Search

The two primary types of non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) are granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) and plasma cell mastitis (PCM). Existing research indicates that immune inflammatory response is considered to be the core of the pathogenesis of GLM and PCM, and both innate and adaptive immune responses play an important role in the pathophysiology of PCM and GLM. However, the regulatory balance between various immune cells in these diseases is still unclear. Consequently, we present a comprehensive summary of the immune-related variables and recent advances in GLM and PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Accessory breast plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is uncommon in clinical practice with rare reports. Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods and the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical efficacy of accessory breast PCM. Methods The clinical diagnosis and treatment data of 15 patients with accessory breast PCM admitted to Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University from January 2017 to December 2021 were analyzed retrospectively, the general information, diagnostic methods, treatment methods and outcomes of 15 cases with accessory breast PCM were summarized. Results A total of 15 female patients of childbearing age with accessory breast PCM were included in this paper, with onset within 2-5 years after pregnancy. The etiology was complex and the course of accessory breast PCM was protracted, which was similar to breast PCM in pathogenetic characteristics, using pathological examination results as gold standard for diagnosis. After the combination of internal and external treatment of TCM, the symptoms of 15 patients were relieved, local lesions disappeared, and there was no recurrence after six months of follow-up. Conclusion Accessory breast PCM is rare in clinical practice, which is easy to be misdiagnosed or missed, and difficult to be treated clinically. The combination of internal and external treatment of TCM has a significant effect on accessory breast PCM.

Background: To study the correlation between the expression of immune factors and the prognosis of surgical treatment of plasma cell mastitis (PCM) and to analyze its predictive value for the prognosis of patients. Methods: 89 female patients with PCM treated in our hospital from June 2020 to September 2022 were divided into good prognosis group (69 cases) and poor prognosis group (20 cases). Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of poor prognosis of surgical treatment for PCM, and to explore the correlation between these immune factors and the prognosis of surgical treatment for PCM. Draw the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to analyze the predictive value of the above indexes for the prognosis of patients with PCM. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were significantly lower than before treatment (p < 0.05), and the level of interleukin 10 (IL-10) was significantly higher than before treatment (p < 0.05). At the time of admission, there was no significant difference in the clinical data and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 between the two groups (p > 0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, the indexes of TNF-α and IL-6 in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the levels of TNF-α (odds ratio (OR) = 1.551, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.276–1.886) and IL-6 (OR = 1.082, 95% CI: 1.046–1.119) were increased, which were risk factors for the prognosis of PCM (OR >1). Correlation analysis showed that TNF-α and IL-6 were negatively correlated with the prognosis of PCM, while IL-10 was positively correlated with the prognosis of PCM. ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curve for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 to predict the prognosis of surgical treatment of PCM were 0.896, 0.931 and 0.709 respectively. Conclusions: The expression of immune factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 is closely related to the prognosis of surgical treatment of PCM, which has high predictive value for its prognosis.

Introduction: There has been a growing increase in the incidence of breast cancer, which is still the most significant cancer-related cause of female mortality. All breast lesions are not malignant, and all the benign lesions do not progress to cancer; however, the accuracy of diagnosis can be increased by a combination of preoperative tests (like physical examination, mammography, fine-needle aspiration cytology, and core-needle biopsy [CNB]). Aim: To study the breast mass which mimicks malignant lesion clinically and their further evaluation with the help of core needle biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology. Materials and Methods: Prospective evaluation of the breast masses which mimicks malingnant lesion clinically at IPGME &R and SSKM Hospital kolkata from January 2019 to June 2020 at department of pathology. We studied the cases of breast masses. This comprised patient age and sex, the clinical characteristics and location of the mass, the duration of the lesion, its size, the treatment provided, and the histopathological findings obtained from fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and CNB. Results: We present six clinical cases in which a diagnosis dilemma existed, in terms of ultrasound findings that were not clear and suspicious. The results of FNAC and CNB are used to distinguish between benign breast lesions mimicking carcinoma of breast. Our findings are compared with previously published cases. Furthermore, literature review regarding the case presentation and diagnosis has been discussed, as well as treatment options. Conclusion: Accurate preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma is necessary in screen-detected lesions so that patients may be counseled appropriately and a majority could have a single therapeutic operation. Benign breast lesion mimicking breast carcinoma should be differentiated. Combining FNAC and CNB for screening-detected breast cancers, the complete sensitivity increases from 93% for CNB only to 98% when both tests are combined.

BackgroundPlasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a complex breast disease in the clinic. Currently, there are no unified diagnostic criteria for the disease and no standard treatment methods. The effects of hormone, Conventional Chinese medicine and other treatments are uncertain, with long treatment duration and notable side effects. Surgery is the preferred treatment, but the recurrence rate after conventional surgery is very high, which may be related to depression of the nipple. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel corrective procedure in patients with cellular mastitis and depressed nipples.MethodsPatients with PCM who received surgical treatment in the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from January 1996 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the presence or absence of nipple depression before surgery, the patients were divided into the nipple depression group and the non-nipple depression group. In the nipple depression group, patients were subdivided into a novel corrective surgery group (“one” suture or half pocket suture) and a conventional corrective surgery group (oil yarn traction valgus correction of nipple depression). Demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and postoperative relapse data were collected and analyzed.ResultsCompared with the patients in the non-nipple depression group, patients in the nipple depression group had a significantly higher recurrence risk after surgery (HR = 2.129 95% CI: 1.110–4.083, p = 0.023). Patients who underwent novel corrective surgery had a significantly lower recurrence risk than those who underwent conventional corrective surgery (HR = 0.363 95% CI: 0.150–0.880, p = 0.025). In addition, the novel corrective surgery significantly reduced the postoperative recurrence risk (HR = 0.088 95% CI: 0.009–0.886, p = 0.037).ConclusionHow to correct nipple depression is a critical factor for postoperative recurrence of PCM, and this novel corrective surgery for nipple depression can effectively reduce the postoperative recurrence rate in patients with nipple depression.

Background: Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a nonbacterial breast inflammation with severe and intense clinical manifestation, yet treatment methods for PCM are still rather limited. Although the mechanism of PCM remains unclear, mounting evidence suggests that the dysregulation of immune system is closely associated with the pathogenesis of PCM. Drug combinations or combination therapy could exert improved efficacy and reduced toxicity by hitting multiple discrete cellular targets. Methods: We have developed a knowledge graph architecture toward immunotherapy and systematic immunity that consists of herbal drug–target interactions with a novel scoring system to select drug combinations based on target-hitting rates and phenotype relativeness. To this end, we employed this knowledge graph to identify an herbal drug combination for PCM and we subsequently evaluated the efficacy of the herbal drug combination in clinical trial. Results: Our clinical data suggests that the herbal drug combination could significantly reduce the serum level of various inflammatory cytokines, downregulate serum IgA and IgG level, reduce the recurrence rate, and reverse the clinical symptoms of PCM patients with improvements in general health status. Conclusions: In summary, we reported that an herbal drug combination identified by knowledge graph can alleviate the clinical symptoms of PCM patients. We demonstrated that the herbal drug combination holds great promise as an effective remedy for PCM, acting through the regulation of immunoinflammatory pathways and improvement of systematic immune level. In particular, the herbal drug combination could significantly reduce the recurrence rate of PCM, a major obstacle to PCM treatment. Our data suggests that the herbal drug combination is expected to feature prominently in future PCM treatment. Funding: C. Liu’s lab was supported by grants from the Public Health Science and Technology Project of Shenyang (grant: 22-321-32-18); Y. Yang’s laboratory was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant: 81874301), the Fundamental Research Funds for Central University (grant: DUT22YG122), and the Key Research project of ‘be Recruited and be in Command’ in Liaoning Province (2021JH1/10400050). Clinical trial number: NCT05530226.

Objective: To explore the application values of deep-learning based artificial intelligence (AI) automatic classification system, on the differential diagnosis of non-lactating mastitis (NLM) and malignant breast tumors, via its comparation with traditional ultrasound interpretations and the following interpretation conclusions made by the sonographers with various seniorities. Methods: A total of 707 patients suffering from breast lesions (475 malignant breast tumors and 232 NLM), were selected from the following three medical centers, including Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hebei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, and the time period was set from April 2020 to September 2021. All selected cases firstly accepted the routine breast ultrasound diagnosis, followed by the interpretations from a senior sonographer with more than 15 years of work experience, and an intermediate-aged sonographer with more than 5 years of work experience, independently. Meanwhile, a third physician also interpreted the same ultrasound images by deep learning-based AI automatic classification system, independent of the interpretation results from the previous two physicians. The kappa test was performed to evaluate the consistency between the conventional ultrasound interpretation results and pathological results interpreted from physicians with different working experiences. Results: In total, 475 cases of malignant breast tumors (512 nodules) and 232 cases of NLM (255 nodules) were pathologically diagnosed. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of conventional ultrasound interpretations vary from different sonographers with different working experiences. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for intermediate-aged sonographers and senior sonographers were 76.92% (590/767), 84.71% (216/255), and 73.95% (374/512) and 87.35% (670/767), 86.27% (220/255), and 87.89% (450/512), respectively (P<0.001). In contrast, if the threshold was set as 0.5, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity from deep learning-based AI automatic classification system were 83.00%, 87.20%, and 85.33%, separately, and the area under the curve was 92.6. The results of the kappa consistency test indicated that the diagnosis results from the image interpretations by senior physicians and deep-learning based AI automatic classification system showed high consistency with postoperative pathological diagnosis results, and the kappa values are 0.72 and 0.71, respectively, with the P-value of less than 0.001. In contrast, the consistency between the image interpretation results from intermediate-aged physicians with less working experience, and postoperative pathological diagnosis results, seemed to be relatively lower, with a kappa value of only 0.53 and P-value of less than 0.001. Conclusions: The deep learning-based AI automatic classification system is expected to become a reliable auxiliary way to distinguish NLM and malignant breast tumors due to its high sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plasma cell mastitis (PCM), also known as mammary duct ectasia, is a chronic nonbacterial breast inflammation characterized by duct expansion and plasma cell infiltration. The severe and intense clinical manifestations profoundly affect the quality of life of female patients. Although the pathological process of PCM is known to include four stages (duct dilatation, inflammation, abscess and fistula), there is still lack of imaging techniques and serum markers with high specificity in clinical practice. Due to recurrent acute attacks and the prolonged healing process of the disease, most patients choose to accept mastectomy. Summary: We searched for studies, reports and reviews referring to PCM in the past 20 years; more than half of the results were related to animal studies, and little attention has been paid to human beings, which may explain the frequent misdiagnosis of PCM as breast cancer and the limited treatment options. This review focuses on the current diagnostic methods and markers for PCM and hierarchically discusses the typical clinical features, etiological causes and relevant molecular mechanisms of PCM. Key Messages: We herein highlight the urgent need to develop more specific and sensitive biomarkers in the clinical laboratory. It will help to establish a standardized flowchart for the diagnosis and treatment of PCM in order to improve recovery for female patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) and granulomatous mastitis (GM) are the most common inflammatory diseases constituting nonbacterial mastitis (NBM). However, the pathogenesis of NBM remains unclear. In this study, risk factors for NBM were assessed, as well as the pathological features of PCM and GM. The levels of C3/C3a-C3aR and C5/C5a-C5aR1 of tissues were detected by IHC and WB. Exosomes were isolated from serum and identified by transmission electron microscopy. Then, C3 and C5 levels were detected in peripheral blood, and exosomes were assessed by flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy. Obesity and prolonged lactation were risk factors for NBM. The infiltration of plasma cells and lymphocytes around the dilated catheter in PCM and the formation of granulomatous structures in GM were the respective pathological features. C3/C3a-C3aR and C5/C5a-C5aR1 levels were elevated in PCM and GM tissue samples. There were no differences in peripheral blood levels of C3 and C5, while C3a and C5a were highly expressed in exosomes. These results suggest that the complement family is activated in PCM and GM, exosomes enrich C3a and C5a, and mediate the spread of inflammation. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PCM and GM and identify therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of Xiaoru Sanjie capsule on plasma cell mas ti tis (PCM) mice and to investigate the mechanism. Methods After the PCM mouse models were established, 30 female Balb/c mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into the medium-dose Xiaoru Sanjie capsule group, high-dose Xiaoru Sanjie capsule group, and the normal saline group, with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the medium-dose and high-dose Xiaoru San-jie capsule groups were given 50 and 100 mg/kg Xiaoru Sanjie capsule by gavage, respectively. The mice in the normal saline group were given equal volume of normal saline for 28 days. After the treatment, the effects of Xiaoru Sanjie capsule on histopathological changes of PCM mice were detected by HE staining. lmmunohistochemistry was used to detect the CD138 + plasma cells in the mammary tissues. The effects of Xiaoru Sanjie capsule on IL-6 level in the homogenate of mammary tissues were detected by ELISA. The expression of Bcl-2, p-JAK2Y1007/1008 and p-STAT3Y705 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results Compared with the normal saline group after treatment, the levels of plasmocytes and lymphocytes infiltration were alleviated significantly in the the high-dose Xiaoru Sanjie capsule group ( 100 mg/kg). In addition, few CD138 + plasma cells were found in the mammary glands of the 100 mg/kg Xiaoru Sanjie capsule group. The proportion of CD138 + plasma cells in the mouse breast tissues, the expression level of IL-6 in the homogenate of breast tissues, the proportion of p-JAK2Y1007/1008 staining positive cells in the breast tissues, the proportion of p-STAT3Y705 staining positive cells in the breast tissues, and Bcl-2 histochemical score were lower in the high-dose Xiaoru Sanjie capsule group than in the normal saline group (all P < 0. 05). Conclusion High-dose Xiaoru Sanjie capsule ( 100 mg/kg) could inhibit the progression of PCM by inhibiting IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We examined the role of NLRP3 in plasma cell mastitis. • Treatment with NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the function of MDSCs. • MCC950 treatment ameliorated plasma cell mastitis. Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a sterile inflammatory condition primarily characterized by periductal inflammation and ductal ectasia. Currently, there is a lack of non-invasive or minimally invasive treatment option other than surgical intervention. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of various inflammatory diseases, however, its involvement in PCM has not yet been reported. In this study, we initially observed the pronounced upregulation of NLRP3 in both human and mouse PCM tissue and elucidated the mechanism underlying the attenuation of PCM through inhibition of NLRP3. We established the PCM murine model and collected samples on day 14, when inflammation reached its peak, for subsequent research purposes. MCC950, an NLRP3 inhibitor, was utilized to effectively ameliorate PCM by significantly reducing plasma cell infiltration in mammary tissue, as well as attenuate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-6. Mechanistically, we observed that MCC950 augmented the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which in turn inhibited the infiltration of plasma cells. Furthermore, it was noted that depleting MDSCs greatly compromised the therapeutic efficacy of MCC950. Collectively, our findings suggest that the administration of MCC950 has the potential to impede the progression of PCM by augmenting MDSCs both numerically and functionally, ultimately treating PCM effectively. This study provides valuable insights into the utilization of pharmacological agents for PCM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the breast. It is a benign entity mainly found in nonpregnant and nonlactating women. PCM presents with symptoms of inflammation, breast erythema, masses, and indurations. We herein describe a 26-year-old woman with a 2-year history of right breast swelling and a 1-year history of left breast swelling during pregnancy and lactation. She was clinically diagnosed with bilateral breast cancer, but a biopsy specimen revealed PCM. During pregnancy and lactation, PCM can present as bilateral lesions. Early presentation and diagnosis are crucial because PCM, a benign disease, can lead to remarkable morbidity if allowed to progress to an advanced stage., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a chronic mastitis with limited treatment options and common recurrence. A histopathological hallmark of PCM is the infiltration of numerous plasma cells surrounding the mammary duct. Our previous study showed that the activity of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway was elevated in patients with PCM. However, the etiology of PCM remains largely unclear. In this study, we sought to explore the effects of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of PCM. Histological analysis showed that the mammary glands of mice that received human breast tissue homogenates, followed by an injection of IL-6, exhibited features of PCM similar to human PCM. The IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling activity was significantly elevated and Bcl-2 was highly expressed in CD138 + plasma cells in the mammary glands of mice with PCM. Furthermore, treatment with AG-490, an inhibitor of JAK family kinases, suppressed activation of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling cascade, in turn resulting in a decreased number of plasma cells in the mammary gland and reversing the pathogenesis of PCM. Taken together, our study indicated that a PCM mouse model was successfully established through activation of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway by injecting IL-6 into the mammary gland of mouse that had received homogenates of human breast tissue. Thus, the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway plays a critical role in orchestrating the pathogenesis of PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors for non-puerperal mastitis. Methods: A total of 110 cases of non-puerperal mastitis, who were confirmed by pathology(case group) during January 2011 to January 2016 in Breast Surgery Department of Qinhuangdao First Hospital, were retrospectively analyzed. In addition, 110 healthy people in the physical examination center of Qinhuangdao First Hospital were selected as control group. The clinical features of the two groups were compared and analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The main clinical symptoms of the patients in the case group was mass type(46.36%), in which, there were 39 cases of simple mass(35.45%) and 37 cases of breast swelling and mass(33.64%). There was statistical significance in the number of births, obesity, age at first child bearing, the average long duration of breast feeding, active/passive smoking, nipple,insomnia/anxiety, oral contraceptive use, nipple discharge disease between the two groups(P0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the nipple(OR=5.29, 95%CI 2.12~13.25, P=0.000) and insomnia/anxiety(OR=4.20, 95%CI 1.68~10.48, P=0.002) were the risk factors of non-puerperal mastitis, but the number of births(OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.27 ~0.64, P=0.001) was the protective factors of the disease.Conclusion: Insomnia, anxiety and nipple increase the risk of the disease, the number of birth can reduce the risk of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a non-bacterial inflammatory breast disorder affecting young and middle-aged nonpregnant and nonlactating women. However, a comprehensive and systematic analysis of PCM has not been conducted.Methods and Results Comprehensive cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) analysis was performed on 10,185 cells derived from PCM tissue to generate a highly detailed transcriptomic atlas. Thirteen distinct clusters were identified, and eight cell types were successfully annotated, including endothelial cells, common myeloid progenitor cells and neutrophils. Additionally, the overall alterations in immune cell composition in PCM patients were evaluated. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes between normal and PCM samples were assessed, and functional enrichment analysis was conducted. Finally, cellular communication and interaction were analysed to determine cell-to-cell communications.Conclusion This study significantly contributes to the field of PCM, presenting a systematic and valuable perspective that serves as a fundamental resource for further exploration of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis of associated diseases and potential interventions.

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) and granulomatous mastitis (GM) are common inflammatory nonbacterial mastitis (NBM). However, the pathogenesis of NBM is still unclear. In this study, we statistically analyzed the pathological features of PCM and GM using pathological HE staining and tissue transmission electron microscopy. The levels of MAC (C5b-9n), P-selectin, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 were detected through IHC, WB, ELISA, and qPCR. The expression level and location of MAC were observed by tissue immunological electron microscopy. In addition, exosomes were isolated from tissues, identified using transmission electron microscopy, and the densities were detected by Nano-FCM. Finally, the expression intensity of MAC in exosomes was detected by flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy. The damage and apoptosis of mammary duct epithelial cells are the common pathological features of PCM and GM. MAC is primarily located in the cell membrane of mammary ductal epithelial cells and is significantly expressed in PCM and GM. The density of exosomes in PCM and GM tissues was elevated, and MAC was highly expressed in exosomes. In addition, the expression of P-selectin, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 in PCM and GM was significantly higher than in the normal group. We found severe damage of the mammary duct epithelial cells in PCM and GM tissues, which was verified by relevant pathological methods. Earlier studies demonstrated that MAC is highly expressed in PCM and GM tissues and exosomes seem to play a very important role in the understanding of MAC. Furthermore, MAC is involved in inflammatory infiltration and lesion of mammary duct epithelial cells upregulated by P-selectin, E-selectin, and ICAM-1. These findings provide new insights into PCM and GM molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is a benign inflammatory process of the breast with heterogeneous histopathological findings, which clinically and radiographically may mimic a mammary carcinoma. We undertook a retrospective study on 37 cases of mastitis in our institution to correlate the radiographic imaging features and the clinical presentation with the histopathological findings. Histologically, there were 21 granulomatous, 7 fibrous, 3 plasma cell, 3 lupus, 2 lymphocytic, and 1 case of acute mastitis. Radiographically, 16/25 (64%) patients with ultrasound studies showed irregular hypoechoic masses suspicious for malignancy. Clinically, 38% of patients had an associated systemic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is one of the most frequently encountered inflammatory diseases of the nonlactating breast. Histologically, PCM is characterized by infiltration of relatively abundant plasma cells into the mammary ducts. Its pathogenesis has remained unknown. In this study, we immunolocalized intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 and 2 and E-selectin, all of which play pivotal roles in the inflammatory process, in 35 cases of PCM. We then compared the results with those of non-PCM and nonpathologic breast tissue. In the ductal epithelium, ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was significantly more pronounced in PCM than in non-PCM (P = .045). Both ICAM-1 (P < .001) and ICAM-2 (P = .001) were significantly more pronounced in PCM than in nonpathologic breast tissue. However, no significant differences in ICAM-2 and E-selectin immunoreactivity were detected between ductal epithelium of PCM and non-PCM. ICAM-1, but not ICAM-2 or E-selectin, demonstrated significantly higher immunoreactivity in endothelial cells of PCMthan in nonpathologic breast (P < .001). These results all suggest that ICAM-1 in both ductal epithelium and endothelium plays important roles in the inflammatory process of PCM, possibly through margination, extravasation, and attachment of plasma cells and lymphocytes, which may result in continuous inflammatory cell homing to ductal epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the expression of IL-1βand TNF- αin tissues of plasma cell mastitis (PCM) and its clinical significance. Methods: 50 cases of patients with PCM who were treated in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital from November 2013 to April 2016 were selected as observation group, and selected 23 cases of normal breast tissues those>3 cm from the edge of the inflammatory mass and checked by microscopic examination of the patients as control group. The expression of IL-1 and TNF- in two groups were compared, and the expression and correlation of IL-1 and TNF- in different clinical stages and types were analyzed. Results: Expression levels of IL-1βand TNF-αin tissues in observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of IL-1βand TNF-αin patients with acute and subacute stage were significantly higher than those in chronic phase, and the acute phase was significantly higher than that of subacute stage, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference of expressions levels of IL-1βand TNF-αin different clinical classification was not statistically significant in observation group (P>0.05). According to the PEARSON analysis, the the expression of IL-1βand TNF-αwas positively correlated in patients with different clinical stages in observation group (r=0.860, P=0.000). Conclusions: The expressions of IL-1β and TNF-αin PCM tissue is high, and they play a synergistic role on the development of PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ogura K, Matsumoto T, Aoki Y, Kitabatake T, Fujisawa M & Kojima K (2010) Histopathology 57, 39–45 IgG4-related tumour-forming mastitis with histological appearances of granulomatous lobular mastitis: comparison with other types of tumour-forming mastitis Aims: Sometimes, mastitis needs to be differentiated from carcinoma because of its association with induration and with ultrasound findings (such as low-echo lesions) that resemble those in carcinoma. The aim was to define this type of mastitis and to examine 18 cases to clarify its clinicopathological features. Methods and results: All cases were categorized into three types: non-specific mastitis with neutrophilic infiltration ( n = 7); non-specific mastitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration ( n = 9); and granulomatous lobular mastitis ( n = 2). The three types of mastitis presented similar ultrasound findings and shared certain histological features including fibrosis and diffuse or lobulocentric inflammation. Granulomatous lobular mastitis showed specific clinicopathological features including lobulocentric inflammation with giant cells, diffuse IgG4+ plasma cells, and also a high level of serum IgG4. Conclusions: Granulomatous lobular mastitis could be categorized into IgG4-related and non-IgG4-related granulomatous lobular mastitis. IgG4 immunohistochemistry serum IgG4 might be useful for diagnosis of IgG4-related granulomatous lobular mastitis and could help to avoid overtreatment such as wide excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors proposed a classification of inflammatory breast disorders based on which a practical systematic scheme in diagnosis was applied aiming to differentiate simple forms of mastitis from more complicated and malignant forms. The study population included 197 female patients who were clinically or pathologically diagnosed as having mastitis. All patients underwent Ultrasound examination. Mammography was performed for 133/197 cases. Cases of simple mastitis and periductal mastitis were followed up to ensure complete resolution. Abscess cavities and postoperative collections were drained. Other cases were biopsied to confirm diagnosis and were managed accordingly by their treating physicians. Statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Package for Social Science. Nominal Data were expressed as frequency and relative frequencies (percentage). Ultrasound and Mammography categorical results were compared using the Pearson Chi Square and Fisher’s exact test. Patients were classified into three groups; infectious, noninfectious and malignant mastitis. Simple and malignant forms of mastitis showed many signs in common. The presence of ill defined collections and abscess cavities on ultrasound favored simple over malignant forms of mastitis while extensive skin thickening and infiltrated malignant nodes favored malignant forms. Interstitial edema, edematous fat lobules, abscess cavities, skin thickening seen on ultrasound examination were significantly lower in noninfectious than simple and malignant mastitis. Mammography signs were less discriminating. Diffuse skin thickening and increased density favored malignant mastitis while dilated retro areolar ducts and characteristic calcification patterns favored noninfectious forms. Simple mastitis showed nonspecific signs. Ultrasound examination in mastitis cases shows more specific signs in differentiating between the three forms of mastitis and is useful in monitoring treatment, excluding complications and guide for interventional procedures. Mammography should be performed whenever complicated, malignant and uncommon forms of mastitis are suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma cell mastitis is a benign suppurative disease of the breast, lack of specific clinical manifestations, which is easy to be misdiagnosed and mistreated, often confused with mastitis, breast cancer (BC), and other diseases. Thus, we aimed to establish a combined model of promoting diagnostic accuracy of plasma cell mastitis by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) patterns and routine blood cell analysis. Eighty-eight plasma cell mastitis, 91 breast cancer, and 152 other benign breast diseases' patients grouped according to pathological diagnosis underwent CEUS and blood cell analysis examination; 100 healthy female donors were involved. All the plasma cell mastitis and breast cancer patients presented hyperenhancement of CEUS breast lesions compared with others. The majority of plasma cell mastitis (65/88) showed perfusion defect of CEUS patterns with smooth edge (56/65) and multiple lesions (49/65); in contrast, fewer breast cancer patients (30/91) displayed perfusion defect. White blood cell count (WBC), neutrophils, and neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio of blood cell analysis in plasma cell mastitis patients increased significantly compared with other patients ( P  < 0.0001). Combining perfusion defect of CEUS patterns and WBC yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.831, higher than single 0.720 and 0.774, respectively. The cut-off value of WBC (7.28 × 10 9 /L) helped remaining 65.2% (15/23) atypical cases to be correctly diagnosed as plasma cell mastitis, not misdiagnosed as breast cancer. In conclusion, CEUS presented a clear perfusion defect pattern of plasma cell mastitis lesion for the first time. A precise WBC by routine blood cell analysis test can assist CEUS examination in the differential diagnosis of plasma cell mastitis and breast cancer. It is a promised combination for laboratory diagnostic of PCM.

• Treatment with 100 mg/kg SH could alleviate the symptoms of PCM and reduce the presence of plasma cells surrounding the mammary ducts. • SH treatment reduces the expression of Bcl-2. • SH alleviates the symptoms of PCM through blockage of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is a special form of mastitis characterized by periductal inflammation and large-scale plasma cell infiltration. At present, the recurrence rate of PCM after excision is quite high, making PCM a major problem for mammary surgeons. However, no effective drug exists for the treatment of PCM. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) has potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. However, the efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of SH in the treatment of PCM remain unclear. In the present study, we first investigated the therapeutic effects of SH in the PCM mouse model and clarified the possible mechanisms. We found that the levels of plasmocytes and lymphocytes infiltration were alleviated significantly in the 100 mg/kg SH group compared to the control group. In addition, few CD138+ plasma cells were found in the mammary glands of the 100 mg/kg SH group. The levels of Bcl-2 in the 100 mg/kg SH group were dramatically decreased compared with those in the saline group. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that SH inhibited the progression of PCM mainly through downregulating IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 levels. Collectively, our results suggested that SH could inhibit the progression of PCM by suppressing IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 cascades and ultimately achieve a therapeutic effect in PCM. This study provides theoretical support for the clinical application of SH in the treatment of PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonpuerperal mastitis (NPM) is a nonspecific chronic inflammation in the breast. The two most common pathologic subtypes are idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) and plasma cell mastitis (PCM). The cause of NPM is unknown, and the recurrence rate is high; however, the sequential development of two different pathologic subtypes of NPM in contralateral breasts of the same patient is rare., Case Summary: Two women who were in their 30 s and with a history of childbearing had an inflammatory mass in one breast, which was identified as PCM by core needle biopsy. However, 1 year after treatment, IGM occurred in the contralateral breast. Histopathologic results after the surgery confirmed both diagnoses. New-onset PCM in both patients was successfully treated with local extended surgical resection and antibiotics combined with incision and drainage. The IGM that developed in the contralateral breast after 1 year was treated with local extended surgical resection and oral steroids. No signs of NPM recurrence were observed in either breast after a follow-up period of more than 1 year., Conclusion: Because recurrence after NPM treatment often occurs in the affected breast, the contralateral breast, which does not often exhibit morbidity factors, is often ignored during treatment follow-up. However, our cases suggest that patients with the occurrence of NPM in one breast should undergo long-term follow-up of the contralateral breast by close monitoring. NPM recurrence should also be considered when there is pain, redness, and swelling in the contralateral breast., Competing Interests: None., (IJCEP Copyright © 2021.)

Plasma cell mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the breast parenchyma, rare in males. In the last 40 years, few cases have been described in literature. Our recent treatment of male patients affected by plasma cell mastitis raised a series of issues which led us to carry out a critical review of the literature. Plasma cell mastitis is often not well defined and is difficult to assess by clinical examination and radiological investigation alone. An understanding of the pathogenesis and the mechanisms behind plasma cell mastitis may help improve the diagnostic and therapeutic course of the disease, leading to a more targeted and less invasive treatment., (Copyright © 2016 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This work's objective was to define the various non-cancerous inflammatory and infectious mastitis, which may occur outside of pregnancy and lactation, and to identify recommendations for their care based on an exhaustive literature review., Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted by consulting Medline, Cochrane Library, Google scholar and international recommendations in French and English until 31st August 2014., Results and Conclusion: Infectious mastitis (periareolar abscess) is the most common form of non-puerperal abscesses and it is recommended that a suction/drainage needle for abscesses under 5 cm, involving antibiotic therapy (grade C). For abscesses over 5 cm, there is no evidence to recommend a first surgery or suction/drainage. Inflammatory mastitis can be primary or secondary to a systemic disease (diabetes, collagen…; LE4). In case of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis, a steroid therapy or surgery may be indicated, without one or the other of these methods can be recommended. In case of plasma cell mastitis or ductal ectasia, no treatment is recommended., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM), a particular type of mastitis, mainly occurs in females at nonpregnant and nonlactating stages. The infiltration of abundant plasma cells and lymphocytes is the hallmark of the disease. The incidence rate of PCM increased gradually and its pathogenesis remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, which is vital not only for the differentiation of plasma cells but also for survival of plasma cells and T lymphocytes, in 30 PCM cases, 10 acute mastitis cases and 10 normal breast tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. IL-6 level was significantly higher in PCM patients than in acute mastitis patients or normal group. The positive rate of IL-6 and p-STAT3 staining in PCM samples was 93.3% (28/30) and 70% (21/30), respectively, and there was a significant positive association between IL-6 and p-STAT3 staining (r=0.408, P=0.025). In PCM group, the rate of nipple retraction was 40% (12/30). Significantly higher IL-6 expression was found in PCM patients with nipple retraction than in other PCM patients. However, no significant difference in IL-6 or p-STAT3 staining was detected between PCM patients experiencing recurrence and other PCM patients. In addition, Bcl-2 level was higher in PCM patients than in acute mastitis patients or normal group, but there was no difference in Bcl-2 immunostaining between PCM patients experiencing recurrence and other PCM patients. These indicate that IL-6/STAT3 signaling is activated in PCM and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCM.

Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is one of the most frequently encountered inflammatory diseases of the nonlactating breast. Histologically, PCM is characterized by infiltration of relatively abundant plasma cells into the mammary ducts. Its pathogenesis has remained unknown. In this study, we immunolocalized intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1 and 2 and E-selectin, all of which play pivotal roles in the inflammatory process, in 35 cases of PCM. We then compared the results with those of non-PCM and nonpathologic breast tissue. In the ductal epithelium, ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was significantly more pronounced in PCM than in non-PCM (P = .045). Both ICAM-1 (P < .001) and ICAM-2 (P = .001) were significantly more pronounced in PCM than in nonpathologic breast tissue. However, no significant differences in ICAM-2 and E-selectin immunoreactivity were detected between ductal epithelium of PCM and non-PCM. ICAM-1, but not ICAM-2 or E-selectin, demonstrated significantly higher immunoreactivity in endothelial cells of PCM than in nonpathologic breast (P < .001). These results all suggest that ICAM-1 in both ductal epithelium and endothelium plays important roles in the inflammatory process of PCM, possibly through margination, extravasation, and attachment of plasma cells and lymphocytes, which may result in continuous inflammatory cell homing to ductal epithelial cells., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)