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OBJECTIVES The study's primary outcome was to evaluate if post-transplant survival has improved over the last 2 decades. Secondary outcomes were the infant's waitlist mortality, waitlist time and identifying factors that affected the infant's survival. METHODS United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried for infants (age ≤ 1) who were listed for heart transplantation between 2000 and 2020. The years were divided into 3 eras (Era 1 2000–2006, Era 2 2007–2013 and Era 3 2014–2020). Non-parametric tests, Chi-Squared, Log-Rank test and Cox-Proportional hazard ratio were used for analysis (α  = 0.05). RESULTS 4234 infants were listed for heart transplants between 2000 and 2020. At the time of listing, Infants in era 3 were more likely to be heavier [in kg (P  < 0.001)] and had better renal function (P  < 0.001). Additionally, they were less likely to be on dialysis (P  < 0.001), on a ventilator (P  < 0.001) and on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (P  < 0.001). There has been a significant increase in left ventricular assist device use (P  < 0.001), though there was no difference in waitlist (0.154) or post-transplant survival (0.51). In all 3 eras, waitlist survival (P  < 0.001) and post-transplant survival (P  < 0.001) have improved significantly. Congenital heart disease and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were associated with worse waitlist survival in all 3 eras (P  < 0.05). Infants are now waiting longer on the waitlist (in days) (33 Era 1 vs 46 Era 2 vs 67 Era 3, P  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Infant heart transplant outcomes have improved, but they are now waiting longer on the waitlist. Further improvement in increasing the donor pool, expert consensus on listing strategies and donor utilization is needed to improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Limited data are available regarding the prevalence of medication-related problems (MRPs) in kidney transplant recipients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of medication-related problems. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted including kidney transplant recipients aged ≥ 18 years who were receiving immunosuppressive agents for at least 3 months post-transplant. The primary outcome was to determine the prevalence of MRPs. The secondary outcomes were to identify the pharmacological classes, categories of medications contributing to MRPs, and predictors of developing > 3 MRPs. Results We enrolled 107 kidney transplant recipients. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of age and body mass index (BMI) were 50 ± 15.8 years and 28.9 ± 5.3 (kg/m2), respectively, and 66.3% were male. The prevalence of MRPs was 28.97% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 19.68%, 41.125] in 1393 prescriptions. The frequent types of MRPs were drug‒drug interactions (46.1%), duplication (12%), and medication use without an indication (11.7%). Immunosuppressive agents and cardiac medications were the main classes causing MRPs. The number of medications and the years post-kidney-transplant were significant predictors of developing > 3 MRPs. Conclusion The results showed that drug‒drug interactions were the most frequent MRPs, with immunosuppressive agents being the most common class causing MRPs.

Background/Objectives: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is considered one of the major causes of post-renal transplant febrile urinary tract infections (UTI), leading to impaired renal function and the premature loss of the renal graft. We aimed to evaluate whether surgical VUR correction, such as open redo ureteric reimplantation, could be an option for treatment and provide better outcomes in post-transplant care for patients with UTI compared to their pre-VUR correction clinical state. Methods: Our study presents a retrospective analysis of 10 kidney transplant recipients with febrile UTI at the Renal Transplant Service of a Brazilian public hospital from 2010 to 2020. We selected patients who primarily underwent a surgical correction of post-transplant VUR, which was corrected by extravesical reimplantation without a stent in all patients by the same professional surgeon. Results: From 710 patients who received kidney transplants, 10 patients (1.4%) suffered from febrile UTI post-transplant and underwent surgical correction for VUR. Despite the study's limitations, such as its retrospective nature and limited sample size, the efficacy of open extravesical ureteral reimplantation in reducing post-operative febrile UTI in renal transplant patients was observed. Conclusions: As febrile UTI can contribute significantly to patient mortality after kidney transplantation and VUR emerges as a major cause of post-transplant febrile UTI, it is essential to treat it and consider the surgical outcome. This study emphasizes the timely detection and effective treatment of VUR via extravesical techniques to reduce febrile UTI occurrences post-transplant and it contributes insights into the role of surgical interventions in addressing VUR-related complications post-kidney transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Graft Versus Host Disease (GvHD), which can be observed at a rate of 30-80% after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is an important complication that adversely affects the survival and quality of the life of patients. Posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) effectively prevents GvHD after HLA-haploidentical ASCT. In our study, the use of PTCy in 1-antigen HLA-mismatched unrelated donor (9/10MMUD) ASCT was compared with standard GvHD prophylaxis in HLA-identical related donor (MRD) ASCT. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of the comparison of 42 patients with 9/10 MMUD ASCT receiving PTCy+Methotrexate (MTX)+Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) and 37 patients with HLA-identical MRD who received MTX+CNI in 3 bone marrow transplantation centers. Results: Cumulative incidences of grade I-II (64.6% vs 45.4%, p=0.187) or grade III to IV acute GvHD (35.4% vs54.6%, p=0.187) and chronic GvHD (11.9% vs 29.7%, p=0.096) were similar in the PTCy group and control group. No statistically significant differences were observed between PTCy and the control group in overall survival rate (52.4% vs 62.2%, p=0.381), progression-free survival (1483.97 vs 1200.70 days, p=0.502), relapsed-related mortality rate (21.4% vs 16.2%, p=0.556) and treatment-related mortality rate (16.7% vs 21.6%, p=0.575). Conclusion: With the addition of PTCy to standard GvHD prophylaxis in 9/10MMUD ASCT, the risk of GvHD due to incompatibility and unrelated transplantation is eliminated, and transplantation success is achieved with MRD ASCT. PTCy-based prophylaxis is an effective and safe strategy to prevent GvHD in 9/10 MMUD ASCT without increasing the risk of relapse and treatment-related mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Relapse remains a major cause of treatment failure following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT) for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We retrospectively investigated low‐dose decitabine and venetoclax (DEC/VEN) as post‐transplant maintenance in 26 older patients with AML and MDS. The cumulative incidence of day 100 gIII‐IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and 1‐year moderate‐severe chronic GVHD was 5% and 26%, respectively. One patient relapsed 14 m after transplant. The 1‐year non‐relapse mortality and survival were 11% and 84%, respectively. DEC/VEN is a safe and potentially effective strategy to reduce the risk of post‐transplant relapse.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are heterogenous lymphoproliferative disorders that develop as a consequence of immunosuppression in transplant recipients. We sought to determine if subtypes of PTLD correlated with different outcomes. We performed a retrospective review of PTLD occurring in pediatric heart transplant recipients. A total of 558 children and infants underwent cardiac transplantation at our institution between 1985 and 2019 and were followed until March 2021. Forty-nine of 558 patients developed PTLD (8.8%). As compared to older children (>one year of age), infant recipients (p = 0.04). Although not reaching statistical significance, patients with a shorter time to PTLD diagnosis showed a trend toward higher rates of M-PTLD or cHL. As expected, the overall survival (OS) of patients with M-PTLD or cHL was significantly lower than patients with non-destructive or polymorphic PTLD.

Summary: Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT) remains an option for tyrosine kinase inhibitor‐resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in first chronic phase (CP1) and high‐risk patients with advanced disease phases. In this European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) registry‐based study of 1686 CML patients undergoing first allo‐HCT between 2012 and 2019, outcomes were evaluated according to donor type, particularly focusing on mismatched related donors (MMRDs). Median age at allo‐HCT was 46 years (IQR 36–55). Disease status was CP1 in 43%, second CP (CP2) or later in 27%, accelerated phase in 12% and blast crisis in 18%. Donor type was matched related (MRD) in 39.2%, MMRD in 8.1%, matched unrelated (MUD) in 40.2%, and mismatched unrelated (MMUD) in 12.6%. In 4 years, overall survival (OS) for MRD, MMRD, MUD and MMUD was 61%, 56%, 63% and 59% (p = 0.21); relapse‐free survival (RFS) was 48%, 42%, 52% and 46% (p = 0.03); cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was 33%, 37%, 27% and 30% (p = 0.07); non‐relapse mortality (NRM) was 19%, 21%, 21% and 24% (p = 0.21); and graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD)‐free/relapse‐free survival (GRFS) was 16%, 18%, 22% and 15% (p = 0.05) respectively. On multivariate analysis, MMRD use associated with longer engraftment times and higher risk of graft failure compared to MRD or MUD. There was no statistical evidence that MMRD use associated with different OS, RFS and incidence of GvHD compared to other donor types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The leading cause of failure of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is post-transplant relapse. We urgently need strategies to decrease this risk. In the past few years, the basic framework of post-transplant maintenance has been shaped by several clinical trials investigating targeted, immunomodulatory, and cellular therapies. Although the practice of post-transplant maintenance in AML has become more common, there remain challenges regarding the feasibility and efficacy of this strategy. In this review, we discuss recent advances in post-transplant maintenance in AML, along with ongoing and future planned studies in this area, outlining the limitations of available data and our future goals. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is potentially curative for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the post-transplant relapse rate ranges from 40 to 70%, particularly with reduced intensity conditioning, and remains a major cause of treatment failure for these patients due to the limited efficacy of salvage therapy options. Strategies to mitigate this risk are urgently needed. In the past few years, the basic framework of post-transplant maintenance has been shaped by several clinical trials investigating targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and immunomodulatory therapies. Although the practice of post-transplant maintenance in AML has become more common, there remain challenges regarding the feasibility and efficacy of this strategy. Here, we review major developments in post-transplant maintenance in AML, along with ongoing and future planned studies in this area, outlining the limitations of available data and our future goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though long-term immunosuppressant drugs (ISD) are employed to inhibit immune system activity, enhancing graft functionality and patient survival in solid organ transplantation (SOT), these transplants often lead to immune complications, with post-transplant autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) being uncommon. Here, we detail the case of a 66-year-old woman who underwent a renal transplantation 8 months prior, who was admitted with subacute onset of encephalomyelitis, accompanied by headaches, paraplegia, weakness, vomiting, and abdominal pain, with a positive COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab test 1 month before admission. MRI scans of the brain revealed multiple lesions in the white matter of the bilateral deep frontal lobe, the left temporal lobe and insula lobe. Additionally, there were multiple short segment lesions in the spinal cord and subdural hematoma at T1, T6-T7 posterior. The serum revealed a positive result for GlyR-IgG. Following the administration of corticosteroid and intravenous immunoglobulin, there was a significant improvement in the patient's symptoms within 2 weeks, and her brain MRI showed a reduction in the lesion. Despite its rarity, we believe this to be the inaugural documentation of anti-GlyR encephalomyelitis occurring during renal transplantation. A full panel of antibodies for autoimmune encephalomyelitis is the key leading to the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Transplant patients are at risk of infections due to long-term immunosuppression contributing to morbidity and mortality in this population. Post-transplant testing guidelines were established to monitor and guide therapeutic interventions in transplant recipients. We hypothesize that there are gaps in adherence to the recommended frequency of laboratory testing in post-transplant patients. We analyzed national reference laboratory data to compare viral post-transplant infection (PTI) testing frequency with their respective published guidelines to understand patient uptake and compliance. We evaluated the ordering patterns, positivity rates, and frequency of molecular infectious disease tests (MIDTs). We included 345 patients with International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes for transplant (Z940-Z942, Z944, Z9481, Z9483, Z9484) with at least two tests (within 7 days) in January 2019 and at least one test in December 2020 to find patients in the post-transplant period. We analyzed two cohorts: kidney transplant recipients (KTRs; 40%) and non-KTR (60%) then followed them longitudinally for the study period. In KTR cohort, high-to-low proportion of ordered MIDT was blood BK virus (bBKV) followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV); in non-KTR cohort, CMV was followed by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). KTR cohort positivity was highest for urine BK virus (uBKV; 58%) followed by EBV (46%), bBKV (40%), and CMV (31%). Non-KTR cohort positivity was highest for uBKV (64%), EBV (51%), CMV (30%), bBKV (8%), and adenovirus (7%). All patients were tested at progressively longer intervals from the date of the first post-transplant ICD-10-coded test. More than 40% of the KTR cohort were tested less frequently for EBV and bBKV, and more than 20% of the non-KTR cohort were tested for EBV less frequently than published guidelines 4 months after transplant. Despite regular testing, the results of MIDT testing for KTR and non-KTR patients in the post-transplant period are not aligned with published guidelines.IMPORTANCEGuidance for post-transplant infectious disease testing is established, however, for certain infections it allows for clinician discretion. This leads to transplant center policies developing their own testing/surveillance strategies based on their specific transplant patient population (kidney, stem cell, etc.). The Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) has developed a strategic plan to improve and standardize the transplant process in the US to improve outcomes of living donors and recipients. Publishing national reference lab data on the testing frequency and its alignment with the recommended guidelines for post-transplant infectious diseases can inform patient uptake and compliance for these strategic OPTN efforts.

Diarrhea is the major cause of discomfort and morbidity of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The cause of diarrhea may be infective or non-infective. This is a prospective single center observational study from North India conducted over a period of approximately 4 years among 105 patients who underwent HSCT (autologous-72, allogeneic-33). The objective of the study was to identify the overall incidence and characteristics of diarrhea in HSCT in the real world, to evaluate any differences among allogeneic or autologous transplants, incidence of C Difficile among diarrheal patients, and antimicrobial usage among these patients. Diarrhea was present in 89 of 105 patients (84.7%). The mean diarrheal duration was of 8.39±4.57 days (range: 1–24 days). There was non statistical difference between the incidence of diarrhea amongst allogeneic and autologous transplants (78.9% Vs 87.5%). Out of 89 patients with diarrhea, 13 were CDTA positive. We could isolate Clostridium difficile in culture in only 7.6% of patients with CDTA positivity. Metronidazole was the antibiotic of choice for diarrhea in our post-transplant settings. Metronidazole was prescribed for a median duration of 8 days (Range: 3–18 days). Seventeen patients received oral vancomycin with a median duration of 8 days (Range: 5–14 days). We conclude by saying that diarrhea was a common post-transplant morbidity. Clostridium difficile is not common in patients with the diarrhea post hematopoietic stem cell transplant. All cases of diarrhea need not be infective particularly in allogeneic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) has improved survival for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially for those at high risk of relapse. However, relapse remains the leading cause of treatment failure post-HCT, occurring in around 35–45% of patients, and leading to dismal outcomes. Strategies to reduce relapse risk are urgently needed, especially in the early post-transplant period before activation of the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. Maintenance therapy is a course of treatment given post-HCT with the expectation of reducing relapse risk. While there are currently no therapies approved for maintenance therapy for AML after HCT, there are a number of studies and ongoing investigations examining the role of maintenance therapies that include targeted agents against FLT3-ITD, BCL2, or IDH mutations, hypomethylating agents, immunomodulatory therapies and cellular therapies. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic and clinical data for post-transplant maintenance therapies in AML and strategies for maintenance therapy for AML after HCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis is a slowly growing, non-chromogenic non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that was initially distinguished from the M. terrae complex in 2006. Since then it has been rarely reported as the cause of pulmonary and soft-tissue infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Case presentation We present a case of severe pulmonary disease due to Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis in a 57-year-old male who was immunocompetent at time of diagnosis, with a history of interstitial lung disease and a prior diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). After initial treatment for TB in 2017, his condition stabilized until a recurrence in September 2021, leading to an evaluation for lung transplant in the setting of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema which led to the identification of Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis. A lung transplant was completed, and the patient was successfully treated with a combination of Ethambutol, Azithromycin, and Rifabutin. Conclusions This represents the first case reported of M. kumamotonensis in a patient undergoing lung transplant, and the first case with rapid culture growth during identification of the organism (4 days). This report highlights the need for consideration of M. kumamotonensis as a pathogen in humans, with the potential for rapid growth in liquid media, and the importance of early identification to inform empiric therapy.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy that leads to altered blast cell proliferation, survival, and maturation and eventually to the lethal accumulation of leukemic cells. Recently, dysregulated expression of various micro-RNAs (miRNAs) has been reported in hematologic malignancies, especially ALL. Cytomegalovirus infection can induce ALL in otherwise healthy individuals, so a more detailed evaluation of its role in ALL-endemic areas like Iran is required. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 newly diagnosed adults with ALL were recruited. The expression level of microRNA-155(miR-155) and microRNA-92(miR-92) was evaluated by real-time SYBR Green PCR. The correlations between the miRNAs mentioned above and the severity of disease, CMV infection, and acute graft vs. host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were assessed. B cell and T cell ALL distinction in the level of miRNAs was provided. Results: After the statistical analysis, our results indicated a marked increase in the expression of miR-155 and miR-92 in ALL patients vs. healthy controls (*P = 0.002–*P = 0.03, respectively). Also, it was shown that the expression of miR-155 and miR-92 was higher in T cell ALL compared to B cell ALL (P = 0.01–P = 0.004, respectively), CMV seropositivity, and aGVHD. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the plasma signature of microRNA expression may act as a powerful marker for diagnosis and prognosis, providing knowledge outside cytogenetics. Elevation of miR-155 in plasma can be a beneficial therapeutic target for ALL patients, with consideration of higher plasma levels of miR-92 and miR-155 in CMV + and post-HSCT aGVHD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Data regarding health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are sparse and have only been studied cross‐sectionally in a disease which runs a fluctuating and unpredictable course. We aim to describe HRQoL longitudinally by using repeated measurements in a population‐based cohort. Methods: Every 3 months from May 2017 up to August 2020, patients received digital questionnaires at home. These included the EQ‐5D, 5‐D Itch, patient‐based SCCAI and patient‐based HBI. The SF‐36, measuring HRQoL over eight dimensions as well as a physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) score, was sent annually. Data were compared with Dutch reference data and a matched IBD disease control from the population‐based POBASIC cohort. Mixed‐effects modelling was performed to identify factors associated with HRQoL. Results: Three hundred twenty‐eight patients completed 2576 questionnaires. A significant reduction of small clinical relevance in several mean HRQoL scores was found compared with the Dutch reference population: 46.4 versus 48.0, p =.018 for PCS and 47.5 versus 50.5, p =.004 for MCS scores. HRQoL outcomes were significantly negatively associated with coexisting active IBD (PCS −12.2, p <.001 and MCS −12.0, p <.001), which was not the case in case of quiescent IBD. Decreasing HRQoL scores were also negatively associated with increasing age (PCS −0.1 per 10 years, p =.002), female sex (PCS ‐2.8, p <.001), diagnosis of AIH overlap (PCS ‐3.7, p =.059), end‐stage liver disease (PCS ‐3.7, p =.015) and presence of itch (PCS ‐9.2, p <.001 and MCS −3.1, p =.078). The odds of reporting a clinically relevant reduction in EQ‐5D scores showed seasonal variation, being lowest in summer (OR = 0.48 relative to spring, p =.037). In patients with liver transplant, HRQoL outcomes were comparable to the Dutch general population. Conclusions: PSC patients report impaired HRQoL of small clinical relevance compared with the general population. After liver transplantation, HRQoL scores are at comparable levels to the general population. HRQoL scores are associated with potentially modifiable factors such as itch and IBD activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionRed blood cell transfusions (RBCT) represent a potentially modifiable risk factor for HLA sensitisation and adverse outcomes post transplantation. Evidence of the clinical impact of post-transplant RBCT has been infrequently reported. Herein, we performed a systematic review of available literature to assess the prevalence of RBCT post kidney transplant, and the effect of transfusion on transplant outcomes.MethodsWe included studies from 2000 to July 2022, published on Medline, Embase and the Transplant Library.ResultsTen studies were analysed which included a total of 32,817 kidney transplant recipients, with a median transfusion prevalence of 40% (range 18-64%). There was significant heterogeneity between studies in terms of patient and allograft characteristics, immunological risk, and immunosuppression protocols. Analysis of unadjusted outcomes showed that post-transplant RBCTs are associated with inferior patient survival, allograft loss, rejection and donor specific antibodies. Adjusted outcomes were described where available, and supported the adverse associations seen in the unadjusted models in many studies.DiscussionThis review demonstrates that RBCT post-transplant are common and maybe associated with inferior outcomes, highlighting the urgent need for high quality prospective evidence of the effect of RBCTs on transplant outcomes.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier, CRD42022348763767.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common post‐transplant viral infections causing significant morbidity and occasional mortality. Limited literature on the potential role of pre‐transplant CMV‐specific cell‐mediated immunity (CMV‐CMI) is available. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of pre‐transplant CMV‐CMI monitoring in the occurrence of post‐transplant CMV infection. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study where all adult CMV seropositive patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation at a tertiary care institute were enrolled. CMV‐CMI was measured using QuantiFERON‐CMV (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and interpreted as positive if the value was ≥0.2 IU/ml, 1–2 days prior to the transplant. Based on pre‐transplant CMV‐CMI, cases were classified into Group 1 (n = 13, 43.3%) (positive) and Group 2 (n = 17, 56.7%) (negative). CMV infection was defined as the detection of CMV‐DNA > 2.7 log10 IU/ml in plasma specimens. Results: The mean age was 43 years with male (n = 29, 96.9%) predominance. Overall 40% of recipients developed post‐transplant CMV infection, two (15.4%) in group 1 and 10 (58.8%) in group 2 (p‐value = 0.016). Recipients in group 2 had 87% higher odds (odds ratio 0.13, confidence interval [CI] 95) of developing post‐transplant CMV infection compared to group 1. The overall median duration of occurrence of post‐transplant CMV infection was 26 days with the median viral load being 2.8 log10 IU/ml. The treatment duration was 13 days in group 1 and 28 days in group 2 (p = 0.003). Group 1 recipients showed rapid clearance of CMV‐DNA within 7 days compared to group 2 in which it was 21 days (p = 0.004, CI 95). Conclusion: Pre‐transplant CMV‐CMI may play a protective role against post‐transplant CMV infection and can serve as an adjunct for pre‐transplant risk stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis is a slowly growing, non-chromogenic non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that was initially distinguished from the M. terrae complex in 2006. Since then it has been rarely reported as the cause of pulmonary and soft-tissue infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Case presentation: We present a case of severe pulmonary disease due to Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis in a 57-year-old male who was immunocompetent at time of diagnosis, with a history of interstitial lung disease and a prior diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). After initial treatment for TB in 2017, his condition stabilized until a recurrence in September 2021, leading to an evaluation for lung transplant in the setting of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema which led to the identification of Mycolicibacter kumamotonensis. A lung transplant was completed, and the patient was successfully treated with a combination of Ethambutol, Azithromycin, and Rifabutin. Conclusions: This represents the first case reported of M. kumamotonensis in a patient undergoing lung transplant, and the first case with rapid culture growth during identification of the organism (4 days). This report highlights the need for consideration of M. kumamotonensis as a pathogen in humans, with the potential for rapid growth in liquid media, and the importance of early identification to inform empiric therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deficiency of native vitamin D [cholecalciferol, 25(OH)D3] is a common in patients with end stage liver failure. Aim: Our study aimed to determine the risk factors and their frequency associated with 25(OH)D3 deficiency after liver transplantation. Method: This study includes the patients with liver transplantation and carried out at the tertiary care center. Serum 25(OH)D3 levels were measured in those patients. Results: A total of 148 patients were entered the study. Chronic viral hepatitis was the most common reason for transplantation (66.2%). Post-operative follow-up period was shorter than 1 year in eighty-two patients (55.4 %). Post-transplant 25(OH)D3 levels were below 20 ng/mL in 93 (62.8 %) patients Post-transplant 25(OH)D3 deficiency was greater in patients with follow-up periods shorter than 1 year (p = <0.001), in those receiving immunosupression with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, steroids and in those with low hematocrit rate and, albumin levels. On multivariate analysis, post-transplant follow-up period shorter than 1 year (OR: 6.18, 95% CI: 2.681-14.255, p<0.001) and steroid use in chronic immunosuppression (OR: 9.47, 95% CI: 1.165-77.009, p=0.035) were detected asindependent accompanying factors with 25(OH)D3 deficiency. Conclusions: The The risk of 25(OH)D3 deficiency in p atients receiving immunosuppressive treatment with steroids to prevent rejection or those in the first post-transplant year was high. Therefore, serum 25(OH)D3 levels of the patients after liver transplantation should be monitored regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symptoms of depression and anxiety are prevalent among adults with chronic health conditions, contributing to reduced quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Mind-body wellness interventions (i.e. psychology programming, mindful movement, breathwork, meditation) may impact mental health symptoms, with online delivery offering access and scalability. Whether online mind-body wellness interventions are effective in improving patient outcomes across a broad range of chronic conditions remains uncertain. This three-armed, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial will use a nested mixed methods approach to assess the effectiveness of an online mind-body wellness intervention (eMPower), offered at two levels of personnel support, on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adults with chronic health conditions. Inclusion criteria require a self-reported chronic condition and access to an internet-connected device. Eligible participants will be randomized 1:1:1 to [1] waitlist control; [2] eMPower; [3] eMPower + weekly 1-to-1 check-in. The primary analysis will compare the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) total score between eMPower + weekly 1-to-1 check-in versus controls, with secondary and exploratory outcomes including HADS subscales, health-related quality of life, fatigue, program engagement, and frailty. With online intervention delivery, a range of outcomes, mixed method evaluation, and automated intervention tracking, findings are anticipated to enhance our understanding of how individuals living with chronic health conditions engage with and are impacted by online mind-body wellness programming. Six hundred and fifty-six participants have been enrolled as of April 5, 2024, and 598 patients have completed 12-week follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Given the negative outcomes associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, non-insulin therapies with glycemic, cardiovascular, and weight-loss benefits in the general population, such as the glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) have become a more alluring therapeutic option in transplant populations. However, limited evidence exists to demonstrate its safety and efficacy in solid organ transplant. Methods: This program evaluation included adult kidney, liver, lung transplant recipients initiated on a GLP1-RA for diabetes mellitus management for a minimum of 3 months, had at least one follow-up visit after starting therapy, and had at least one hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level drawn between 3–12 months after GLP1-RA initiation. Outcomes were assessed at time of initiation of GLP1-RA (baseline) and 3–12 months post-initiation. Nadir values between 3–12 months were utilized to assess outcomes. Results: One-hundred eighteen patients met study inclusion criteria. Seventy-percent of patients received a kidney transplant, 19.5% received a liver transplant, and 6.8% received a lung transplant. A statistically significant difference was observed in median fasting blood glucose and HbA1c at baseline to 3–12-month nadir (P < 0.0001). A significant weight loss benefit was also observed. The rate of adverse drug reactions was low. Seven-percent of patients experienced nausea, 4.2% developed pancreatitis, and 7.1% reported having had at least one hypoglycemic event. Discussion: This is the largest study evaluating GLP1-RA in organ transplantation and demonstrates GLP1-RA is both safe and effective. Further assessment on long-term use of these agents on cardiovascular and renal outcomes is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores four Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) and lymphomas with significant diagnostic overlap: EBV(+) mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU), EBV(+) polymorphic LPD, EBV(+) classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), and EBV(+) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Each entity is compared for both overlapping and defining features of clinical presentation, morphology, immunohistochemical profile and EBV expression pattern and latency. Our aims for this review are to provide useful guidance to the practicing pathologist in the diagnosis of these EBV-associated entities., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interests for this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has improved survival for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially for patients with disease at high risk of relapse. However, relapse remains the most common cause of treatment failure and death in the posttransplant period. Maintenance therapy, an extended course of treatment after achieving remission to reduce the rate of relapse, is an important component of the treatment of various hematologic malignancies; however, its role in the treatment of AML is far less welldefined. Recently, there has been significant interest in the use of novel therapeutic agents as maintenance therapy after allogeneic stem cell transplant, utilizing new mechanisms of treatment and more favorable toxicity profiles. In this review, we will discuss the mechanistic and clinical data for post-transplant maintenance therapies in AML. Then, we will review several emergent and current clinical trials which aim to incorporate novel agents into maintenance therapy regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has improved survival for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially for patients with disease at high risk of relapse. However, relapse remains the most common cause of treatment failure and death in the post-transplant period. Maintenance therapy, an extended course of treatment after achieving remission to reduce the rate of relapse, is an important component of the treatment of various hematologic malignancies; however, its role in the treatment of AML is far less well-defined. Recently, there has been significant interest in the use of novel therapeutic agents as maintenance therapy after allogeneic stem cell transplant, utilizing new mechanisms of treatment and more favorable toxicity profiles. In this review, we will discuss the mechanistic and clinical data for post-transplant maintenance therapies in AML. Then, we will review several emergent and current clinical trials which aim to incorporate novel agents into maintenance therapy regimens.

Abstract Background To date, there are only a few case reports of cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in adult or pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) patients treated successfully with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). In all the reported cases, Cy was used as a part of the conditioning regimen, rather than post-transplant for graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. More recently, the risk of HC in allogeneic SCT is further increased by the widespread use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as a highly effective strategy for GVHD prophylaxis. This is the first case reported of PTCy-induced HC successfully treated with HBO to the best of our knowledge. Case presentation In this article, we present a 58-year-old Caucasian male case of allogeneic SCT complicated by severe HC following PTCy, which was successfully treated with HBO, eliminating the need for cystectomy. Conclusion HBO can be a safe, noninvasive, alternative treatment modality for PTCy-induced HC developing in allogeneic SCT patients.

Background: Renal transplant patients show a high incidence of anemia, which is often responsible for cardiovascular morbidity and graft rejection. Anemia reportedly impacts the health-related quality of life (HRQoL); however, only a limited number of related studies have been conducted on renal transplant recipients. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of anemia and its effects on QoL of renal transplant patients in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Seventy-four patients were recruited in this study. They were asked to fill a self-reported EuroQoL instrument (EQ-5D-5L). We measured the hemoglobin levels (Hgb) of the patients to assess their anemia status. Anemia and severe anemia were defined as Hgb < 12 g/dL and Hgb < 10 g/dL, respectively. Results: Of the 74 recruited patients, 53 patients (71.6 %) were anemic. Around 33.7 % patients were reported to be completely healthy, with a 5-digit of 11111. With respect to EQ-5D-5L, the responses of anemic and non-anemic patients did not differ significantly. However, the response to anxiety-related questions for patients belonging to severe and mild-to-moderate anemia groups differed significantly. The final multivariate logistic model analysis revealed that the gender of patient was significantly associated with incidence of anemia postoperatively [OR: 6.72, 95 % CI: 1.7 - 25.6, P-value = 0.000; (25 males, 47.2 %) vs. (28 females, 52.9 %)]. The use of intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin in the induction phase was significantly associated with incidence of late anemia [P-value = 0.012]. Conclusions: Interestingly, our findings revealed a higher prevalence of anemia among the Saudi kidney patients compared to those of other nations. The incidence of anemia was shown to be significantly associated with renal function, female gender, and IV immunoglobulin use at the induction phase. Furthermore, multicentric prospective studies are warranted to elucidate other clinical factors that are associated with anemia and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, live-attenuated measles, rubella, varicella, and mumps vaccines have been administered to carefully selected post-liver transplant patients. Although attention has been focused on post-vaccination antibody titers and adverse events, the real-life clinical benefits remain unclear. A comprehensive analysis of breakthrough infections and natural boosters (asymptomatic cases with significant elevation in virus antibody titers) following immunization post-liver transplantation was conducted from 2002-2023, exploring the timing, frequency, correlation with domestic outbreaks, and degree of antibody elevation. During the median 10-year observation period among 68 post-liver transplant patients, breakthrough infections occurred only in chickenpox, with 7 mild cases (1 episode/64 person-years). A total of 59 natural booster episodes (1, 5, 20, and 33 for measles, rubella, chickenpox, and mumps, respectively) were observed, with incidence rates of 1 per 569, 110, 22, and 17 person-years, respectively. The timing of natural boosters closely correlated with domestic outbreaks (P < .05 in chickenpox and mumps), influenced by local vaccine coverage. The degree of antibody elevation was significantly higher in individuals with breakthrough infections than in those with natural boosters (P < .05). These findings suggest that immunization with live-attenuated vaccines for post-liver transplant patients has demonstrated clinical benefits. Furthermore, mass vaccination has a positive impact on post-transplant patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors of this manuscript have conflicts of interest to disclose, as described by the American Journal of Transplantation. M. Shinjoh has received speaking honoraria from Meiji Seika Pharma Co, Ltd, Shionogi & Co, Ltd, MSD K.K., FUJIREBIO Inc, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, FUJIFILM Toyama Chemical Co, Ltd, The Mainichi Newspapers Co, Ltd, Maruho Co, Ltd, Astellas Pharma Inc, Sumitomo Pharma Co, Ltd, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Japan Vaccine, a consultation fee from Pfizer Japan Inc, and grant support from JSPS KAKENHI, Japan (Grant Number JP20K10546, 2020-2023), none of which were in connection with the work presented here (all were less than JPY 500,000 USD370 per year). T. Nakayama received research funds from EIKEN Chemicals and Daiichi Sankyo, and lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceuticals. The other authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to disclose as described by the American Journal of Transplantation., (Copyright © 2024 American Society of Transplantation & American Society of Transplant Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Solid organ transplant recipients experience greater cardiometabolic risk than the general population. Following a Mediterranean dietary pattern has been shown to reduce cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to assess multidisciplinary clinician perspectives of routine nutrition care for kidney and liver transplant recipients and barriers and enablers to implementation of the Mediterranean dietary pattern. Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with clinicians in a metropolitan health service at tertiary/quaternary transplant centres involved in longer-term management of kidney and liver transplants recipients. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings: Nineteen clinicians (9 medical officers, 5 dietitians, 3 nurses and 2 other allied health professionals) were interviewed. Four themes with 11 subthemes were identified: the Mediterranean dietary pattern is not part of routine care (there are competing clinical priorities; healthy eating principles aligned with but not the full dietary pattern are recommended); variation in knowledge and acceptance of this dietary approach (variances in information sources and degree of knowledge of Mediterranean dietary pattern clinical evidence); nutrition advice is influenced by service delivery and culture (there is lack of consistent nutrition advice; limited consultation time; and reliance on existing patient education resources); and patient-centred care influences decisions on nutrition advice (clinicians do not know how to recommend this dietary pattern in a patient-centred manner). Discussion: The Mediterranean dietary pattern is not considered part of routine post-transplant nutrition care. To be implemented in these services intervention strategies which address the identified barriers and potential enablers need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diarrhea is one of the common gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events after solid organ transplantation. Diarrhea may be caused by infectious or non‐infectious etiology. The infectious etiology of diarrhea varies according to the location and duration of diarrhea. Non‐infectious etiologies include drugs, inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the etiological profile of diarrhea in solid organ transplant recipients presenting to a tertiary care center in Southern India. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of all solid organ transplantation recipients referred to the Department of Medical Gastroenterology for evaluation of diarrhea from April 2012 till May 2014. All patients had stool evaluated by wet mount examination, modified acid fast (AFB) stain, trichrome stain, culture, and Clostridium difficile toxin assay. EDTA plasma was collected for quantitative Cytomegalovirus (CMV) detection by real‐time PCR. If the diarrhea was acute (<2 wk), and no etiological agent was identified, empirical antibiotic therapy was instituted and followed up. If persistent or chronic diarrhea (>2‐4 wk), endoscopic evaluation (upper GI endoscopy and/or colonoscopy with biopsies), depending on the clinical type of diarrhea was done. If no specific etiological diagnosis was established after endoscopic evaluation, breath test for SIBO and celiac serology were done. If no specific etiology was identified after the above investigations, dose of immunosuppressive drugs was reduced. If diarrhea responded to dose reduction, it was considered to be drug related. Results: Fifty‐eight episodes of diarrhea occurred in 55 solid organ transplant recipients during the study period. Renal transplant recipients constituted the majority (70%). Most (79%) of patients included in the study had their transplant > 6 mo ago. Infective diarrhea was the etiology in 46%, drug‐related diarrhea in 29.3%. No specific etiology was identified in 22.4% of patients. Parasites accounted for 69% of all infective diarrhea. Stool evaluation was the main investigation in establishing diagnosis in acute diarrhea. Endoscopic evaluation was required in two thirds of patients to establish diagnosis in chronic diarrhea. Conclusion: GI infections and drug‐related diarrhea were the common causes of diarrhea in solid organ transplant recipients. Parasites were the most common infectious etiology of diarrhea. Step‐wise evaluation was able to identify the etiology in ~ 77% of patients. Overall, 98% of diarrheal episodes resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive mycosis is a serious complication of solid organ transplantation. Fungal infections even if appropriately diagnosed and treated with current antifungal agents, have a high mortality rate. A high index of suspicion is required and an attempt should be made to confirm the microbiological diagnosis from each site involved to rule out multiple infections. We report here a 41-year-old allograft recipient, who presented with fever associated with chills and one episode of generalized tonic clonic seizure 1-year post transplantation. Neuroimaging revealed a brain abscess, stereotactic biopsy from which yielded Scedosporium apiospermum on fungal culture. Whole blood quantitative cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reaction done was positive. He also developed pulmonary aspergillosis and secondary hemophagocytosis later in the course of his hospital stay. His tacrolimus and mycophenolate were stopped and he was managed with i.v ganciclovir, amphoterecin b, voriconazole, high dose i.v immunoglobulins and surgical draingae of abscess. With all measures, he showed improvement in his general and neurological condition and maintained good graft function. Scedosporium is a rare cause of brain abscess. CMV co-infection leads to increased chances of other opportunistic infections. Good microbiological workup from each site involved in immunosuppressed subjects is the need of the hour as early diagnosis can lead to lesser mortality and morbidity.

Background: To date, there are only a few case reports of cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in adult or pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) patients treated successfully with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). In all the reported cases, Cy was used as a part of the conditioning regimen, rather than post-transplant for graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. More recently, the risk of HC in allogeneic SCT is further increased by the widespread use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as a highly effective strategy for GVHD prophylaxis. This is the first case reported of PTCy-induced HC successfully treated with HBO to the best of our knowledge.Case Presentation: In this article, we present a 58-year-old Caucasian male case of allogeneic SCT complicated by severe HC following PTCy, which was successfully treated with HBO, eliminating the need for cystectomy.Conclusion: HBO can be a safe, noninvasive, alternative treatment modality for PTCy-induced HC developing in allogeneic SCT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transplant patients are at risk of infections due to long-term immunosuppression contributing to morbidity and mortality in this population. Post-transplant testing guidelines were established to monitor and guide therapeutic interventions in transplant recipients. We hypothesize that there are gaps in adherence to the recommended frequency of laboratory testing in post-transplant patients. We analyzed national reference laboratory data to compare viral post-transplant infection (PTI) testing frequency with their respective published guidelines to understand patient uptake and compliance. We evaluated the ordering patterns, positivity rates, and frequency of molecular infectious disease tests (MIDTs). We included 345 patients with International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes for transplant (Z940-Z942, Z944, Z9481, Z9483, Z9484) with at least two tests (within 7 days) in January 2019 and at least one test in December 2020 to find patients in the post-transplant period. We analyzed two cohorts: kidney transplant recipients (KTRs; 40%) and non-KTR (60%) then followed them longitudinally for the study period. In KTR cohort, high-to-low proportion of ordered MIDT was blood BK virus (bBKV) followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV); in non-KTR cohort, CMV was followed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). KTR cohort positivity was highest for urine BK virus (uBKV; 58%) followed by EBV (46%), bBKV (40%), and CMV (31%). Non-KTR cohort positivity was highest for uBKV (64%), EBV (51%), CMV (30%), bBKV (8%), and adenovirus (7%). All patients were tested at progressively longer intervals from the date of the first post-transplant ICD-10-coded test. More than 40% of the KTR cohort were tested less frequently for EBV and bBKV, and more than 20% of the non-KTR cohort were tested for EBV less frequently than published guidelines 4 months after transplant. Despite regular testing, the results of MIDT testing for KTR and non-KTR patients in the post-transplant period are not aligned with published guidelines.IMPORTANCEGuidance for post-transplant infectious disease testing is established, however, for certain infections it allows for clinician discretion. This leads to transplant center policies developing their own testing/surveillance strategies based on their specific transplant patient population (kidney, stem cell, etc.). The Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) has developed a strategic plan to improve and standardize the transplant process in the US to improve outcomes of living donors and recipients. Publishing national reference lab data on the testing frequency and its alignment with the recommended guidelines for post-transplant infectious diseases can inform patient uptake and compliance for these strategic OPTN efforts., Competing Interests: H.K., C.B., M.H.K., and A.E.S. were employed by Quest Diagnostics at the time of this manuscript writing. C.B. and A.E.S. continue to be employed at Quest Diagnostics. At the time of this submission, H.K. and M.H.K. are no longer employed by Quest Diagnostics. At this time, H.K. is a founder and consultant at HK Healthcare Consultant LLC and M.H.K is a founder of Tennyson & Tayerson LLC.

Relapse remains a major cause of treatment failure following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We retrospectively investigated low-dose decitabine and venetoclax (DEC/VEN) as post-transplant maintenance in 26 older patients with AML and MDS. The cumulative incidence of day 100 gIII-IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and 1-year moderate-severe chronic GVHD was 5% and 26%, respectively. One patient relapsed 14 m after transplant. The 1-year non-relapse mortality and survival were 11% and 84%, respectively. DEC/VEN is a safe and potentially effective strategy to reduce the risk of post-transplant relapse., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. eJHaem published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Organ transplantation is often held to epitomize the power and promise of biomedicine. Yet life after transplant does not so clearly mark an ‘after’ to illness, and instead requires close monitoring and treating for organ rejection, graft failure, or the side effects of medication regimens. Such medical domains are counterbalanced, in turn, by relations of kinship, friendship, home and work life. In this Position Piece, I call for attention to the interconnected tensions among these domains, focusing on one illustrative case example: that of Janet, a three-time kidney recipient. By detailing Janet’s lifelong imbrication of daily life with vulnerability and biomedical intervention, I delineate the mismatch between popular imaginings of transplant as ‘cure’ and the realities of living a life that is never quite beyond illness.

Abstract Background Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) therapy to a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor following kidney transplantation may help to preserve graft function. Data are sparse, however, concerning the impact of conversion on posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) or the progression of pre-existing diabetes. Methods PTDM and other diabetes-related parameters were assessed post hoc in two large open-label multicenter trials. Kidney transplant recipients were randomized (i) at month 4.5 to switch to everolimus or remain on a standard cyclosporine (CsA)-based regimen (ZEUS, n = 300), or (ii) at month 3 to switch to everolimus, remain on standard CNI therapy or convert to everolimus with reduced-exposure CsA (HERAKLES, n = 497). Results There were no significant differences in the incidence of PTDM between treatment groups (log rank p = 0.97 [ZEUS], p = 0.90 [HERAKLES]). The mean change in random blood glucose from randomization to month 12 was also similar between treatment groups in both trials for patients with or without PTDM, and with or without pre-existing diabetes. The change in eGFR from randomization to month 12 showed a benefit for everolimus versus comparator groups in all subpopulations, but only reached significance in larger subgroups (no PTDM or no pre-existing diabetes). Conclusions Within the restrictions of this post hoc analysis, including non-standardized diagnostic criteria and limited glycemia laboratory parameters, these data do not indicate any difference in the incidence or severity of PTDM with early conversion from a CsA-based regimen to everolimus, or in the progression of pre-existing diabetes. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00154310 (registered September 2005) and NCT00514514 (registered August 2007); EudraCT (2006-007021-32 and 2004-004346-40).

Patients who are immunosuppressed may exhibit subtle or atypical presentations of gastrointestinal infection, as well as complications of their underlying disease processes or treatments. Emergency physicians should maintain a high level of suspicion for life-threatening pathology and evaluate these patients using broad differentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxoplasmosis is an important opportunistic infection in immunocompromised children, especially in heart transplant recipients. This study aimed to investigate pre‐ and post‐transplant serology for toxoplasmosis along with post‐transplant PCR in pediatric heart transplant patients. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was performed on 38 heart transplant recipients aged 1‐17 years, by the end of 2018. Pre‐ and post‐transplant IgM and IgG titrations were measured using ELISA method. Nested PCR of B1 gene was performed to identify Toxoplasma gondii (T gondii) infection after transplant. Results: Totally, 11.4% of patients had positive IgG and 91.4% had negative IgM for toxoplasmosis before heart transplantation. The mean of pre‐transplant IgG titration for seropositive and seronegative patients was 22.32 ± 15.30 IU/mL and 1.49 ± 1.15 IU/mL, respectively (P <.001). All cases were on chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). The mean of post‐transplant IgG titration was 1.62 ± 1.87 IU/mL, which was negative for all cases. Investigating pre‐transplant, IgM titration, 5.7% were positive, 91.4% were negative, and 2.9% were borderline. All cases were post‐transplant IgM negative. The mean of post‐transplant IgG titrations was significantly higher in the first 6 months (3.26 ± 2.68 IU/mL) compared to 6‐12 (1.30 ± 1.34 IU/mL; P =.039) and > 12 months (1.07 ± 1.27 IU/mL; P =.004) time periods. The result of PCR for B1 gene in all cases was negative. Conclusions: Chemoprophylaxis with TMP/SMX seems to be effective in prevention of T gondii infection or reactivation among pediatric heart transplantation population. Anti‐T. gondii‐IgG level alone may not be sensitive enough for evaluation of the infection at least after 6 months post‐transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration occurs in post-transplant patients. • 11q-gain/loss may coexist with MYC amplification in post-transplant patients with Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration. • The presence of MYC amplification increase the aggressiveness of the disease course. "Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration" is a new provisional entity in the latest revision of lymphoma's World Health Organization classification described as carrying the specific 11q-gain/loss aberration and lacking MYC rearrangement. Morphologically, phenotypically and by gene and microRNA expression profiling these lymphomas resemble Burkitt lymphoma. The 11q-gain/loss was also found in post-transplant patients with molecular Burkitt lymphoma signature without MYC rearrangement. Recent reports describe aggressive lymphomas with coexistence of 11q-gain/loss and MYC rearrangement. In this report we describe post-transplant Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration and MYC amplification. Genetic studies were conducted at two time points: before therapy and during progression. In both cytogenetic examinations, peculiar 11q-gain/loss was detected. Percentage of cells carrying MYC amplification increased from 2% at initial diagnosis to 97% during progression. The MYC amplification can functionally correspond to MYC translocation and to MYC overexpression. The presence of MYC amplification seems to increase the aggressiveness of the reported disease course, so even a small clone with this change should be indicated in cytogenetic result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung transplantation (LT) is an established method for treating end-stage lung disease. Although most of the post-lung transplant imaging surveillance is focused on chronic lung allograft rejection, abdominopelvic complications have been reported in 7–62% of patients. The reported wide range of post-LT abdominopelvic complications is thought to be secondary to lack of current standardized definitions. These complications encompass a heterogeneous group of disorders including upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, inflammatory conditions of solid organs, lymphoproliferative disorders, and neoplasms; each with varying pathophysiology, timing, severity, and treatment. Clinical manifestations of these complications may overlap or be masked by immunosuppression; therefore, imaging plays a paramount role in the early management and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]