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Drivers of change in the reindeer management system are rather well-known. But when developing the gover-nance to support the traditional livelihoods, it is crucial to understand also practitioner perceptions. Systematic research on these is lacking. We analyzed the land-use and climate related drivers within the reindeer man-agement area (RMA) in Finland, and, using a perception geography approach, studied the herder perceptions towards these. We conducted an on-site questionnaire survey with herders from 51 herding districts. Factors directly affecting the welfare of reindeer were perceived as crucial by herders, for example basal icing affecting the forage availability, and land-use related factors limiting the seasonal pasture access. Perceptions of herders on biophysical factors were rather homogeneous. The regional heterogeneities in perceptions towards land-use related factors could be explained by spatial differences in land-use and varying herding traditions. Cumulative land-use impacts raised particular concerns. Our approach can be utilized in the co-planning of the northern land-use and more widely in the co-management of natural resources.

Go oahpahus viiddiduvvo luohkkálanja olggobeallái, de oahppanbirasin sáhttá leat vaikko gárdebáiki guovdu duoddara. Dutkanmateriála lea čohkkejuvvon golbma beaivvi gárdebáikkis, gos čađahuvvojit jahkásaččat boazoealáhusa deháleamos doaimmat, mearkun ja njuovvan. Guovddáš teorehtalaš rámmat leat kultuvrii ja gillii heivvolaš oahppobiras (Alisaari ja earát 2020), máhttofievrrideapmi (Joks 2007), ássanbáikeperspektiiva (Ingold 2011), sámi mánáid bajásgeassin (Balto 1997) ja searvelatnja (Sara 2003). Dutkamuš lea skuvlaetnográfalaš dutkan, mii lea čađahuvvon kvalitatiivvalaš dutkanvugiin gárdebáikkis. Dutkanmateriála lea buvttaduvvon oassálastiáicamiin ja jearahallamiiguin. Dutkamuš buktá ovdan maid oahpaheaddjiid ja oahppiid vánhemiid jiena. Dutkangažaldagain guorahallojuvvui, mo sámegiela oahpahusa sáhttá lágidit gárdebáikkis ja makkár áššit dasa váikkuhit. Materiálaid dievasmahttet govat, dutkanbeaivegirjjit, jearahallanbáttit ja jearahallamiin buhtisin čállojuvvon teavsttat. Dutkamii serve vihtta sámeoahpaheaddji ja golbma oahppi vánhema. Dutkamuš ovdanbuktá gárdebáikái heivvolaš oahpahusvugiid. Analysa vuođđun lea heivehuvvon fáddávuđot mearkunvuohki, mas dutkamuša materiálas badjánan fáttáin ohccojuvvo vuođđu teoriijas. Seammás dutkamušas badjánit máŋggat veahádatgillii gullevaš bealit nugo ovddidit oahpaheami, mii heive sámegiela oahpahusdillái. Oahpahusvuohkin lea beaivegirječállin, man bokte oahppit čilgejit, maid leat ovddit beaivvi oaidnán ja vásihan gárdebáikkis. Bohtosat čájehit, ahte gárdebáikki sámegiela oahpahusa vuođđun leat boazoealáhusa doaimmat, main oahppit buvttadit boazoságaid. Boazoságat leat guovddáš gulahallan-, ságastallan- ja diehtojuohkinvuogit boazodoalus. Beaivegirječállin lokte oidnosii boazoealáhusa árvvuid ja fágagiela sámegiel oahpahusas. Oahpahus ovdánahttá oahppiid doabaáddejumi, mii fas čatná sin buoret gárdebáikki sosiála birrasii ja veahkeha sin gulahallat boazoságain. Gárdebáikkis leat golbmalogi jagi oahpahan sámegiela gárdeskuvllas.

We studied the consequences of World War II (WWII, 1939–45) for reindeer herding in northern Finland, evaluated the significance of the livelihood for the population during and after the war, and identified the factors that made successful reconstruction of the livelihood possible. The study is based on qualitative content analysis of articles published in the professional journal Poromies (‘Reindeer Herder’) during the period 1931–67. Reindeer were an important source of food, transport, clothing, footwear, and skins for soldiers during the war. Approximately 220 000 reindeer were slaughtered to provide food, averting the compulsory slaughter of 88 000 cows. Herders’ skills were highly valued during the war. The herds and herders figured in the reconstruction of northern Finland and contributed to the war reparations owed the Soviet Union. During the period 1939–45 the number of reindeer fell dramatically, and the cession of Finnish territories to the Soviet Union and destruction of fences made herding difficult. In addition, the area of pastureland available to reindeer decreased. The combined effects of military operations, a labour shortage, an increased number of predators, and difficult weather and snow conditions led to losses of reindeer. The recovery of the livelihood to its pre-war level took 10 years. We argue that in addition to improved post-war pasture conditions—a result of decreased reindeer densities and favourable weather—the rapid recovery of reindeer herding can be attributed to the high motivation, diligence, and experiential knowledge of herders and the herding administration gained in rebuilding the livelihood after WWI (1914–18). Both groups understood that in northern Finland it would be economically wiser to invest in reindeer husbandry rather than cattle farming since reindeer are better adapted than cattle to the harsh climate and to forage grown in low-productive soils. Reindeer herding was based on natural pastures and labour, whereas cattle farming relied on crop cultivation, as well as expensive buildings, machinery, and fertilizers.

The 2nd NJF Seminar on Reindeer Husbandry Research was held at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland from 19 to 21 October 2014. The seminar was organised under the framework of Reindeer Husbandry Research Section of NJF (Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists), established in 2012. Over 100 Nordic and international delegates including researchers, managers, educators, students and reindeer herders participated in the seminar.

Referat aus "Suojametsäkysymyksestä I-VI" von August Renvall. I. Die Lebensbedingungen der Kiefernwälder an deren Nordgrenze und die Ursachen des Herabgehens dieser Grenze. II. Zweck und Voraussetzungen des Schutzwaldprinzips. III. Schutz der Wälder gegen Waldbrände. IV. Die Regelung der Renntierveide im Schutzwaldgebiet. V. Die Hauptgrundlagen des Waldbaues in der Zone der Kiefernwaldgrenze. VI. Die Regelung der Siedelungsverhältnisse in der Gegend der polaren Kiefernwaldgrenze.