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This study presents the design and implementation of a PLC microprocessor adhering to the IEC-61131-3 standard, executed on a Cyclone V FPGA using a DE10-NANO development board. Our microprocessor optimizes the central processing unit by streamlining the data path, achieving a remarkable simulated response time of approximately 60 ns, equivalent to three clock cycles at a 50 MHz frequency for Boolean operations. To substantiate our approach, we conducted practical experiments utilizing a FESTO conveyor station, employing relays as actuators, and incorporating optical and inductive sensors. The results underscore the feasibility of our proposed approach and serve as practical validation of its efficacy. This work introduces a promising avenue for the development of cost-effective PLCs employing SoC FPGA variants. Additionally, a thorough comparison of execution times with other early reported architectures. Our microprocessor outperforms even well-established PLCs like the S7-312, with substantial reductions in execution times of 94.54% for floating-point operations, 71.42–93.33% for word operations, and up to 78.57% for bit operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides practical insights into the development of a specialized machine for automating the assembly of components based on customer-specified parameters. The initial design undergoes a risk analysis in accordance with the EN ISO 13849 standard, ensuring safety compliance. For the software aspect, we create sequences and algorithms for the machine's individual components using standardized formats within the TIA Portal software. To expedite programming and real-time debugging, a virtual commissioning approach utilising the fe.screen-sim program is employed. This allows us to address any issues or deficiencies in the virtual model, which mirrors the actual machine, optimizing the time needed for final physical adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the nylon ropes have been widely applied in many different areas such as fishing, hiking, hoisting, and pull traction. Presently, there are some commercial machines available for nylon rope winding onto a shipping reel before shipment. However, they still need manual operation relying on rapid movement of the hands, also requiring full coordination with the winding action. This operation procedure makes it very difficult to continuously achieve the winding process fast and accurately due to high dependence on human operation but also some forms of diameter deviation occurred from the chemical process. In reality, even a slight human mistake may result in uneven winding outcome. Therefore, an adaptive reeling schedule method using a simple algebra computation is developed to resolve this problem. For this reason, an automatic rope winding control system to adaptively suit various rope diameters with an error involved is developed using adaptive decision-making (ADM) algorithm based on a simple arithmetic operation. First, the winding turn in each layer of drum is obtained from the quotient of the drum length divided by average rope diameter of each layer. Second, through the accumulated winding turn divided by the winding turn of a layer, the quotient represents the number of winding layers, and the remainder is the current winding turn of the layer. Third, the turning location to instantly swift to forward or backward winding direction is therefore determined when the winding turn reaches the target of each layer. The proposed model is realized on the basis of automation mechanism integrated with programming logical controller (PLC), human machine interface (HMI), optical micrometer, server motor, linear motor, tension sensor and optical motor, etc. The experimental results verify that the proposed system can reach 100% reality performance in the rope diameters of 3.8 mm, 4.0 mm, and 6.5 mm. Compared with the traditional winding method taking 15 min, the operation time is reduced to 11 min. Accordingly, it is confirmed that the proposed system is superior to traditional human-handling machines in term of rapidness, robustness, and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to design and develop an automatic solar irrigation control system based on soil moisture using PLC for Mitragyna speciosa. The various types of irrigation techniques and suitable soil moisture for Mitragyna speciosa, which are important parameters for watering, are discussed in this paper. The proposed system uses calculation methods for solar power generation to produce electricity for water pumps and control devices. A PLC board was used to process the information received from a voltage sensor and a soil moisture sensor to initiate irrigation for Mitragyna speciosa. Additionally, information received from pressure sensors installed on the water pipe was used to process and control two solenoid valves to turn ON/OFF the water supply to achieve a high-velocity and high-volume spray by mini-sprinklers suitable for Mitragyna speciosa. The experimental results showed that the water distribution radius from the water dispenser ranged from 28 to 60 cm, both in low and high sun intensity conditions. Furthermore, the proposed automatic irrigation system could maintain a soil moisture content of 50-80% for Mitragyna speciosa throughout all seasons, resulting in a better fecund of Mitragyna speciosa leaves. The ratio of leaves lost per 1 kilogram of weight was better than the traditional irrigation method by 5.04-9.87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a long-term complication of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) inclusive of acute intermittent porphyria [AIP], variegate porphyria [VP], or hereditary coproporphyria [HCP]. Data on HCC risk in AHP patients are limited and heterogeneous. We performed this meta-analysis with aims to (a) determine incidence of HCC in AHP and specific subtypes of AHP and (b) examine high-risk groups for HCC. Methods: Data from studies reporting HCC development in AHP patients were pooled and reported per 100 person years with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: 12 observational (5 prospective) studies (11 Europe and 1 US) on 2735 patients (mean age 54.8 yrs., 62% females) with AHP (80% AIP) were analyzed. 115 HCC cases were observed with HCC incidence per 100 person years of 0.3 (0.2–0.5) in AHP, 0.4 (0.2–0.6) in AIP, 0.3 (0–0.4) in VP, and 0.2 (0.1–0.6) in HCP. The risk was 0.4 (0.2–0.6) in females, 0.3 (0.1–0.5) in males, 0.9 (0.1–1.7) in symptomatic, and 0.5 (0–1.6) in asymptomatic patients. Analyses were heterogeneous with publication bias. AHP patients with HCC were older females with a higher prevalence of cirrhosis, alcohol use, and viral hepatitis. Conclusions: The annual incidence of HCC in AHP patients is 0.3%, with higher risk in AIP, older females, symptomatic patients, and those with other risk factors of liver disease. Future studies pooling individual patient data and overcoming limitations of the current meta-analysis are needed as a basis for deriving a effective screening and surveillance approach for HCC in patients with AHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phospholipase C (PLC) is an essential enzyme involved in lipid signaling pathways crucial for regulating plant growth and responding to environmental stress. In sorghum, 11 PLC genes have been identified, comprising 6 PI-PLCs and 5 NPCs. Through phylogenetic and interspecies collinearity analyses, structural similarities between SbPLCs and ZmPLCs proteins have been observed, with a particularly strong collinearity between SbPLCs and OsPLCs. Promoter function analysis has shown that SbPLCs are significantly enriched under abiotic stress and hormonal stimuli, like ABA, jasmonic acid, drought, high temperature, and salt. Gene co-expression networks, constructed using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), highlight distinct expression patterns of SbPLC1, SbPLC3a, and SbPLC4 in response to abiotic stress, providing further insights into the expression patterns and interactions of SbPLCs under various environmental stimuli. qRT-PCR results reveal variations in expression levels among most SbPLCs members under different stress conditions (drought, NaCl, NaHCO3), hormone treatments (ABA), and developmental stages, indicating both specific and overlapping expression patterns. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the roles of SbPLCs in sorghum, shedding light on their specific expression patterns, regulatory elements, and protein interactions across different environmental stimuli and developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation for this work arose when noticing that definitions of honeypots' interaction level are mainly based on the information technology environment and do not reflect operational technology even if several honeypot projects approach this field. Within operational technology, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have a main role, resulting in several honeypot researchers choosing to mimic this device at a certain interaction level. However, searching for an interaction level definition that approaches PLCs results in few studies. In this context, this work aims to explore how to adapt the information technology definition of the interaction level in order to encompass PLCs and their specific features. The method chosen to obtain inputs was a literature review where, in attempting to keep the connection with information technology, the features were based in terms of honey system, honey service, and honey token. The findings of this review provide a means to translate these terms when developing a PLC honeypot for a desired interaction level, resulting in a metrics proposal for low and high interaction. Summarizing the proposed metrics, the system of a PLC can be considered as the vendor specific firmware, its unique device banner, and a realistic network topology. For services, a PLC honeypot reflects the tasks performed by the real device, thus resulting in industrial communication protocols, network management protocols, appropriate response times, code-related interactions, dynamic input and output data processing, physical process simulation, and web interface. Lastly, a PLC honey token can be approached with the PLC program file, MIB file, and software license, among other elements. Based on these metrics, researchers can better evaluate how to design a programmable logic controller honeypot or select tools that match their target interaction level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can establish lifelong latent infection in peripheral nervous ganglion, and persistent infections in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Establishing an infection in the lymphocytes does not only enable the PRV to escape host immune surveillance but pass through the placental barrier, leading to fetal death and abortion. Due to the pathogenicity of the PRV, it poses a huge challenge in its prevention and control. The PRV escapes host immunity through downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) molecules on infected cells. However, data on the molecular mechanisms of the SLA I suppression remains scant. Here, in order to verify the effect of candidate proteins PRV pUL44 and pUS6 on PRV immune escape related molecules SLA I and peptide loading complex (PLC), we detected the expression of SLA I and PLC components after expressing PRV pUL44 and pUS6. The effects of pUS6 and pUL44 on SLA I and PLC were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Cells expressing pUS6 or pUL44 genes showed a significantly suppressed expression of surface and total SLA I molecules. In addition, unlike UL44, the US6 gene was shown to downregulate the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2 and Tapasin molecules. The results show that PRV pUS6 may participate in virus immune escape by directly regulating the SLA I, TAP dimer and Tapasin molecules, thus blocking the transportation of TAP-bound peptides to the ER to bind SLA I molecules. We provide a theoretical basis on the mechanism of TAP mediated immune escape by the PRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper discusses security issues with current deployments of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) in the industry and proposes a solution that enables PLC devices to query a blockchain infrastructure for commands and setpoints. The blockchain assumes a dual role in this context: serving as an immutable audit trail database as well as a trusted source for critical commands and setpoints. In contrast to the conventional paradigm, this novel approach does not require write access at the PLC level, thus minimizes its attack surface and helping to protect against known and zero-day vulnerabilities often used in cyberwarfare, such as in the case of the notorious Stuxnet worm. Applications that enforce the logging of user operations for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) or compliance purposes use the blockchain network as an audit trail database for user actions. Any attempt to maliciously circumvent the logging operation would not affect the operation of a critical process. Additionally, a prototype implementation developed as part of this research finds that modern PLC devices are more than capable of interacting with private Ethereum blockchain nodes. The required libraries and user code consume a small percentage of available resources, while the duration of a complete request-response cycle measured around 22msec. The authors anticipate that PLCBlox can be used as a drop-in replacement for applications requiring higher security standards and logging enforcement, such as nuclear power plants or other critical infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social & Technology / Jurnal Sosial dan Teknologi (SOSTECH) is the property of Green Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can establish lifelong latent infection in peripheral nervous ganglion, and persistent infections in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Establishing an infection in the lymphocytes does not only enable the PRV to escape host immune surveillance but pass through the placental barrier, leading to fetal death and abortion. Due to the pathogenicity of the PRV, it poses a huge challenge in its prevention and control. The PRV escapes host immunity through downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) molecules on infected cells. However, data on the molecular mechanisms of the SLA I suppression remains scant. Here, in order to verify the effect of candidate proteins PRV pUL44 and pUS6 on PRV immune escape related molecules SLA I and peptide loading complex (PLC), we detected the expression of SLA I and PLC components after expressing PRV pUL44 and pUS6. The effects of pUS6 and pUL44 on SLA I and PLC were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Cells expressing pUS6 or pUL44 genes showed a significantly suppressed expression of surface and total SLA I molecules. In addition, unlike UL44, the US6 gene was shown to downregulate the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2 and Tapasin molecules. The results show that PRV pUS6 may participate in virus immune escape by directly regulating the SLA I, TAP dimer and Tapasin molecules, thus blocking the transportation of TAP-bound peptides to the ER to bind SLA I molecules. We provide a theoretical basis on the mechanism of TAP mediated immune escape by the PRV.

Ampakines—positive allosteric modulators of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs)—are drug candidates that have shown substantial promise in pre-clinical models of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Much of the study of ampakines has focused on how these drugs modulate neuronal AMPARs to achieve certain therapeutic effects. However, astrocytes also express functional AMPARs and their physiology may be sensitive to modulation by ampakines. Herein, we investigate the effects of multiple ampakines on calcium levels in cortical astrocytes. We find that ampakines augment cytosolic calcium elevations in astrocytes to an extent far greater than that achieved by AMPA alone. This effect is amenable to competitive AMPAR blockade. Furthermore, calcium induction is sensitive to phospholipase Cβ antagonism and blockade of inositol triphosphate receptors located on the endoplasmic reticulum. Low-impact ampakines exerted weaker effects on cytosolic calcium levels in astrocytes and higher concentrations were required to observe an effect. Furthermore, high doses of the low-impact ampakine, CX717, were not toxic to cortical astrocytes at high concentrations, which may serve to differentiate low-impact ampakines from classical AMPAR positive modulators like cyclothiazide. As ampakines are further developed for clinical use, it would be prudent to determine the extent to and manner by which they affect astrocytes, as these effects may also underpin their therapeutic utility in CNS pathologies.

This study presents the design and implementation of a control system for a Pin-on-Disc wear testing machine using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The novel approach employed involves adjusting the applied pressure on the pin, rather than the conventional method of altering weights, to evaluate the impact of varying loads on the wear rate. This method enhanced the accuracy of wear results by 25% compared to traditional techniques. The control system was developed and implemented with a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) that interacts with the PLC to control and monitor key parameters, including applied load, temperature, rotational speed, sliding time, and friction force. Key wear parameters such as the coefficient of friction (COF), wear rate, and temperature were calculated. The wear tests were conducted under varying conditions, with rotational speeds ranging from 300 to 900 rpm, applied loads from 5 to 25 N, and sliding times from 5 to 25 minutes. The results indicated that an increase in applied load led to higher wear rates and temperatures, while the COF decreased. Conversely, an increase in rotational speed reduced the wear rate but increased both the COF and temperature. Prolonged sliding time resulted in higher wear rates and temperatures, while the COF decreased. Additionally, it was observed that the wear rate of the aluminum alloy AA6061 was higher than that of the CK45 steel alloy. The study utilized various software tools, including AutoCAD 2018, SoMove AC Drive Software, EcoStruxure Machine V1.2 VP1, Vijeo Designer 6.2, Ifs – Conf RTD, and MATLAB.

This community service aims to improve the social competence of school principals through transformational leadership training to encourage professional learning communities in the Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity era. The method used in this community service used an IGROW- based coaching approach. The target participants of the training consisted of principals and vice principals of vocational schools in Ponorogo District who were accompanied by coaches from the field of education management with expertise in transformational leadership and educational organizations. The evaluation of this training was conducted using questionnaires. The data collected from these instruments were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of this activity showed that this transformational leadership model training was carried out well and smoothly so that the targets and outcomes of this community service activity could be achieved. Participants were active in conveying and elaborating on the leadership problems faced in their schools. The analysis of the training implementation evaluation data showed that principals were highest in applying the inspirational motivation aspect of transformational leadership. This aspect of inspirational motivation could include the principal's ability to inspire and motivate staff and teachers to achieve the school's vision and goals. This indicates the importance of the principal's role in fostering a positive work environment and motivating their team to achieve better.

This conceptual analysis paper discusses the characteristics of teacher leadership (TL) in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, presenting benefits for its development within the professional learning communities (PLCs). We describe our STEM education approach and argue that TL in STEM is different and more complex than leadership in any particular discipline. We compare two pathways for STEM learning and professional development (PD): engineering design approach and modeling approach. Then, we answer two research questions pertaining to the characteristics of STEM teacher leaders' (TLRs) knowledge, dispositions, and skill set; the support TLRs need to empower STEM educators; and consequently, we discuss how PLCs can become vehicles for growing STEM TLRs and empowering teachers. When promoting integrated STEM, educators likely find themselves in an out‐of‐field teaching situation, where communication with their PLC's leaders and peers is crucial in developing epistemological multiliteracy and confidence. We elaborate on the four main characteristics of STEM PLCs: (1) collaborative nature; (2) focus on boosting teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and confidence; (3) evidence‐based decision making; and (4) advocacy for high‐quality STEM education, teacher education, and PD. Each feature serves different but complementary goals, suitable for developing and utilizing the seven dimensions of TL discussed in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kitchen waste is composed of complex and diverse ingredients with a variety of organic matter and inorganic salts, which is perishable and foul-smelling under high temperature conditions in summer. To reduce the deterioration rate of kitchen waste in the collection and storage process and cool down the kitchen waste in community residences for short time before treatment, the intelligent temperature- controlled dustbin was designed based on the fan-pad cooling device. Several temperature sensors were distributed inside the dustbin and controlled by Siemens PLC. The execution conditions of the fan-pad cooling device were programmed, and the PID algorithm was used for software optimization, while the data was visualized by touch screen. The intelligent control of the fan-pad cooling system was realized to maintain the internal temperature of the dustbin in the set range, and the system debugging and test verification were conducted. The results show that the detection error of the intelligent temperature control system is less than 0.5 °C, which meets the accuracy requirements. When the outdoor temperature is as high as 35 °C, the average temperature in the dustbin can be maintained at about 25 °C, which meets the constant temperature storage requirements of kitchen waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ampakines—positive allosteric modulators of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs)—are drug candidates that have shown substantial promise in pre-clinical models of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Much of the study of ampakines has focused on how these drugs modulate neuronal AMPARs to achieve certain therapeutic effects. However, astrocytes also express functional AMPARs and their physiology may be sensitive to modulation by ampakines. Herein, we investigate the effects of multiple ampakines on calcium levels in cortical astrocytes. We find that ampakines augment cytosolic calcium elevations in astrocytes to an extent far greater than that achieved by AMPA alone. This effect is amenable to competitive AMPAR blockade. Furthermore, calcium induction is sensitive to phospholipase Cβ antagonism and blockade of inositol triphosphate receptors located on the endoplasmic reticulum. Low-impact ampakines exerted weaker effects on cytosolic calcium levels in astrocytes and higher concentrations were required to observe an effect. Furthermore, high doses of the low-impact ampakine, CX717, were not toxic to cortical astrocytes at high concentrations, which may serve to differentiate low-impact ampakines from classical AMPAR positive modulators like cyclothiazide. As ampakines are further developed for clinical use, it would be prudent to determine the extent to and manner by which they affect astrocytes, as these effects may also underpin their therapeutic utility in CNS pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the current issues of low intelligence and accuracy in seed-sorting devices, an intelligent seed sorter was developed in this study using machine-vision technology and the lightweight YOLOv5n. The machine consisted of a transmission system, feeding system, image acquisition system, and seed screening system. A lightweight YOLOv5n model, FS-YOLOv5n, was trained using 4756 images, incorporating FasterNet, Local Convolution (PConv), and a squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention mechanism to improve feature extraction efficiency, detection accuracy, and reduce redundancy. Taking 'Zhengdan 958' corn seeds as the research object, a quality identification and seed sorting test was conducted on six test groups (each consisting of 1000 seeds) using the FS-YOLOv5n model. Following lightweight improvements, the machine showed an 81% reduction in parameters and floating-point operations compared to baseline models. The intelligent seed sorter achieved an average sorting rate of 90.76%, effectively satisfying the seed-sorting requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Railway network is the world's fourth largest, transporting millions of people every day. One of the most difficult challenges for travelers is crossing the overhead bridges or subways to reach the right platform. To make this experience more comfortable we have developed the automatic system termed Railway Platform Crossing Automatic Bridge (RPCAB) to connect two opposite platforms. Here, the fabricated metal frame bridge is moved using a pair of double acting hydraulically/ pneumatically actuated telescopic cylinders. After the train pulls out of the station, the bridge connects to the other side of the platform, allowing passengers to walk on the bridge to cross the tracks. The position sensors, alarms, audio/visual indicators, and actuators are all in sync with the train traffic signaling system and the master controller, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). To prevent any mishaps from happening, a comprehensive safety interlock system has been implemented, including position sensors, safety barricades, emergency alarms, and an audio-visual information system. The proposed mechanical bridge facilitates the passage for the passengers who are physically impaired, with heavy luggage, pregnant women, and the elderly persons to cross the platform. Additionally, it controls the congestion of passengers when the train has left the station. The proposed system is simulated using PLC simulator for testing, validation, and analysis of the system's behavior in a simulated environment. The simulation results presented in this paper show how efficient and reliable the proposed design is. Prior to constructing a working prototype in real time, it is essential to put the system through a virtual environment. The results support the viability of applying the proposed design in real-world settings, which will improve both safety and efficiency at railway platform crossings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study designs and builds a PLC application to optimize the dynamic braking process of a three-phase induction motor for safer and more efficient operation. The application monitors the motor braking system and calculates the braking time through a computer. The method used is experimental, aimed at designing a PLC application as a motor braking system utilizing the dynamic braking method. The braking system employs a PLC as the control system. To achieve dynamic braking, the stator coil of the motor receives an injection of direct current (DC) from a directed power source. The observed variables in this testing include the injected DC current value and the duration of the injection time. The test results demonstrate that the implementation of the PLC in the dynamic braking of a three-phase induction motor effectively calculates the motor braking time and monitors the braking process. In the dynamic braking test with a DC current injection of 0.5 A, an average stopping time of 2.63 seconds was recorded. With a DC current injection of 0.75 A, the average stopping time was 2.13 seconds. At a DC current injection of 1 A, the average stopping time decreased to 1.83 seconds, and at 1.2 A, it further decreased to 1.63 seconds. These results indicate that the motor stopping time is influenced by the magnitude of the injected current, with higher currents resulting in shorter stopping times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following document details an electrohydraulic servo actuator system with Internet of Things (IoT) functionalities, highlighting its main components: control electronics, the servo amplifier, the power supply, the servo valve, the hydraulic actuator, and the feedback transducer. The system utilizes a twodegree-of-freedom (2- DOF) controller and IoT integration for monitoring and preventive maintenance. The system implementation is done using a Modicon M221 PLC and a Raspberry Pi single-board computer for the local server and monitoring. The conclusions emphasize the improvement of remote monitoring and system parameterization, suggesting future research directions for the development of cloud-based business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens spores in the environment is crucial for the pathogenesis of this bacterium because these dormant spores, upon contact with a suitable host, can return to active growth to cause disease. We evaluated the prevalence of C. perfringens spores in the Hail and Qassim regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A plating method was used to identify C. perfringens. PCR analyses and DNA sequencing were performed for genotypic characterization of the newly isolated C. perfringens.25 of 300 collected samples were identified as C. perfringens by selecting black colonies on selective media and monitoring b-hemolysis on blood agar plate. PCR analyses showed that all 25 isolates carry a-toxin gene (plc), but not the enterotoxin gene (cpe), further confirming that these isolates are indeed cpe-negative. Genome sequencing found that Saudi isolates are genotypically similar to the American and European isolates; no homologues of toxinotyping genes encoding b-, i-, e- and NetB-toxin were detected in 22 Saudi isolates, with the exception of 3 isolates that carry only e-toxin gene etx. Collectively, our findings suggest that C. perfringens are highly prevalent in the Hail and Qassim environment, with 22 (88%) of 25 isolates are type A and remaining 3 (12%) are type D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implanted non-vascular stent is prone to fatigue fracture due to the periodic cyclic load caused by long-term physiological motion in the non-vascular lumen. Objective: To effectively study and predict the fatigue performance of non-vascular stents, an experimental setup was designed to simulate and conduct fatigue performance tests on non-vascular stents under various loads. This design simplified the periodic cyclic loads generated within non-vascular lumens, in accordance with the physiological motion patterns of non-vascular lumens, into pulsatile loads. Methods: To meet the requirements of different stents and various fluctuating load conditions during testing, the relationship between test conditions and the fatigue load of the stent was studied based on Fluent. Results: A fatigue test device with a special load module was built and used to complete the fatigue performance test of a group of esophageal stents. It can be found that the experimental device can satisfy the control and application of the fatigue load of the stent, and can effectively realize the testing requirements of the fatigue performance of the stent. Conclusion: In this paper, a non-vascular stent fatigue in vitro test device that can simulate the fluctuating load of a non-vascular lumen is designed. The results of flow field simulation, fatigue simulation, and actual fatigue test show that the device can meet the needs of fatigue test and has good versatility and operability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cryptography algorithm for data transfer encryption provides confidentiality, requires considerable computing power, and is not commonly implemented in embedded systems with limited computing power, such as Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). PLC is the core component for automation and control in industrial automation. For decades, PLC has prioritized speed over security; program execution in PLC must be as efficient as possible. The cryptography algorithm uses a seed, the initialization vector, to encrypt the data with the cryptography key to strengthen the encryption. Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) can be used as the initialization vector. This paper proposes the XORasm PRNG algorithm, the lightweight XORshift-based algorithm with a modified seed from the system's clock. The applied methodology generates and visualizes PRNG, tests the randomness, and implements the PRNG on compact PLC. XORasm is evaluated statistically with runs-test in simulation by comparing the algorithm to one of the simulated compact PLC's PRNG implementations. The findings from this research are that p-values demonstrate that XORasm is statistically and significantly more random than the current implementation, and there is evidence that XORasm's generated data distribution is practically random at a 99.95% confidence level, suitable for implementation in embedded systems as a lightweight PRNG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Techno.com is the property of Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries are a family of promising energy storage systems. However, they face various challenges related to their lifetime, such as the Faradaic imbalance due to the occurrence of parasitic reaction leading to the fading of its energy storage capacity. Herein, automatization of a rebalancing system to reverse the detrimental effects of Faradaic imbalance due to the unavoidable presence of small quantities of oxygen in the negative reservoir or hydrogen evolution reaction is developed and implemented in an alkaline flow battery. A membrane‐free rebalancing cell is proposed to promote the oxygen evolution reaction and reverse the accumulated charge in the catholyte showing a 100 % coulombic efficiency. The programmable logic controller monitors the open circuit voltage to calculate the charge stored in each charge/discharge step and closes a circuit so a fixed voltage is applied to the rebalancing cell when the battery needs to be rebalanced. The system is tested using an alkaline flow battery consisting of ferrocyanide and 2,6‐dihydroxyanthraquinone, improving the energy capacity retention from 0.27 % cycle‐1 and 0.47 % h‐1 without rebalancing system to 100 % retention after >850 cycles and >24 days (without Ar‐filled glovebox), demonstrating the feasibility of this proposed system to address the Faradaic imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The design and operation of modern dispatch control systems for pumping units involves comprehensive solution to separate engineering, technical, and scientific problems. The object of research is information processes enabling the operational modes of electrically driven pumping units at water pumping stations. This paper solves the scientific and technical task related to developing topology, hardware, and software tools, control algorithms, dispatch interface, and researching the modes of operation of pumping units in dispatch control systems at water pumping stations. Algorithms for controlling pumping units have been implemented, the advantage of which is the possibility of automated calculation of parameters for technological PID-controllers, taking into account the current electrical parameters of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units and operating conditions. The WEB-oriented dispatch interface of the SCADA-based pumping unit control system was designed and tested, which enables control process in real time. Features of the developed dispatch control system are improved topology, expanded functionality, energy-saving control modes, and the possibility of further modernization based on the principles of standardization and unification of hardware and software tools and design procedures. The developed dispatch control system for pumping units at water pumping stations has been implemented and is successfully operated at an industrial water supply enterprise. The results provided for an increase in technical and economic indicators during the operation of technological equipment due to the efficiency of control and management procedures, energy-saving operational modes of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a portable IoT station. Communication and data synchronization issues in several installations are addressed here, making possible a detailed analysis of the entire system during its operation. The system operator requires a synchronized data stream, combining multiple communication protocols into one single time stamp. The hardware selected for the portable IoT station complies with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) industrial standards. A short discussion regarding interface customization shows how easily the hardware can be modified so that it is integrated with almost any system. A programmable logic controller enables the Node-RED to be utilized. This open-source middleware defines operations for each global variable nominated in the Modbus register. Two applications are presented and discussed in this paper; each application has a distinct methodology utilized to publish and visualize the acquired data. The portable IoT station is highly customizable, consisting of a modular structure and providing the best platform for future research and development of dedicated algorithms. This paper also demonstrates how the portable IoT station can be implemented in systems where time-based data synchronization is essential while introducing a seamless implementation and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global energy sector is currently undergoing a significant transformation to address sustainability, energy efficiency, and grid resilience. Smart grids, leveraging advanced technologies like the power internet of things (PIoT), play a crucial role in this transformation. This research focuses on enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity distribution through IoT technologies. It envisions a system where interconnected devices, sensors, and data analytics optimize energy consumption, monitor grid conditions, and manage demand response scenarios. Central to this effort is the integration of PIoT into the smart grid infrastructure, particularly in implementing dynamic pricing strategies for demand response. Leveraging power line communication (PLC) techniques, this innovative approach facilitates real-time communication between grid components and consumers. The results demonstrate improved grid stability through dynamic load management, effectively responding to demand fluctuations, and minimizing disruptions. The deployment of dynamic pricing methods using PLC-driven schemes empowers customers by offering access to real-time energy use data. This access incentivizes energy-efficient behavior. leading to a 30% increase in the adoption of energy-saving techniques among consumers. A utility company pilot study claimed a 12% drop in peak demand after adopting time-of-use charges, with an accuracy rate of 98.87% in total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to understand how to develop, support and utilize professional learning community (PLCs) to build organizational capacity to support teacher learning and collaboration. Although literature highlights the importance of leadership in creating a PLC, there is little research on specific actions leaders can take to create an authentic, sustainable PLC. Design/methodology/approach: We employed a multicase study approach at three school sites within the same district. Our research was guided by the following questions: (1) How are learning communities developed and sustained in school settings?; (2) What is the role of administrators in cultivating learning communities?; and (3) What factors contribute to and hinder the success of learning communities? Findings: Despite being in the same school district, the three schools' PLCs operated differently. The schools displayed characteristics of PLCs, with minimal implementation of all components. Developing a professional learning community at all three sites began with implementing structural factors and mandating specific activities such as weekly grade-level planning. Social factors were much more complex to control by administration, affecting the fidelity of learning and collaboration within the PLCs. Originality/value: Although the literature highlights the importance of leadership in creating a PLC, there is little research that supports specific actions leaders can take to create an authentic, sustainable community of practice. In addition, there is limited literature supporting how administrators use PLCs to build organizational capacity and support teacher learning. Our study contributes to building the empirical knowledge base related to these two areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rigorous testing methods are essential for ensuring the security and reliability of industrial controller software. Fuzzing, a technique that automatically discovers software bugs, has also proven effective in finding software vulnerabilities. Unsurprisingly, fuzzing has been applied to a wide range of platforms, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs). However, current approaches, such as coverage-guided evolutionary fuzzing implemented in the popular fuzzer American Fuzzy Lop Plus Plus (AFL++), are often inadequate for finding logical errors and bugs in PLC control logic applications. They primarily target generic programming languages like C/C++, Java, and Python, and do not consider the unique characteristics and behaviors of PLCs, which are often programmed using specialized programming languages like Structured Text (ST). Furthermore, these fuzzers are ill suited to deal with complex input structures encapsulated in ST, as they are not specifically designed to generate appropriate input sequences. This renders the application of traditional fuzzing techniques less efficient on these platforms. To address this issue, this paper presents a fuzzing framework designed explicitly for PLC software to discover logic bugs in applications written in ST specified by the IEC 61131-3 standard. The proposed framework incorporates a custom-tailored PLC runtime and a fuzzer designed for the purpose. We demonstrate its effectiveness by fuzzing a collection of ST programs that were crafted for evaluation purposes. We compare the performance against a popular fuzzer, namely, AFL++. The proposed fuzzing framework demonstrated its capabilities in our experiments, successfully detecting logic bugs in the tested PLC control logic applications written in ST. On average, it was at least 83 times faster than AFL++, and in certain cases, for example, it was more than 23,000 times faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

本文旨在探讨基于可编程逻辑控制器 (PLC) 的电气自动化控制系统的设计与实现方法。随着工业自动 化技术的飞速发展, PLC作为核心控制设备, 在提升生产效率、降低成本、增强系统可靠性等方面展现出显著优势。 本文将从PLC的基本概念出发, 详细介绍电气自动化控制系统的设计流程、硬件选型、软件编程以及系统调试等关键 环节, 为工程师和技术人员提供理论参考和实践指导。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mechanical & Electronic Control Engineering is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)