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The possibility of setting up a space experiment aimed at detecting ultra-small deviations of the law of gravity of the central star of the planetary system from the Newton and Schwarzschild formats is demonstrated. The experiment comprises a ballistic flight of a space-probe along a trajectory composed of three treks divided by two gravity assist (GA) maneuvers at different planets, each GA acting as a powerful amplifier of the probe deflections caused by small deviations of the gravitational law. It is shown that the proposed (different) analytical and numerical computations of the probe's flight in a model of a planetary system simulating the Sun, Earth, and Venus, give similar results confirming a certain possibility to distinguish the forces of gravity described by the Schwarzschild and Eddington-Robertson metrics. • A space experiment to detect deviations from a 'standard' gravity law is discussed. • The Sun, Earth, Venus in Eddington or Schwarzschild gravity make up the space lab. • The experiment scheme of a probe flight with two gravity assists (GA) is suggested. • Analytical & numerical computations of the probe flight are made with close results. • Two GAs at Venus and Earth definitely distinguish between the regarded gravity laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines Mathematical Modelling as the art of translating or converting a real world system or situation (problem) into a mathematical form or statement. That is, Mathematical Modelling is the process of how to use mathematics in solving problems of real life situations. Whereas, Mathematical Model is a simplified mathematical representation (equations, graphs, functions, relations) of the basic characteristics of the real situation. This is the product of the process. That is, the real life problem that we come across is transformed into mathematical statements and then solved using mathematical techniques. Few examples (in particular, the model of Planetary system) are used to concretize this concept of Mathematical Modelling. It is also demonstrated that to some extent, Mathematical Modelling is not only related to problem solving but a potent problem solving tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its remarkable growth in recent years, the study of populism has long suffered from the lack of a comprehensive theory about its causes, development, and outcomes. Yet, no such theory can be arrived at before previously having resolved what "populism" really is (and what it is not). Good definitions, therefore, require a prior conceptualization of the phenomena we classify as populist, and want explained. Like planets, which are hard to define but easier to conceptualize as the component parts of our solar system, modern populism is better understood as a novel political system that maintains electoral democracy while also working against the principles of political liberalism. Based on such a conceptualization, we may define populism simply as "democratic illiberalism," which opens the door for new empirical research and worthwhile theory-building.

Low‐frequency waves are closely related to magnetospheric energy dissipation processes. The Cassini spacecraft explored Saturn's magnetosphere for over 13 years, until September 2017, covering a period of more than a complete solar cycle. Using this rich heritage data set, we systematically investigated key physical parameters of low‐frequency waves in Saturn's magnetosphere, including their local time distribution and the dependence on solar activity. We found that the wave activity peaked in the near noon sector. For the nightside, the wave intensity also appeared to peak pre and postmidnight. Due to the limited local time coverage for each solar phase, we were not able to draw a firm conclusion on the wave's dependence on solar activity. In general, the wave power showed a monotonically decreasing trend toward larger distances in nightside sectors especially during the declining phase, which implied that low‐frequency waves mainly originate from the relatively inner regions of the magnetosphere. On the dayside, stronger waves were mostly located at/within ∼25 Rs, near the magnetopause. The study shows a global picture of low‐frequency waves in Saturn's magnetosphere, providing important implications for how magnetospheric energy dissipates into Saturn's polar ionosphere and atmosphere.Key Points: Using the complete Cassini magnetometer data set, we present the global picture of ultralow frequency waves in Saturn's magnetosphereThe wave power shows a rapid decrease beyond 25 RS in both the morning and afternoon sectorsThe wave activity peaks in noon sector, implying that these waves could be driven by the solar wind interaction with Saturn's magnetopause [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model of the early stage of the formation of interstellar clouds resulting from the interaction of oppositely directed cosmic particle flows and evolution of the clouds into planetary systems is proposed. An important role in the evolution is played by mechanical energy dissipation caused mainly by particle collisions. The simulation is based on the classical n-body problem and the Newtonian theory of instantaneous collisions of rigid bodies with a relative velocity recovery factor smaller than unity. The performed computations suggest that this model is applicable in cosmogonic theories of planetary system formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]