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The present work is focused on the synthesis and detailed study of biopolymer phytagel and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide (EMIm[TCM]) blended polymer electrolyte films for energy applications. Here, biopolymer phytagel-based polymeric films are synthesized with different concentrations of ionic liquid (EMIm[TCM]) using the solution cast technique. The synthesized films are characterized for their structural, electrochemical, and dielectric properties using different characterization tools i.e., XRD, FTIR, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Linear Sweep Voltammetry, and Wagnor polarization technique. The film with 30wt% EMIm[TCM] shows a maximum conductivity of 3.64 × 10-4 S cm-1 and an electrochemical stability window of 3.1 V. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (κ), dielectric loss tangent (tanδ), relaxation time, and frequency are also studied for the prepared pure phytagel and phytagel/EMIm[TCM] polymeric films.

Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) is a forest product commodity with high economic value, but its availability in nature is decreasing due to deforestation and overexploitation. The availability of high-quality seedlings is necessary to meet the demand and conserve the sources of agarwood plants. Therefore, this study investigates the interaction effect between media types and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentrations on agarwood shoot development. It also aims to determine the best medium type and NAA concentration to stimulate agarwood shoot development. This research had two stages, namely the shoot induction and development. The shoot induction stage was conducted experimentally, using a completely randomized design (CRD) on a factorial treatment pattern of 2 factors i.e., the types of media and NAA concentrations. The shoots produced from the induction stage were cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) media with the same media types but without any NAA addition. Furthermore, the variables observed in both stages were the development of agarwood shoots, and the parameters measured included the number of shoots, number of leaves and shoot lengths. The results showed that the development of agarwood shoots was controlled by the type of medium used. Liquid MS medium supported with filter paper bridge produced the highest average number of shoots with 4.93 and 5.87 shoots explants-1 and length at 3.25 and 3.64 cm explant-1 in the induction and development stage, respectively. These findings will facilitate mass propagation of agarwood shoots, and in turn the availability of agarwood plantlets supports its conservation and production.

Ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) are environmentally important microorganisms involved in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen. Routine cultivation of AOA is exclusively performed in liquid cultures and reports on their growth on solid medium are scarce. The ability to grow AOA on solid medium would be beneficial for not only the purification of enrichment cultures but also for developing genetic tools. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable method for growing individual colonies from AOA cultures on solid medium. Three phylogenetically distinct AOA strains were tested: ' Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus franklandus C13', Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and ' Candidatus Nitrosotalea sinensis Nd2'. Of the gelling agents tested, agar and Bacto-agar severely inhibited growth of all three strains. In contrast, both 'Ca. N. franklandus C13' and N. viennensis EN76 tolerated Phytagel™ while the acidophilic 'Ca. N. sinensis Nd2' was completely inhibited. Based on these observations, we developed a Liquid-Solid (LS) method that involves immobilising cells in Phytagel™ and overlaying with liquid medium. This approach resulted in the development of visible distinct colonies from 'Ca. N. franklandus C13' and N. viennensis EN76 cultures and lays the groundwork for the genetic manipulation of this group of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the solidifying agents agar and phytagel and of activated charcoal on the in vitro cultivation of two maná cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum) varieties: Thaís and Santa Luzia. The phytotechnical characteristics analyzed included number of leaves, number of roots, shoot and root length, and fresh matter of shoot and root. Regardless of the variety, phytagel was superior to agar as a culture medium. A greater number of leaves and longer shoots were observed in the Santa Luzia variety, in the absence of charcoal. The Thaís variety showed longer shoots and roots in the presence of charcoal.

Banana cultivation is an agricultural activity practiced in different regions and constantly subjected to abiotic stresses that limit its productivity. To treat the effect of these stresses research can be undertake by simulating them in vitro since it limit the effect of the external factor in the experiment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to simulate the compaction in banana plant cultivated in vitro using Phytagel. To realize the experiment, we used MS culture medium with two distinct consistency added in the testing tubes. In the bottom part was added 10 mL of culture medium with consistency of jellification: 1.8, 2.8, 3.8, 4.8 and 5.8 g L-1 of Phytagel. Over this culture medium was added 5mL of half MS with consistency standard 1.8 g L-1 of Phytagel. Posteriorly, the planting materials from cultivar Grand Naine, BRS Vitória and BRS Princesa were inoculated in the growth medium. After 30 days of culture the plant materials were submitted for agronomic and physiological evaluation. The result showed non-significant difference among the compaction factors on physiological parameters however variety Grand Naine presents better performance in this character. Besides variety Grand Naine increased the rate of photosynthesis under compaction. This behaviour probably occurred due to overcoming the effect of stress by the variety. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cultivar Grand Naine is superior to cultivars BRS Vitória and BRS Princesa since it produces superior performance on rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration under simulated compaction conditions that favor the accumulation of plant biomass.

Mollugo nudicaulis Lam., commonly known as John’s folly or naked-stem carpetweed, is an ephemeral species of tropical regions. The plant is ideal to study the eco-physiological adaptations of C3-C4 intermediate plants. In the present report, in vitro growth profiling of the plant and comparative leaf anatomy under in vitro and ex vitro conditions were studied. In vitro propagation of the plant was carried out on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium augmented with additives and solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar-agar or 0.16% (w/v) Phytagel™. The concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the basal medium was optimized for callus induction, callus proliferation, shoot regeneration, and in vitro rooting. The optimum callus induction was obtained from M. nudicaulis seedling hypocotyls. The highest regeneration induction of about 88% or nearly 41 shoots with about 142 leaves per culture vessel was observed from friable callus on MS basal medium solidified with Phytagel™ and containing 4.44 μM 6-benzylaminopurine, 4.65 μM kinetin, 2.69 μM naphthaleneacetic acid, and 0.91 μM thidiazuron. In leaf anatomy, differences related to photosynthetic tissue organization were observed in leaves of in vitro and ex vitro plants, which indicated that changes in the environment affected the anatomy of subsequent leaves in plants. This is the first report of an efficient micropropagation protocol for M. nudicaulis, using an indirect organogenesis method. Efforts were made to optimize the concentrations of various PGRs and organic compounds for in vitro growth of regenerated shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytagel and sucrose have great influence on the regeneration efficiency of somatic embryos and growth of regenerated plants. In this study, effects of phytagel and sucrose on the regeneration of somatic embryos and growth of regenerated plants were carried out on mature cotyledonary embryos from Hevea brasiliensis clone Reyan7-33-97. MS me-dium supplemented with 0.23 μmol·L-1 KT, 0.11 μmol·L-1 IAA and 8.7 μmol·L-1 GA3 was used as the plant regeneration medium. The results showed that appropriate phytagel was helpful for the regeneration efficiency of somatic embryos and growth of regenerated plants. At lower concentrations(0-1 g·L-1), the frequency of plant regeneration increased with the increase of the amount of phytagel, but at higher concentrations(1-4 g·L-1), plant growth was inhibited along with the increasing amounts of phytagel. When the phytagel was supplemented in somatic embryo regeneration medium with 1 g·L-1, the plant regeneration rate, the plants(height >5 cm)and the plants with leaves reached(86.4 ± 5.7)%,(53 ± 9.4)% and(81.7 ± 3)%, respectively, higher than other treatments; For sucrose, no effect on the regeneration efficiency of somatic embryos was observed when sucrose was supplemented in somatic embryo regeneration medium, however, significant effects on growth of regenerated plant were observed. When the sucrose was supplemented in somatic embryo regeneration medium with 50 g·L-1, the plants(height >5 cm)and the plants with leaves(height >5 cm)reached(57.6±5.4)% and(46.3±12.3)%, respectively, higher than other treatments, and the stems and roots were very strong from the outside. Moreover, lower sucrose(20-30 g·L-1)promoted the growth of leaves as plant sprouting, but the elongation of stem was supressed, in contrast, higher sucrose(70-80 g·L-1)suppressed the growth of leaves but promoted the elongation of the stem. Overall, the somatic embryo regenaration medium supplimented with 1 g·L-1 phytagel and 50 g·L-1 sucrose was the most approciate for somatic embryo regenaration in H. brasiliensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of Sitka spruce breeding material ( Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was assessed for its ability to respond to somatic embryogenesis (SE) and cryo-preservation methods, with 765 cell lines being established from seeds taken from the UK's breeding population for testing with the relevant methodologies. Cell lines were most readily established from immature seeds (63%) on a proliferation medium originally developed for white spruce ( P. glauca) with agar as the gelling agent. However, it was also found that 48% of the zygotic embryos taken from freshly harvested mature seed were also able to establish cell lines on the same medium, as were 20% of seeds that had been stored at −20 °C for up to 8 years. Most of the cell lines tested (57%) produced significant numbers of somatic embryos, but the rate at which they could be germinated into plants capable of surviving the transfer to nursery conditions varied considerably from 67 to 8% between years for reasons that were not clear. The ability of the cell lines to survive cryo-preservation was also assessed, and out of 199 cell lines tested, 45 cell lines from 21 breeding families were successfully established in a cryo-storage facility. The best rates of recovery were obtained when Phytagel was used in the medium for growing the samples before and after they were cryo-preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nhằm tạo ra giống mía có năng suất cao, phẩm chất tốt và có khả năng kháng mặn. Trong điều kiện in vitro, các cá thể mía được tái sinh sau khi xử lý đột biến được đánh giá lại trên 2 loại chất làm rắn (agar và phytagel) ở các nồng độ muối khác nhau từ 70 ÷ 160 mM. Phytagel đã được xác định là chất làm rắn phù hợp để đánh giá và chọn lọc các dòng mía có khả năng chịu mặn đáng tin cậy. Bên cạnh đó, đã chọn được những dòng mía có khả năng chịu mặn ở các ngưỡng muối khác nhau để khảo sát ở điều kiện trong nhà màng là D1 sử dụng nồng độ muối 160 mM, D2 sử dụng nồng độ muối 135 mM và D3 sử dụng nồng độ muối 120 mM. Qua các chỉ tiêu sinh trưởng như số lá, số đốt và chiều cao cây, cho thấy dòng mía D1 sinh trưởng và phát triển ổn định ở nồng độ muối 100 mM.

Experiments were conducted to compare the liquid medium with the media solidified with agar or phytagel. Selective subculturing and use of the embryo maturation medium supplemented with higher concentration of phytagel (0.5%; w/v) were also tested for reducing the vitrified embryos. Modified Eeuwens Y3 medium was used as the basal medium. By culturing the anthers on the medium solidified with phytagel (0.25%; w/v), direct embryo formation (86.7%) and embryo conversion (21.5%) were significantly increased. Plant regeneration efficiency of anther derived embryos or calluses developed in the liquid culture medium was extremely low (2.4%). Vitrification was further reduced by incorporating 0.5% (w/v) phytagel into the embryo maturation medium. Highest plant regeneration efficiency was obtained by exposing the embryos to 0.5% (w/v) phytagel for 21 days, which reduced vitrification by 42%. Furthermore, selective subculturing of the embryos was effective for reducing vitrification.

Successful acclimatization and ex vitro rooting are among the key factors reducing the cost of micropropagated plants. We compared the survival of seven Russian cultivars of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) after rooting in vitro and ex vitro. Rooted shoots adapted to nonsterile conditions much better than nonrooted ones, with survival rates of 81%–98% versus 43%–76%, respectively. We studied the effects of different combinations of plant-growth regulators and gelling agents added to a proliferation medium on ex vitro rooting of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivar “Atlant”. Reducing the agar concentration from 8 to 6.5 g/L increased the multiplication rate, but caused shoot hyperhydricity. The highest survival rate (97.2%) was observed for shoots grown in a medium containing 0.2 and 0.1 mg/L IBA, and gelled with 5 g/L agar and 0.2 g/L Phytagel. The microshoot height at the multiplication stage did not correlate with the plant growth during acclimatization. The obtained results can be used in the commercial micropropagation of the raspberry.

This paper describes a protocol for the efficient vegetative propagation of Cleome rosea by somatic embryogenesis. Leaf and stem explants from nursery-grown seedlings of C. rosea were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Nodular calli were produced from both explant types in the presence of 4.5 and 9.0 µM 2,4-D. Embryo development and maturation were achieved when calli from stem explants were transferred to media containing a ten-fold reduction of 2,4-D concentration initially used (0.45 and 0.90 µM). Leaf-derived calli did not form embryos with the same treatments. The highest frequency of embryogenic callus formation (85%) and number of embryo per callus (13.45 ± 2.8) were achieved during the first subculture on medium supplemented with 0.90 µM 2,4-D. Embryo conversion into plantlets was achieved following transfer to growth regulator-free MS medium solidified with 2 g.L-1 phytagel. An acclimatization rate of 53% was found three months after transfer to ex vitro conditions and the recovered plants presented a normal phenotypic aspect.O trabalho descreve um protocolo para a propagação in vitro de Cleome rosea por embriogênese somática. Explantes foliares e caulinares, obtidos de plantas germinadas sob condições in vivo, foram cultivados em meio de Murashige and Skoog (MS) suplementado com ácido 3-indolacético (AIA), ácido naftalenoacético (ANA), ácido 4-amino-3,5,6-tricloropicolínico (picloram) ou ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D). Calos de aspecto nodular foram produzidos a partir de ambos os tipos de explante na presença de 4,5 e 9,0 μM de 2,4-D. O desenvolvimento e a maturação de embriões somáticos foram alcançados quando calos obtidos de explantes caulinares foram transferidos para meio de cultura suplementado com uma concentração de 2,4-D dez vezes menor do que aquelas utilizadas na indução do processo de calogênese (0,45 e 0,90 μM). Calos derivados de explantes foliares não produziram embriões ao serem submetidos a estes mesmos tratamentos. Os maiores valores de freqüência de calos embriogênicos (85%) e número médio de embriões por calo (13,45±2,8) foram alcançados durante a primeira subcultura em meio suplementado com 0,90 μM de 2,4-D. O processo de conversão dos embriões somáticos em plantas foi observado após transferência dos embriões para meio MS sem suplementação hormonal solidificado com 2 g.L-1 de fitagel. Três meses após a transferência para condições ex vitro a taxa de aclimatização alcançada foi de 53% e as plantas apresentavam um aspecto fenotípico normal.

Mycophagous soil bacteria are able to obtain nutrients from living fungal hyphae. However, with exception of the bacterial genus Collimonas, occurrence of this feeding strategy has not been well examined for soil bacteria. Evaluation of the importance of mycophagy in soil bacterial communities requires targeted isolation methods. In this study, we compared two different approaches to obtain mycophagous bacteria from rhizospheric soil: A short-term method based on baiting for bacteria that can rapidly adhere to fungal hyphae and a long-term method based on the enrichment of bacteria on fungal hyphae via repeated transfer. Hyphae-adhering bacteria were isolated, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and tested for antifungal activity and the ability to feed on fungi as the sole source of carbon. Both methods yielded a range of mycophagous bacterial isolates with little overlap between the methods. We also found indications for feeding preferences among mycophagous bacteria. Our results provide evidence for mycophagy being an important growth strategy for rhizosphere bacteria.To our surprise, we found several potential plant pathogenic bacteria among the mycophagous isolates. We discuss the possible benefits that these bacteria might gain from being associated with fungi.

Gram's Iodine Assay is currently used to detect endoglucanase, a cellulase enzyme which cleaves β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). When a zone of degradation was observed around non-cellulolytic Escherichia coli JM109 with the use of Gram's Iodine, the assay was further examined. Additional cellulolytic bacteria were chosen to display these inconsistencies. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki ( Btk) and Cellulomonas persica, known to possess endoglucanase, were incubated at 30 °C for 48 h on several different media; 1.5 % agar only, Davis minimal media, CMC agar, non-CMC agar, and Phytagel CMC. After the incubation period all plates were flooded with Gram's Iodine for 3-5 min. A clear ring of degradation was identified around colonies in plates containing no cellulose and plates containing agar only. When agar was removed as the solidifying agent and substituted with Phytagel, zones of clearing around cellulolytic organisms were altered. These findings indicate that agar alone can cause additional artifacts and should be replaced by other solidifying agents as well as supplementation of the Congo Red Assay. Taking these precautions can overcome inconsistency problems for future cellulolytic screenings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is highly nutritious and protein rich legume crop; however, presence of ODAP (β-NOxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid) has restricted its use for human and animal consumption. There is need for accelerated breeding of low or zero ODAP cultivars to ensure safer and wider use of grass pea through conventional and biotechnological approaches. The study investigated solidified MS medium containing a combination of thidiazuron (TDZ) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) concentrations for improved regeneration of grass pea using stem with two nodes (binodal) explant under photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 20 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity. The results showed that combination of low light intensity, phytagel as gelling agent and TDZ NAA was very effective for high frequency shoot regeneration after 3 weeks culture. Maximum number of 37.6 shoots per explants was noted on MS medium containing 0.75 mg/L TDZ 0.25 mg/L NAA, with 96.66% shoot induction. Healthy, well growing shoots were rooted on ½ × MS medium (micro, macro elements and vitamins) containing 0.25 mg/L Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) that resulted in 83.60% rhizogenesis. Peat moss potted plants induced hundred percent acclimatization and survival. Compared to other rooting substrates, peat moss acclimatized plants were more vigorous, flowered and set seeds under glass house conditions. High regeneration and acclimatization percentage signifies importance of this work for biotechnological based grass pea breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short aromatic peptide derivatives, i.e., peptides or amino acids modified with aromatic groups, such as 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), can self-assemble into extracellular matrix-like hydrogels due to their nanofibrillar architecture. Among different types of amino acids, lysine (Lys) and glycine (Gly) are involved in multiple physiological processes, being key factors in the proper growth of cells, carnitine production, and collagen formation. The authors have previously successfully presented the possibility of obtaining supramolecular gels based on Fmoc-Lys-Fmoc and short peptides such as Fmoc-Gly-Gly-Gly in order to use them as a substrate for cell cultures. This paper investigates how the introduction of a gelling polymer can influence the properties of the network as well as the compatibility of the resulting materials with different cell types. A series of hydrogel compositions consisting of combinations of Fmoc-Lys-Fmoc and Fmoc-Gly-Gly-Gly with Agarose and Phytagel are thus obtained. All compositions form structured gels as shown by rheological studies and scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis evidences the formation of H-bonds between the polysaccharides and amino acids or short peptides. Moreover, all gels exhibit good cell viability on fibroblasts as demonstrated by a live-dead staining test and good in vivo biocompatibility, which highlights the great potential of these biomaterials for biomedical applications., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Mycophagous soil bacteria are able to obtain nutrients from living fungal hyphae. However, with exception of the soil bacterial genus Collimonas, occurrence of this feeding strategy has not been well examined. Evaluation of the importance of mycophagy in soil bacterial communities requires targeted isolation methods. In this study, we compared two different approaches to obtain mycophagous bacteria from rhizospheric soil. A short-term method based on baiting for bacteria that can rapidly adhere to fungal hyphae and a long-term method based on the enrichment of bacteria on fungal hyphae via repeated transfer. Hyphae-adhering bacteria were isolated, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and tested for antifungal activity and the ability to feed on fungi as the sole source of carbon. Both methods yielded a range of potentially mycophagous bacterial isolates with little phylogenetic overlap. We also found indications for feeding preferences among the potentially mycophagous bacteria. Our results indicate that mycophagy could be an important growth strategy for rhizosphere bacteria. To our surprise, we found several potential plant pathogenic bacteria among the mycophagous isolates. We discuss the possible benefits that these bacteria might gain from colonizing fungal hyphae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the projected demand for leak seedlings in India, a micropropagation technique was developed using seeds of clonal seed orchards (CSOs). A comprehensive method for good shoot multiplication, cost-effective rooting and application to a wide range of genotypes was developed. Seeds collected from different clones and cultures were established in MS (Murashige & Skoog) medium supplemented with 22.2 μM benzyladenine (BA) and 11.62 μM kinetin (Kn). Rapid shoot proliferation was conducted in alterante growth hormone concentrations of 2.22 μM BA and 1.16 μM Kn for two subcultures followed by 4.40 μM BA and 2.32 μM Kn for one subculture in MS basal medium. Optimum rooting of 80–100% rooting was achieved using healthy shoots of 4.0 cm and above, treated with 1000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solution. Compared with conventional seedlings, where one hectare, of CSO produces planting material for just 17 ha, micropropagation could increase planting stock by several folds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue cultures on properly solidified Gelrite media generally showed superior shoot proliferation and rooting, as well as shoot and root vigor and callus development to those on TC agar. Vitrification, or hyperhydricity, was observed in both Gelrite and agar media and minimized by increasing the gel concentrations. Rigidity of Gelrite media depended on combined levels of MS macrosalts, basal nutrient formulations, sucrose concentration, pH, and Gelrite concentration. Most MS macrosalts increased hardness of Gelrite gels; NHNO had a decreasing effect. Rigidity of TC agar gels increased with reductions of MS macrosalts. A slightly softer Gelrite medium resulted when sucrose was excluded. Both Gelrite and agar media were softer at lower pHs and harder at higher pHs. Activated charcoal and mannitol increased gel hardness, and more noticeably of agar gels. NaCl addenda reduced rigidity, with their effects being more pronounced on Gelrite than on agar gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid method of in vitro multiplication of date palm was developed. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg dm−3 dimethylaminopurine (2iP) + 1 mg dm−3 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Shoot buds were proliferated from white nodular cultures on hormone free medium. Shoot bud proliferation strongly enhanced when cultured on MS-medium contained 3 mg dm−3 2iP + 0.5 mg dm−3 NAA. Culturing on full-strength MS medium showed higher multiplication rate compared with half-strength MS medium. Among four concentrations of sucrose used, 30 g dm−3 speeded up the bud proliferation more than 10, 20 and 40 g dm−3. However, the largest shoot buds were observed with 40 g dm−3 sucrose. Solidification of culture media by 1.75 g dm−3 Phytagel showed the highest proliferation rate, but the largest buds were observed with 1 g dm−3 Phytagel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful acclimatization and ex vitro rooting are among the key factors reducing the cost of micropropagated plants. We compared the survival of seven Russian cultivars of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) after rooting in vitro and ex vitro. Rooted shoots adapted to nonsterile conditions much better than nonrooted ones, with survival rates of 81%–98% versus 43%–76%, respectively. We studied the effects of different combinations of plant-growth regulators and gelling agents added to a proliferation medium on ex vitro rooting of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivar "Atlant". Reducing the agar concentration from 8 to 6.5 g/L increased the multiplication rate, but caused shoot hyperhydricity. The highest survival rate (97.2%) was observed for shoots grown in a medium containing 0.2 and 0.1 mg/L IBA, and gelled with 5 g/L agar and 0.2 g/L Phytagel. The microshoot height at the multiplication stage did not correlate with the plant growth during acclimatization. The obtained results can be used in the commercial micropropagation of the raspberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful acclimatization and ex vitro rooting are among the key factors reducing the cost of micropropagated plants. We compared the survival of seven Russian cultivars of raspberry ( Rubus idaeus ) after rooting in vitro and ex vitro. Rooted shoots adapted to nonsterile conditions much better than nonrooted ones, with survival rates of 81%⁻98% versus 43%⁻76%, respectively. We studied the effects of different combinations of plant-growth regulators and gelling agents added to a proliferation medium on ex vitro rooting of primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivar "Atlant". Reducing the agar concentration from 8 to 6.5 g/L increased the multiplication rate, but caused shoot hyperhydricity. The highest survival rate (97.2%) was observed for shoots grown in a medium containing 0.2 and 0.1 mg/L IBA, and gelled with 5 g/L agar and 0.2 g/L Phytagel. The microshoot height at the multiplication stage did not correlate with the plant growth during acclimatization. The obtained results can be used in the commercial micropropagation of the raspberry.