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Background After being completely promoted for less than seven years, China's contracted family doctor service work still faces a number of development problems. The primary obstacle impeding the work of contracted family doctor service is an inadequate guarantee mechanism. There is an urgent need for scientific and reasonable policies on contracted family doctor service to guarantee the effective development of the work. Objective To quantitatively analyze the textual content of China's contracted family doctor service policies, to explore the focus and shortcomings of the existing policies, and to provide the basis and reference for the development and optimization of the subsequent contracted family doctor service policies. Methods Policy texts were collected by visiting the official websites of the China government and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China on 2023-01-10, and 15 policy texts on contracted family doctor service from 2015—2022 were selected to construct a three-dimensional analytical framework of policy tools-stakeholders-policy strength, to categorize, code, and analyze the policy documents. Results Supply-based, demand-based, and environment-based tools accounted for 30.5% (69/226), 19.0% (43/226), and 50.5% (114/226) of the policy tool dimension. Family doctors, contractors, non-contractors, primary medical and health care institutions, hospitals (secondary and above), and the government accounted for 29.2% (123/422), 14.7% (62/422), 9.2% (39/422), 21.3% (90/422), 13.3% (56/422), and 12.3% (52/422) of the stakeholder dimension. The average strength of China's contracted family doctor service policies was 2.2 points. In the cross-dimension of policy tools-stakeholders, the distribution of stakeholders in supply-based and environment-based tools was relatively poor. There were some sub-tools that were absent from the policy tools. In the cross-dimension of policy tools-policy strength, environment-oriented policy instruments were used more often as policy strength increased. In the cross-dimension of stakeholders-policy strength, there were large differences of the policy strength matching scores among various stakeholders. Family doctors had the highest score (311 points) with non-contractors the lowest score (90 points) . Conclusion From the perspective of policy tools, policy tools should be allocated rationally, with the weight of use continuously adjusted, the internal structure optimized, and the rationality of the distribution of policy tools among stakeholders improved. From the stakeholder's perspective, all stakeholders should be taken into account, their respective positions need to be clarified, and the demand of the non-contractors should be emphasized. From the perspective of policy strength, the policy supervision and management capacity ought to be strengthened to continuously improve the implementation of the policy of contracted family doctor service.

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With the increasing uncertainty and complexity of disasters, the tourism industry in disaster-stricken areas is often hard hit, so it is urgent to improve the resilience of the tourism industry. Based on the perspective of regional economic resilience, this study takes Wenchuan earthquake as an example to explore the theoretical framework, research ideas and methods of tourist destination resilience. The industry policy should be included in the resilience construction to theoretically respond to the reasons for the improvement of the resilience and sustainability of tourism industry in the post-disaster recovery. Taking Sichuan tourism as the research object, this paper estimated the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on Sichuan tourism and the effect of industrial policies on the resilience of the tourism industry in the post-disaster recovery. The results show that the total revenue loss of Sichuan tourism industry brought by Wenchuan earthquake is 87.298 billion yuan, and the post-disaster recovery window period is 7 years (2008–2014). After the earthquake, the industrial policy measures taken have effectively improved the resilience of Sichuan's tourism industry, making it reach the level that it would have been before the earthquake and assuming that there had been no earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to comprehensively analyze the characteristics and contents of the policy release of health care payment reform in China and propose policy suggestions for future deepening reform, this study obtained 171 health care payment reform policy at the national level in China from 2009 to 2021 through systematic retrieval. Using statistical methods, social network analysis methods and content analysis methods, we constructed a three - dimensional analysis framework based on“policy tools - policy objectives - policy strength” based on the diachronic analysis of policy items and the analysis of publishing institutions. We then further conduct a multi - dimensional quantitative classification and cross - comparative analysis of policy content. The study found that policy tools are rich and diverse under the framework of policy analysis, while the internal distribution is uneven. The reform focuses on service quality improvement, but the distribution of each objective varies greatly. Additionally, the number of high - intensity specialized documents is relatively small, and the overall control capacity is low. The analysis of each cross - dimension shows different degrees of mismatch and structural imbalance. We recommend improving the internal structure of the policy and enhancing the balance of the use of policy tools; giving full play to the policy goal-strength synergy effect and improving the compatibility of all aspects of reform. It is also crucial to break the institutional factors that restrict the improvement of the policy system to promote reform and development from the bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical service policy plays a prominent role in the development of a “Healthy China.” This paper constructs a three-dimensional framework for text mining of medical service policy using the elements of policy instruments, policy strength, and types of medical service activity. Taking Sichuan Province as an example, 221 medical service policy documents, issued by the government and related departments, are selected as the research sample; the policy instruments, policy strength, and medical service activity types are analyzed using ROST and Nvivo 11.0 software. It is concluded that the government needs to optimize the structure of policy instruments, to appropriately reduce the use of environmental policy instruments in particular, while increasing the use of demand-based policy instruments. It is necessary to strengthen the interaction between the various sub-policy instruments, and to increase the use of financial services, fiscal taxes, overseas communications, and strategic measures. An increase in the implementation of government policy assists the acceleration of the policy landing, the further improvement of the supervision system, and the safeguard mechanism of the three medicine policy linkage, which can improve the sustainability of the medical service policy, and further resolve the difficulty and expense of seeing a doctor.

Inequity in the access to and deployment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has brought about great challenges in terms of resolving the pandemic. Aiming to analyze the association between country income level and COVID-19 vaccination coverage and explore the mediating role of vaccination policy, we conducted a cross-sectional ecological study. The dependent variable was COVID-19 vaccination coverage in 138 countries as of May 31, 2021. A single-mediator model based on structural equation modeling was developed to analyze mediation effects in different country income groups. Compared with high-income countries, upper-middle- (β = −1.44, 95% CI: −1.86–−1.02, p < 0.001), lower-middle- (β = −2.24, 95% CI: −2.67–−1.82, p < 0.001), and low- (β = −4.05, 95% CI: −4.59–−3.51, p < 0.001) income countries had lower vaccination coverage. Vaccination policies mediated 14.6% and 15.6% of the effect in upper-middle- (β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.39–−0.03, p = 0.020) and lower-middle- (β = −0.35, 95% CI: −0.56–−0.13, p = 0.002) income countries, respectively, whereas the mediation effect was not significant in low-income countries (β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.43–0.01, p = 0.062). The results were similar after adjusting for demographic structure and underlying health conditions. Income disparity remains an important cause of vaccine inequity, and the tendency toward “vaccine nationalism” restricts the functioning of the global vaccine allocation framework. Stronger mechanisms are needed to foster countries’ political will to promote vaccine equity.

Policies have long been considered the essential driving force in promoting construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling. However, the policy instruments adopted in different economies have varied greatly, which contributes to the difficulty in quantitative discernment of their effect. This study aims to examine whether the holistic employment of policy measures determines the development of CDW recycling around China. To accurately measure the holistic adoption of CDW policies, this study assessed policy strength via a proposed three-dimensional evaluation model. The spatiotemporal differences in policy strength among the 52 sample cities were further defined using K-means clustering and the Gini coefficient. Next, the driving effect of policy on the initial establishment of CDW recycling industry practices was examined by event history analysis (EHA). Finally, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was used to analyze the sufficiency and necessity of policy for the initial establishment of CDW recycling practices. The results indicated that the establishment of a first CDW recycling plant is only slightly correlated with policy measures, whereas it is highly correlated with the pilot city and per capita GDP. Furthermore, application of policy is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the establishment of a CDW recycling industry facility.

The concerns about the contradiction between agricultural production and Agricultural Non-Point (ANPS) pollution has become increased with economic development in China. Government interventions are key to controlling ANPS pollution through the establishment of laws and policies. This paper uses the entropy method to calculate the emissions amount of ANPS pollution and policy strength of 31 provinces from 2010 to 2019 in China. The dynamic panel data model with system generalized moment is used to estimate the impacts of policies with different measures on ANPS pollution emission. According to our findings, China's policies have been helpful in controlling ANPS pollution though there are important regional differences. Moreover, four types of policy measures all contribute to the reduction in ANPS pollution. These findings improve our understanding of the relationship between policies and ANPS pollution in the analyzed period, thus providing support for the formulation of pollution management strategies in the next stage.

Although China launched long-term care insurance (LTCI) pilot program in 2016, there are great challenges associated with developing a sustainable LTCI system due to limited financial resources and a rapid increase in the aging population. This study constructed an LTCI policy−population−economics (PPE) system to assess the sustainability of the LTCI system in China. Based on the latest 76 LTCI policy documents published between 2016 and 2021, this study evaluated the strength of LTCI policy modeling in 14 pilot cities by constructing a policy modeling consistency (PMC) index containing 9 main variables and 36 sub-variables. The coupling coordination model was used to evaluate the interaction between LTCI policy, population aging, and economic development. The results showed that the PMC index ranged from 0.527 to 0.850. The policy strength of Qingdao, Nantong, and Shanghai was the highest (PMC > 0.8). Anqing, Qiqihaer, Chongqing, and Chengdu had the lowest level of policy strength (PMC < 0.6). The main policy weaknesses were the coverage of the LTCI, the sources of funds, the scope of care services, and benefit eligibility. The coupling coordination degree of PPE systems varied from 0.429 to 0.921, with a mean of 0.651. Shanghai, Nantong, and Suzhou had the highest level of coordination. The coordination between subsystems of PPE in most pilot cities (12 of 14 cities) was at a basic or low level. The findings from this study concluded that the coordination within the PPE system should be improved to develop a sustainable LTCI system. To improve the coordination of the PPE system, it is suggested that the country should maintain sustainable economic growth and modify LTCI policies based on demographic transitions and economic development.

Inequity in the access to and deployment of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has brought about great challenges in terms of resolving the pandemic. Aiming to analyze the association between country income level and COVID-19 vaccination coverage and explore the mediating role of vaccination policy, we conducted a cross-sectional ecological study. The dependent variable was COVID-19 vaccination coverage in 138 countries as of May 31, 2021. A single-mediator model based on structural equation modeling was developed to analyze mediation effects in different country income groups. Compared with high-income countries, upper-middle- (β = −1.44, 95% CI: −1.86–−1.02, p < 0.001), lower-middle- (β = −2.24, 95% CI: −2.67–−1.82, p < 0.001), and low- (β = −4.05, 95% CI: −4.59–−3.51, p < 0.001) income countries had lower vaccination coverage. Vaccination policies mediated 14.6% and 15.6% of the effect in upper-middle- (β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.39–−0.03, p = 0.020) and lower-middle- (β = −0.35, 95% CI: −0.56–−0.13, p = 0.002) income countries, respectively, whereas the mediation effect was not significant in low-income countries (β = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.43–0.01, p = 0.062). The results were similar after adjusting for demographic structure and underlying health conditions. Income disparity remains an important cause of vaccine inequity, and the tendency toward "vaccine nationalism" restricts the functioning of the global vaccine allocation framework. Stronger mechanisms are needed to foster countries' political will to promote vaccine equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical service policy plays a prominent role in the development of a "Healthy China." This paper constructs a three-dimensional framework for text mining of medical service policy using the elements of policy instruments, policy strength, and types of medical service activity. Taking Sichuan Province as an example, 221 medical service policy documents, issued by the government and related departments, are selected as the research sample; the policy instruments, policy strength, and medical service activity types are analyzed using ROST and Nvivo 11.0 software. It is concluded that the government needs to optimize the structure of policy instruments, to appropriately reduce the use of environmental policy instruments in particular, while increasing the use of demand-based policy instruments. It is necessary to strengthen the interaction between the various sub-policy instruments, and to increase the use of financial services, fiscal taxes, overseas communications, and strategic measures. An increase in the implementation of government policy assists the acceleration of the policy landing, the further improvement of the supervision system, and the safeguard mechanism of the three medicine policy linkage, which can improve the sustainability of the medical service policy, and further resolve the difficulty and expense of seeing a doctor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Zhu, Zeng and Chen.)

Sustainable development of talent refers to the establishment of institutionalized, standardized, and systematic stabilization measures and procedures based on scientific principles. A talent management system is a series of systematic, regular, and systematic practices instead of policy that is short-term, fragmented, and involves special measures and practices. As an effective means of policy analysis, talent policy instruments play a critical role in promoting the sustainable development of talent. This study constructs an analytical framework from the dimensions of policy instruments, policy targets, and policy strength to examine the policy sustainability. It selects 30 talent policies issued by the Sichuan government as the research sample and uses ROST and NVivo software to quantify policy instruments, policy targets, and policy strength as analytical units. The results show that, in the supply-side policy instruments, many "capital investment" policy measures have been used, but the role of "talent information support" in the role of talent development has been neglected. Among the environmental policy instruments, "strategic measures" are used more frequently, and the economic leverage of "tax finance" has not been fully used. Among the demand-side policy instruments, "talent introduction" and "trade control" are used more frequently, but the application of "overseas talent agencies" remains unused. Policy targets focus on talent innovation and talent efficiency but pay less attention to talent flow, and policy strength is in line with strategic adjustments, but policies are not sufficiently sustainable. The formulation of regional talent policy should focus on the operability of policies, improve the structure of policy targets, and lead to sustainable development. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of policies and promote the sustainable development of talent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]