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The phenomenon of photostriction, which involves generating mechanical actuation in response to light, is observed in a very limited number of materials from ferroelectric, semiconductors, and organic material classes. This limited choice of materials, combined with their responsiveness to narrow light spectra, has constrained the broader adoption of photostriction in practical applications. This study introduces a novel approach by integrating photovoltaic and electrostrictive couplings in composites made of a photovoltaic matrix with ferroelectric inclusions, yielding an apparent photostrictive effect. By leveraging the simultaneous action of both photovoltaic and electrostrictive effects, the composite efficiently converts irradiated optical energy into mechanical energy, enabling mechanical actuation across a broader range of materials and light spectra. First, we develop a computational framework for intertwined multiphysics coupling of the photovoltaic effect with nonlinear electrostriction, based on a novel constitutive model. Then, to evaluate all the effective properties that define the composite's behavior, we introduce a multiphysics-coupled homogenization framework capable of computing elastic, electrostrictive, dielectric, and thermal properties. Finally, a shell finite element formulation based on the assumptions of first-order shear deformation theory is used to analyze the behavior of the homogenized photo-electrostrictive composite based actuator. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed composite by examining the deflection response of structures laminated with this photostrictive composite. Several case studies are conducted to provide insights into the development and characterization of photo-electrostrictive composites, which hold great potential for applications in mechanical actuation, shape morphing, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of above-bandgap photovoltage, referred to as the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APV), is an extraordinary characteristic sought after property in bulk ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. Despite the fact that the relatively narrow bandgap of BiFeO3 (BFO) (2.7 eV) induces a comparatively larger generation of photocurrent than other ferroelectric photovoltaic, it falls short in producing an anomalous photovoltage (Eg ≪ Voc) and exhibits leaky ferroelectric hysteresis due to unavoidable oxygen vacancies. This work revealed a reduction in oxygen vacancies through the substitution of Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 in BFO, leading to improved structural, morphological, synchrotron XPS, and electrical properties. This reduction in oxygen vacancies has resulted in an impressive above-bandgap photovoltage (APV) of 4.41 V for 80BFO–20BFN with greater ferroelectric polarization (Pr = 20.45 μC/cm2) observed at the co-existence of polar and non-polar phases. Moreover, both theoretical and experimental optical analyses have demonstrated a significant decrease in the bandgap to 1.92 eV, effectively extending the visible region close to 653 nm. As a result, a larger population of photoexcited charge carriers is generated, enabling the attainment of a high current density (Jsc) of 0.75 μA/cm2 under 100 mW/cm2 light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Element substitution of BaTiO 3 -based compounds has been demonstrated as a powerful way for designing novel electronic materials (such as polar metals and multiferroics). To trigger magnetism into ferroelectric BaTiO 3 , general substituted elements are magnetic transition metals (such as Mn, Fe, and Co). The doping effect of rare-earth elements (such as Dy) in BaTiO 3 -based compounds was barely investigated. Here, we report the coexistence of magnetism and electric polarization in epitaxial Dy 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 films. The single-crystalline films were synthesized by high-pressure magnetron sputtering. The crystal and electronic structures were characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and resonant soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Room-temperature electric polarization was demonstrated by optical second-harmonic generation. Temperature-dependent magnetic hysteresis loops were measured to reveal the revolution of magnetism on temperature. Surprisingly, it is uncovered that the Curie temperature of electric-polarized Dy 0.5 Ba 0.5 TiO 3 films is around 100 K, far above the critical temperature of non-polarized DyTiO 3 (near 60 K). Our work provides another view to understand the magnetoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As typical representatives of group III chalcogenides, InSe, α-In2Se3, and β′-In2Se3 have drawn considerable interest in the domain of photoelectrochemistry. However, the microscopic mechanisms of carrier dynamics in these systems remain largely unexplored. In this work, we first reveal that hot electrons in the three systems have different cooling rate stages and long-lived hot electrons, through the utilization of density functional theory calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the ferroelectric polarization of α-In2Se3 weakens the nonadiabatic coupling of the nonradioactive recombination, successfully competing with the narrow bandgap and slow dephasing process, and achieving both high optical absorption efficiency and long carrier lifetime. In addition, we demonstrate that the ferroelectric polarization of α-In2Se3 not only enables the formation of the double type-II band alignment in the InSe/α-In2Se3/InSe heterostructure, with the top and bottom InSe sublayers acting as acceptors and donors, respectively, but also eliminates the hindrance of the built-in electric field at the interface, facilitating an ultrafast interlayer carrier transfer in the heterojunction. This work establishes an atomic mechanism of carrier dynamics in InSe, α-In2Se3, and β′-In2Se3 and the regulatory role of the ferroelectric polarization on the charge carrier dynamics, providing a guideline for the design of photoelectronic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the regulatory mechanism of oxygen vacancy concentration on tail-to-tail charged domain walls (T–T CDWs), along with the writing time, conduction current magnitude, and retention performance of through-type T–T CDWs. The research results show that the highest density and length of T–T CDWs are achieved when the oxygen vacancy concentration is 1 × 1020 cm−3. Moreover, the successful writing of through-type T–T CDWs is limited to a certain electric field range, which is controlled by oxygen vacancy concentration. An increase in the oxygen vacancy concentration leads to a decrease in the maximum and minimum threshold electric fields required for writing through-type charged domain walls. The writing time and conductivity of through-type T–T CDWs determine the information writing speed and signal strength of domain wall memories, and the oxygen vacancy concentration also plays a regulatory role in both aspects. When the oxygen vacancy concentration is 1 × 1020 cm−3, the through-type T–T CDW exhibits the fastest writing speed, requiring only 8 ns. The magnitude of the conduction current of through-type T–T CDWs is directly proportional to the oxygen vacancy concentration. The through-type T–T CDWs formed by the aggregation of oxygen vacancies exhibit excellent retention performance, making them highly promising for applications in ferroelectric domain wall memories. Our research demonstrates that oxygen vacancies have a significant regulatory effect on the morphology and current response of charged domain walls, opening up new avenues for the study of domain wall memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi1−xBaxFeO3 (BBFO, x = 0, 0.03, 0.1) thin films were epitaxially grown on SrRuO3-buffered SrTiO3 (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. With increasing Ba content, the BBFO thin films show significantly reduced leakage currents but suppressed ferroelectric polarization. X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mappings and Raman spectra indicate a structural evolution from a rhombohedral-like to tetragonal-like phase in the BBFO thin films. Optical absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy measurements demonstrate a modulation of energy band structures in the BBFO thin films. With A-site Ba acceptor doping, the BBFO thin films exhibit a blue-shift of optical bandgap and an increase in work function. The energy positions of conduction and valence bands of the BBFO thin films have been modulated, and the Fermi level shifts down to the center of the forbidden band, but acceptor-doped BFO thin films still show n-type conduction. The presence of extra oxygen vacancies by acceptor doping is supposed to make contribution to conduction behavior. This study provides a method to manipulate the functional properties and gives insights into the physics of Ba doping in BFO thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microscopic mechanism of ferroelectric switching is the motion of domain walls, which is actually accomplished by the movement of tiny steps on the domain walls. Using first-principles calculations, the detailed polarization structures and the motion barriers of neutral and charged steps on 180° domain walls of prototypical ferroelectrics PbTiO3 are elaborately revealed in this study. While the Bloch components get weakened near all neutral steps, they become weakened/strengthened near the head-to-head/tail-to-tail charged steps. The neutral step possesses a lower formation energy but a higher migration barrier, indicating that the charged step could move faster. Based on these results, the possible motion picture of steps on one 180° domain wall of tetragonal ferroelectrics is proposed, which provides a better understanding of the mechanism of domain wall motion and may shed light on the future development of domain wall–based functional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanozyme-coupled PEC system constructed with Ag 3 PO 4 /WO 3 anode and bifunctional CuO cathode exhibiting photocatalytic and peroxidase-mimetic properties was explored for efficient degradation of 2,5-dichlorophenol. [Display omitted] • A nanozyme-coupled PEC system using Ag 3 PO 4 /WO 3 photoanode and bifunctional CuO cathode was proposed for pollutant removal. • The Ag 3 PO 4 /WO 3 photoanode shows outstanding PEC activity for degrading 2,5-DCP and generating H 2 O 2 under solar irradiation. • The bifunctional CuO cathode significantly boosts 2,5-DCP degradation via its photocatalytic and peroxidase-like properties. • The plausible degradation pathways of 2,5-DCP was proposed after the identification of intermediates. The nanozyme-coupled photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) technology, which integrates the semiconductor photovoltaic effects with the enzyme-mimetic properties of nanomaterials, offers a promising and sustainable approach for removing organic contaminants from wastewater. In this study, a dual-photoelectrode PEC system comprising an Ag 3 PO 4 /WO 3 anode and a bifunctional CuO cathode was investigated for the efficient degradation of 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP). Under simulated solar irradiation, the Ag 3 PO 4 /WO 3 photoanode demonstrated superior PEC activity for 2,5-DCP degradation and H 2 O 2 production. The bifunctional CuO cathode significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency of 2,5-DCP, which can be attributed to its inherent photocatalytic activity and peroxidase-mimicking capability in the presence of in-situ generated H 2 O 2. Consequently, the degradation efficiency of 2,5-DCP reached 91.2 % after 90 min of nanozyme-coupled PEC treatment. The intermediate products generated during the degradation process were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a potential degradation pathway for 2,5-DCP was also proposed. This study highlights the potential of a bifunctional cathode with both photocatalytic and peroxidase-mimicking properties in the development of nanozyme-coupled PEC systems for the degradation of persistent pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data processing efficiency of distributed photovoltaic cluster output monitoring needs to be improved, improving the prediction effect of distributed photovoltaic power station cluster can effectively improve the security of power system operation and reduce the difficulty of power grid management. In order to obtain a reliable distributed photovoltaic cluster output monitoring method, this paper analyzes the output relationship of cluster power stations, combining time series data analysis methods for distributed cluster processing and monitoring data processing, a combined model of ceemdan and Bayesian neural network is proposed, the representative power plant prediction values obtained by establishing a combination model are weighted to obtain the cluster output prediction values. Compared with the simple superposition of the predicted values of cluster power stations, the average absolute error of this method is reduced by 3.3%, and the root mean square error is reduced by 5.86%. It is concluded that this model can effectively predict the power stations in the cluster. According to the experimental analysis, the output monitoring method of distributed photovoltaic clusters based on time series data collection proposed in this paper has certain effects and can provide theoretical support for the further development of distributed photovoltaic clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An organic solar cell is a kind of photovoltaic cell that uses organic electronics, a branch of electronics that presents small organic molecules of conductive organic polymers for charge transport and light absorption until a photovoltaic effect produces electricity from sunlight. Regarding this, a computer simulation is presented to analyze the resonance analysis and dynamic stability of the organic solar cell. For simulating the size effects, the nonlocal strain gradient theory that adds some terms to the displacement and time terms of governing equations is presented. As the first step, the Navier method is applied as the analytical solver of the governing differential equations developed on the foundations to find the dynamics of the design points. The accuracy of the first step is tested and validated by a comparison study with those recorded in the high-quality papers. The results show that viscoelastic foundation, size-dependent parameter, and geometrical parameters can have a marvelous influence on the stability and dynamic deflection of the organic solar cells. The most relevant result is that the effect of size-dependent parameters on the dynamics of the organic cell is more remarkable at the higher value of the thickness of the cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively deal with the adverse effects of the randomness of photovoltaic output on the operation of combined heat and power (CHP) microgrids, this paper proposes an adaptive robust optimal scheduling strategy for CHP microgrids based on photovoltaic mechanism/data fusion-driven power prediction. Firstly, the mechanism of the clear sky radiation model is used to calculate the photovoltaic clear sky limit output and random output, and the latter is reorganized in different periods by using the idea of similar days. Then, the data-driven random prediction results are superimposed with the clear sky limit output, the photovoltaic mechanism/data fusion-driven power prediction model is established, and the fusion-driven power prediction framework is provided. Secondly, the boundary information of uncertain factors is deeply explored, and an adaptive robust uncertainty set considering the confidence interval of predictive error statistical information is constructed. On this basis, a robust optimization model of CHP microgrids with the lowest operating cost is proposed, and the optimization model is solved by column and constraint generation algorithm. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified through simulation examples and analytical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of academic publications in the building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) field has rapidly grown. Most published articles focus on a specific topic, such as mathematical model, solar architecture design, photovoltaic effect, solar cell, grid-connected, efficiency, performance assessment, economic analysis, optimization, and others with broader focus areas. This work focuses on BIPV research with bibliometric analysis through documents, cited references, authors, affiliations, countries, funding sponsors, sources, words, and conceptual structure based on the Scopusindexed database between 1971 and 2022. The result shows that BIPV research constantly grows annually with strong collaboration authorship. China is the most relevant country with the top affiliation and funding sponsor to support the BIPV research. The terms conjugated polymers, photovoltaic properties, and organic polymer are identified as niche themes. On the other hand, the terms of conversion efficiency, perovskite, photovoltaic devices, solar cells, efficiency, and photoelectrochemical cell clusters are emerging themes. In the future, BIPV research will move towards microgrids, energy, performance, energy management systems, and energy efficiency issues. The finding will also provide researchers and organizations with a comprehensive understanding of BIPV research areas and new directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type of electron acceptor group has a significant effect on the photovoltaic properties of solar cell sensitizers. In this study, on the basis of previous studies of the π1- and π2-linked groups of D-π1-A1-π2-A2-type sensitizers, the photoelectric properties of Ullazine-Based photosensitizing dyes were further optimized by adjusting the electron-absorbing groups at the A1 and A2 positions. DFT and TDDFT calculations revealed that substituting the A1 position with a BTD moiety led to a substantial increase in the light absorption capacity of the dye. Furthermore, the incorporation of a CSSH moiety at the A2 position resulted in a significant redshift of the absorption spectrum and a notable increase in the light trapping efficiency. Moreover, TDM analysis indicates that HOMO→LUMO is the predominant mode of transition in the S0→S1 exciton transition of the dye molecule on the basis of the BTD motif. This mode remains the dominant mode after the introduction of the CSSH motif, although its contribution is reduced. Notably, HJ19 (A1 for BTD, A2 for CSSH) and HJ20 (A1 for difluorosubstituted BTD, A2 for CSSH) dyes demonstrate optimal optoelectronic properties, exhibiting redshifted absorption wavelengths by more than 79 nm and enhanced maximum absorption efficiencies by more than 40% with those of the YZ7 sensitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling of photovoltaic and pyroelectric effects is a common phenomenon in ferroelectric films and often results in coupling enhancements. Although the coupling effects of a variety of ferroelectric films have been examined in terms of improved performance, they have yet to be quantitatively ranked and assessed. Here, by taking the charge coupling factor, the Yang's charge, and output energy as metrics to evaluate the coupling performance, a methodology is developed for evaluating the performance of a range ferroelectric films when the pyroelectric and photovoltaic effects are coupled. By experimentally measuring and quantitatively ranking the evaluation metrics, the influence of coupling effects on the output charge and the energy harvesting capabilities of various ferroelectric films can be readily visualized. In addition, the analysis of the underlying reasons for the coupling enhancement enables optimization of the methods to quantify the charge coupling factor. This work provides a unique reference for the selection of materials, optimization of performance, and energy harvesting for coupled ferroelectric film-based generators. The Yang's charge is proposed as a metric for evaluating the coupling performance in this study. Compared to the conventional charge coupling factor which only considers the relative performance change, the Yang's charge also considers the absolute performance of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Position-sensitive detectors based on the lateral photovoltaic effect have been widely used in optical engineering for the measurement of position, distance, and angles. However, self-powered ultraviolet position-sensitive detectors with high sensitivity and fast response are still lacking due to the difficulty associated with the fabrication of p-type wide bandgap semiconductors, which hinders their further design and enhancement. Here, the influence of band structures and interfacial transport properties on the performance of self-powered ultraviolet position-sensitive detectors based on PrNiO3/Nb:SrTiO3p–n junctions is systematically investigated. Large position sensitivity and fast relaxation time of the lateral photovoltaic effect were observed up to 400 K in the perovskite-based ultraviolet position-sensitive detectors. Hall effect measurements revealed that the transport of photoexcited carriers occurs mainly through the interface of the PrNiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 junctions, resulting in a fast response and a stable photovoltaic effect. This study presents insights and avenues for designing self-powered perovskite oxide ultraviolet position-sensitive detectors with enhanced photoelectric performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) glazing is widely used in the building sector for its power generation advantages. However, its low transmittance reduces solar heat gain, limiting energy-saving effectiveness in heating regions. To address this, the present study proposes a novel PV energy-saving window that reduces heating load by separately controlling its components—PV glazing, insulated shutter, and clear glazing—through three control modes: Mode 1 controls insulated shutter, Mode 2 controls insulated shutter and PV glazing, and Mode 3 controls insulated shutter and clear glazing. First, the energy-saving benefits of the window were confirmed through in situ testing. Next, using a validated model, the correlation between key factors and heating load was analyzed under the above three modes. Finally, the impact of configurations on heating load under the three control modes was clarified. The main findings are as follows: (1) When PV glazing is controlled, clear glazing layers become the primary factor influencing the heating load. (2) In Modes 1 and 3, the configurations have a greater impact on heating load, reducing it by 34.62% and 39.60%, respectively, while Mode 2 shows a reduction of 17.93%. (3) Mode 2 is the optimal control mode, confirming the effectiveness of controlling PV glazing to reduce heating load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, effect of annealing in Al/nanostructured porous silicon multilayer (PS-ML): p+-Si Schottky photovoltaic device is observed for the behavioural change in its pyro-phototronic and corresponding photovoltaic effect. Under UV (365 nm) illumination condition, the as-prepared device shows maximum enhancement and increment factor of 31.16% and 186% at 0.5 V compared to the devices annealed at temperatures 50 ∘ C and 100 ∘ C respectively. However, the coupling between pyro-phototronic and photovoltaic effect remains effective only for the device annealed up to 100 ∘ C . On further elevating the annealing temperature to 150 ∘ C , the pyro-phototronic effect diminishes while photovoltaic is still retained. The device treated at 150 ∘ C shows enhancement in open circuit voltage ( V oc ) value of ± 841 m V with large value of fill factor (FF) of 27 % and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.63 % and 6.36 % for upward and downward poling respectively. While on elevating the annealing temperature to 200 ∘ C , device performance degrades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) in polar crystals is a promising avenue for overcoming the energy conversion efficiency limits of conventional photoelectric devices utilizing p-n junction architectures. To facilitate effective photocarrier separation and enhance the APE, polar materials need to be thinned down to maximize the depolarization field. Here, we demonstrate Janus MoSSe monolayers (~0.67 nm thick) with strong spontaneous photocurrent generation. A photoresponsivity up to 3 mA/W, with ~ 1% external quantum efficiency and ultrafast photoresponse (~50 ps) were observed in the MoSSe device. Moreover, unlike conventional 2D materials that require careful twist alignment, the photovoltage can be further scaled up by simply stacking the MoSSe layers without the need for specific control on interlayer twist angles. Our work paves the way for the development of high-performance, flexible, and compact photovoltaics and optoelectronics with atomically engineered Janus polar materials. The anomalous photovoltaic effect in polar materials offers a promising alternative to overcome the limits of conventional photovoltaics. Here, the authors report spontaneous photocurrent generation in Janus MoSSe monolayers, showing responsivities up to 3 mA/W and response times down to 50 ps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-toxic molecular ferroelectrics have attracted significant interest due to their unique flexibility, low costs, and environmental friendliness. However, such materials with narrow bandgaps and ferroelectricity above room temperature (RT) are still scarce. Herein, we present a brand-new lead-free molecular ferroelectric [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9] synthesized hydrothermally. [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9] features a zero-dimensional (0D) structure with a polar space group of Pc, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and second-harmonic generation (SHG) analyses. The RT hysteresis loop reveals the intrinsic ferroelectricity of [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9] with a spontaneous polarization (Ps) of 1.3 μC cm−2. A visible-light optical bandgap has been confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. A notable ferroelectric photovoltaic (PV) effect has been revealed in [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9]-based photoelectric devices with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.39 V and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 2.3 μA cm−2 under AM 1.5G illumination. The PV performance can be significantly enhanced by tuning the ferroelectric polarization, achieving a maximum Voc of 0.47 V and Jsc of about 50 μA cm−2. This study offers a novel member of the 0D lead-free hybrid organic–inorganic molecular ferroelectric family possessing great promise for optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-toxic molecular ferroelectrics have attracted significant interest due to their unique flexibility, low costs, and environmental friendliness. However, such materials with narrow bandgaps and ferroelectricity above room temperature (RT) are still scarce. Herein, we present a brand-new lead-free molecular ferroelectric [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9] synthesized hydrothermally. [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9] features a zero-dimensional (0D) structure with a polar space group of Pc, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and second-harmonic generation (SHG) analyses. The RT hysteresis loop reveals the intrinsic ferroelectricity of [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9] with a spontaneous polarization (Ps) of 1.3 μC cm−2. A visible-light optical bandgap has been confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. A notable ferroelectric photovoltaic (PV) effect has been revealed in [C8N2H22]1.5[Bi2I9]-based photoelectric devices with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.39 V and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 2.3 μA cm−2 under AM 1.5G illumination. The PV performance can be significantly enhanced by tuning the ferroelectric polarization, achieving a maximum Voc of 0.47 V and Jsc of about 50 μA cm−2. This study offers a novel member of the 0D lead-free hybrid organic–inorganic molecular ferroelectric family possessing great promise for optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Using remote sensing to retrieve the WST to assess the impact of WPVs on nearby water. • Demonstrating the utility of remote sensing techniques for monitoring WPVs environmental impact. • WPVs have the heating effect on nearby WST, but its range is limited. The impact of photovoltaic power plants (PVs) on ambient temperature has received global research attention. However, existing reports predominantly focus on ground photovoltaic power plants (GPVs), with limited attention to water photovoltaic power plants (WPVs). As a new type of PVs, the influence of WPVs on nearby water surface temperature (WST) remains unclear. Utilizing 15 WPVs in China as case studies, this study assessed the effect of WPVs on nearby WST through remote sensing techniques. The findings revealed that WPVs have a significant heating effect (p < 0.001) on the WST in the nearby zone (0–120 m from the photovoltaic panels) compared to the distant water (120–240 m from the photovoltaic panels), indicating that WPVs can modify the thermal environment of adjacent water. Furthermore, we further found that the photovoltaic coverage ratio is significantly (p < 0.05) positively correlated with the heating effect of WPVs on nearby WST. This paper highlights the effectiveness of remote sensing techniques in evaluating the impact of photovoltaics on surrounding WST. Considering the potential impact of the photovoltaic heating effect on the aquatic ecological environment, we recommend carefully considering the necessity and appropriate area proportion of WPVs in specific water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strain engineering serves as an effective method for optimizing electronic and optical properties in semiconductor devices, with applications including the enhancement of optical emission in Ge and GeSn‐based devices, improvement of carrier mobility, and second harmonic generation in silicon photonics structures. Current methods for deformation characterization in semiconductors, such as X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, often require bulky and expensive setups and are limited in vertical resolution. Consequently, techniques capable of measuring lattice strain while overcoming these drawbacks are highly desirable. This study proposes a proof of concept for a cost‐effective, compact, fast, and non‐destructive approach to probe non‐uniform strain fields and additional material properties by exploiting the bulk photovoltage effect. The method is benchmarked with an array of silicon nitride stripes deposited under varying pressure conditions on a germanium substrate. Initially, their surface strains are verified through Raman spectroscopy. The deformations are replicated in a finite element method platform by integrating mechanical simulations with deformation potential theory, thereby estimating the band edge energy landscape. Finally, the study discusses the theoretical behavior of the photovoltage signal, considering semiconductor properties, defects, doping, and deformation. The findings offer insights into the development of advanced techniques for strain and transport analysis in semiconductor materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumped storage power stations not only serve as a special power load but also store excess electricity from the power system, significantly reducing the curtailment of wind and solar power. This dual function ensures the stable operation of the power grid and enhances its economic benefits. The scheduling optimization problem of a combined wind–solar–pumped storage system is addressed in this study, and an optimization scheduling model is proposed with the objective of maximizing total system revenue. The model is designed to comprehensively account for the generation revenues from wind power, photovoltaic power, thermal power, and pumped storage, as well as the penalty costs associated with pollutant emissions. To address the limitations of traditional algorithms, which are prone to being trapped in local optima and exhibit slow convergence, an improved bat algorithm was developed. The algorithm is enhanced through the use of chaotic mapping to expand the initial solution space, the incorporation of adaptive step-size updates to improve convergence efficiency, and the integration of the Cauchy function to strengthen global search capabilities, thereby effectively avoiding local optima. Simulation results have demonstrated that the improved algorithm achieves significant improvements over traditional bat algorithms and particle swarm optimization (PSO) in terms of optimization efficiency, with total revenue increases of 21.9% and 24.6%, respectively. The optimized scheduling plan is shown to fully utilize the flexible regulation capabilities of pumped storage, mitigating the adverse effects of wind and photovoltaic output fluctuations on grid operations and achieving a balanced trade-off between economic and environmental objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hardware implementation of reconfigurable and nonvolatile photoresponsivity is essential for advancing in-sensor computing for machine vision applications. However, existing reconfigurable photoresponsivity essentially depends on the photovoltaic effect of p-n junctions, which photoelectric efficiency is constrained by Shockley-Queisser limit and hinders the achievement of high-performance nonvolatile photoresponsivity. Here, we employ bulk photovoltaic effect of rhombohedral (3R) stacked/interlayer sliding tungsten disulfide (WS2) to surpass this limit and realize highly reconfigurable, nonvolatile photoresponsivity with a retinomorphic photovoltaic device. The device is composed of graphene/3R-WS2/graphene all van der Waals layered structure, demonstrating a wide range of nonvolatile reconfigurable photoresponsivity from positive to negative (± 0.92 A W−1) modulated by the polarization of 3R-WS2. Further, we integrate this system with a convolutional neural network to achieve high-accuracy (100%) color image recognition at σ = 0.3 noise level within six epochs. Our findings highlight the transformative potential of bulk photovoltaic effect-based devices for efficient machine vision systems. Gong et al. report bulk photovoltaic effect in rhombohedral stacked/interlayer sliding WS2 with reconfigurable and nonvolatile photoresponsivity and develop a convolutional neural network for image processing based on two-terminal all 2D van der Waals layers vertical retinomorphic device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The utilization of fossil fuels for power generation results in the production of a greater quantity of pollutants and greenhouse gases, which exerts detrimental impacts on the ecosystem. A range of solar energy technologies can be employed to address forthcoming energy demands, concurrently mitigating pollution and protecting the world from global threats. This study critically reviewed all four generations of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, focusing on fundamental concepts, material used, performance, operational principles, and cooling systems, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The manuscript analyzes various materials, including their performance, physical properties (electronic and optical), biodegradability, availability, cost, temperature stability, degradation rate, and other parameters. The sensible engineering of effective solar devices made of cutting -edge materials along with nanostructured ternary metal sulphides, and three-dimensional graphene are also briefly discussed which are more versatile, stable, thin and light weight with high performance as compare to third generation solar cells. The impact of material alterations is delineated in PV, where the efficiency of solar cell technology has improved from 4% to 47.1%. Further the research article deals with different internal and external stress factors affecting the solar PV module performance.

A key development toward new electronic devices integrating memory and processing capabilities could be based on the electric control of the spin texture of charge carriers in semiconductors. In that respect, GeTe has been recently recognized as a promising ferroelectric Rashba semiconductor, with giant spin splitting of the band structure, due to the inversion symmetry breaking arising from ferroelectric polarization. Here, we address the temperature dependence of the ferroelectric structure of GeTe thin films grown on Si(111). We demonstrate the hysteretic behavior of the ferroelectric domain density upon heating/cooling cycles by low energy electron microscopy. This behavior is associated with an abnormal evolution of the GeTe lattice parameter as shown by x-ray diffraction. We explain these thermomechanical phenomena by a large difference of thermal expansion coefficients between the film and the substrate and to the pinning of the GeTe/Si interface. The accumulated elastic energy by the GeTe thin film during sample cooling is released by the formation of a -nanodomains with in-plane ferroelectric polarization components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated leakage current characteristics affected by crystallinity and domain wall currents of epitaxial Bi5Ti3FeO15 (BTFO) thin films on Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates. Highly a-oriented BTFO thin films, highly c-oriented BTFO thin films, and BTFO thin films with a mixture of a-oriented and c-oriented crystallinity were prepared by controlling the substrate temperature and the pulsed laser deposition deposition rate. Highly c-oriented BTFO thin films exhibited the best leakage current characteristics because the Bi2O2 layers were placed perpendicular to the c-axis to reduce leakage currents. The BTFO thin films with a mixture of a-oriented and c-oriented crystallinity showed larger leakage currents compared to highly c-oriented BTFO thin films. The current domains of the BTFO thin films corresponding to the ferroelectric domain structures were observed by a conducting atomic force microscope, and it was observed that leakage currents were formed around the domain walls. In particular, the largest leakage currents are formed at the boundaries of c-oriented domains and a-oriented domains, and these domain boundaries confirmed that the BTFO thin films with a mixture of a-oriented and c-oriented crystallinity were responsible for the largest leakage currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic signal is an important characteristic of photodetectors, including but not limited to those that are based on p–n or p–i–n photodiodes. In an open-circuit configuration, pulsed excitation of the detector with ultrafast (femto or nanosecond) pulses leads to a photovoltaic signal that decays slowly (micro-second time scale). If the physics in the detector is dominated by the recombination of the photo-excited charge carriers, one expects the signal to decay without changing its sign. However, some experiments using short-pulse excitation have found that photovoltaic signals can undergo a sign change as a function of time following excitation, with positive signals immediately following the excitation, turning to negative signals several microseconds later. Here, we study various physical effects (density, temperature, electrostriction, pressure, photostriction, and bandgap renormalization) and determine their effect on photovoltaic signals. If, following ultrafast excitation, the carrier density and temperature are increased, and during relaxation the system reaches a state sufficiently close to the quasi-thermal equilibrium in which the carrier density is still elevated, but smaller than the intrinsic thermal equilibrium density at the elevated temperature, then the signal can become negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of fossil fuels for power generation results in the production of a greater quantity of pollutants and greenhouse gases, which exerts detrimental impacts on the ecosystem. A range of solar energy technologies can be employed to address forthcoming energy demands, concurrently mitigating pollution and protecting the world from global threats. This study critically reviewed all four generations of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, focusing on fundamental concepts, material used, performance, operational principles, and cooling systems, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The manuscript analyzes various materials, including their performance, physical properties (electronic and optical), biodegradability, availability, cost, temperature stability, degradation rate, and other parameters. The sensible engineering of effective solar devices made of cutting -edge materials along with nanostructured ternary metal sulphides, and three-dimensional graphene are also briefly discussed which are more versatile, stable, thin and light weight with high performance as compare to third generation solar cells. The impact of material alterations is delineated in PV, where the efficiency of solar cell technology has improved from 4% to 47.1%. Further the research article deals with different internal and external stress factors affecting the solar PV module performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for reliable memory devices capable of operating in harsh environments, such as space and vehicles, necessitates the development of high-temperature-resistant technologies. In this study, we propose a novel ferroelectric domain wall (DW) memory utilizing BiFeO3 thin films, which exhibit exceptional retention and fatigue properties at 135 °C. Achieving this performance was made possible through precise control of the oxygen vacancy density in the epitaxial thin films induced by a post-annealing procedure conducted under an appropriate oxygen pressure of 10 Pa. Initially, prototype nano-memory devices lacking post-annealing treatment demonstrated resistive switching behavior at room temperature, with a current rectification ratio of 100:1, achieved by manipulating the uncompensated DW induced by polarization switching. With the additional annealing procedure in lower oxygen pressure, the wall current magnitude of the devices increased significantly, indicating the critical role of the oxygen vacancies in modulating the DW conductivity. Moreover, the nanodevices exhibited improved polarization retention due to oxygen vacancy-mediated charge injection that can be further enhanced at the elevated temperature. The electrons trapped deeply at the artificial DW were found to stabilize the switched polarization at the expense of reduced DW conductivity, emphasizing the importance of precise control over oxygen vacancy density for achieving a balance between high DW conductivity and excellent polarization retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing dyes with high open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) is a vital strategy to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of co-sensitized solar cells (co-DSSCs). Herein, three organic fluorine-containing dyes [YY-ThP(3F), YY-ThP(2F), and YY-ThP(26F)] are designed and synthesized for investigating the fluorine-induced effect on photophysical and photovoltaic performances. Consequently, this effect can significantly broaden the UV–vis absorption spectra of dyes but fail to improve the light-harvesting capability of DSSCs. Strikingly, YY-ThP(3F), featuring 3-position fluorine substitution to cyanoacrylic acid, yields a relatively high Voc compared to the corresponding fluorine-free dye (YY-ThP). Furthermore, the co-sensitization of YY-ThP+YY-ThP(3F) achieves a remarkably high PCE and long-term stability. This work implies that the combination of judicious molecular engineering and co-sensitization is a promising strategy for highly efficient and stable DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports that the in situ growth magnetic field (Hg) during magnetic-phase CoFeB deposition impacts the electric-field control of magnetic anisotropy in Co40Fe40B20/(011)-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 [CoFeB/(011)-PMN-PT] composite multiferroic heterostructures at room temperature. In the Hg1 mode (in situ Hg along the [ 01 1 ¯ ] direction of the ferroelectric PMN-PT substrate), the electric-field-controlled modulation ratios of the magnetic coercivity HC and saturation magnetic field HS are approximately −47% and +156%, respectively. However, in the Hg2 mode (in situ Hg along the [100] direction of the ferroelectric PMN-PT substrate) of the CoFeB/(011)-PMN-PT multiferroic heterostructure, the electric-field-controlled modulation ratios of the magnetic coercivity HC and saturation magnetic field HS can reach as high as +162% and +393%, respectively. Moreover, the electric-field-controlled magnetic coercive field HC exhibits a butterfly shape when plotted versus the applied electric fields in both modes, which matches the in-plane butterfly strain loop of the ferroelectric PMN-PT substrate. However, the electric-field-controlled saturation magnetic field HS presents a square loop, which is very consistent with the ferroelectric loop of the PMN-PT substrate. This result may be ascribed to the distinct pathway of the ferroelastic domain switching in the (011)-oriented PMN-PT substrate. This study provides a new idea for the design of spintronic devices based on multiferroic heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For ferroelectric (FE) thin films, working in the harsh environment of a high electric field (E) or high temperature (T) remains a great challenge. As a post-treatment approach, dead-layer engineering exhibits a certain generality and could improve the dielectric strength (Eb) via depositing a specially designed artificial "dead-layer" on most of the as-prepared FE thin films. However, physical essence of the artificial dead-layer needs further analysis. Great challenges are the abundant and complicated conduction mechanisms in the FE-based thin films and the lack of adequate research on modulating these conduction mechanisms by this artificial dead-layer. As a vital part of the conduction mechanisms, electron injection can be easily triggered under E and thermal excitation that almost appeared in all FE-based thin films. Here, the ultrathin artificial dead-layer of Ca0.2Zr0.8O1.8 (CSZ) was used to restrain multiple electron injection in low-Eb LaNiO3/Ba0.58Sr0.42TiO3 (LNO/BST) FE thin films, including thermal emission and tunneling effect, under a high E and T, even under an opposite E. It was found that the suppressing effect on the multiple electron-injection mechanisms via the artificial dead-layer mainly comes from its wall-like energy-barrier structure, which is composed of two opposite and high interface energy barriers (BST/CSZ: 2.95 eV, CSZ/Au: 3.92 eV) and a wide depletion layer. The generality of protecting the ferroelectric thin films from electron injection via the artificial dead-layer was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroelectric oxides have gained research attention in the field of ferroelectric photovoltaics (PV) after the discovery of power conversion efficiency exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit in BaTiO3 (BTO) crystals. However, advancement in this field is hindered by the wide bandgap (>3 eV) nature of ferroelectric oxides. In this work, a novel lead-free ferroelectric (1 − x)BTO − xBi(Ni2/3Nb1/3)O3 system was proposed and demonstrated to show bandgap reduction without compromising the polarization. Notably, the system displayed a bandgap reduction from 3.1 to 2.4 eV upon varying the composition from x = 0.0 to 0.05. Particularly, the optimal composition x = 0.02 showed enhancement in polarization (Pmax = 16 μC/cm2) and anomalous PV response with an open-circuit voltage of 6 V at 300 K. The origin of the bandgap reduction and polarization retention is explored experimentally by Raman spectroscopic measurements and analyzed theoretically by density functional theory. Our results revealed that the oxygen octahedral distortions and Ni2+ doping favor bandgap lowering, and Bi3+ ions stabilize the ferroelectric polarization. This study provides insight into the origin of bandgap tuning and paves the route for exploring new low-bandgap ferroelectric material with room temperature polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of varying CuO doping concentrations on the performance of titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based or zinc oxide (ZnO)-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). TiO2 or ZnO mixed with CuO at different weight percentages (0–50 wt %) was employed as photoanodes in DSSCs, prepared via mechanical mixing. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the structural changes, showing that as the CuO content increased in the hybrid, the CuO peaks (notably at 35.5° and 38.7°) became more prominent. Morphological and elemental characterizations were conducted using SEM and XRF, respectively. The solar cells were photosensitized by Vitis lasbrusca (V.L.) extract and N3 dye. The presence of anthocyanin molecules in the extracted V.L. was confirmed using UV-VIS and FTIR spectroscopy. The electrochemical characterization demonstrated optimal solar conversion efficiencies at a 20% doping level for both photosensitizers. Specifically, in the V.L. dye, TiO2-CuO achieved a conversion efficiency of 7.18%, and ZnO-CuO reached 5.77%. In the N3 dye, TiO2-CuO showed an efficiency of 11.34%, and ZnO-CuO, 9.55%. Notably, undoped photoanodes displayed a significantly lower photovoltaic performance: for V.L. dye, TiO2 showed 1.12% and ZnO 0.87%; for N3 dye, TiO2 showed 6.02% and ZnO 4.39%. Doping was therefore effective, yielding up to a seven-fold increase in performance in the case of V.L. with TiO2, compared to undoped DSSCs. The results demonstrate that using the hybrid photoanode led to a considerable increase in performance compared to using only TiO2 or ZnO photoanodes, highlighting the potential of DSSCs as sustainable energy sources.

The rapid expansion of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation raises concerns regarding its impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Although the influence of PV panels on soil conditions and plant biomass is acknowledged, their effects on the assembly processes and co-occurrence networks of soil microbial communities remain understudied. Clarifying this influence is crucial for understanding the effects of photovoltaic panels on soil ecosystem functions. In this study, we first explored the effects of PV panels on soil properties. Then, using amplicon sequencing, we analyzed the impact of PV panels on soil microbial diversity and function, focusing specifically on the assembly processes and co-occurrence networks of bacterial and fungal communities. Our results indicate that the installation of PV panels improved soil conditions, leading to concurrent effects on microbial community structure and function. This process appears to be deterministic, driven primarily by homogeneous selection. Notably, PV panels increased the complexity of bacterial networks while decreasing their stability. In contrast, PV panels did not affect the complexity of fungal networks despite their stability increased. These findings provide new evidence that soil bacterial networks are more sensitive to PV panels installation than fungal networks, deepening our understanding of land-use change effects on soil ecosystem functions. Moreover, our study demonstrates that higher complexity does not necessarily mean higher stability at least in soil microbial systems, challenging the notion that ecological complexity favors their stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D hybrid perovskites, with their high X‐ray absorption and extended carrier transport, present excellent promise for efficient direct X‐ray detection. However, most of the current devices require external bias voltage, which results in the need for significant energy consumption and severe ion migration, therefore, it is urgent to develop new types of materials for achieving efficient passive X‐ray detection. Herein, two novel chiral polar alternating cations intercalation (ACI)‐type hybrid perovskite materials, named (R/S‐PPA)(IEA)PbBr4 (1‐R/S, (R/S)‐PPA = R/S‐1‐phenylpropylamine; IEA = iodoethylamine), are constructed by integrating the chiral aromatic spacer R/S‐PPA and the iodine‐substituted spacer IEA. Various intermolecular interactions, such as I···I, C─H···I, π···π interactions, are introduced due to the introduction of I‐substituted chain amines, which effectively suppresses ion migration and thus lead to improved operational stability. The device constructed along the polar axis displays superior X‐ray detection performance, such as relatively high sensitivity and an ultra‐low limit of detection (LoD) of 3.0 nGy s−1, making it the first chiral ACI‐type perovskite material for realizing efficient passive X‐ray detection. Furthermore, 1‐R also presents low dark current drift and exceptional irradiation stability. This work provides new thought for using novel ACI‐type polar perovskite for high‐performance passive direct X‐ray detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of ZnO with narrow bandgap materials such as CuO is now a common method to synthesize high-performance optoelectronic devices. This study focuses on optimizing the performance of p-CuO/n-ZnO heterojunction pyroelectric photodetectors, fabricated through magnetron sputtering, by leveraging the pyro-phototronic effect. The devices' photoresponse to UV (365 nm) and visible (405 nm) lasers is thoroughly examined. The results show that when the device performance is regulated by adjusting the three parameters—sputtering power, sputtering time, and sputtering oxygen–argon ratio—the optimal sputtering parameters should be as follows: sputtering power of 120 W, sputtering time of 15 min, and sputtering oxygen–argon ratio of 1:3. With the optimal sputtering parameters, the maximum responsivity of the pyroelectric effect and the traditional photovoltaic effect R pyro + photo of the detector is 4.7 times that under the basic parameters, and the maximum responsivity of the traditional photovoltaic effect R photo is also 5.9 times that under the basic parameters. This study not only showcases the extensive potential of the pyro-phototronic effect in enhancing heterojunction photodetectors for high-performance photodetection but also provides some ideas for fabricating high-performance photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drosophila can rapidly and precisely detect changes in light in their surroundings and achieve acute perception of motion information with high energy efficiency and adaptivity owing to the cooperation of “ON” channel and the “OFF” channel in its visual system. Optical controlled bidirectional synaptic behavior of neuromorphic device is important for modeling parallel processing channels of Drosophila's visual system. In this study, an ambipolar transistor utilizing a bilayer architecture composed of p‐type pentacene and n‐type C60 as semiconductors is developed, with near‐infrared (NIR) PbS quantum dots serving as the charge‐trapping layer. This design enables a gate‐tunable positive and negative photoresponse, driven by photogating and photovoltaic effects at visible and NIR wavelengths. When regulated by a negative gate voltage, the device exhibits a suppressed photocurrent relaxation time exceeding 1000 s, demonstrating stable long‐term inhibitory characteristics. Consequently, high‐contrast excitatory and inhibitory synapses facilitate orientation and motion detection. Identification accuracies of up to 94.8% for motion direction and 98.1% for dynamic gestures are achieved. Practical applications such as intelligent monitoring and human–computer interaction stand to benefit significantly from these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing power consumption has always been a pressing issue for integrated circuits. Currently, there is a strong interest in the development of self‐powered photodetectors with low power consumption, high quantum efficiency, and high integration. In this work, a novel GaInP/AlGaAs photodetector is developed, where the photovoltaic effect of the Schottky junction is enhanced by the assistance of underneath GaInP/AlGaAs heterojunction, achieving near unity quantum efficiency, high integration, and ultrafast response speed. A single device exhibits a responsivity (R) of 467 mA W−1 in photovoltaic mode, a specific detectivity (D*) of 1.43 × 1011 Jones, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.5%, and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 96.56%. Further, an interconnect integration technique is used to integrate 81 individual detector units onto a 5 × 5 mm2 chip, resulting in a detector array that significantly improves the optical response. The device array has a high frequency feature with a fast response of 19 µs and a −3 dB bandwidth of 21.34 kHz. The interconnect chip is further integrated with a STM32 chip to realize an automotive speed measurement system. This work provides a novel technological solution for a high‐frequency, highly integrated photodetector array using heterojunction‐assisted enhanced GaInP Schottky junctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth-based semiconductor materials have garnered significant attention because of their appropriate optical bandgap and substantial photoelectric conversion efficiency. Enhancing the photocurrent and fill factor of photovoltaic films is essential for developing high-performance optoelectronic devices. In this study, high-performance BiVO 4 -ZnTiO 3 multilayer films were fabricated using a straightforward sol-gel method, where the incorporation of ZnTiO 3 films significantly improved the photovoltaic performance of BiVO 4. Through structural design aimed at enhancing light utilization, the BiVO 4 -ZnTiO 3 multilayer film achieved a photocurrent density of 1.9 mA/cm2 at 450 nm, along with a fill factor of 46.8 % in the composite multilayer structure. The improvement in film performance is attributed to the overall multilayer stacking effect. This study offers a novel approach for utilizing bismuth-based semiconductors in optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the layered tin selenide (SnSe) has attracted intense attention from the researchers due to its distinguished thermoelectric properties, thus giving this compound quite a promising potential application for photothermoelectric detectors. However, the low-cost epitaxial growth method toward a millimeter scale single phase SnSe thin film is still rarely reported, thus limiting its fabrications in arraying photoelectric sensors. Here, we synthesized a large-scale SnSe thin film on the SrTiO3 substrate by using the crack of PbS thin film-assisted nucleation in the chemical vapor deposition, achieving a homogeneous single-crystal SnSe thin film with a centimeter scale, as revealed by the x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope measurement. In addition, a two-terminal device is fabricated to study the photoelectric properties of this film. Surprisingly, this SnSe detector shows a synergetic photovoltaic and thermoelectric effect, achieving an ultrabroad band detection ranging from visible (405 nm) to mid-infrared (10.0 μ m) at room temperature. Significantly, this detector also shows an impressive performance with an optimized response time of 2.81 ms (at 4.0 μ m), a responsivity of 290.9 V W − 1 (at 4.0 μ m), and a detectivity of 5.5 × 10 8 Jones (at 4.0 μ m). The above results addressed the bottleneck in SnSe film synthesis, and accelerated its applications in future high-performance photoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]