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Background Methods Results Conclusion Routine prescription of antibiotics to treat chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) exacerbations may contribute to the propagation of antibiotic resistance. Hops bitter β‐acids lupulone and colupulone possess potent antibacterial activities and, as T2R1, T2R14, and/or T2R40 agonists, may improve the impaired mucociliary clearance described in CRS patients. We investigated these molecules as alternative treatments to antibiotics in CRS management based on their antibacterial and T2Rs agonists properties.Human nasal primary cells (HNECs) and RPMI2650 cells cultures were used as study models. T2Rs expression in cell culture models and human nasal tissue was assessed using immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR, and Western blot. We performed calcium imaging and cilia beat frequency experiments to investigate T2Rs activation in study models in response to lupulone and colupulone stimulations. Finally, we studied hops β‐acids cytotoxicity on cells using CellEvent, crystal violet, lactate dehydrogenase assays, immunofluorescence, and transepithelial electrical resistance assays.We confirmed lupulone and colupulone potent antibacterial effect on CRS‐relevant methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus but found minimal impact on P. aeruginosa. We also report T2R1, T2R14 and T2R40 expression in HNECs and RPMI2650 cell cultures. Lupulone and colupulone induced an increase in cytosolic calcium that appeared dependent on T2Rs signaling. This response was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cellular energy stress, decreased cell proliferation, ciliostasis, and HNECs remodeling after a single exposure to lupulone at micromolar concentrations.Our data suggest that hops β‐acids may not be beneficial as treatments in CRS patients and instead contribute to the disease by impairing cell health and further deteriorating the MCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin, the pioneering heavy metal compound, stands out as a potent drug for the treatment of various solid tumors. However, its clinical utility is hampered by notable toxicity and adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity. The potency of rutecarpine, a phytochemical, in mitigating cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity was assessed in the present study. In this experimental setup, healthy male Wistar rats were grouped into four and Group I rats served as the control group, receiving only vehicle control. Group II rats were subjected to cisplatin treatment alone, administered intraperitoneally at a dosage of 7 mg/kg body weight on the 19th, 20th, and 21st days. Group III and IV rats were orally administered with rutecarpine at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively, starting from Day 1 and continuing daily for 21 days. Additionally, they were injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin at the same dosage and schedule as Group II. Relative kidney weight and renal biochemical markers blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, serum urea, and creatinine were measured to assess rutecarpine inhibitory potency against cisplatin toxicity. Markers of oxidative damage and antioxidants levels were quantified in the ruteacarpine‐ and cisplatin‐treated rats. The study investigated the anti‐inflammatory property of rutecarpine in cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity by analyzing inflammatory cytokines. Renal tissue levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, high‐mobility group box 1, and nuclear factor kappa B, key markers of nephrotoxicity, were quantified to assess rutecarpine's potential to mitigate cisplatin‐triggered damage. Histopathological examinations were performed to confirm the impact of rutecarpine against cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. Treatment with rutecarpine notably reduced renal biochemical markers, prevented renal edema, and attenuated oxidative stress‐induced damage in cisplatin‐treated rats. Both inflammatory and nephrotoxicity markers showed significant decreases in rats treated with rutecarpine along with cisplatin. Histological analysis affirmed that rutecarpine pretreatment effectively prevented cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. The study findings demonstrate that rutecarpine ameliorates cisplatin‐triggered nephrotoxicity through its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, suggesting that rutecarpine supplementation alongside cisplatin treatment could potentially reduce nephrotoxicity in cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a global health issue, increasingly prevalent and a leading cause of mortality. Despite extensive research, conventional treatments remain aggressive, often damaging healthy cells, and exhibit limited efficacy. Addressing drug resistance and enhancing treatment effectiveness are critical challenges in advancing cancer therapy. This review examines the potential of natural plant compounds, particularly phytochemicals and their derivatives, in developing novel anticancer agents. These metabolites have a long history in traditional medicine, with 42% of molecules approved for cancer treatment between 1981 and 2019 being either natural products or derivatives. The Cactaceae family, which comprises more than 1,500 species, represents a largely untapped source of potentially useful chemopreventive and anticancer agents. Although more than 3,000 plants and their derivatives have contributed to chemotherapeutic development, cactus species have received limited attention until recently. Emerging evidence highlights the anticancer potential of fruits, stems, and cladodes from various cactus species. This review provides a comprehensive and current overview of experimental studies on Cactaceae in cancer research, aiming to pave the way for the development of innovative, natural cancer therapeutics and contribute to the ongoing battle against this formidable disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the combined effects of drying methods (air drying [AD], hot AD [HAD], microwave drying [MD], and freeze‐drying [FD]) and ultrasonication parameters (sonication temperature [STemp]: 40, 50, and 60°C) and heating time (STime: 60 and 120 min) on natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of phytochemicals from Amaranthus hybridus stem. Increasing the STemp increased the extraction yield (ECY) of the phytochemicals for all drying methods but increase in the heating time reduced the ECY slightly. MD combined with 60°C ST showed the highest ECY (53%), whereas HAD combined with 40°C ST had the lowest ECY (18%). At 60 min heating time, increasing the ST from 40 to 50°C increased the total phenolic content (TPC) in the extract for most drying methods except MD, and a sonication time of 120 min showed a slightly higher TPC, especially for MD samples. At 60 min sonication, total flavonoid content (TFC, 800 mgQE/g) was highest for AD plus 50°C ST and lowest for AD combined with 60°C (100 mgQE/g), whereas for 120 min sonication, MD and AD with 50°C showed the highest TFC (690 mgQE/g). FD retained better some of the vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) but MD retained better vitamin C. The antioxidant capacity was not so much different among the drying methods except for FD, which showed lower values. These results provide a theoretical basis for the synergistic applications of drying and ultrasonication during NADES extraction of phytochemicals from Amaranthus hybridus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a major component of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the formation of in-stent restenosis (ISR). A novel flavonoid, DHIF, attenuates reactive oxygen species and nf-κB signaling and has potential to limit ISR via antioxidant action. While current drug eluting stents (DESs) perform well in clinical practice, new therapies to prevent ISR without dependance on cytotoxic drugs are warranted. Our objective was to test whether DHIF reduces ISR in a hyperlipidemic rabbit aorta model of ISR via attenuated inflammatory responses. WHHL rabbit aortas (n = 24) were denuded. Six weeks after injury, stents were implanted into the denuded aortas. DHIF was dissolved in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and administered orally with two doses. CMC served as a control. The animals were sacrificed six weeks after stenting. ISR was evaluated from stent histomorphometry and immunohistology was used to assess the inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of the treatment. ISR was reduced from 20.9 ± 3.0% in controls to 15.2 ± 2.4% (p = 0.0009) and 16.4 ± 2.1% (p = 0.004) in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively. The neointimal area covered by macrophages was 32 ± 9.3% in the controls, 17.2 ± 5.9% (p = 0.005) in the low-dose group and 19.4 ± 7.9% (p = 0.008) in the high-dose group. DHIF significantly reduces ISR and local inflammation in stented arterial regions and could be used to reduce ISR when bare metal stents are used. Targeting local inflammation in the arterial wall may provide a way to reduce ISR in a clinical setting and further studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapeutics are most often used to treat cancer, but side effects, drug resistance, and toxicity often compromise their effectiveness. In contrast, phytocompound plumbagin possesses a distinct pleiotropic nature, targeting multiple signaling pathways, such as ROS generation, cell death, cellular proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance, and is shown to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Plumbagin has been shown to act synergistically with various chemotherapeutic drugs and enhance their efficacy in drug-resistant cancers. The pleiotropic nature is believed to be due to plumbagin's unique structure, which contains a naphthoquinone ring and a hydroxyl group responsible for plumbagin's various biological responses. Despite limitations such as restricted bioavailability and delivery, recent developments aim to address these challenges and harness the potential of plumbagin as an anticancer therapeutics. This review delves into the structural aspect of the plumbagin molecule contributing to its pleiotropic nature, explores the diverse mechanism that it targets, and discusses emerging strategies to overcome its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β) is a cytokine with pleiotropic biological functions. Recently, its signaling pathway has been highlighted for its implicative paradoxical roles in prostate cancer (PCa). Suppressing downstream effects of this pathway by interfering with receptor complex formation through inhibition of the TGF‐β1 leads to its antitumor effects, illuminating the TGF‐β1 as a viable therapeutic target for PCa. Our compound library—established by a literature‐based approach that identified phytochemicals with published evidence against the TGF‐β1—was screened by employing molecular docking, density functional theory (DFT), and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to identify TGF‐β1 inhibitors. Eight of the 24 phytochemicals docked from our compound library had a good binding affinity (ranging from −11.7 to −10 kcal/mol) to the TGF‐β1 (PDB: 1PY5). The phytochemicals displayed good stability and reactivity as revealed by the DFT analysis and a desirable pharmacokinetic profile. The top four phytochemical complexes with high binding energies maintained stability throughout the 100 ns simulation. Qualitative studies on the drug repurposing attributes of bisindolylmaleimide, flavopiridol, baicalin, and gefitinib as inhibitors of TGF‐β1 are recommended; most importantly, suggest further wet‐lab studies to corroborate these phytochemicals—SB 202190, SB 203580, silymarin, and cryptotanshinone—in TGF‐β1 targeted drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionConsidering the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin and the evidence indicating the role of chronic inflammation in the pathophysiology of fatigue, this meta-analysis aimed to determine the significant effect of curcumin in reducing fatigue.Four main databases, including ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, were searched from inception to July 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of curcumin on fatigue scale. Meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) V2 and OpenMeta [Analyst] softwares. The overall estimate of effect size was measured using a random-effects model. To assess the presence of publication bias, funnel plots and Egger's regression test were utilized. The quality of each selected study was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Moreover, the GRADEpro tool was used in order to check the quality of evidence across studies.The meta-analysis of 13 trials, involving 763 subjects, demonstrated a significant decrease in fatigue following curcumin administration (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −1.267 (95% CI: −2.453 to −0.081), p = 0.036). The incidence of fatigue was not affected by curcumin administration. Improvement in fatigue was found to be associated with the time following intervention (≤8 weeks; SMD = −2.156; 95% CI: −3.955 to −0.358; p = 0.019 vs. >8 weeks; SMD = −0.092 (95% CI: −0.663–0.479), p = 0.753) and the health status of the participants. However, the dosage of curcumin did not show a significant correlation with the fatigue score.Curcumin supplementation presents a promising approach for managing fatigue due to its multifaceted mechanisms of action as a phytochemical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifouling potential of crude organic extracts from five seaweed species collected at the Rameswaram coastal region at Pamban station, Tamil Nadu, has been screened for antifouling activity. Five different species of seaweeds such as two Chlorophyceae (Ulva fasciata and Halimeda tuna), one Rhodophyceae (Portieria hornemanni), and two Phaeophyceae (Padina boergesenii and Turbinaria ornata) did not exhibit fouling inhibition. From the marine macroalgae that displayed antifouling activity, P. hornemanni has shown better results when compared to that of other species. The seaweed extracts were tested in laboratory assays against the marine fouling bacteria's such as B. mycoides, B. fluxes, B. cereus, B. vietnamensis, and P. stutzeri. The GC–MS profile of P. hornemanni suggested the purified fraction is primarily composed of a total of 15 compounds recorded. The maximum byssal thread inhibition of the green mussel Perna viridis was inhibited by the methanol and chloroform extract of P. hornemannii, and the methanol extract of the MIC was found to be 154 8.07 g/ml, followed by EC50 73 ± 3.54 g/ml, respectively. The MIC was determined to be 124 ± 6.54 g/ml in chloroform extract, while the EC50 was determined to be 59 ± 6.74 g/ml. The phytochemical constituents were recorded in methanol extracts except for glycosides and tannins, and the results showed that alkalods, flavnoids, terpenoids, triterpenes, and phenols were found to be 116.6, 72.54, 97.12, 66.34, and 99.78 µg/mg respectively. Which could have a functional role in the chemical defense against marine fouling organisms, and it could be utilized for the improvement of ideal antifoulants in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants offer a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds, placing them as a compelling avenue for novel drug exploration. In recent times, the emphasis on harnessing natural products sourced from medicinal plants has escalated due to their diminished adverse effects, economic viability, and efficacy against a broad spectrum of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The aim of this investigation was to scrutinize the phytochemical constitution and antimicrobial efficacy inherent to Megaphrynium macrostachyum leaves. Methods: Three distinct solvents – ethanol, water-ethanol, and water – were employed to extract the diverse range of phytochemicals housed within the leaves. Subsequently, the extracted compounds were subjected to assessment for their antimicrobial potential against both bacteria and fungi, which were isolated from various samples. This evaluation was executed employing the agar well diffusion method. Results: The qualitative analysis of phytochemical components unveiled the substantial presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, while a relatively lower occurrence of steroids was observed across the different leaf extracts. Further quantitative analysis showed that the most potent extract exhibited elevated phenolic content (2.400 mg/ml), closely trailed by flavonoids (1.995 mg/ml) and saponins (1.909 mg/ml). This study furnishes compelling proof of the efficacy encompassed within Megaphrynium macrostachyum leaves, particularly concerning their proficiency against both fungi and bacteria. Conclusion: As such, it adds momentum to the accumulating body of knowledge concerning the exploitation of natural medicinal plants, paving the way for enhanced therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a coniferous plant and one of the plants with multiple medicinal, ornamental and industrial importance is in the process of extinction. Yew is the most important and reliable source of the anti-cancer compound taxol, which has a special importance in medicine. The low amount of taxol in yew and the slow growth rate of this plant are among the serious obstacles to using yew in providing this important medicinal substance. The use of some elements such as nitrogen will increase the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants, especially the production of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of nano nitrogen fertilizer compared to urea fertilizer to increase vegetative growth and metabolite accumulation of yew seedlings. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, an experiment was performed based on factorial as completely randomized blocks at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with 9 levels of treatment (nitrogen nanofertilizer at three levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ml.l-1 in the form of foliar spraying and regular urea fertilizer in three levels of 0, 6, and 12 g were applied to each seedling as soil) and 3 replicates (two plants per replicate). Fertilization was done in 4 stages with a 14 days’ time interval. Parameters in two morphophysiological sections (plant height, number of sub-branches, diameter of the main stem, canopy width of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the aerial part and secondary dry weight) and phytochemical (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol, total flavonoid, percentage of free radical inhibition, total alkaloid and taxol content) measurement became. Results: The results showed that application of nitrogen in two forms of nanofertilizer and urea, improved most of the quantitative and qualitative traits of the yew plant. So that the maximum amount of plant height and diameter of the main stem was obtained with the application of 3 ml.l-1 of nitrogen nanofertilizer along with not using urea. The highest number of sub-branches and amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were obtained as a result of not using nitrogen nanofertilizer along with 6 g of urea fertilizer. As a result of using 1.5 ml.l-1 of nitrogen nanofertilizer along with 6 g of urea fertilizer, the dry weight of the aerial parts of yew increased significantly. Also, the application of 1.5 ml.l-1 of nitrogen nanofertilizer + 12 g of urea fertilizer produces the highest amount of total alkaloid and taxol in yew. Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that it is possible to manage the growth and accumulation of metabolites in the yew by managing nitrogen nutrition and simultaneous application of chelated nitrogen fertilizers and urea fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The continuous rise in microbial resistance to orthodox antimicrobial drugs has led to the search for alternative sources with proven efficacy to solve the challenges of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The preferred alternatives are plant sources, and this has led to the evaluation of constituents and potency of medicinal plants to provide scientific justification for their use. Methodology: The root of Morinda lucida plant was dug up from the ground, washed clean, and cut into smaller pieces and dried. The root was then ground into fine powder and extracted with water (aqueous), methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from wound swab samples collected from patients with diabetic foot ulcers using conventional cultures, biochemical identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The phytochemical and proximate contents of the extracts were assessed by standard technique. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined at a concentration of 200mg/ml of the extract using the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined by serial doubling dilution. The methanol extract time-kill assay was performed to determine the time of kill of the bactericidal concentration. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed that M. lucida root contains essential secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin, glucosides, anthraquinone and quinine. The methanol and aqueous extracts showed higher in vitro antibacterial activity, producing the highest zone of inhibition of 27mm against S. aureus but a lower activity of 18 mm with n-hexane extract against all isolates except S. aureus. The MIC ranges from 3.125mg/ml and 25mg/ml. The time-kill assay of methanol extract at 2x and 3x MIC showed that bactericidal activity occurred within 0-8 hours of incubation, indicating high activity. Conclusion: The antibacterial potency of M. lucida root extract and the phytochemical components from this study shows that it can serve as a source of alternative antimicrobial agent that may be effective in the treatment MDR bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there is a growing concern about avoiding using artificial compounds in food ingredients, food preservation, and packaging. Among the parts of the neem tree, leaf flour is one of the most commonly used parts in some countries for food and medicinal purposes and is known for containing several nutrients and phytochemicals. In this review, the proximate composition, phytochemical constituents, potential uses, and safety issues of neem leaf flour are discussed. Neem leaf flour contains high levels of crude protein, total carbohydrate, crude fat, and fiber and moderate amounts of crude fat and ash. In addition, it contains numerous health‐promoting phytochemical constituents. Some phytochemicals, such as ascorbic acid, saponin, total alkaloids, carotenoids, total phenols, total flavonoids, and the total antioxidant capacity of neem leaf flour, have been critically discussed. Neem leaf flour has various potential applications in food science, such as preserving foods and preparing food packaging materials. However, researchers' perspectives on its safety are not yet in agreement. In general, the proximate compositions, phytochemical constituents, potential uses, and safety issues of neem leaf flour were compiled and critically reviewed. In addition, research is needed to identify all the toxic substances found in neem leaves and develop methods to eliminate them that hinder their use for various purposes in food. Further research is needed to develop food products from neem leaf flour and evaluate its nutritional value and phytochemical constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes-related ulcers and slow-healing wounds pose a significant health risk to individuals due to their uncertain causes. Mortality rates for diabetes foot ulcers (DFUs) range from 10% after 16 months to 24% after five years. The use of bioactive phytochemicals can play a key role in healing wounds in a predictable time. Recent literature has demonstrated that various natural substances, including flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides, play key roles at different stages of the wound-healing process through diverse mechanisms. These studies have categorized the compounds according to their characteristics, bioactivities, and modes of action. In this study, we evaluated the role of natural compounds derived from plant sources that have been shown to play a crucial role in immunomodulation. Macrophages are closely involved in immunomodulation within the wound microenvironment and are key players in efferocytosis, inflammation resolution, and tissue regeneration, all of which contribute to successful wound healing. Phytochemicals and their derivatives have shown capabilities in immune regulation, including macrophage migration, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte and T-cell stimulation, cytokine activation, natural killer cell enhancement, and the regulation of NF-κβ, TNF-α, and apoptosis. In this review, we have studied the role of phytochemicals in immunomodulation for the resolution of diabetic wound inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.), the earliest legumes grown by humans, are essential food sources in many countries. This review summarizes the nutrient profile, phytochemical profile, sensory properties, bioaccessibility, along with health benefits of lentils. Lentils are not only rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats but various bioactive substances, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids. However, their bioavailability is poor due to the presence of certain antinutritional factors, containing tannins, phytic acid, protease inhibitors as well as lectins. Specific information for the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolics and minerals in lentils is listed. Besides, several conventional along with novel techniques that used to improve bioaccessibility and bioavailability of lentils, such as soaking, dehulling, thermal processing, isoelectric precipitation, pulsed electric field, and high-pressure processing are introduced as well. In addition, various potential health benefits are reviewed, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity properties. Thereby, increased consumption and utilization of lentils as functional foods are considered the key to combating certain chronic diseases in the human body. Lastly, some suggestions are put forward for the future direction of lentils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the phytochemical, proximate and mineral contents of leaves and stem of Potato tree (Solanum erianthum) sourced from Botanical Garden in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The phytoconstituents detected in the hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts included alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. The crude protein contents of the leaves and the stem were 25.52% and 15.31 %, respectively. The crude fibre content of the leaves was 33.5% while that of the stem was 73.5%. The carbohydrate contents of the leaves and the stem were 29.68 % and 4.62%, respectively. The potassium content obtained for the leaves was 1128 mg/100g while that of the stem was 528 mg/100g. The magnesium contents of the leaves and stem were 356 mg/100g and 216 mg/100 g, respectively. The calcium content of the leaves and stem of the plant were 300 mg/100g and 191 mg/100, respectively. In addition, the iron content of the leaves and the stem were22.46mg/100g and 16.89 mg/100g, respectively. The results show that apart from their medicinal uses, the leaves and stem of the plant are potential food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The use of plant‐derived products in aquaculture has garnered considerable attention due to their potential benefits. This study investigated the impact of supplementing Withania coagulans root powder (WCRP) in the diet of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio on various parameters, including growth performance, digestive enzymes, hematology, antioxidant activity, and immunological aspects. Methods: Common Carp (mean weight ± standard deviation = 11.69 ± 0.48 g) were divided into four groups in triplicate, receiving different WCRP concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%; labeled as WCRP0, WCRP1.0, WCRP1.5, and WCRP2.0, respectively) over a 60‐day period, followed by an experimental challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila to assess the relative percentage survival (RPS) over 14 days. Result: Results showed that Common Carp receiving WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 demonstrated significantly improved growth performance, with reduced feed conversion ratios (FCRs) being particularly evident in WCRP1.5. Polynomial contrasts indicated significant linear and quadratic effects on weight gain and FCR. Additionally, WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 supplementation led to significantly higher activity of digestive enzymes (lipase and protease). Hematological parameters, including white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, were significantly elevated in fish that were fed WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 compared to the control group. Moreover, serum parameters, such as total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total immunoglobulins, were significantly enhanced in WCRP1.5‐ and WCRP2.0‐treated fish. Notably, the WCRP1.5 group showed the lowest serum cortisol levels. The RPS was highest in WCRP1.5 (73.77%), followed by WCRP2.0 (70.43%), compared to the other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, supplementation with WCRP1.5 and WCRP2.0 effectively improved both growth and health parameters in Common Carp. Impact StatementThe addition of Withania coagulans root powder (WCRP) to Common Carp diets significantly boosted growth, health, and disease resistance. Fish that were fed medium and high doses of WCRP showed better growth, improved blood health, and enhanced immune responses, leading to higher survival rates after a bacterial challenge. This natural supplement offers a cost‐effective way for farmers to improve fish productivity and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the effects of supplementing Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus diets with wild olive Olea europaea leaf extract (WLE) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, and antioxidant and immunological parameters. Methods: Wild olive leaf extract was added at different concentrations (WLE 0.0 [control], 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) and fed to triplicate fish groups for 12 weeks. At the end of the trial period, growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, and hematological, biochemical, antioxidant, and immunological parameters were evaluated. Result: According to the results, fish that were fed with WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0% exhibited significantly improved weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly reduced in fish supplied with WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0%. Additionally, weight gain and FCR showed significance at both the linear and quadratic levels, as indicated by polynomial contrasts. However, the experimental diets did not impact fish body composition, digestive enzyme activity, or survival rate. Fish that received WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0% showed significantly higher levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared with the WLE 1.0% and control groups. Moreover, significant enhancements were observed in serum parameters, including total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total immunoglobulins, for the WLE 1.5% and WLE 2.0% groups compared with the control. Fish that were fed WLE 1.5% exhibited the lowest serum cortisol level. Conclusion: In conclusion, experimental diets with WLE levels of 1.5% and 2.0% effectively enhanced both the growth and immunological parameters of Nile Tilapia. Impact statementSupplementing Nile Tilapia diets with wild olive leaf extract enhances growth, feed efficiency, and immune function. This eco‐friendly method boosts aquaculture productivity and fish health, offering healthier food sources and promoting sustainable practices for both people and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional use of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip., commonly known as feverfew, extends across various medical conditions, notably those associated with pain and inflammation. In alignment with the growing trend towards developing medications that target specific signaling pathways for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects, extensive research has been conducted to investigate and validate the pharmacological effects of feverfew. Among its bioactive compounds, parthenolide stands out as the most potent, categorized as a germacranolide-type sesquiterpene lactone, and has been extensively studied in multiple investigations. Significantly, the anti-inflammatory properties of feverfew have been primarily attributed to its capacity to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Furthermore, the anticancer properties of feverfew have been associated with the modulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways. This study further delves into the neuroprotective potential of feverfew, specifically in the management of conditions such as migraine headaches, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain through various mechanisms. The core objective of this study is to elucidate the phytochemical composition of feverfew, with a particular emphasis on understanding the molecular mechanisms and examining the signaling pathways that contribute to its pharmacological and therapeutic effects. Additionally, the safety, toxicity, and potential adverse effects of feverfew are comprehensively evaluated, with an overarching goal of providing valuable insights into the plant's potential for targeted and effective treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced via incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and it may cause long-term neurological sequel upon exposure. Hesperidin (HES), a flavanone glycoside found in citrus plants, exerts diverse beneficial health effects. The present study mechanistically examined the neuroprotective effects of HES in CO-poisoned rats. Thirty male Wistar rats (five groups of six animals) were exposed to 3000 ppm CO for 1 h. Immediately after the exposure and on the next 4 consecutive days (totally five doses), rats intraperitoneally received either normal saline (the control group) or different doses of HES (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). A sham group that was not exposed to CO was also considered. After evaluation of spatial learning and memory using a Morris water maze (MWM), animals were sacrificed and oxidative stress status in blood samples, and Akt, Bax, Bcl2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in brain samples were assessed. Western blot analysis indicated increased Akt but decreased Bax/Bcl2 levels in the HES 100 mg/kg, and induced BDNF levels in all HES-treated groups. MWM results showed that HES significantly decreased memory loss. The current findings indicate that HES could alleviate neurological impairments induced by CO in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Improved Traditional Medicine (ITM) in capsule form presented by traditional health practitioners in Burkina Faso as used for hepatoprotective and hepatocurative treatment for viral hepatitis B. The study's main objective was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of this ITM, which is used in treating viral hepatitis B in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay inhibited LOX by 15.69 ± 0.50% at a 100 µg/mL concentration. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo activity using the carrageenan anti-oedema test showed good dose-dependent antiinflammatory activity of ITM at 30, 65 and 130 mg/kg bw. After 3 hours, the extract at various doses reduced edema to over 50% inhibition. After 5 h, oedema was reduced to 85.209% at the 130 mg/kg. However, the reference acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at 100 mg/kg bw showed a percentage of 85.048% at 5 h. The IC50 obtained after the ABTS, FRAP and LPO antioxidant tests of the phytomedicine were 351.00 µg/mL, 353.20 µM EAA/L and 81.13%. However, the IC50 with the DPPH method was higher than 104 µg/mL. The phytomedicine would have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals on inflammation and free radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a total of 8 plant extracts was used for their antibacterial activity against bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar well diffusion method. Mangifera ethanolic extract showed best results as inhibitory activity against both bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with diameter of zone of inhibition (ZOI) 41mm and 22mm, respectively. Zingiber ethanolic extract showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition 10 mm and 12mm. Punica ethanolic extract exhibited 12mm and 15mm zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus. Psidium ethanolic extract showed 20mm ZOI against S. aureus. Azadirachta, Murraya and Curcuma ethanolic extract displayed inhibitory activity against S. aureus with 15 mm zone of inhibition. Azadirachta ethanolic extract showed activity against E. coli (13mm). Cuminum ethanlic extractshowed 15mm ZOI against E.coli. A total of 8 antibiotics were used against E. coli and S. aureus in antibiotic susceptibility pattern of test culture. Out of 8 antibiotics, Gentamycin showed best actions against both test bacteria, E. coli (ZOI: 30mm) and S. aureus (31mm). Chloramphenicol showed 20mm and 30mm against test bacteria, E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. E. coli and S. aureus showed resistant against 4 antibiotics namely Ampicilin, Cephalothin, Clindamysin, Oxacillin. Mangifera ethanolic extract showed the MIC of 5% (w/v) against E. coli and 0.62% (w/v) against S. aureus. The Mangifera ethanolic extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and saponinsas phytochemical constituents. Alkaloids and phenols were found to be absent. It can be suggested from the present study that Mangifera sp. ethanolic extract may be used as natural antibacterial against the infection caused by E. coli and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ngari is a non-salted fermented fish of Manipur and was made by the indigenous people of Manipur North east India. Traditional Knowledge (TK) possessed by different communities is often closely linked to their way of life. The present study tried to document the control of microbial contaminants isolated from Ngari (A fermented fish product) by natural plants products. Two fungi were isolated from the "Ngari" stored at room temperature (150C-200C) for 45 day. Antimicrobial activity of plant extract was done by agar well diffusion method. Of 8 plants extracts, cinnamon ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity with zone of inhibition 55mm and 15mm against green coloured and black coloured fungal isolates, respectively. Mango ethanolic extract showed antifungal activity against black coloured fungal isolate with zone of inhibition 10mm. Mulberry, neen, guava, curry and stem of ginger and termaric extracts did not show any activity against the both fungal isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microbial isolates was done by agar disc diffusion method. Ketaconazole showed the best activity against the both fungal i.e (green and black) with zone of inhibition (18mm) followed by Clotrimazole (CC) (12 and 20mm) and Itraconazole (IT) (12 and 17mm), respectively. Nystatin (NS) showed the activity only against the black fungal 13mm. Both fungal isolates were resistant to Amphotericin and Fluconazole. The Cinnamon ethanolic extract exhibited the MIC of 10% w/v against both fungal isolates. The photochemical analysis of cinnamon ethanolic extract was done and showed the presence of alkaloid, tannins and phenols and absence of flavonoid and saponins. It may be suggested from the findings that cinnamon ethanolic extract can be used as a potential source of natural antimicrobial compound to be used as food preservative. Further research is needed for the to identify fungal isolates from Ngari and also to isolate, purify and identify the active antifungal from the cinnamon ethanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorophytum comosum is a plant with medicinal potential traditionally used to treat different diseases. The present study aimed to determine the bioactive compounds, hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential of C. comosum root and leaf. The ethyl acetate extracts of C. comosum root and leaf were analyzed by GC-MS to determine the bioactive compounds. The hypoglycemic potential of the extracts was evaluated by α-amylase, α-glucosidase, glucose diffusion inhibitory assays, and glucose adsorption assay. The ethyl acetate extract of C. comosum root inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and glucose diffusion in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 205.39 ± 0.15, 179.34 ± 0.3 and 535.248 μg/mL, respectively, and the leaf extract inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes with IC50 values of 547.99 ± 0.09, and 198.18 ± 0.25 μg/ mL respectively. C. comosum root and leaf extracts also improved glucose adsorption. Heptadecanoic acid and dodecanoic acid were identified as potential compounds with hypoglycemic properties through molecular docking. The extracts were also assessed for their antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. C. comosum root and leaf extracts were also able to scavenge DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 108.37 ± 0.06 and 181.79 ± 0.09 MM and ABTS radicals with IC50 values of 126.24 ± 0.13 and 264.409 ± 0.08 μM, respectively. The root and leaf extracts also reduced the ferricyanide complex to ferrocyanide with higher reducing powers of 2.24 ± 0.02 and 1.65 ± 0.03, respectively. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of C. comosum root has significant antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential compared to the leaf extract. Thus, it can also be studied to isolate the potential compounds with antihyperglycemic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dairy industry constantly works to manufacture healthier products to fulfill consumer demand. Ashwagandha therapeutic and medical qualities are highly recognized. The current study examines the phytochemical attributes of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) ghrita from desi cow milk. Methods: The Ashwagandha ghrita was prepared by following the guidelines of the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS). Cow ghee contains 0.20% moisture, 99.85% milk fat and 0.20% free fatty acids as oleic acid. The butyro refractometer value is 41, the Reichert-Meissel value is 31, the Polenske value is 1.18, the Peroxide value is 0.75 and DPPH is 75.6. The Ashwagandha ghee contains 0.18% moisture, 99.82% milk fat and 0.40% free fatty acids as oleic acid. It has a Butyro Refractometer value of 42, Reichert-Meissel value of 32, Polenske value of 1.19, Peroxide value of 0.80, DPPH of 83.98, total phenolic content (GAE/ml) of 62.85 µg and phytosterol content of 0.33 mg/g. Result: During investigation, it was found that the nutritional profile of Ashwagandha ghrita is better as compared to cow ghee. The sensory evaluation (flavor, texture, color, freedom from suspended solid and overall acceptability) was found significant (p<0.05) which was evaluated by a trained panel. Ashwagandha may be used as a natural ingredient for the development of Ashwagandha ghee with high antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a vital role in human physiological processes. However, at high concentrations, ROS can damage important macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can trigger various diseases. An imbalance between ROS and antioxidants in the body can cause oxidative stress. Purpose: This research aims to skill the antioxidants and secondary metabolites in telang flowers. Method: This experimental research utilized the juice of telang flowers that had dried and smoothed, then macerated using methanol solvent and evaporated until thickened. Phytochemical screening was conducted using Harborne's method, while the overall antioxidant level was tested using the DPPH (Blois) method. In addition, the overall phenolic level was tested following the procedures of Singelton and Rossi, while the alkaloid level was measured based on the method of Trivedi et al. Results: The use of phytochemical screening test, using the juice of telang flower identified flavonoids, glycosides, cardioglycosides, alkaloids, saponins, quinones, phenolics, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and anthocyanins. The total antioxidant capacity of telang flower juice showed an IC50 value of 471.42 µg/mL, which indicates that this extract has a weak antioxidant dose. In addition, this extract also has a total phenolic level of 575.99 µg/mL and a total alkaloid level of 2.782 µg/mL Conclusion: In summary, telang flower has potential as an antioxidant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic fungi isolated from Terminalia chebula exhibit potent antimicrobial activity, showcasing their potential to develop novel therapeutic agents. Additionally, these fungi produce diverse phytochemicals, which may contribute to their medicinal properties and offer new avenues for natural product research. This research study investigated the endophytic fungi isolated from T. chebula and assessed their antimicrobial and phytochemical potential. A total of 28 endophytic fungal species were isolated from leaf and bark tissues. Antimicrobial assays revealed significant inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans - MTCC 183 & Saccharomyces cerevisiae - MTCC 174 and bacteria Escherichia coli - MTCC 2939, & Bacillus subtilis - MTCC 1305, with endophytic Alternaria sp. exhibiting maximum inhibition zone for antifungal activity and endophytic Aspergillus flavus demonstrating potent activity for their antibacterial analysis. A wide array of phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, tannin, saponin, etc, were observed whereas, phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in all selected endophytes. These findings suggest that T. chebula harbors a rich endophytic community with the potential for producing novel antimicrobial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute pancreatitis remains a serious public health problem, and the burden of acute pancreatitis is increasing. With significant morbidity and serious complications, appropriate and effective therapies are critical. Great progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis over the past two decades. However, specific drugs targeting key molecules and pathways involved in acute pancreatitis still require further study. Natural compounds extracted from plants have a variety of biological activities and can inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis by blocking several signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In this article, we review the therapeutic effects of various types of phytochemicals on acute pancreatitis and discuss the mechanism of action of these natural compounds in acute pancreatitis, aiming to provide clearer insights into the treatment of acute pancreatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outbreaks of Monkeypox (mpox) in over 100 non-endemic countries in 2022 represented a serious global health concern. Once a neglected disease, mpox has become a global public health issue. A42R profilin-like protein from mpox (PDB ID: 4QWO) represents a potential new lead for drug development and may interact with various synthetic and natural compounds. In this report, the interaction of A42R profilin-like protein with six phytochemicals found in the medicinal plant Ficus religiosa (abundant in India) was examined. Based on the predicted and compared protein–ligand binding energies, biological properties, IC50 values and toxicity, two compounds, kaempferol (C-1) and piperine (C-4), were selected. ADMET characteristics and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of these two compounds were determined, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. In silico examination of the kaempferol (C-1) and piperine (C-4) interactions with A42R profilin-like protein gave best-pose ligand-binding energies of –6.98 and –5.57 kcal/mol, respectively. The predicted IC50 of C-1 was 7.63 μM and 82 μM for C-4. Toxicity data indicated that kaempferol and piperine are non-mutagenic, and the QSAR data revealed that piperlongumine (5.92) and piperine (5.25) had higher log P values than the other compounds examined. MD simulations of A42R profilin-like protein in complex with C-1 and C-4 were performed to examine the stability of the ligand–protein interactions. As/C and C-4 showed the highest affinity and activities, they may be suitable lead candidates for developing mpox therapeutic drugs. This study should facilitate discovering and synthesizing innovative therapeutics to address other infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community uses Tetracera indica (Christm. and Panz.) Merr extensively as a traditional medicine. This plant was the main source of raw materials for herbal medicinal products, so identification was needed to ensure its authenticity through pharmacognosy evaluation. The present study evaluated macros- and microscopic characteristics, performed phytochemical analysis, and performed total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) analysis. The organoleptic and macroscopic studies were carried out through sensory organs. The microscopic characteristics of leaf powder and twigs identification using chloral hydrate and distilled water. Numerous chemical reagents, TLC methods and LC-MS/MS analysis were employed in the phytochemical study. Research employed DPPH and FRAP tests to assess the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, quercetin was used as a marker of antioxidant activity. The morphological marker of the leaf T. indica showed the surface of the leaves is rough bristles, shape elliptic-oblong, margin serratus and phyllotaxy alternate. The stem is lignosus, and the rough stem surface is slightly peeling. The lower leaf surface had paracytic stomata and uniseriate trichomes with tapering ends. Raphide crystals and cork cells were detected in the powder analysis of the twigs. The ethyl acetate extract's twig had the highest TPC and TFC values. Ethyl acetate extract from Tetracera indica twigs has potent antioxidant activity with IC50 = 99.84±0.011 µg/ml (DPPH) and 4296.67±0.024 mol/g (FRAP). The study showed that Tetracera indica contains possible active components that could be developed as novel antioxidants. The result of this study might provide early verification and identification to obtain quality medicinal raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this research is to explore the phytochemical constituents and the potential anti-inflammatory properties of the herb Oxytropis aciphylla. Materials and Methods: From the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions derived from the 70% ethanol extract of O. aciphylla, a total of 17 distinct chemical entities were extracted and subsequently identified. Utilizing network pharmacology, the study predicted the possible anti-inflammatory targets and mechanisms of action of O. aciphylla. The study assessed the anti-inflammatory impact of O. aciphylla extract on RAW 264.7 (a murine macrophage cell line) cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by quantifying the concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results: The isolated compounds included 12 flavonoids, two triterpenoids, one fatty acid, and two sterols. These specifically comprise apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydrokaempferol, butein, 7,4'-homoisoflavanone, apigenin-7- O - β -D-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-3- O - β -D-gentiobioside, rutin, azukisapogenol, 3- O -[ β -D-glucopyranosyl(1↓2)- β -D-glucuronopyranosyl] azukisapogenol methyl ester, tetracosanoic acid, daucosterol, and β -sitosterol. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that O. aciphylla may exert its anti-inflammatory effects through multiple components, targets, and pathways, such as kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, AKT1, SRC, TNF, PTGS2, EGFR, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, VEGF, HIF-1, and TNF signaling pathways. The extract of O. aciphylla was found to markedly reduce the levels of NO, TNF- α, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells that were stimulated with LPS, demonstrating a correlation with the dosage administered. Conclusion: The investigation uncovered, for the first time, the phytochemical constituents and the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of O. aciphylla. These findings lay the groundwork for the scientific development and application of this botanical species as a natural remedy for inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: There is mounting evidence that whole cereal grains are a source of many micronutrients and phytochemicals that confer several health benefits. This work aimed to investigate the distribution patterns and related implications of selected bioactive compounds from various cereal grains and discuss the techniques used to study their distribution. Findings: Hand dissection and imaging techniques are the methods used to locate bioactive compounds in whole grains with high accuracy. Pearling and milling are methods of industrial importance. Phenolic compounds are concentrated in cereal bran, whereas the germ is rich in carotenoids and tocols (particularly tocopherols). Knowing the distribution pattern of compounds allows a better understanding of their bioaccessibility and associated bioactivity, as well as developing means to recover them and enhance their occurrence in the aleurone layer. Conclusions: Gradient patterns exist in the distribution of phytochemicals and micronutrients derived from cereal grains. This knowledge can be translated into a number of purposeful and practical applications. Significance and Novelty: This study employed a comparative approach to examine the repartition of various compounds in whole grains of assorted cereals with an emphasis on minor crops. The implications are relatable and applicable in diverse sectors to ultimately improve the well‐being of cereal consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drimenol, a phytochemical with a distinct odor is found in edible aromatic plants, such as Polygonum minus (known as kesum in Malaysia) and Drimys winteri. Recently, drimenol has received increasing attention owing to its diverse biological activities. This review offers the first extensive overview of drimenol, covering its sources, bioactivities, and derivatives. Notably, drimenol possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-insect, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Moreover, some mechanisms of its activities, such as its antifungal effects against human mycoses and anticancer activities, have been investigated. However, there are still several crucial issues in the research on drimenol, such as the lack of experimental understanding of its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to present a holistic understanding of drimenol, paving the way for future studies and its potential utilization in diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables worldwide and is considered a good source of health-promoting compounds. The objective of this work was to apply a multivariate design of experiments through a screening stage followed by optimization of factors that affect the extraction of phytochemicals present in lettuce. A response surface methodology was employed and, specifically, a central composite design model, for the optimization of the methods. The optimal conditions for the extraction of chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids were as follows: 4.8 mL of acetone:water (80:20 v/v) and 10 mg of sample with ultrasound-assisted extraction for 5 min. On the other hand, for anthocyanin and phenolic compounds, the optimal conditions were as follows: 5 mL of acetone:acidified water (80:20 v/v) and 20 mg of sample for 5 min with ultrasound-assisted extraction. The experimental model was followed by spectrophotometry methodology for a comprehensive characterization. Optimal conditions were applied for the simultaneous extraction and determination of the above-mentioned compounds in different lettuce cultivars. Both extraction methods successfully extract different phytochemicals by reducing the volume of solvent, sample mass, and extraction time compared to previously reported methods. The results obtained showed a significant variability in the content of phytochemicals; therefore, it could be estimated that the different cultivars of lettuce evaluated will exhibit different beneficial health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhizome of Zingiber officinale, stands as a time-honored component deeply rooted in the realms of traditional medicine, boasting a history spanning centuries. This expansive review endeavors to intricately dissect the multifaceted dimensions of Zingiber officinale, delving into its botanical intricacies, phytochemical constituents, and medicinal attributes. Our overarching goal is to cast a comprehensive light on the manifold applications of Zingiber officinale within the domains of health and wellness. Methodically integrate the wealth of existing knowledge surrounding the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties inherent in ginger. By doing so, we seek to unravel the potential therapeutic efficacy of ginger in the management of an array of health conditions. To achieve this objective, an exhaustive literature review was conducted, encompassing detailed examinations of botanical descriptors, comprehensive phytochemical analyses, and critical evaluations of clinical studies. Through this comprehensive exploration, we present a holistic and nuanced overview of Zingiber officinale. Our findings resonate with the versatility of ginger, underscoring its efficacy in mitigating not only nausea and digestive issues but also in addressing the complexities of inflammatory diseases. The culmination of our findings contributes significantly to a richer and more profound understanding of the versatile applications of ginger, positioning it as a compelling and promising subject for both further scientific inquiry and practical utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Goat milk yoghurt differs from cow milk yoghurt in that it has a different casein composition and content, which presents several technical challenges, including consistency with an appropriate flavor. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the antioxidant potential and phytochemical profiling of the fruits (pineapple and papaya) and vegetable (carrot) extracts was evaluated and the effect of their purees on the quality and stability of stirred goat milk yoghurt (GMY) were investigated. The qualities of stirred GMY with carrot (CrY), pineapple (PaY) and papaya (PpY) purees were assessed against the product without puree (CY). Findings: The carrot puree had the highest moisture, ash contents and pH value. The carrot extract had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, while the pineapple extract had the highest total phenolic value (1.59 µg GAE/g) and flavonoids content (0.203 µg CE/g). The scanning of all the puree extracts in GC-MS indicated that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was a major component. The phytochemical quantification of the extracts through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) against 16 compounds showed the presence of sinapic acid, cinnamic acid, pthalic acid, ferulic acid, 4-OH-benzoic acid, 3-OH-benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and vanillic acid in different quantities. The addition of purees and storage period had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the moisture, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, viscosity, color values and sensory properties of the products. In all the samples after 15 days of storage, Streptococcusthermophilus and Lactobacillusbulgaricus counts remained above the recommended level of 106CFU/g. Stirred GMY sample produced with pineapple puree showed a higher syneresis and viscosity, but the CrY sample demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. The developed formulations remained stable with minimum changes in quality and sensory attribute during refrigerated storage for 10 days. Originality/value: This study suggests that addition of fruit and vegetable improve the viscosity and sensory perception of the product with minimal use of synthetic flavor and preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simarouba glauca is one of the important medicinal plants used in the treatment of many diseases by traditional healers. In particular, it has medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimalarial, skin-moisturizing and antidiabetic potential. Despite having potential medicinal value, the detailed analysis of its phytoconstituents and the systematic evaluation of its biological activities is lacking. Thus, the present study is aimed at the estimation and profiling of bioactive compounds from S. glauca leaves extracts using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS). The quantitative analysis demonstrated that ethanol was the most effective solvent, extracting significant concentrations of alkaloids (94.17 mg/g), flavonoids (82.36 mg/g), phenols (49.75 mg/g) and saponins (133.21 mg/g). In contrast, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited lower concentrations of these phytochemical compounds. HR-LCMS analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract, including kaempferol, quercetin-3β-D glucoside and gallic acid, all known for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. The aqueous extract additionally contained catechin and chlorogenic acid, while azelaic acid was identified in the ethyl acetate extract. These findings suggest that ethanol and water extracts of S. glauca leaves contain a rich array of bioactive ingredients. Future research should be carried out to isolate these compounds and explore their pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles to develop effective pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent attention has been given to animal feeding and its impact on human nutrition. Animal feeding is essential for meeting human dietary needs, making it a subject of significant interest and investigation. This review seeks to outline the current understanding of this disciplinary area, with a focus on key research areas and their potential implications. The initial part of the paper discusses the importance of animal feed resources and recognizes their crucial role in guaranteeing sufficient nutrition for both humans and animals. Furthermore, we analyzed the categorization of animal feeds based on the guidelines established by the National Research Council. This approach offers a valuable structure for comprehending and classifying diverse types of animal feed. Through an examination of this classification, we gain an understanding of the composition and nutritional content of various feedstuffs. We discuss the major categories of metabolites found in animal feed and their impact on animal nutrition, as well as their potential health advantages for humans. Flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, terpenoids, vitamins, antioxidants, alkaloids, and essential oils are the primary focus of the examination. Moreover, we analyzed their possible transference into animal products, and later we observed their occurrence in foods from animal sources. Finally, we discuss their potential to promote human health. This review offers an understanding of the connections among the major metabolites found in feedstuffs, their occurrence in animal products, and their possible impact on the health of both animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate Oxalis triangularis with pharmacognostical parameters (macroscopy, microscopy & physico-chemical analysis), phytochemical analysis, and to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant capacity of different extracts obtained. Methods: Using specific standard protocols, the following tests were performed: loss on drying, extractive value, ash value, t.s. & powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis, and phytochemical screening. The Folin-Ciocalteu technique was adopted to ascertain the amount of phenolic compounds. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) & 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Results: The extractive values varied between solvents, ranging from 1.28% (ethyl acetate) to 18.8% (water), while the ash values were 16.25% (total), 2.9% (acid insoluble), and 10.625% (water-soluble). Numerous vascular systems, lignified trichomes, and calcium oxalate crystals were visible under a microscope. Saponins, steroids, flavonoids, phenols, anthocyanins, and alkaloids were detected by phytochemical screening; glycosides were not detected. At 200 µg/ml, the phenolic concentration of the ethanolic extract was the highest, at 1151.7 ± 59.22 µg/ml. The ethanolic extract exhibited greater DPPH (IC50 = 2.403 µg/ml) and ABTS (IC50 = 22.94 µg/ml) radical scavenging activity in comparison to the aqueous extract, i.e., (DPPH, IC50= 76.67 µg/ml & ABTS, IC50= 43.52 µg/ml). In contrast, both extracts showed notable antioxidant activity. Conclusion: A comprehensive examination of Oxalis triangularis revealed a rich reservoir of bioactive chemicals, such as phenols, which make the plant rich in antioxidant properties. This may serve as a foundation for the discovery of novel medicines.

Background and purpose: Aphthous and oral ulcers are the most common ulcerative conditions of the oral mucosa, presenting as painful sores on the oral or tongue mucous membranes that make eating and drinking difficult. Zataria multiflora Boiss. has demonstrated therapeutic potential and has been used in formulations such as Protact® mouthwash. Recent studies indicate that this plant possesses several therapeutic effects, including alleviating inflammation and promoting healing in oral, digestive, and skin wounds. Given the documented effectiveness of this plant in treating various types of oral wounds and inflammation, along with the availability of Protact® mouthwash in pharmacies nationwide, this study aims to evaluate patient and physician satisfaction with the efficacy of Protact® mouthwash for treating oral ulcers and aphthous ulcers in Sari and Babol, the two largest cities by population in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included a sample of 75 individuals, consisting of 35 physicians and 40 patients from Sari and Babol who either prescribed or used Protact® mouthwash. A convenience sampling method was used, with participants selected based on their willingness to complete a checklist. Data were collected by trained interviewers visiting medical centers, physician clinics, and pharmacies, and inviting participants to complete the checklist. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD), percentages, median, minimum, and maximum values. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and independent t-tests. Results: The majority of participants in both groups were men (patients: 52.5%, or 21 out of 40; physicians: 94.3%, or 33 out of 35). The mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum ages for physicians were 53.94, 56, 7.6, 40, and 68 years, respectively, while those for patients were 40.13, 42, 10.8, 18, and 63 years, respectively. Most patients in this study (75%) reported a high level of satisfaction after using Protact® mouthwash. This mouthwash was mainly used for the treatment of aphthous stomatitis and oral inflammation, with a frequency of 52.5%. Results from the physicians' checklists showed that Protact® mouthwash was most frequently prescribed by dentists (42.9%), followed by general practitioners, hematologists and oncologists, and radiologists (each with a frequency of 11.4%). Additionally, physicians expressed satisfaction with the healing progress in their patients. Conclusion: The findings support the effectiveness of Protact® mouthwash, a natural product produced in Iran, for the prevention and treatment of oral cavity-related conditions. The efficacy of this product is likely attributed to the presence of major phytochemicals in Zataria multiflora extract and essential oil, including thymol and carvacrol, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tissue-regenerative properties beneficial to mucosal and skin healing.

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the main cereal food crops, consumed by over half of the world’s population. Rice seed is well-documented for containing high nutritional and various biological values. Recent studies have paid attention to rice leaves at vegetative stages or so-called ricegrass. This study aims to review research papers relating to rice leaves or ricegrass. The literature search was conducted in online scientific databases for rice leaves or ricegrass, using a combination of keyword searches relating to nutritional composition, phytochemical profile and biological activities. Results showed that young rice leaves or ricegrass contained bioactive phytochemical compounds that possessed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer and protective properties. Ricegrass and wheatgrass bore similarities in the contents of chlorophylls and polyphenols. Identified phytochemical compounds in ricegrass, especially phenolic compounds are promising for anti-bacterial, anti-viral, prebiotic-like and other health-promoting properties. The widespread cultivation of rice fields in Asian countries provides available biomaterial for different applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This review will provide new ideas for rice agriculture in using rice leaves or ricegrass as a new biomaterial for producing naturally derived products. Graphical Abstract

Outbreaks of Monkeypox (mpox) in over 100 non-endemic countries in 2022 represented a serious global health concern. Once a neglected disease, mpox has become a global public health issue. A42R profilin-like protein from mpox (PDB ID: 4QWO) represents a potential new lead for drug development and may interact with various synthetic and natural compounds. In this report, the interaction of A42R profilin-like protein with six phytochemicals found in the medicinal plant Ficus religiosa (abundant in India) was examined. Based on the predicted and compared protein–ligand binding energies, biological properties, IC50 values and toxicity, two compounds, kaempferol (C-1) and piperine (C-4), were selected. ADMET characteristics and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of these two compounds were determined, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. In silico examination of the kaempferol (C-1) and piperine (C-4) interactions with A42R profilin-like protein gave best-pose ligand-binding energies of –6.98 and –5.57 kcal/mol, respectively. The predicted IC50 of C-1 was 7.63 μM and 82 μM for C-4. Toxicity data indicated that kaempferol and piperine are non-mutagenic, and the QSAR data revealed that piperlongumine (5.92) and piperine (5.25) had higher log P values than the other compounds examined. MD simulations of A42R profilin-like protein in complex with C-1 and C-4 were performed to examine the stability of the ligand–protein interactions. As/C and C-4 showed the highest affinity and activities, they may be suitable lead candidates for developing mpox therapeutic drugs. This study should facilitate discovering and synthesizing innovative therapeutics to address other infectious diseases.

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.; Brassicaceae) is a highly nutritious leafy green vegetable consumed globally, with a rich health-related phytonutrient profile that includes the secondary plant metabolites glucosinolates (GLS), especially gluconasturtiin and its hydrolysis product phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). The peppery taste and pungency of watercress comes from these mustard oils, and they are known to help reduce inflammation and chronic damage in cells and have been shown to have a role in cancer prevention in vitro and in vivo. We explored how both genotype and highly contrasting environments of California (CA) and the United Kingdom (UK) alter phenotypic traits for a set of F2:4 genotypes created from a unique bi-parental cross, chosen for their extreme phenotypes for yield, leaf and branch morphology, antioxidant capacity, and glucosinolate content in two contrasting field locations. Although both genotype and environment had a significant impact on plant morphology, nutritional quality, and yield, overall, the highly contrasting environments of California and the UK, had a much stronger effect. Plants grown in CA had higher biomass, thicker main stem and more branches, and a higher concentration of aromatic GLS, whilst plants grown in the UK had larger leaves with longer stems, suggesting a better harvestable product, at least for a salad and not a soup crop. Significant G x E interactions were observed for multiple traits, suggesting significant phenotypic plasticity of watercress and variation between genotypes that will enable the selection of ideotypes suitable for these highly contrasting growth environments, that can be considered as the ‘extremes’ of an environmental gradient where the crop might be grown, from the warm and dry soil-grown conditions of California to the relatively cool and wet aquatic growing system of the UK.

Vetiveria zizanioides, known as vetiver grass, is renowned for its ecological significance in soil erosion control and the restoration of lands polluted by heavy metals. Additionally, this plant is extensively harvested for vetiver oil, widely utilized in both medicine and perfumery. The study was designed to investigate the phytochemicals, antilipase, hemoglobin antiglycation, antihyperglycemic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of V. zizanioides. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various volatile compounds, among which the most predominant ones, which are, 4,6,6-Trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl) −3-oxatricyclo [5.1.0.0(2,4)] octane, Cycloisolongifolene (8,9-dehydro-), and 9 H-Cycloisolongifolene (8-oxo-). It is noteworthy that this essential oil has shown significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and glycation, with respective IC50 values of 0.47 ± 0.01, 0.42 ± 0.004, 0.58 ± 0.008, and 0.49 ± 0.005 mg/mL. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of EoVZ was assessed against a diverse spectrum of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria, as well as fungi, using both disc-diffusion and broth-microdilution techniques. The results showed significant antimicrobial effects against all tested microorganisms, with inhibition zones ranging from 28.33 ± 1.66 mm to 9.0 ± 0.0 mm for bacteria and from 22.5 ± 1.7 mm to 14.0 ± 0.3 mm for fungi. Moreover, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined, with values ranging from 0.0625% to 2.0% (v/v) for bacteria and from 2.0% to 8.0% (v/v) for fungi. The MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios indicated bactericidal and fungicidal mechanisms. This study underscores the prominent attributes of EoVZ, particularly its antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties, suggesting its potential as a natural and effective agent ensuring high safety standards for public health.

The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and assess the antibacterial properties of crude extracts from Vernonia amygdalina leaves against specific pathogenic bacteria. Qualitative and qauntitave analysis was performed on both ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts using standardized techniques. The analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides in the ethanol extract, while saponins and glycosides were absent in the ethyl acetate extract. The quantities of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were determined using Gallic acid, quercetin, and atropine assays, respectively. The ethanol extract contained 154.7 ± 3.6 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 33.3 ± 1.8 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 2.4 ± 0.08 (mg AE) of alkaloids, whereas the ethyl acetate extract contained 93.7 ± 3.9 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 30.7 ± 8.3 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 1.57 ± 0.3 (mg GAE/g) of alkaloids. This study identified 44 components in the ethanol crude extract and 10 components in the ethyl acetate crude extract. The presence of alkanes, alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids, and alcohols was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Each crude extract was tested at concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL using the same method. A concentration of 0.001 mg/mL of Penicillin capsule standard drugs and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Overall, the results of the study indicated that both crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity at higher concentrations.

The carrot is a root vegetable well-known for its high nutritional content and health advantages. It is well known for its strong antioxidant content, particularly carotenoids, which have been linked to cancer-fighting effects. Carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins in carrots have been demonstrated to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and immune-boosting qualities, lending credence to the long-held concept that carrots are good for eye health. Numerous in-vivo and in-vitro research have revealed carrots’ numerous health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, and facilitate the excretion of fats and bile by the liver. Carrot seed extracts have also been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Carrot pomace, which contains about 50% -carotene, has been recognized as a valuable byproduct that can be economically helpful for boosting culinary products such as biscuits, bread, and cakes, as well as preparing various functional goods. Carrot pomace powder is used to create bread and extruded items, demonstrating this waste’s variety and prospective applications. This comprehensive review focuses on the nutritional composition, phytonutrients, functional properties, product development, and utilization of carrots and their byproducts. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the diverse uses and advantages of incorporating carrots into various food and health products by highlighting the potential health benefits and applications of carrots and their derivatives.

Vetiveria zizanioides, known as vetiver grass, is renowned for its ecological significance in soil erosion control and the restoration of lands polluted by heavy metals. Additionally, this plant is extensively harvested for vetiver oil, widely utilized in both medicine and perfumery. The study was designed to investigate the phytochemicals, antilipase, hemoglobin antiglycation, antihyperglycemic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of V. zizanioides. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various volatile compounds, among which the most predominant ones, which are, 4,6,6-Trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl) −3-oxatricyclo [5.1.0.0(2,4)] octane, Cycloisolongifolene (8,9-dehydro-), and 9 H-Cycloisolongifolene (8-oxo-). It is noteworthy that this essential oil has shown significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and glycation, with respective IC50 values of 0.47 ± 0.01, 0.42 ± 0.004, 0.58 ± 0.008, and 0.49 ± 0.005 mg/mL. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of EoVZ was assessed against a diverse spectrum of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria, as well as fungi, using both disc-diffusion and broth-microdilution techniques. The results showed significant antimicrobial effects against all tested microorganisms, with inhibition zones ranging from 28.33 ± 1.66 mm to 9.0 ± 0.0 mm for bacteria and from 22.5 ± 1.7 mm to 14.0 ± 0.3 mm for fungi. Moreover, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were determined, with values ranging from 0.0625% to 2.0% (v/v) for bacteria and from 2.0% to 8.0% (v/v) for fungi. The MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios indicated bactericidal and fungicidal mechanisms. This study underscores the prominent attributes of EoVZ, particularly its antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties, suggesting its potential as a natural and effective agent ensuring high safety standards for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and assess the antibacterial properties of crude extracts from Vernonia amygdalina leaves against specific pathogenic bacteria. Qualitative and qauntitave analysis was performed on both ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts using standardized techniques. The analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides in the ethanol extract, while saponins and glycosides were absent in the ethyl acetate extract. The quantities of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were determined using Gallic acid, quercetin, and atropine assays, respectively. The ethanol extract contained 154.7 ± 3.6 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 33.3 ± 1.8 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 2.4 ± 0.08 (mg AE) of alkaloids, whereas the ethyl acetate extract contained 93.7 ± 3.9 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 30.7 ± 8.3 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 1.57 ± 0.3 (mg GAE/g) of alkaloids. This study identified 44 components in the ethanol crude extract and 10 components in the ethyl acetate crude extract. The presence of alkanes, alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids, and alcohols was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Each crude extract was tested at concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL using the same method. A concentration of 0.001 mg/mL of Penicillin capsule standard drugs and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Overall, the results of the study indicated that both crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity at higher concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carrot is a root vegetable well-known for its high nutritional content and health advantages. It is well known for its strong antioxidant content, particularly carotenoids, which have been linked to cancer-fighting effects. Carotenoids, polyphenols, and vitamins in carrots have been demonstrated to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and immune-boosting qualities, lending credence to the long-held concept that carrots are good for eye health. Numerous in-vivo and in-vitro research have revealed carrots' numerous health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, and facilitate the excretion of fats and bile by the liver. Carrot seed extracts have also been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Carrot pomace, which contains about 50% -carotene, has been recognized as a valuable byproduct that can be economically helpful for boosting culinary products such as biscuits, bread, and cakes, as well as preparing various functional goods. Carrot pomace powder is used to create bread and extruded items, demonstrating this waste's variety and prospective applications. This comprehensive review focuses on the nutritional composition, phytonutrients, functional properties, product development, and utilization of carrots and their byproducts. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the diverse uses and advantages of incorporating carrots into various food and health products by highlighting the potential health benefits and applications of carrots and their derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]