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Pneumococcal infection among adults is associated with invasive disease and poor outcomes. Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) introduction has significantly reduced disease burden, invasive disease and reduced the rates of antimicrobial resistance. Of the various vaccines licensed, PCV 13 and PPSV 23 are available for use in India. Pneumococcal vaccination is suggested for people aged 19–64 years with immunosuppression, chronic cardiac, lung and hepatic disease, impaired splenic function, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, current smokers, and those abusing alcohol. It is recommended that people >65 years of age are vaccinated with PPSV23. The suggested regimen is to administer PCV13 followed by PPSV23 after one year. The vaccines have minimal side effects and tolerated well. Data on vaccine effectiveness from Indian studies is limited. Hence, documenting population demographics with surveillance on serotype specific pneumococcal disease burden in adults is needed. Following this, studies on safety, immunogenicity, and cost-effectiveness of the available vaccines need to be designed and implemented. It is suggested that in the initial phase, PCV needs to be made available for high-risk population followed by vaccination roll-out for adult population of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pneumococcal disease (PD), caused by S. pneumoniae, is a serious global health issue, primarily for adults over 65, due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. Recently, broader-serotype vaccines have been introduced to cope with tremendous hospital costs and decreasing quality of life. Our study aims to systematically review the cost-effectiveness of current PCVs (pneumococcal conjugate vaccines) and PPVs (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) from 2018 to April 2024. Methods: Articles were identified through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Key outcomes include an improved incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), with the article's quality assessed via the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022). In total, 23 studies were included, with 22 studies of high quality and 1 of moderate quality. Results: These articles showed that PCV20 was the most cost-effective option compared with other vaccines, including PPV23, PCV13, PCV15, and PCV15/PPV23, for both young and older adults, regardless of risk factors. PCV20, when used alone, saved greater costs than PCV20, followed by PPV23. Conclusions: For countries applying lower-valency vaccines, switching to PCV20 as a single regimen would be the most beneficial for averting pneumococcal cases and reducing costs in adults aged 18–64 and over 65. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common cause. Older adults are particularly at risk. However, vaccination rates in Thailand remain low. Objective: This study aims to examine the prevalence of vaccine refusal and its association with factors outlined in the 5C model (Confidence, Complacency, Constraints, Calculation, and Collective Responsibility) among older patients with morbidities. Setting: Study was conducted at outpatient clinic of the Department of Family Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study. The data was collected via a self-administered questionnaire including demographic data, questionnaire in 5C model, and intention to received pneumococcal vaccine. Comparison of characteristic between vaccine refuser and non-refuser was performed by using Chi-square or a T -test. To explore the association between factors in 5C model and vaccine refusal, multiple logistic regression was performed with an adjustment for confounders. Results: From a total of 150 participants, the mean age was 69.8 ± 5.6 years old. Most of the patients were female (60.7%). The study found that 18% of the participants refused the pneumococcal vaccine. After adjusted for the confounders, the lower collective responsibility and confidence were significantly associated with vaccine refusal (Odds ratio 0.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.74, P =.015) and Odds ratio 0.43 (95% CI 0.20-0.89, P =.024), respectively. Conclusion: Strategies to enhance confidence and address complacency about vaccines are essential for improving pneumococcal vaccination coverage. This insight can be used as a guideline and policies can be formulated which are aimed at reducing pneumococcal vaccine refusal in the older adults by enhancing communication about the benefits, efficacy, and risks of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Empyema as a complication of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) has been reported in a sizeable number of cases. Epidemiological studies on the clinical profile and outcome of CAP with empyema can help in better diagnosis and management of paediatric patients. Aim: To describe the clinical profile of empyema in paediatric patients with CAP attending the tertiary care hospital in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, from March 2022 to March 2023. Total 82 CAP diagnosed cases of age between two months and 18 years were included. Group A (cases) consisted of 41 cases of CAP with empyema and group B (controls) consisted of 41 cases of CAP without empyema. Data obtained was compiled and compared using unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The mean age in group A was 76.43±66.15 months and in group B was 45.29±59.19 months. Duration of fever was 8.9±2.84 days in group A and 4.7±0.97 days in group B. The nutritional status of study subjects was malnourished in 29 (70.73%) group A and 21 (51.22%) in group B. The study subjects among the group A were vaccinated for pneumococcal vaccine in 18 (43.9%), and in 29 (70.73%) of the group B. Neutrophil count and C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels were significantly higher, and lymphocyte count was significantly lower in CAP cases with empyema. All the study subjects recovered in the present study; however, the duration of hospitalisation was more in CAP cases with empyema. Conclusion: The number of subjects with malnutrition was more whereas vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccine were less in CAP cases with empyema. High leucocyte, neutrophil counts and raised serum CRP were observed in CAP cases with empyema. Decortication, Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and intercostal chest drain insertion were the treatment modalities used in CAP cases with empyema.

Abstract Background Vaccination rates are still suboptimal in cancer patients. Oncologists play a central role in recommending vaccines to their patients. Our goal was to investigate vaccine acceptance among cancer patients and understand the factors shaping their choices, thereby aiding physicians in better supporting their patients’ vaccination decisions. Methods We designed a prospective cross-sectional survey exploring vaccination status, attitudes, and reasons for hesitancy towards vaccinations against the main vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) among patients undergoing active cancer treatment. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the proportion of vaccinated subjects in our cohort of cancer patients. The secondary endpoints were to assess the proportion of vaccinated subjects against different types of VPDs: flu, COVID-19, pneumococcal disease, Herpes Zoster (HZ). Results Between 12 February and 01 March 2024, a total of three hundred and seventeen patients with cancer were invited to respond to the survey, 309 of whom (97%) agreed to do it. Two hundred seventy-three patients (0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84–0.91) had received at least one vaccination. Two hundred thirty-one patients (74.76%) reported that at their first oncology visit their oncologist recommended vaccinations, primarily anti-flu (92.21%) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 (83.55%) vaccinations, while less frequently the anti-pneumococcal (42.42%) and anti-HZ (37%) vaccines were recommended. On the univariate analysis, age over 75 years (p = 0.041), marital status (p = 0.003) and the oncologist’s vaccine recommendation during the first visit (p

ObjectiveTo understand the pneumococcal vaccination status and its influencing factors among young and middle-aged populations, and provide reference for promoting pneumococcal vaccination. MethodsFrom May to August 2023, a multi-stage random cluster sampling method was used to select 5 928 residents aged 19 – 59 years old from Nanchang city in Jiangxi province, Changsha city in Hunan province, and Kunming city in Yunnan province for an online questionnaire survey on pneumococcal vaccination status. ResultsAmong the 4 895 young and middle-aged people finally included in the analysis, only 833 had received pneumococcal vaccine in the past 5 years, with a pneumococcal vaccine uptake rate of 17.02%; multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the pneumococcal vaccine uptake rates were higher among those aged 45 – 59 years old, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery production personnel, professional and technical personnel, smokers, those with general knowledge of pneumococcal diseases and vaccines, and those with general and good trust in pneumococcal vaccines, while the uptake rates were lower among those with high school/technical secondary school education or above and office clerks and related personnel; the top three reasons for pneumococcal vaccination among young and middle-aged people were disease prevention (75.87%), protecting family and colleagues (57.38%), and government and health administration recommending vaccination (43.22%), while the top three reasons for not receiving pneumococcal vaccine were worrying about adverse reactions after vaccination (42.22%), no time for vaccination (28.19%), and believing that the vaccine had limited effectiveness (25.11%), and the top three factors most likely to change vaccination willingness were free/discounted vaccines (46.63%), worrying about the impact of pneumonia infection on family and colleagues (46.53%), and government and health administration recommending vaccination (45.89%). ConclusionThe pneumococcal vaccine uptake rate among young and middle-aged populations was low, and age, education level, occupation, smoking status, knowledge of pneumococcal diseases and vaccines, and trust in vaccines was the main influencing factors for pneumococcal vaccination in this population. Comprehensive policy measures, especially the introduction of preferential policies related to pneumococcal vaccines, should be adopted to promote vaccination.

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under 5 years of age. Prevention of these outcomes by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) is an important public health initiative, supported by publicly funded vaccination programs in Canada. While the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) provides national recommendations for vaccination schedules, decisions on vaccination program delivery are made regionally, creating potential for variability across the country. In addition, defining the groups that are most at risk has become a complex endeavor for provinces and territories in Canada, specifically considering Indigenous children. Methods In this environmental scan, we reviewed policy documents, provincial/territorial and international PCV schedules, and scientific literature, and consulted with vaccination program stakeholders and experts from across the country, in order to understand the evolution of PCV vaccination guidelines and policies in Canada and identify whether and how the needs of Indigenous children are addressed. Results As of March 2023, most regions do not specify particular vaccination requirements for Indigenous children; however, three provinces identify Indigenous children as “high risk” and use varying language to recommend a four dose, rather than the routine three dose, schedule. Our results also draw attention to evidence gaps supporting a differing practice for Indigenous populations. Conclusions Future PCV program innovation requires inclusive and clear policies as well as definitive evidence-based policies and practices in order to improve equitable population health.

Background: Vaccination rates are still suboptimal in cancer patients. Oncologists play a central role in recommending vaccines to their patients. Our goal was to investigate vaccine acceptance among cancer patients and understand the factors shaping their choices, thereby aiding physicians in better supporting their patients' vaccination decisions. Methods: We designed a prospective cross-sectional survey exploring vaccination status, attitudes, and reasons for hesitancy towards vaccinations against the main vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) among patients undergoing active cancer treatment. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the proportion of vaccinated subjects in our cohort of cancer patients. The secondary endpoints were to assess the proportion of vaccinated subjects against different types of VPDs: flu, COVID-19, pneumococcal disease, Herpes Zoster (HZ). Results: Between 12 February and 01 March 2024, a total of three hundred and seventeen patients with cancer were invited to respond to the survey, 309 of whom (97%) agreed to do it. Two hundred seventy-three patients (0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84–0.91) had received at least one vaccination. Two hundred thirty-one patients (74.76%) reported that at their first oncology visit their oncologist recommended vaccinations, primarily anti-flu (92.21%) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 (83.55%) vaccinations, while less frequently the anti-pneumococcal (42.42%) and anti-HZ (37%) vaccines were recommended. On the univariate analysis, age over 75 years (p = 0.041), marital status (p = 0.003) and the oncologist's vaccine recommendation during the first visit (p < 0.001) were significantly associated to vaccine acceptance. At the multivariable analysis, these variables were independently associated with vaccine willingness. Overall in our cancer population, the two main reasons for vaccine hesitancy were the lack of recommendation by the oncologist (55.41%, n = 128) and the lack of awareness of the importance of vaccination in the context of oncological care (49.35%, n = 114). Conclusions: This survey emphasizes the importance of vaccine counseling by the oncologist to their patients. Oncologists can motivate patients to receive the correct vaccine schedule by addressing doubts and concerns about the potential negative impact of the vaccine on cancer and cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-time receipt of pneumococcal vaccines is essential in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as immunosuppressive medications increase their risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, data regarding the impact of timely administration of these vaccines on the risk of developing IPD are lacking for RA patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of on-time vaccination for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13 and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) 23 in patients treated for RA on the development of IPD using national Veterans Affairs data from 2010 to 2018. Patients > 18 years of age, diagnosed with RA, and newly initiated on RA treatment were included. Pneumococcal vaccine compliance was assessed by measuring on-time receipt of PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccinations. A total of 33,545 patients were included in the cohort. Non-compliance with PCV recommendations was associated with an increased risk of IPD in a multivariable logistic regression model. This finding was consistent whether IPD status was ascertained by International Classification of Diseases coding (OR 2.42, 95%CI 2.14–2.73) or microbiologic data (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.26–2.14). Providers should actively seek opportunities to provide pneumococcal vaccinations to patients with RA, as their on-time administration is associated with a decreased risk of IPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pneumococcal disease, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. The tremendous direct cost of hospital admissions and significant indirect costs from productivity loss contribute considerably to its economic burden, with vaccination being the only efficient protection against the illness. Our study aims to summarize the cost-effectiveness of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) implemented in the pediatric population. Methods: Employing the online databases PubMed, Embase, and Medline, we looked for economic evaluations from 2018 until March 2024. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICER) and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY) were the primary outcomes for measuring the cost-effectiveness of PCVs. A 28-item CHEERS 2022 checklist was applied to assess the quality of the collected studies. Results: Of the 16 papers found, 9/16 discussed the lower-valent vaccines (PCV13, PCV10) and 7/16 examined the higher-valent vaccines (PCV20, PCV15). PCV13 and PCV10 involved greater costs and generated more QALY compared to no vaccination. Both PCV15 and PCV20 averted substantial healthcare costs and yielded greater quality of life than PCV13. Additionally, PCV20 was a dominant strategy compared to PCV15. Conclusions: Utilizing PCV13 is a very cost-effective option compared to not getting vaccinated. Transitioning from PCV13 to PCV20 would result in higher QALY gain and more cost-saving than switching to PCV15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most European infant national immunization programs (NIPs) recommend pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), which currently cover 10–15 serotypes administered in a three-dose schedule (two primary plus one booster). Recently, a PCV covering 20 serotypes that is administered in a four-dose schedule (three primary plus one booster) was licensed. Methods: An online survey was administered to collect data from health care providers (HCPs) and caregivers of children aged 0–5 (including expectant mothers) in four European countries (Germany, France, Spain, and Greece). All caregiver respondents had a shared or full responsibility to make health decisions for their child. Data on opinions, perceptions, and openness to a change in childhood vaccination dosing schedules were collected, along with demographic information for HCPs as well as caregivers. Results: A total of 601 HCPs and 1954 caregivers were recruited across the four countries. Nearly all HCPs (93%) agreed that broader serotype coverage against pneumococcal disease for children is a significant unmet need, and 92% had a "sense of urgency" to vaccinate children. Both HCPs and caregivers were supportive of an additional PCV dose and doctor visit, assuming it provided at least 20% more serotype coverage than what is currently available. Caregivers strongly agreed on the importance of full vaccination for pneumococcal disease, even if an extra dose and visit to the doctor was required. Conclusions: HCPs and caregivers were virtually unanimous in their support for a PCV with broader serotype coverage and showed a subsequent willingness to include an extra infant dose/visit. These results can help guide broader discussions regarding public health policy and vaccine administration in the context of important efforts to reduce the global disease burden associated with pneumococcal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children under 5 years of age. Prevention of these outcomes by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) is an important public health initiative, supported by publicly funded vaccination programs in Canada. While the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) provides national recommendations for vaccination schedules, decisions on vaccination program delivery are made regionally, creating potential for variability across the country. In addition, defining the groups that are most at risk has become a complex endeavor for provinces and territories in Canada, specifically considering Indigenous children. Methods: In this environmental scan, we reviewed policy documents, provincial/territorial and international PCV schedules, and scientific literature, and consulted with vaccination program stakeholders and experts from across the country, in order to understand the evolution of PCV vaccination guidelines and policies in Canada and identify whether and how the needs of Indigenous children are addressed. Results: As of March 2023, most regions do not specify particular vaccination requirements for Indigenous children; however, three provinces identify Indigenous children as "high risk" and use varying language to recommend a four dose, rather than the routine three dose, schedule. Our results also draw attention to evidence gaps supporting a differing practice for Indigenous populations. Conclusions: Future PCV program innovation requires inclusive and clear policies as well as definitive evidence-based policies and practices in order to improve equitable population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parenteral penicillin G (PENG) and oral amoxicillin (AMOX) are recommended as treatment for pediatric community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). With recent epidemiologic penicillin susceptibility data for Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common etiology of CAP, the objective of this study was to evaluate optimal dosing regimens of PENG and AMOX based on population pharmacokinetics linked to current susceptibility data. Methods: Using NONMEM v7.3, Monte Carlo simulations (N = 10,000) were conducted for AMOX 15 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 h (standard‐dose), AMOX 45 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 h (high‐dose), and PENG 62,500 units/kg/day IV every 6 h using six virtual subjects with ages spanning 3 months to 15 years old. The probability of target attainment (PTA) was determined for both serum and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) to achieve free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (%fT>MIC) across the population of pneumococci for 30%–50% of the dosing interval. Results: In 2018, all 21 (100%) pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to both PENG and AMOX based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; MIC at 2 mg/L) breakpoints, and 15 of 21 (71%) were susceptible based on EUCAST (MIC at 0.5 mg/L) breakpoints. As compared to CLSI, EUCAST breakpoints consistently achieved higher PTA for all antibiotic regimens. At 50% fT>MIC in the serum at the susceptible MICs, standard‐dose AMOX achieved >4% PTA (CLSI) and >86% PTA (EUCAST); high‐dose AMOX achieved >73% PTA (CLSI) and >99% PTA (EUCAST); and PENG achieved 0% PTA (using CLSI) and 100% PTA (using EUCAST). Standard‐dose AMOX, high‐dose AMOX, and PENG achieved >71%, >93%, and 100% PTA, respectively, in the serum at 30%–50% fT>MIC when each patient was stochastically linked to an MIC based on the frequency distribution of national susceptibility data. The PTA was consistently lower in ELF as compared with serum for all regimens. Conclusion: Based on the recent rates of resistance, antibiotic doses evaluated provide appropriate exposure for pediatric CAP based on the serum and ELF data associated with predicted clinical and microbiologic success for pneumococcus. High‐dose AMOX may still be required to treat pediatric CAP, especially if using CLSI breakpoints. Ongoing surveillance for resistance is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, scheduled vaccinations were postponed, mass vaccination programmes were suspended and opportunities for healthcare workers to administer vaccines ad hoc decreased. The aims of this systematic literature review were to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccine confidence, intent and uptake in preexisting routine childhood or adult vaccination programmes, and to identify factors associated with changes in acceptance, intent and uptake of preexisting vaccines. Medline and Embase were searched for studies in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, the USA, and European countries, published between 1 January 2021 and 4 August 2022. A complementary gray literature search was conducted between 11 and 13 October 2022, and supplemented with additional gray research in October 2023. In total, 54 citations were included in the review. Study design and geography were heterogeneous. The number of adults who received or intended to receive an influenza or pneumococcal vaccine was higher during the pandemic than in previous seasons (n = 28 studies). In addition, increased acceptance of adult vaccinations was observed during 2020–21 compared with 2019–20 (n = 12 studies). The rates of childhood vaccinations decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic across several countries (n = 11 studies). Factors associated with changes in intention to receive a vaccination, or uptake of influenza vaccine, included previous vaccination, older age, higher perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, anxiety regarding the pandemic and fear of contracting COVID-19. Acceptance and uptake of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines generally increased after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Introduction Most European infant national immunization programs (NIPs) recommend pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), which currently cover 10–15 serotypes administered in a three-dose schedule (two primary plus one booster). Recently, a PCV covering 20 serotypes that is administered in a four-dose schedule (three primary plus one booster) was licensed. Methods An online survey was administered to collect data from health care providers (HCPs) and caregivers of children aged 0–5 (including expectant mothers) in four European countries (Germany, France, Spain, and Greece). All caregiver respondents had a shared or full responsibility to make health decisions for their child. Data on opinions, perceptions, and openness to a change in childhood vaccination dosing schedules were collected, along with demographic information for HCPs as well as caregivers. Results A total of 601 HCPs and 1954 caregivers were recruited across the four countries. Nearly all HCPs (93%) agreed that broader serotype coverage against pneumococcal disease for children is a significant unmet need, and 92% had a “sense of urgency” to vaccinate children. Both HCPs and caregivers were supportive of an additional PCV dose and doctor visit, assuming it provided at least 20% more serotype coverage than what is currently available. Caregivers strongly agreed on the importance of full vaccination for pneumococcal disease, even if an extra dose and visit to the doctor was required. Conclusions HCPs and caregivers were virtually unanimous in their support for a PCV with broader serotype coverage and showed a subsequent willingness to include an extra infant dose/visit. These results can help guide broader discussions regarding public health policy and vaccine administration in the context of important efforts to reduce the global disease burden associated with pneumococcal disease.

Introduction: Globally, the proportion of elderly individuals is steadily increasing, posing significant challenges for health-care systems. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases and associated morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In India, there is no national immunization schedule dedicated to the elderly group. This study aimed to explore the vaccination coverage for selected vaccines, namely pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Influenza, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among the elderly residing in urban Bengaluru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2023. Data were collected from 132 elderly participants living in three wards of Rajajinagar, Bengaluru. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, health conditions, and vaccination status. The data were analyzed using EPI data 3.1 Software, and the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to assess the association of demographic variables with vaccine intake. Results: The results showed that vaccination uptake for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines was nil, while for COVID-19 vaccines, 4.5% of participants had not taken any dose, 6.8% had taken the first dose, 57.6% had taken the second dose, and 31.1% had taken the booster dose. Sociodemographic analysis revealed significant associations between vaccine uptake and variables such as age, socioeconomic status (below the poverty line card holder), and body mass index. Conclusion: The low uptake of vaccines in the elderly population highlights the need for specialized strategies and initiatives to increase vaccination coverage. The study recommends suitable measures to improve vaccination coverage among elderly, creating awareness among healthcare professionals and the general population, and enhancing vaccine accessibility and availability to promote healthy aging in India.

Influenza is an important respiratory viral pathogen in adults, with secondary bacterial pneumonia being a common complication. While pneumococcal vaccines can prevent pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease, whether they can also prevent the severe in-hospital outcomes among patients hospitalized for influenza has not been examined. A territory-wide retrospective study was conducted in Hong Kong, which included all adult patients having chronic airway diseases (asthma, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) hospitalized for influenza and who had received seasonal influenza vaccine. The occurrence of secondary bacterial pneumonia, mortality, and other severe in-hospital outcomes were compared among subjects with or without pneumococcal vaccination. There was a total of 3066 eligible patients who were hospitalized for influenza in public hospitals in Hong Kong from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2023. Completed pneumococcal vaccination with PSV23/PCV13 conferred protection against secondary bacterial pneumonia, all-cause mortality, and respiratory cause of mortality with adjusted odds ratios of 0.74 (95% CI = 0.57–0.95, p = 0.019), 0.12 (95% CI = 0.03–0.53, p = 0.005), and 0.04 (95% CI = 0.00–0.527, p = 0.0038), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A published model was used to estimate and compare the health and economic outcomes of three pneumococcal vaccination strategies (PCV15, PCV13 and no vaccination) for 65 years-and-above in Switzerland. • The PCV15 strategy prevented the largest number of pneumococcal disease cases and deaths when compared to the no vaccination strategy. • The PCV15 strategy dominated (more effective and less costly) the PCV13 strategy. • Under various ranges of uncertainty around the input parameters, the PCV15 strategy maintained a favorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio when compared to the no vaccination strategy. To assess the health and economic outcomes of a PCV13 or PCV15 age-based (65 years-and-above) vaccination program in Switzerland. Interventions: The three vaccination strategies examined were: 1) Vaccination with PCV13. 2) Vaccination with PCV15. 3) No vaccination (do-nothing alternative). Target population : All adults aged 65 years-and-above. Perspective(s) : Switzerland health care payer. Time horizon : 35 years. Discount rate : 3.0%. Costing year : 2023 Swiss Francs (CHF). Study design : A static Markov state-transition model. Data sources : Published literature and publicly available databases or reports. Pneumococcal diseases (PD) i.e., invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP); total quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), total costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (CHF/QALY gained). Using an assumed coverage of 60%, the PCV15 strategy prevented a substantially higher number of cases/deaths than the PCV13 strategy when compared to the No vaccination strategy (1,078 IPD; 21,155 NBPP; 493 deaths). The overall total QALYs were 10,364,620 (PCV15), 10,364,070 (PCV13), and 10,362,490 (no vaccination). The associated overall total costs were CHF 741,949,814 (PCV15), CHF 756,051,954 (PCV13) and CHF 698,329,579 (no vaccination). Thus, the PCV13 strategy was strongly dominated by the PCV15 strategy. The ICER of the PCV15 strategy (vs. no vaccination) was CHF 20,479/QALY gained. In two scenario analyses where the vaccine effectiveness for serotype 3 were reduced (75% to 39.3% for IPD; 45% to 23.6% for NBPP) and NBPP incidence was increased (from 1,346 to 1,636/100,000), the resulting ICERs were CHF 29,432 and CHF 13,700/QALY gained, respectively. The deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness of the qualitative results—the estimated ICERs for the PCV15 strategy (vs. No vaccination) were all below CHF 30,000/QALYs gained. These results demonstrate that using PCV15 among adults aged 65 years-and-above can prevent a substantial number of PD cases and deaths while remaining cost-effective over a range of inputs and scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Vaccinations are an essential aspect of preventive medicine. In October 2021, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-20 (PCV-20) and PCV-15 were authorized for use in adults by the U.S. FDA. In 2022, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) subsequently published updated pneumococcal vaccination recommendations that incorporate both PCV-20 and PCV-15. Pneumococcal vaccination is effective in reducing pneumococcal disease, particularly in high-risk patient groups such as those with chronic lung disease; however, the updated dosing schedule for pneumococcal vaccinations can be quite confusing, especially if patients have previously received "older" vaccinations, such as pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine-23 or PCV-13. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to increase providers' knowledge of current ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations, including indications and dosing schedule, and to improve pneumococcal vaccination rates among eligible adults and children. Materials and Methods Focused education sessions were presented to primary care and subspecialty residents, fellows, and staff at Brooke Army Medical Center and Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center regarding current ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations. Sessions included information about PCV-15 and PCV-20 vaccines, indications for vaccination, and dosing schedules. Subjective knowledge of updated ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations was assessed among primary care and subspecialty residents, fellows, and staff via an anonymous survey both pre- and post-intervention. Number of PCV-20 vaccinations given and estimated vaccination rates of patients aged 19 to 64 years with asthma were assessed pre- and post-intervention over a 6 month time span. Results Of surveyed providers, only 9% discussed vaccinations at every visit and 11% did not discuss vaccinations at all. There was a statistically significant increase in providers' knowledge of pneumococcal vaccination guidelines for children post-intervention (P  = .01) but no statistically significant increase in knowledge for guidelines for adults, for patients that have received prior pneumococcal vaccines, or in overall confidence in recommending pneumococcal vaccines. There was a 17% increase in the number of PCV-20 vaccinations given post-intervention (198 pre-intervention, 232 post-intervention). The estimated PCV-20 vaccination rate for adults aged 19 to 64 years with asthma increased from 14.9% pre-intervention to 19.5% post-intervention (P  = .33). Conclusions There is a significant knowledge gap regarding ACIP pneumococcal vaccination recommendations among military providers and a low pneumococcal vaccination rate for adults aged 19 to 64 years with asthma at Joint Base-San Antonio MTFs. Focused education sessions were effective in increasing providers' knowledge of updated pneumococcal vaccination recommendations, confidence in recommending vaccines, total number of pneumococcal vaccinations given, and estimated pneumococcal vaccination rate for adults with asthma. The validity of conclusions drawn from our data were limited because of discordant numbers of survey respondents as well as potentially inaccurate estimates of pneumococcal vaccination rates pre- and post-intervention. Despite this, the results warrant continued education of pneumococcal vaccines, indications, and dosing schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, including Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPDs), pose a substantial public health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially among children and older adults. Vaccination campaigns have played a vital role in reducing pneumococcal-related deaths. However, obstacles related to accessibility and awareness might impede optimal vaccine adoption. This study aims to provide comprehensive data on pneumococcal vaccine coverage and attitudes within at-risk groups in Italy, with the goal of informing public health strategies and addressing vaccination barriers. Methods Between April 11 and May 29, 2022, a questionnaire investigating vaccine uptake and attitudes toward several vaccinations was administered to 10,000 Italian adults, chosen through population-based sampling. Respondents who were targets of the campaign according to the 2017–2019 National Vaccination Plan, accessed questions regarding pneumococcal vaccination. Data on uptake, awareness of having the right to free vaccination, opinion on vaccine safety, concern with pneumococcal disease, and ease of access to vaccination services were summarized and presented based on statistical regions. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors influencing vaccine uptake. Results Out of 2357 eligible adult respondents (42.6% women; mean age: 58.1 ± 15.7), 39.5% received pneumococcal vaccination. Uptake differed among at-risk groups: respondents aged ≥65 (33.7%), with lung disease (48.4%), cardiovascular disease (46.6%), and diabetes (53.7%). Predictors of not being vaccinated and unwilling to included female gender, residing in rural areas, lower education, low concern about pneumococcal disease, vaccine safety concerns, and associations with vaccine-opposed acquaintances. Health access issues predicted willingness to be vaccinated despite non-vaccination. Pneumopathy, heart disease, diabetes, and living in Northeastern or Central Italy were linked to higher uptake. Among the 1064 parents of eligible children, uptake was 79.1%. Parental unawareness of children’s free vaccination eligibility was a predictor of non-vaccination. Vaccine safety concerns correlated with reluctance to vaccinate children, while perceived healthcare access challenges were associated with wanting but not having received vaccination. Conclusions Pneumococcal vaccination uptake within prioritized groups and children in Italy remains inadequate. Scarce awareness of vaccine availability and obstacles in accessing vaccinations emerge as principal barriers influencing this scenario.

Non-vaccine serotype (NVT) pneumococcal pneumonia in Japan has increased with the spread of pneumococcal vaccinations. However, there is no data regarding the clinical background and antimicrobial susceptibility of NVT isolates compared with those of vaccine serotype (VT) isolates in adult pneumococcal pneumonia. The serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of pneumococcal isolates obtained from patients with pneumonia at the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively evaluated along with the patients' clinical information. In total, 252 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia (98 NVT and 154 VT isolates) were included. Among NVTs, the most common serotype was 35B, followed by 15A, 34, 6C, 23A, and 15C. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 of each antibiotic in 35B and 15A tend to be higher than those in 34, 6C, and 23A. Regarding background characteristics, the percentages of patients with dementia and liver disease were significantly higher in patients in the VT group than in those in the NVT group (p = 0.048 and p = 0.012, respectively). There were no significant differences in the severity of pneumonia and mortality rate between patients with the VT and NVT isolates. This study first demonstrated that NVT isolates included those with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics in adult pneumonia in Japan. The data of the present study can be useful in optimizing treatment strategies for pneumococcal pneumonia because of the increasing number of NVT cases in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Therapeutic administration of a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine was evaluated. • Whole cell vaccine reduces pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density. • The reduction in density requires antibodies. • Whole cell vaccine also reduced pneumococcal shedding and middle ear infection. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) have substantially reduced the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). However, protection is limited to vaccine serotypes, and when administered to children who are colonized with pneumococci at the time of vaccination, immune responses to the vaccine are blunted. Here, we investigate the potential of a killed whole cell pneumococcal vaccine (WCV) to reduce existing pneumococcal carriage and mucosal disease when given therapeutically to infant mice colonized with pneumococci. We show that a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal carriage density in an antibody-dependent manner. Therapeutic vaccination induced robust immune responses to pneumococcal surface antigens CbpA, PspA (family 1) and PiaA. In a co-infection model of otitis media, a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal middle ear infection. Lastly, in a two-dose model, therapeutic administration of WCV reduced nasal shedding of pneumococci. Taken together, our data demonstrate that WCV administered in colonized mice reduced pneumococcal density in the nasopharynx and the middle ear, and decreased shedding. WCVs would be beneficial in low and middle-income settings where pneumococcal carriage in children is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, including Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPDs), pose a substantial public health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially among children and older adults. Vaccination campaigns have played a vital role in reducing pneumococcal-related deaths. However, obstacles related to accessibility and awareness might impede optimal vaccine adoption. This study aims to provide comprehensive data on pneumococcal vaccine coverage and attitudes within at-risk groups in Italy, with the goal of informing public health strategies and addressing vaccination barriers. Methods: Between April 11 and May 29, 2022, a questionnaire investigating vaccine uptake and attitudes toward several vaccinations was administered to 10,000 Italian adults, chosen through population-based sampling. Respondents who were targets of the campaign according to the 2017–2019 National Vaccination Plan, accessed questions regarding pneumococcal vaccination. Data on uptake, awareness of having the right to free vaccination, opinion on vaccine safety, concern with pneumococcal disease, and ease of access to vaccination services were summarized and presented based on statistical regions. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors influencing vaccine uptake. Results: Out of 2357 eligible adult respondents (42.6% women; mean age: 58.1 ± 15.7), 39.5% received pneumococcal vaccination. Uptake differed among at-risk groups: respondents aged ≥65 (33.7%), with lung disease (48.4%), cardiovascular disease (46.6%), and diabetes (53.7%). Predictors of not being vaccinated and unwilling to included female gender, residing in rural areas, lower education, low concern about pneumococcal disease, vaccine safety concerns, and associations with vaccine-opposed acquaintances. Health access issues predicted willingness to be vaccinated despite non-vaccination. Pneumopathy, heart disease, diabetes, and living in Northeastern or Central Italy were linked to higher uptake. Among the 1064 parents of eligible children, uptake was 79.1%. Parental unawareness of children's free vaccination eligibility was a predictor of non-vaccination. Vaccine safety concerns correlated with reluctance to vaccinate children, while perceived healthcare access challenges were associated with wanting but not having received vaccination. Conclusions: Pneumococcal vaccination uptake within prioritized groups and children in Italy remains inadequate. Scarce awareness of vaccine availability and obstacles in accessing vaccinations emerge as principal barriers influencing this scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Vaccination Program in Romania aimed at vaccinating the adult population takes shape as of 1 December 2023 by introducing a compensation mechanism for adults at risk. This article brings to the attention of medical professionals the importance of pneumococcal vaccination for adults with various comorbidities and also the recovery of the pneumococcal vaccine in children born before 1 October 2017. We detail the burden of pneumococcal disease in patients at risk, as well as the importance of proper support and promotion of pneumococcal vaccinations, the groups at risk, as well as current vaccination recommendations. We will present a statistic made in a family medicine office, that aims to show the fact that in one year the entire eligible population of the office can be immunized with pneumococcal vaccine, if there are the necessary levers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recommendations around the use of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) seldom focus on potential benefits of vaccine on comorbidities. We aimed to investigate whether sequential vaccination with PCV13 and PPSV23 among older adults would provide protection against cardiovascular diseases (CVD) compared with using a single pneumococcal vaccine. Methods We conducted a Hong Kong-wide retrospective cohort study between 2012 and 2020. Adults aged ≥65 years were identified as receiving either a single or sequential dual vaccination and followed up until the earliest CVD occurrence, death or study end. To minimize confounding, we matched each person receiving a single vaccination to a person receiving sequential vaccination according to their propensity scores. We estimated the hazard ratio (HR) of CVD risk using Cox regression and applied structural equation modelling to test whether the effect of sequential dual vaccination on CVD was mediated via the reduction in pneumonia. Results After matching, 69 390 people remained in each group and the median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 1.89 (1.55) years. Compared with those receiving a single vaccine, those receiving sequential dual vaccination had a lower risk of CVD [HR (95% CI): 0.75 (0.71, 0.80), P  <   0.001]. Post-hoc mediation analysis showed strong evidence that the decreased CVD risk was mediated by the reduction in all-cause pneumonia. Conclusions Sequential dual pneumococcal vaccination was associated with lower risk of CVD compared with single-dose PCV13 or PPSV23 in older adults. Such additional CVD benefits should be considered when making decisions about pneumococcal vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo examine the coverage and influencing factors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among urban and rural residents aged ≥ 50 years in Zhejiang province for promoting the vaccination of the two vaccines in the population. MethodsA face-to-face interview with a self-designed questionnaire was conducted during June of 2022 among 2 200 residents aged 50 years above recruited in 35 communities/villages of 7 districts/counties, Zhejiang province. The coverage of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination were statistically described and unconditional multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze main influencing factors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. ResultsOf the 2100 residents ultimately included in the analysis, 776 (36.95%) and 116 (5.52%) reported having influenza vaccination in past one year and pneumococcal vaccination in past five years, respectively. The results of unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the residents having the education of high school and above, with influenza vaccine-related awareness, being able to have free of charge vaccination, and ever receiving doctor’s relevant recommendation were more likely to have influenza vaccination and that the residents being able to have pneumococcal vaccination free of charge and ever receiving doctor’s relevant recommendation were more likely to have pneumococcal vaccination. The vaccinees of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine reported following similar vaccination motivations: receiving vaccination notification from community health centers (reported by 590 [76.03%] and 85 [73.28%] of the vaccinees), being promoted by suggestions of family members (400 [51.55%] and 67 [57.76%]), and self-intention to prevent the diseases (350 [45.49%] and 51 [43.97%]); while, the non-vaccinees of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine also reported similar reasons for not having the vaccinations, including without knowledge about influenza or pneumococcal vaccine (reported by 816 [61.63%] and 1 334 [63.52%] of the non-vaccinees), being worried about side effects of the vaccine (321 [24.24%] and 442 [22.28%]), and not perceiving vaccination necessity (296 [22.36%] and 472 [22.48%]). ConclusionThe vaccination rate of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine are relatively low and mainly influenced by the accessibility of vaccinations free of charge and recommendation on the vaccinations from medical professionals among residents aged ≥ 50 in Zhejiang province.

Background: The Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has decreased cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) worldwide. However, the impact of PCVs introduction may be affected by the serotype distribution in a specific context. Methods: Cross-sectional multicenter passive surveillance study of IPD cases in pediatric patients hospitalized in Lima, Peru between 2016 and 2019 (after PCV13 introduction) to determine the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Serotyping was performed by a sequential multiplex PCR and confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Results: Eighty-five S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered (4.07/100,000 among children

On-time receipt of pneumococcal vaccines is essential in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as immunosuppressive medications increase their risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). However, data regarding the impact of timely administration of these vaccines on the risk of developing IPD are lacking for RA patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of on-time vaccination for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13 and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) 23 in patients treated for RA on the development of IPD using national Veterans Affairs data from 2010 to 2018. Patients > 18 years of age, diagnosed with RA, and newly initiated on RA treatment were included. Pneumococcal vaccine compliance was assessed by measuring on-time receipt of PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccinations. A total of 33,545 patients were included in the cohort. Non-compliance with PCV recommendations was associated with an increased risk of IPD in a multivariable logistic regression model. This finding was consistent whether IPD status was ascertained by International Classification of Diseases coding (OR 2.42, 95%CI 2.14–2.73) or microbiologic data (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.26–2.14). Providers should actively seek opportunities to provide pneumococcal vaccinations to patients with RA, as their on-time administration is associated with a decreased risk of IPD.

Background. Individuals who were vaccinated against seasonal influenza or had a history of pneumococcal vaccination were found to be less likely to become infected and tolerate COVID-19 more easily. However, it has not been sufficiently studied how vaccination against these infections, carried out during the pandemic period, can affect the incidence of COVID-19.Aims. The purpose of the investigation: to study the effect of vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection carried out during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection on the susceptibility and course of COVID-19 in healthcare workers.Materials and methods. In August- Setempber 2020, after the first rise in the incidence of COVID-19, out of 547 employees (aged 18 to 70 years) of a medical organization (MO), 266 (49%) were vaccinated against influenza (group II, n = 98), pneumococcal infection (group III, n = 60) and combined vaccination (group IV, n = 108), while 281 (51%) remained unvaccinated (group 1). Follow-up period: from September 2020 to March 2021 with the registration of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) according to primary medical records and the use of PCR methods for SARS-CoV-2, epidemiological and statistical analysis.Results. Two months after the start of the study, the proportion of cases of COVID-19 in the 1st group (unvaccinated) was 5% versus 1% in the 4th group (persons vaccinated with two vaccines), after 4 months – 15% and 5%, respectively, and at the end of observation (166 days) – 16% and 8%, respectively. That is, among unvaccinated individuals, the risk of getting COVID-19 was higher by HR = 2.1 [95% CI: 1.0÷4.7] times. The time between the start of observation and a positive test for COVID-19 in study participants was significantly higher in the 4th group compared to the group I: 106 [60–136] days versus 47 [17–75] days. The distribution of patients with COVID-19 according to the severity of viral pneumonia showed that in unvaccinated patients in most (64%) cases, pneumonia had a moderate to severe course, while in the 4th group of patients with combined vaccination in 100% of cases, mild (p = 0.04 for the entire sample).Conclusions. During the COVID-19 epidemic rises, vaccination against respiratory infections remains relevant, reducing the number of cases, the severity of the coronavirus infection and preventing the occurrence of co-infections.

Relevance The World Health Organization estimates that in 2020, around 13.5 million children around the world did not receive routine immunizations, as expected, due to a shift in focus to fight a deadly pandemic. Aim Determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the routine immunization of children using the example of vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Materials and methods of research The ongoing retrospective study in the city polyclinic No. 3 of the city of Almaty of the Republic of Kazakhstan covered the period from 2019 to 2021. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significance (p < 0.05) using Z-score. Results Annual coverage of the first vaccination in children aged 2 months in 2019 was 98%, and in 2020 it decreased to 86.1% (Z = 4.112431; P = 0.000039). In 2021, the indicator increased again, and reached the level of 96.8%. For the second dose of pneumococcal vaccine, coverage decreased from 98% (2019) to 80% (2020) (Z = 5.056653; P = 0.000001). In the next 2021, coverage was 96.7%. The null hypothesis is also rejected for the third dose of pneumococcal vaccine in children aged 12-15 months. If in 2019 the implementation of the annual plan was 98.5%, then in 2020 it decreased significantly, and showed only 85.4% (Z = 5.562573; P = 0.000001). Coverage recovery was successful in 2021, meeting the target by 96.6%. According to the data, coverage was lowest in 2020 and also for the second dose of pneumococcal vaccine. Conclusions The current study demonstrates the decline in vaccination coverage among Kazakh children during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a leading cause of death. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at risk of IPD due to immunosuppressant medications. Up until 2022, two pneumococcal vaccines, the 13-valent Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), were recommended. Despite the recommendation change to give a single 20-valent PCV vaccine (PCV20), some still require multiple vaccinations. There is a need to identify barriers to vaccine uptake. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the on-time vaccination rates for PCV13 and PPSV23 in treated RA patients between 2010 and 2018 using national Veterans Affairs data. Patients > 18 years of age diagnosed with RA and newly initiated on RA treatment were included. Pneumococcal vaccine compliance was assessed by measuring on-time receipt of PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccinations. We identified factors using multivariate logistic regression and described the occurrence of these factors using descriptive statistics. A total of 39,243 patients were included in the study. Most patients were white (75.8 %), male (85.4 %), on methotrexate therapy (41.4 %). The average age was 62.3 years. The proportion of patients considered vaccine compliant is 43.9 %. The primary independent risk factors for vaccine non-compliance were black/African American race (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.26, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] 1.19–1.34) or missing/unknown race (OR 1.45, 95 % CI 1.31–1.61), missing/unknown ethnicity (OR 1.21, 1.02–1.43), never married (OR 1.10, 95 % CI 1.02–1.19) or widowed (OR 1.23, 95 % CI 1.12–1.34), diagnosed with congestive heart failure (OR 1.10, 95 % CI 1.00–1.22), or dementia (OR 1.48, 95 % CI 1.16–1.91). The proportion of patients who were non-compliant in patients who were vaccine naïve was 32.1 % and the non-compliance rate for non-naïve patients was 65.3 %. Providers should identify barriers to pneumococcal vaccination in RA patients to improve compliance. Efforts to increase vaccination should be tailored to specific high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is currently a lack of primary care or communitybased regional and national data concerning vaccination rates among older individuals in Turkey. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the pneumococcal, influenza, and herpes zoster vaccination rates associated factors among individuals aged 65 and over in Efeler, the central district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Materials and Method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was performed between September 2022 and November 2022 at 10 family health centers randomly selected from a total of 34 such centers in Efeler. The study’s calculated sample size was 321 participants. During the study period, a researcher administered data collection forms that had been developed via a literature review to older patients on a face-to-face basis. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20.0 statistical software, while descriptive statistics as well as chi-square and logistic regression tests were employed to identify the factors associated with vaccination rates among this population. The statistical significance level was set as p <0.05. Results: Among the 321 participants, 51.4% were male, 70.7% were in the 65–74 age range, 77.0% were married, and 88.2% had at least one chronic disease. Moreover, 90.0% were aware of the vaccines recommended for their age group, while 81.3% stated that vaccines had been recommended to them after the age of 60. In the past year, 39.3% of participants had received an influenza vaccine, 6.2% had received at least two doses of pneumococcal vaccine, and 0.3% had received a herpes zoster vaccine. The influenza vaccine coverage in the past year was 2.1 times higher in those aged 75 years and over than in younger participants (p = 0.005), while it was 3.9 times higher in those with chronic diseases compared to those without (p = 0.004). The participants with active employment had received at least two doses of pneumococcal vaccine, indicating a vaccine rate 13.1 times higher than among those without employment (p < 0.001), while participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or asthma had a vaccination rate 7.8 times higher than participants without either condition (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The overall vaccination coverage among the participants was quite low. While the influenza vaccine was commonly received, the herpes zoster vaccine was only rarely administered. An older age and the presence of chronic diseases were associated with higher influenza vaccination rates, while being in active employment and having COPD and/or asthma were associated with higher pneumococcal vaccination rates. Further qualitative studies are required to elucidate the behaviors and attitudes of the younger members of the older adult age group who do not have chronic diseases when it comes to receiving vaccines included in the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has decreased cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) worldwide. However, the impact of PCVs introduction may be affected by the serotype distribution in a specific context. Cross-sectional multicenter passive surveillance study of IPD cases in pediatric patients hospitalized in Lima, Peru between 2016 and 2019 (after PCV13 introduction) to determine the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Serotyping was performed by a sequential multiplex PCR and confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Eighty-five S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered (4.07/100,000 among children <60 months of age). Serotype 19A was the most common (49.4%). Children infected with serotype 19A in comparison with children infected with other serotypes were younger, had a lower rate of meningitis and higher rates of pneumonia, complicated pneumonia and antimicrobial resistance; 28.6% of patients with serotype 19A have received at least one dose of PCV13 vs. 62.8% of patients with other serotypes. Using MIC-breakpoints, 81.2% (56/69) of non-meningitis strains and 31.2% (5/16) of meningitis strains were susceptible to penicillin; 18.8% (3/16) of meningitis strains had intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone. Resistance to azithromycin was 78.8% (67/85). Serotype 19A frequency increased over time in the same study population, from 4.2% (4/96) in 2006–2008, to 8.6% (5/58) in 2009–2011, to 49.4% (42/85) in the current study (2016–2019) (p < 0.001). After PCV13 introduction in Peru, serotype 19A remains the most prevalent; however, the vaccination coverage is still not optimal. Therefore, additonal surveillance studies are needed to determine the remaining IPD burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaccination against pneumococcus reduces the risk of infective events, hospitalisation, and death in individual with inflammatory arthritis, particularly in those on immunomodulating therapy who are at risk of worse outcomes from pneumococcal disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the serological protection following vaccination against pneumococcal serovars over time. Methods: This was a single centre, retrospective cohort study of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or axial spondylarthritis who had previously received the PPSV23 polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax). Data were retrieved between January 2021 to August 2023. Dates of previous pneumococcal vaccination were identified using linked primary care records. Serum serotype levels were collected. The primary outcome was serological response defined as a titre ≥0.35 mcg/mL in at least five from a total of 12 evaluated pneumococcal serovars, examined using a Luminex platform. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, co-morbidities, and the use of prednisolone, conventional synthetic and biological DMARDs were used to determine the odds of a sustained serological response according to time categorised into ≤5 years, 5–10 years, and ≥10 years since vaccination. Results: Serological response was measured in 296 individuals with inflammatory arthritis, with rheumatoid arthritis the most common diagnosis (74% of patients). The median time between pneumococcal vaccine administration and serological assessment was 6 years (interquartile range 2.4 to 9.9). A positive serological response to at least 5 serovars was present in 195/296 (66%) of patients. Time since vaccination did not significantly associate with serological protection compared with those vaccinated <5 years, the adjusted ORs of vaccine response was 1.15 (95% CI 0.64 to 2.07) in those 5–10 years and 1.26 (95% CI: 0.64 to 2.48) in those vaccinated over 10 years ago. No individual variable from the multivariate model reached statistical significance as an independent predictor of vaccine response, although steroid use at the time of vaccine had a consistent detrimental impact on serological immunity. Conclusions: We demonstrated that antibody titres following vaccination against pneumococcal serovars do not appear to wane over time. It appears more critical to focus on maximising the initial vaccine response, which is known to be diminished in this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to document vaccination coverage for five vaccines, predictors of each vaccine's uptake and attitudes regarding adult vaccination. Adults visiting four pharmacies were randomly invited to participate during summer 2022. Among 395 participants (mean age 51.2 years, range 19–96), vaccination rates were 78.1% for influenza and 25.8% for herpes zoster (≥60 years old), 64.3% for pneumococcal disease (≥65 years old), 33.1% for tetanus, while 11.4% had received two and 74.8% ≥3 COVID-19 vaccine doses. Half of participants (50.1%) voiced some degree of hesitancy, and 1.3% were refusers. The strongest predictor of each vaccine's uptake was doctor's recommendation (OR range 11.33–37.66, p < 0.001) and pharmacist's recommendation (4.01–19.52, p < 0.05), except for the COVID-19 vaccine, where the Attitude Towards Adult VACcination (ATAVAC) value of adult vaccination subscale's score was the only predictor (OR: 5.75, p < 0.001). Regarding insufficient coverage, thematic content analysis revealed seven main themes. Insufficient knowledge, the absence of health professionals' recommendation, perception of low susceptibility to disease, negligence and dispute of vaccine effectiveness were universal themes, whereas safety concerns and distrust in authorities were reported solely for COVID-19 vaccination. Designing public interventions aiming to increase trust in adult vaccination is essential in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health professionals' role in recommending strongly adult vaccination is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Coronary heart disease (CHD) increases the risk of adverse outcomes from invasive pneumococcal disease. Methods: Using the 2020 and 2021 data from the national health interview survey, we identified adults with CHD. Chi-square analysis and logistic regression were used to examine factors that influence vaccination status. Results: There were 2675 participants aged 41 and above with CHD. Participants were predominantly white people (82.5%) and males (60.1%). The odds of receiving the pneumococcal vaccine increased with stepwise increase in comorbidities from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3. Among individuals with ≥2 comorbidities, black people were less likely to be vaccinated compared with white people. Conclusion: Pneumococcal vaccine uptake among adults with CHD is determined by cumulative comorbidities and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our study aimed to evaluate the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates in patients diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and the awareness of these patients about vaccination after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Material and Method: Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire was applied to diabetic patients who met the criteria and applied to the internal medicine outpatient clinic at the University of Health Sciences, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kirdar City Hospital, questioning the status of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, and their awareness of vaccination before and after the COVID-19 pandemic; and the results were evaluated. Results: A total of 195 cases, 43.6% female and 56.4% male, with a mean age of 58.53±10.73 years, were included in the study. 92.8% of the cases were T2DM; and the mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 15.11±7.64 years. 48.2% of the cases had at least one type of vaccine (83% influenza, 47.9% pneumococcal vaccine) before the pandemic. It was observed that 51.8% of the cases were not vaccinated with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Among the reasons why these patients were not vaccinated, the most common reason was that the doctor did not give information about vaccination (44.6%). 70.3% of the cases who had not been vaccinated before decided to have both vaccinations after the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: In our study, it was determined that the pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates of diabetic patients were low before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the most important factor causing this was the inadequacy of the physician to inform the patients. Patient age, diagnosis of T2DM, duration of diabetes mellitus, and presence of additional disease were positively associated with vaccination. According to the data, the COVID-19 pandemic has positively affected the approach to vaccination of diabetic patients who have not been vaccinated before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2017, pneumococcal vaccination has evolved from a recommended chargeable vaccination to a mandatory, and therefore free, vaccination for all children. While a 10-valent vaccine is commonly used, parents have the option to use a 13-valent vaccine for a fee. This study aimed to investigate whether and how the introduction of free pneumococcal vaccination affected the uptake of recommended vaccination and to assess the association of chargeable pneumococcal vaccination with recommended vaccination. Data from 1595 vaccination record cards kept by six primary care clinics in urban and rural areas of Poland were collected and analyzed for children born between 2015 and 2018. Belonging to the clinic and the year of birth were the only inclusion criteria. Following the introduction of free universal pneumococcal vaccination, more children were vaccinated with the recommended vaccination (61.2% vs. 66.6%, p = 0.026). The most significant change was in vaccination against rotavirus (48.5% vs. 54.4%, p = 0.018) and against meningococcal B bacteria (4.8% vs. 17.0%, p < 0.001). Children who received chargeable pneumococcal vaccination were also significantly more likely to be vaccinated with recommended vaccines (54.6% vs. 75.9%, p < 0.001). In particular, this was the case for multivalent vaccinations—against rotavirus, chickenpox, and meningococcal C bacteria. Reducing the impact of the economic factor, for example, by introducing free vaccinations, should have a positive impact on the uptake of other recommended vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient adult vaccination coverage rates remain an international challenge. This nationwide study aimed at exploring vaccination coverage and predictors of influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, tetanus, measles, and hepatitis B vaccine uptake, following the recommendations of the National Immunization Program for adults. This was a multicenter, mixed-methods study conducted at 23 primary care units in six different regions of Greece. A pretested questionnaire was administered to three randomly selected adults who visited each practice daily for 30 consecutive working days. Among the 1571 participants, vaccination coverage for influenza in the high-risk groups was 55%, 36% for pneumococcal disease, 12% for herpes zoster (HZ), 21% for tetanus, 33% for measles, and 11% for hepatitis B. Perception of low susceptibility to disease due to good health status, concerns about side-effects and vaccines' efficacy, and mistrust in pharmaceutical companies were among common factors associated with the vaccines uptake. The strongest factor associated with the participants' vaccination status was their doctor's recommendation (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] influenza: 6.06 [4.52–8.14], pneumococcal disease: 15.73 [10.98–22.52], HZ: 17.01 [9.05–31.96], tetanus: 23.93 [16.20–35.35], measles: 33.47 [16.85–66.47], and hepatitis B: 73.92 [17.47–312.74]). Being well-informed about each vaccine was also a predictor of its uptake. Vaccination coverage was suboptimal and especially low in tetanus, HZ, and hepatitis B immunization. Person-centered approach, with provision of appropriate information about vaccines' safety and efficacy, responding to each patient's needs, as well as physicians' strong recommendation for vaccination are considered crucial to advocate against the spread of vaccine misinformation and increase vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from 2017, pneumococcal vaccination was added to the Polish vaccination calendar as mandatory for all children born after 2016. The 10-valent conjugate vaccine was selected as mandatory and therefore free of charge. This paper aims to examine the impact of introducing mandatory vaccination on vaccine uptake. For this purpose, an analysis was conducted for 1595 vaccination record sheets from outpatient clinics in Wrocław and surrounding villages for children born 2015–2018. After the introduction of compulsory vaccination, the percentage of children fully vaccinated against pneumococcus increased (60.4% vs. 84.8%, p < 0.001). A significant decrease in the number of children who did not receive any dose of the vaccine was observed (27.8% to 3.3%, p < 0.001). The introduction of compulsory vaccination did not affect the completion of the pneumococcal schedule (11.8% vs. 11.9%). Compulsory PCV10 vaccination resulted in the less frequent choice of the 13-valent vaccine (72.3% vs. 19.9%, p < 0.001). More children in rural outpatient clinics were vaccinated against pneumococcus compared to urban outpatient clinics (84.8% vs. 70.8%, p < 0.001). The introduction of free pneumococcal vaccination increased the proportion of children vaccinated, although it did not affect the rate of discontinuation of the initiated schedule. In Poland, the increased popularity of the 10-valent vaccine at the expense of the 13-valent one translated into a change in the proportion of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain patient profile characteristics, such as preexisting medical conditions, can modify the risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia among adults vaccinated and not vaccinated against pneumococcal disease. This retrospective cohort study aimed to quantify the risk of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 among individuals from 15 to 64 years old with and without pneumococcal vaccination in Spain during the 2020–2021 influenza season and establish a risk profile of patients more likely to develop SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Data (demographic information, patient medical history, and lifestyle habits) were gathered both directly from the patient via personal interview and by reviewing electronic medical records. In an adjusted analysis for pneumococcal vaccinated patients, visits to hospital outpatient clinics were protective while visits to primary health care services, being widowed, obese, and not using masks in outdoor open spaces were identified as risk factors. For patients who had not received a pneumococcal vaccine, visits to hospital outpatient clinics were protective, while being overweight or obese, alcohol consumption, and not using masks in outdoor open spaces were identified as risk factors. Concerning comorbidities, in the pneumococcal vaccinated group none were found to be protective but having diabetes or other respiratory diseases were identified as risk factors. In the unvaccinated group, undergoing immunosuppressive treatment and having metastatic tumors were protective factors, while cerebrovascular disease and obesity with a BMI ≥ 40 were risk factors. A similar risk profile for developing SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in pneumococcal vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals was found. Generally, vaccinated individuals had a lower risk of developing SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that vaccination against S. pneumoniae could prevent and reduce SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Additionally, this study has identified individuals with other medical conditions, such as obesity, underweight, diabetes, and a history of respiratory diseases, who are at an increased risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and could benefit from vaccination and supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Community-acquired pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain a serious public health problem in all respects today.Aims. To summarize the studies of domestic authors on the study of the effect of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on various parts of the immune system and their relationship with the clinical course of the disease in patients with COPD and community-acquired pneumonia. We also consider it necessary to discuss the possible mechanisms of therapeutic effects after the introduction of a monovaccine against S. pneumoniae, as well as when it is combined with vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection, and the effectiveness of various vaccination regimens, including complex ones.Conclusions. Convincing arguments are presented proving that the introduction of vaccines against respiratory infections can have not only a reventive value, but also a therapeutic effect, accompanied by a transient restoration of the immune system parameters, as well as a reduction in the contamination or elimination of S. pneumoniae in patients with chronic pathology of the bronchopulmonary system.

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage is a prerequisite for clinical infections and is used to make public health decisions on vaccine licensure. Pneumococcal carriage data among high-risk Thai adults are needed before national vaccine program introduction. The association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumococcal carriage were also investigated. Methods: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted among high-risk Thai adults from September 2021 to November 2022. Pneumococcal carriage and serotypes were investigated using both conventional and molecular methods. Demographics and co-morbidities were determined for carriage while accounting for case clustering from various study sites. Results: A total of 370 individuals were enrolled. The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage, as determined by the molecular method, was 30.8 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 26.1–35.8), while after excluding non-typeable pneumococci from the oropharyngeal sample, the carriage prevalence was 20.8 % (95 % CI: 16.79–25.31). The serotype coverage rates by pneumococcal vaccine were 12.3 %, 13.1 %, and 16.4 % for PCV13, PCV15 or PCV20, and PPSV23, respectively, while the non-vaccine type was the majority (45.1 %). The most common serotype was 19B/C (35.5 %), followed by 6 A/B/C/D (10.7 %). The age group under 65 years was associated with a higher pneumococcal carriage rate than the age group 85 and older (odds ratio (OR): 5.01, 95 % CI: 1.75–14.36). There was no significant difference between SARS-CoV-2 and carriage status. Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in Thais was high. The majority of serotypes were not covered by the vaccine. Further studies on the link between carriage serotypes and disease are required. The magnitude and serotype distribution of carriage were comparable in the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups.

Influenza is an important respiratory viral pathogen in adults, with secondary bacterial pneumonia being a common complication. While pneumococcal vaccines can prevent pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease, whether they can also prevent the severe in-hospital outcomes among patients hospitalized for influenza has not been examined. A territory-wide retrospective study was conducted in Hong Kong, which included all adult patients having chronic airway diseases (asthma, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) hospitalized for influenza and who had received seasonal influenza vaccine. The occurrence of secondary bacterial pneumonia, mortality, and other severe in-hospital outcomes were compared among subjects with or without pneumococcal vaccination. There was a total of 3066 eligible patients who were hospitalized for influenza in public hospitals in Hong Kong from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2023. Completed pneumococcal vaccination with PSV23/PCV13 conferred protection against secondary bacterial pneumonia, all-cause mortality, and respiratory cause of mortality with adjusted odds ratios of 0.74 (95% CI = 0.57–0.95, p = 0.019), 0.12 (95% CI = 0.03–0.53, p = 0.005), and 0.04 (95% CI = 0.00–0.527, p = 0.0038), respectively.