobilization of the [NiBr2(phen)] complex (phen = 1, 10-phenanthroline) on the FLBP surface via covalent functionalization of FLBP with 1,10-phenanthroline and subsequent complexation with NiBr2. The obtained FLBP-based materials functionalized by the [NiBr2(phen)] complex were characterized by a set of physicochemical methods such as transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, solid-state NMR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) is one of the most significant one in dioxin families that harms humans and environment. It is an urgent problem to design an efficient and sensitive adsorbent in order to detect and remove the effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on humans and the environment In this study, the first-principles method based on density Functional theory (DFT) was used to explore the adsorption meschanism of 2,3,7,8 - TCDD on intrinsic phosphorene; and the effect of doping Ti, Fe, Ca, Al metal atoms into intrinsic phosphorene on the 2,3,7,8-TCDD adsorption was investigated in detail. The results demonstrated that the initial configuration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD affects the adsorption, and the adsorption is greater when lying flat on the intrinsic phosphorene surface. Moreover, the doping of metal atoms also has a great influence on the adsorption of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on the phosphorene surface. The metal atoms doping increases the adsorption between intrinsic phosphorene and 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Ca doped phosphorene > Fe doped phosphorene > Ti doped phosphorene > Al doped phosphorene. The conclusion brings new thinking for the treatment of 2,3,7,8 - TCDD and is expected to provide useful theoretical guidance for the detection and removal of dioxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level was applied to investigate the structural, electronic, and physical parameters such as bond length, angles, dipole moments, total energy, chemical potential, electrophilicity index, softness, Mülliken atomic charges, density of states, natural bond orbitals, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules, of pristine and Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, N, As, Sb, and Bi-doped phosphorene. The obtained results revealed that the largest structural deformation was observed in the Bi-doped structure. The Cu-doped phosphorene has the least bandgap and the highest conductivity. Doping of transition metals changes the dipole moments of the pristine phosphorene more than group V-doped models. The NBO calculations proved the largest E(2) belongs to the delocalization from σ* of P30-V94 to σ* of P62-V94. The positive value of implies the closed shell interactions. The chemical hardness of the structures is reduced with the doping of the elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using density functional theory, the effects of Pb 2 + coverage and Fe modification on the electronic properties of black phosphorus in water were calculated. The investigation found that the increasing of Pb 2 + coverage improves the stability of the structure and the adsorption height, and makes the bond length of the P–P bond continuously increase, and the modification of Fe further increases the adsorption height of the system. Black phosphorene has a direct bandgap semiconductor structure in water, with a bandgap value of 0.759 eV, and the adsorption of Pb 2 + makes it a metal structure, and the modification of Fe makes the bandgap reopened and becomes a direct bandgap semiconductor structure. Intrinsic black phosphorus has strong sp orbital hybridization, s orbital and p orbital make great contributions to the conduction band and valence band, the adsorption of Pb 2 + makes the total density of states increase, and the value of the density of states at the Fermi level increases, the density of states crosses the Fermi level, and the system exhibits metallicity. It can be seen that the adsorption of Pb ions and the modification of Fe have changed the structural properties of the black phosphene system in aqueous solution, and the structural stability of the system has been continuously improved, which has important guiding significance for removing Pb ions in water, purifying water quality, protecting ecological environment and human life and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the biomedical field has benefited from emerging nanotechnological innovations especially with the evolution of newer 2D nanomaterials (NMs), such as phosphorene (P-N), silicene, germanene, siloxene, antimonene, and so on, possessing similar and even better properties when compared with graphene (G-N), which has enlarged their scope of application and their embedment within varying polymeric matrices have induced superior properties for multifunctional applications. Strategies utilized in characterizing P-N polymeric nanocomposites, such as photo-acoustic (PA) therapy, fluorescence imaging, and so on, facilitates their function in the field of therapy and cancer bioimaging. Therefore, this article elucidates applications of P-N and P-N polymeric nanocomposites in the field of biomedicals especially in wound dressing, drug delivery, 3D printing, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) framework, to study the monolayer (ML) blue phosphorene (BlueP) doped with C along zigzag direction, such as the structural stability, and electronic and transport properties. Interestingly, we found that doping engineering strategies can effectively transform monolayer ML ZBlueP doped with C into a spintronic nanodevice with a few unique transport properties. Firstly, our model showed a magnificently giant magnetoresistance (GMR) up to 10 $ ^4 $ 4 under low bias. Secondly, a rectifier with a large rectification ratio (RR) of 10 $ ^5 $ 5 was observed. Lastly, negative differential resistance with a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of 10 $ ^4 $ 4 was observed. Our research shows a promising route towards the development of high-performance ML ZBlueP spintronics technology by doping with C atom. Our results indicate that our models have immense potential for application in nanoscale spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorene is a remarkable 2D material with huge potential in photonics and optoelectronic. The influence of adsorption of A u , S n and I atoms on the optical performance of phosphorene monolayer by the computational simulation based on density functional theory has been investigated. All of the nanostructures have a direct bandgap (0.32 to 0.79 eV) are semiconducting in nature, allowing the development of wide range of optical semiconductor devices. The findings demonstrate that in pure phosphorene monolayer, absorption peak occurs primarily in the blue region of visible spectrum and in certain portion of ultraviolet region of spectrum. The absorption peaks move towards the red region of the visible light spectrum after the adsorption of A u , S n and I metal atoms on the pristine phosphorene surface. Among them, Sn adsorbed nanostructures exhibit significantly high and stable absorption spread across the entire visible range (400–780 nm). The dielectric functions and refractive index of all nanostructures also computed. Since A u , S n and I adsorbed phosphorene semiconductor nanostructures exhibit enhanced absorption in the broad usable range of visible spectrum make them the ideal choice for photonic and optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its promising potential, phosphorene encounters substantial challenges that necessitate resolution before its practical implementation, particularly as an electrode material in batteries. Key hurdles encompass synthesis methods, scalability, stability, and seamless integration, alongside considerations of safety, cost, and standardization. While simulations and laboratory experiments showcase phosphorene's capabilities, tackling these challenges is imperative for transitioning from research to practical applications. Furthermore, fostering collaborative insights, mitigating redundancy, and catalyzing breakthroughs that extend beyond specific material‐design combinations are essential for delivering enhanced products being advanced through diverse materials and design pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on two-dimensional green phosphorene, we designed two molecular electronic devices with zigzag (Type 1) and whisker-like (Type 2) configurations. By combining density functional theory (DFT) and non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF), we investigated the electronic properties of Types 1 and 2. Type 1 exhibits an interesting negative differential resistance (NDR), while the current characteristics of Type 2 show linear growth in the current–voltage curve. We studied the electronic transport properties of Type 1 under uniaxial strain modulation and find that strained devices also exhibit a NDR effect, and the peak-to-valley ratio of device could be controlled by varying the strain intensity. These results show that the transport properties of green phosphorene with different edge configuration are different, and the zigzag edge have adjustable negative differential resistance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Black phosphorene (BP) was functionalized by the ionized Ni through an in situ electrochemical exfoliation method. Just 1.5 wt% Ni-functionalized BP can stably deliver the efficient alkaline H2/O2 evolution electrocatalysis. Optimized intermediate chemisorption is enabled by Ni–P covalent bonding and electron redistributed surface. The metal-lightweighted electrocatalysts for water splitting are highly desired for sustainable and economic hydrogen energy deployments, but challengeable. In this work, a low-content Ni-functionalized approach triggers the high capability of black phosphorene (BP) with hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) bifunctionality. Through a facile in situ electro-exfoliation route, the ionized Ni sites are covalently functionalized in BP nanosheets with electron redistribution and controllable metal contents. It is found that the as-fabricated Ni-BP electrocatalysts can drive the water splitting with much enhanced HER and OER activities. In 1.0 M KOH electrolyte, the optimized 1.5 wt% Ni-functionalized BP nanosheets have readily achieved low overpotentials of 136 mV for HER and 230 mV for OER at 10 mA cm−2. Moreover, the covalently bonding between Ni and P has also strengthened the catalytic stability of the Ni-functionalized BP electrocatalyst, stably delivering the overall water splitting for 50 h at 20 mA cm−2. Theoretical calculations have revealed that Ni–P covalent binding can regulate the electronic structure and optimize the reaction energy barrier to improve the catalytic activity effectively. This work confirms that Ni-functionalized BP is a suitable candidate for electrocatalytic overall water splitting, and provides effective strategies for constructing metal-lightweighted economic electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-doped few-layered graphene structures are synthesized by plasma-assisted electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and used in the preparation of composites with phosphorene structures obtained by supersonic exfoliation of a porous black-phosphorus electrode covered with preliminarily deposited cobalt. The catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction is studied for the few-layered graphene and phosphorene structures, as well as their mixtures. The mixed electrocatalysts demonstrate the highest activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era, catalysts have gained intensive research interest in development of sustainable energy as well as environmental remediation. Recent exploration of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials can offer unparalleled superiorities in catalysis due to their novel geometric structure and electronic properties (e.g. intrinsically anisotropic electronic, thermoelectric, mechanical, and transport properties). Phosphorene, composed of a single atomic layer of black phosphorous, has emerged as a potential single elemental 2D material that bridges the gap between 2D metal chalcogenides and graphene in terms of physical properties. The puckered structure of phosphorene imparts great potential for their catalytic applications such as the generation and storage of clean energy (e.g. photovoltaic cells, supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, solar water splitting, and hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions (HER/OER). In this review, an emphasis is placed on describing phosphorene in terms of its structural features (e.g. presence of defects) and catalytic properties along with synthesis strategies (e.g. liquid phase exfoliation, mechanical exfoliation, plasma exfoliation, and electrochemical exfoliation). This review is thus expected to provide comprehensive information on the current status of phosphorene as a catalyst (e.g. photocatalyst, electrocatalyst, and thermocatalyst) based on a combination of computational and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new generation of semiconductor materials, two-dimensional black phosphorene (BlackP) has broad application prospects because of its tunable band gap and high carrier mobility. However, BlackP cannot be directly prepared on a large scale at present, which limits its further research and application. Molecular beam epitaxy is a widely used way to grow single crystal films with higher epitaxial quality, which is promising for preparing BlackP. Herein, four potential substrates ZnO(110), GaN(110), BP(110) and SiC(110) were screened, and the growth of BlackP on these substrates was studied based on first principles. Our study shows that the structure of black phosphorus monolayer on ZnO(110) is stable and P diffusion on this surface has desirable properties for BlackP growth. This study provides useful guidances for the effective preparation of BlackP and the growth of other two-dimensional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few layers Black phosphorus (BP) and phosphorene are two-dimensional (2D) materials renowned for their adjustable bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and anisotropic conductivity, which make them highly promising for applications in the visible and infrared spectrum. The incorporation of these materials into polymer matrices has led to significant advancements in material science, resulting in nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. This article provides a thorough analysis of BP/phosphorene polymer nanocomposites, including synthesis techniques (such as exfoliation methods) and manufacturing approaches. Advanced characterisation techniques are utilised to assess the structure, morphology, and properties of these composites. The article highlights the potential applications of these materials in energy storage (e.g., high-capacity batteries), flexible electronics (e.g., bendable displays), environmental sensing, and emerging biomedical fields such as targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, the article discusses potential solutions to tackle the challenges associated with the scalable, cost-effective production and ambient stability of BP/phosphorene, leveraging recent advancements in engineering research. The conclusion outlines future research directions, emphasising the importance of addressing persistent challenges through technological breakthroughs and exploring potential avenues for further advancement.

Highlights An asymmetric membrane electrode based on phosphorene/MXene heterostructure-textured nanopiezocomposite was fabricated via a polar urea-assisted self-assembly strategy and additive manufacturing of the heterostructure beyond the skin effect. The merits of this novel asymmetric heterostructure-textured electrode and its intrinsic piezoelectricity were detailedly discussed. The stepwise lithiation process of phosphorene was revealed, and the enhanced electrochemical properties of this phosphorene-based nanopiezocomposite textured electrode were verified by the improved cycling stability and kinetics.