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Obesity's complex etiology due to the interplay of environment and genetics makes it a more challenging research and health problem. Some of the contributing genetic factors that have not yet been examined in detail entail mRNA polyadenylation (PA). Genes with multiple PA sites express mRNA isoforms differing in coding sequence or 3′UTR through alternative polyadenylation (APA). Alterations in PA have been associated with various diseases however, its contribution to obesity is not well-researched. Following an 11-week high-fat diet, the APA sites in the hypothalamus of two unique mouse models for polygenic obesity (Fat line) and healthy leanness (Lean line) were determined using whole transcriptome termini site sequencing (WTTS-seq). We found 17 genes of interest with differentially expressed APA (DE-APA) isoforms, among which seven were previously associated with obesity or obesity-related traits (Pdxdc1, Smyd3, Rpl14, Copg1, Pcna, Ric3, Stx3) but have not yet been studied in the context of APA. The remaining ten genes (Ccdc25, Dtd2, Gm14403, Hlf, Lyrm7, Mrpl3, Pisd-ps3, Sbsn, Slx1b, Spon1) represent novel candidates associated with obesity/adiposity due to variability brought about by differential usage of APA sites. Our results provide insights into the relationship between PA and the hypothalamus in the context of obesity, by being the first study of DE-APA sites and DE-APA isoforms in these mouse models. Future studies are needed further to explore the role of APA isoforms in polygenic obesity by expanding the scope of research to other metabolically important tissues (such as liver and adipose tissues) and investigating the potential for targeting PA as a therapeutic strategy for obesity management.

An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) treated with two commercially available quebracho (QUE) and chestnut wood (CWE) extracts, at three different concentrations (15, 30 and 60 g/kg SBM) on the extent and rate of gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. During the incubation, the gas production was measured at regular intervals from 0 to 48 h and the data were fitted with the Gompertz model to model gas production dynamics. After 24 h volumes of two syringes per substrate were analysed for individual SCFA contents. Treatment of SBM with CWE and QUE at the lowest concentration significantly increased (P < 0.05) gas production at 24 h of incubation (Gas24) and total SCFA production, but did not affect the proportions of individual SCFA. At higher concentrations (30 and 60 g/kg SBM), only the CWE significantly decreased (P < 0.05) Gas24, while both tannins significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the maximum fermentation rate. Both higher concentrations of CWE and QUE also did not affect total SCFA production, yet CWE significantly increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of acetic acid, while QUE tannins did not affect the proportions of individual SCFA. Obtained results suggest that the low doses of QUE and CWE have a stimulating effect on rumen microorganisms, enhancing the extent and rate of fermentation, while higher doses of CWE and QUE decrease the rate of fermentation however, only CWE affects the fermentation pattern of rumen microorganisms by changing the proportions of individual SCFA.

Namen raziskave je bil preučiti oksidativno stabilnost, maščobnokislinsko sestavo ter kakovost mesa pitovnih piščancev, krmljenih z rastlinskim oljem, bogatim z n-3 ali n-6 večkrat nenasičenimi maščobnimi kislinami (PUFA) in dodatkom ekstrakta oljčnih listov ali cvetnih lističev ognjiča. Živali smo razdelili v 6 skupin. Kontrolni skupini sta bili dve, ki sta v krmo dobivali samo laneno olje (Kont lan) ali orehovo olje (Kont oreh). Ostale skupine so v krmi poleg olja dobivale še dodatek ekstrakta oljčnih listov (Lan olj Oreh olj) ali ekstrakt cvetnih lističev ognjiča (Lan ogn Oreh ogn). Ugotovili smo, da dodana olja in ekstrakta v krmi v večini niso vplivali na proizvodne rezultate, sploh pa ni bilo vpliva na antioksidativno kapaciteto v vodi topnih antioksidantov (ACW), električno prevodnost mesa ter pH. Pri barvi mesa ni bilo drastičnih sprememb, meso je pod vplivom olja in ekstraktov samo pridobilo na rumeni barvi. Izceja je bila manjša ob dodanih ekstraktih, olji pa pri tem nista vplivali. Obratno velja za koncentracijo malondialdehida (MDA). Olji sta koncentracijo povečali, ekstrakta pa nista imela vpliva. Vsebnost alfa in gama tokoferolov se je povečala pod vplivom ekstraktov in olj. Samo olji pa sta vplivali na maščobnokislinsko sestavo mesa prsne mišice, in sicer se je vsebnost PUFA v mesu povečala. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative stability, fatty acid composition and meat quality of broilers fed vegetable oil rich in n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and an olive leaf or calendula extract. Animals were distributed into 6 groups, of which two were control group fed with flaxseed oil (Kont lan) or walnut oil (Kont oreh) in the feed mixture. In addition to the oil in the feed, the experimental groups also received olive leaf extract (Lan olj Oreh olj) or marigold extract (Lan ogn Oreh ogn). We found that in most cases the production results were not affected by the addition of oils or extracts to the feed. Also, the antioxidant capacity of water-soluble antioxidants (ACW), electrical conductivity and pH of the meat were not affected in any way. There were no drastic changes in the colour of the meat, only the yellow coloration became more intense under the influence of oil and extract. Drip loss was reduced by the addition of extracts, while the oils had no effect. For malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, the results were opposite, as the oils increased the concentration, while the extracts had no influence. Alpha and gamma tocopherol levels were increased by the addition of oils and extracts. However only the oils had an effect on the fatty acid composition of the breast muscle by increasing the PUFA content in feed.

The objective of this study was to establish the effects of chestnut tannin extract or vitamin E added to linseed oil-enriched diets on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were included in trial. 5% of cold-pressed linseed oil was included in finisher diets (21–40 days), and three feeding treatments with four replicates were formed: finisher without additives finisher + 200 IU vitamin E/kg finisher + 500 mg/kg of chestnut wood tannin extract. No significant influence of treatments was established on body weight or feed conversion ratio. A negative effect on feed intake (p < 0.05) was found in the vitamin E group. The addition of vitamin E increased the dressing percentage (p < 0.05) and increased the breast meat yield (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. No significant effects were found on the water holding capacity or pH of breast meat. The highest level of AST (p < 0.01) and ALT (p < 0.05) was recorded in vitamin E group. The addition of chestnut tannin extract in feed increased villus height, villus height: crypt depth ratio, and villus area compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that vitamin E supplementation improves carcass percentage and breast meat yield, while chestnut tannins improve the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens when added to oil-enriched diets.The objective of this study was to establish the effects of chestnut tannin extract or vitamin E added to linseed oil-enriched diets on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were included in trial. 5% of cold-pressed linseed oil was included in finisher diets (21–40 days), and three feeding treatments with four replicates were formed: finisher without additives finisher + 200 IU vitamin E/kg finisher + 500 mg/kg of chestnut wood tannin extract. No significant influence of treatments was established on body weight or feed conversion ratio. A negative effect on feed intake (p < 0.05) was found in the vitamin E group. The addition of vitamin E increased the dressing percentage (p < 0.05) and increased the breast meat yield (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. No significant effects were found on the water holding capacity or pH of breast meat. The highest level of AST (p < 0.01) and ALT (p < 0.05) was recorded in vitamin E group. The addition of chestnut tannin extract in feed increased villus height, villus height: crypt depth ratio, and villus area compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that vitamin E supplementation improves carcass percentage and breast meat yield, while chestnut tannins improve the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens when added to oil-enriched diets.

Cilj naloge je bil zbrati in analizirati podatke iz postopka krmljenja vitke linje miši (FHI) in debele linije miši (FLI). Liniji sta bili krmljeni z krmama, kjer ima ena večjo vsebnost maščob kot druga. Zanimalo nas je ali imata ta dva tipa krme vpliv na diferencialno prirast miši in maščobnih depojev v odvisnosti od genotipa. Debelost je povezana z rezistenco na inzulin. Raziskave kažejo, da imajo maščobna tkiva pomembno vlogo pri nastanku in napredovanju bolezni povezanih z debelostjo. Visok vnos maščob vodi do sprememb v presnovi v maščobnih tkivih, te pa povečajo raven prostih maščobnih kislin v krvi. V postopku smo uporabili 42 miši linij FHI in FLI (24 FHI, 18 FLI). Miši so bile vključene v postopek pri starosti 21-25 dni. Miši so bile ločene v dve skupini pri vsaki liniji in so dobivale dve vrsti krme. Ena skupina je dobivala krmo z nizko vsebnostjo maščobe (LFD). Druga skupina pa je dobivala krmo z visoko vsebnostjo maščob (HFD). Upoštevajoč dobljene rezultate, lahko sklepamo, da se genotipa v merjenih lastnostih nista razlikovala pri krmi LFD. Pri skupini, ki je bila krmljena z HFD krmo, pa je vpliv genotipa statistično značilen. The aim of this study was to collect and analyze data from an experiment in which we fed isocaloric diets to a lean line (FHI) and a fat line (FLI) of mice, but with different compositions-a high fat diet (HFD) and a low fat diet (LFD). We were interested in whether these two types of diets had an effect on the difference in growth of the mice and fat deposition depending on the genotype FHI or FLI. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance. Research shows that adipose tissue plays an important role in the development and progression of diseases related to obesity. High fat intake leads to changes in adipose tissue metabolism, increasing the level of free fatty acids in the blood, which has a negative effect on metabolism. We used 42 mice of the FHI and FLI lines (24 FHI, 18 FLI) for the procedure. The mice were enrolled in the study at 21-25 days of age. They were divided into two groups for each line. One group was fed low-fat diet and the other high fat diet. The results showed that the effect of genotype was not significant in the low-fat treatment. In the group fed high fat diet, we found statistically significant differences in the measured traits between FLI and FHI genotypes.

Vitamini so esencialne hranljive snovi, potrebne v zelo nizkih koncentracijah in so ključnega pomena za zdravje psov. Ločimo jih po topnosti – vitamini, topni v maščobah so A, D, E in K, vodotopni vitamini pa so vitamini B skupine (tiamin, riboflavin, niacin, piridoksin, folna kislina, pantotenska kislina, kobalamin, holin, biotin) in vitamin C. Omogočajo normalno rast kosti, obnavljanje in delovanje telesnih celic, strjevanje krvi, učinkovito delovanje imunskega in hormonalnega sistema, presnovo hranljivih snovi, normalno razmnoževanje in preprečevanje različnih bolezni. Večinoma se nahajajo v mesu, jetrih, sadju, zelenjavi, žitih, mleku, jajcih, ribjih in rastlinskih oljih, vitamin D se tvori v koži zaradi UV sevanja sončne svetlobe, niacin se v telesu tvori iz aminokisline triptofana, holin iz serina, vitamin C iz glukoze vitamine K, biotin, riboflavin in folno kislino pa lahko tvorijo bakterije debelega črevesa. Ob pomanjkanju posameznega vitamina pride do različnih bolezni, kot so anemija, rahitis, črni jezik, skorbut, nočna slepota in druga obolenja oči, bolezni kože, prebavil, dihal, izguba dlake, itd. V primeru kroničnega pomanjkanja lahko pes tudi pogine. Prekomerne koncentracije vitaminov lahko povzročajo zastrupitev, anemijo, kalcifikacijo mehkih tkiv, mišično distrofijo, splav in poškodbe zarodkov. Komercialno pripravljene krmne mešanice vsebujejo zadostne količine vitaminov za pokritje dnevnih potreb, nekaterih vitaminov pa ni potrebno dodajati zaradi bakterijske sinteze v črevesju. Vitamins are essential nutrients needed in very low concentrations and are crucial for dog's health. They are distinguished by their solubility – fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K, while the water-soluble vitamins are the B-complex (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, choline, biotin) and vitamin C. They enable normal bone growth, repair and function of body cells, blood coagulation, efficient functioning of the immune and hormonal systems, metabolism of nutrients, normal reproduction and prevention of various diseases. They are mainly found in meat, liver, fruit, vegetables, cereals, milk, eggs, fish and vegetable oils, vitamin D is formed in the skin by UV radiation from sunlight, niacin can be formed from amino acid tryptophan, choline from serine, vitamin C from glucose and vitamins K, biotin, riboflavin and folic acid can be formed by bacteria in the colon. Deficiency of a particular vitamin can lead to various conditions such as anaemia, rickets, black tongue, scurvy, night blindness and other eye diseases, skin diseases, gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, loss of hair, etc. In the case of chronic deficiency, the dog may even die. Excessive concentrations of vitamins can cause poisoning, anaemia, calcification of soft tissues, muscular dystrophy, abortion and fetal damage. Compound feeds contain sufficient concentrations of vitamins to cover daily requirements, while some vitamins do not need to be added due to bacterial synthesis in intestine.

Rejci in lastniki konj se vedno bolj zavedamo pomembnosti polaganja kakovostne in neoporečne krme. Živali, ki so nagnjene k boleznim, kot sta laminitis in obstruktivna pljučna bolezen, imajo še dodatne zahteve glede vsebnosti vodotopnih ogljikovih hidratov (VOH) in količine prašnih delcev v krmi, ki jo zauživajo. Ena od rešitev za zmanjševanje obeh problemov je namakanje sena. V okviru naloge smo analizirali vsebnost VOH v senu, ki smo ga namakali 20 in 60 minut, ter 3, 6 in 24 ur. Za vsebnost prahu v senu, smo za primerjavo uporabili vzorce iz kvadrastih in valjastih bal, ter jih namakali 10, 20 in 60 minut. Vsebnost VOH najbolj pada prvih 6 ur pri namakanju 24 ur pa je količina VOH za približno 50 % nižja kot v suhem vzorcu. Ugotovili smo, da se z daljšanjem namakanja sena v vodi vsebnost elementov kot so natrij, kalij, kalcij, magnezij in fosfor občutno niža. Pri analiziranju vsebnosti prahu v senu, ki smo ga namakali smo ugotovili le, da je seno smiselno namakati od 10 do 30 minut. Dejanski rezultati, ki smo jih dobili zelo variirajo in nam ne povedo kateri čas namakanja je najbolj optimalen za izločitev prašnih delcev in ali je bolje krmiti valjaste ali kvadraste bale. Glede na rezultate pri analizi VOH, kjer smo primerjali vsebnost le-teh v kvadrasti in valjasti bali bi v našem primeru konjem, ki so nagnjeni k laminitisu, raje polagali seno iz valjastih bal, saj vsebuje manj VOH. V kolikor seno namakamo z namenom nižanja vsebnosti VOH ali količine prašnih delcev, je smiselno zaradi izgub makro-elementov z vodo razmisliti o ustreznosti mineralno-vitaminskih dodatkov, ki jih dodajamo konjem. Horse breeders and owners are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of feed quality. In particular, animals that are more sensitive and susceptible to diseases such as laminitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease require special attention to the levels of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and dust particles in their feed. One solution to eliminate WSC and dust particles is to soak the hay in water. In this work we focused on the analysis of WSC content in hay square bales soaked for 20 minutes, 60 minutes, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours. Square and round hay bales soaked for 10, 20, and 60 minutes were used for dust particle analysis. The results show that the content of elements such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus decreases during soaking of hay. The content of WSC decreases especially in the first 6 hours of soaking, and after 24 hours the content is lower by about 50%. Results of soaking vary widely and do not indicate which soaking time is best for dust-sensitive horses and whether it is better to feed hay from round or square bales. However, we believe it is advisable to soak hay between 10 and 30 minutes. As for the results of our analysis comparing WSC content in square and round bales, we recommend feeding hay from round bales to horses prone to laminitis because the content is lower. In any case, if breeders and owners decide to soak the hay, we recommend adding appropriate mineral and vitamin supplements to replace the water loss.

S pregledom literature smo primerjali potrebe po vitaminu D pri kokoših, prašičih in ljudeh in priporočila za njegov vnos. Potrebe po vitaminu D in priporočila za vnos so se skozi leta povečala, tako pri rejnih živalih kot pri ljudeh. Poudarek na vitaminu D in njegovih metabolitih je v živinoreji razširjen že dlje časa, saj pozitivno vpliva na zdravje živali in prirejo. Ob nezmožnosti naravnega pripusta in dostopa do sončne svetlobe pa lahko pride do njegovega pomankanja, kar vodi v bolezni. Pri ljudeh se je zanimanje za D vitamin povečalo v času pandemije virusa COVID-19, saj so različne študije dokazovale pozitivne učinke vitamina D na zmanjšanje tveganja za okužbe. Pomanjkanje vitamina D pri mladih živalih povzroči rahitis, bolezen rasti kosti, pri kateri je moteno odlaganje kalcija in fosforja, pri ljudeh pa lahko dolgotrajno pomanjkanje vitamina D vodi v bolezni srca in ožilja, avtoimunske motnje, nevrološke bolezni, okužbe in zaplete pri nosečnosti ter nekatere vrste raka, vključno z rakom dojk, prostate in debelega črevesa. Priporočila za vnos vitamina D se gibljejo pri kokoših 2000–5000 IE/kg krme, pri prašičih znašajo minimalna priporočila 150–220 IE/kg krme, priporočila za vnos v praktičnih razmerah pa so nekajkrat višja. Pri ljudeh priporočajo od 1000 IE/dan za dojenčke do 2000 IE/dan za vse druge starostne skupine. We conducted a literature review to compare the vitamin D requirements of chickens, pigs, and humans and to make recommendations for vitamin D intake. Vitamin D requirements and recommendations for intake have increased over the years, both in farm animals and humans. Vitamin D and its metabolites have long been used in livestock because of their beneficial effects on animal health and production. However, deficiency can occur when it is not present in nature and there is no access to sunlight, which can lead to disease. In humans, interest in vitamin D increased during the pandemic COVID -19 as various studies showed the positive effects of vitamin D on reducing the risk of infection. Vitamin D deficiency in young animals causes rickets, a bone growth disorder in which the storage of calcium and phosphorus is impaired. In humans, long-term vitamin D deficiency can lead to cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, infections, and pregnancy complications, as well as certain cancers such as breast, prostate, and colon. Recommendations for vitamin D intake in chickens range from 2000 to 5000 IU/kg feed, and in pigs the minimum recommendation is 150-220 IU/kg feed. However, practical intake recommendations are many times higher. Human intake recommendations ranging from 1000 IU/day for infants to 2000 IU/day for all other age groups.

V kmetijstvu je danes izredno pomembno, da živali priraščajo hitro, so zdrave ter pri tem porabijo karseda malo krme. Zato se iščejo alternative, kjer bi dosegli dobre parametre rasti in razvoja živali. Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, ali tehnologija vpihovanja nanomehurčkov v pitno vodo vpliva na rast in razvoj živali. S tega področja je bilo opravljenih nekaj raziskav, ki so dokazale pozitiven učinek nanomehurčkov na rast, razvoj in izkoriščanje krme. Mi smo za namene poskusa uporabili za modelni organizem laboratorijske miši, saj imajo hiter generacijski interval in so enostavne za rokovanje. Poskus smo izvedli s 36 laboratorijskimi mišmi, ki so bile ločene po spolu, liniji (debela/vitka) ter po vrsti tretmaja. Ena skupina miši je zauživala vodo z vpihanimi nanomehurčki, druga skupina pa navadno vodo (iz vodovoda). Poskus smo začeli pri miškah, starih 3 tedne in ga končali pri starosti 8 tednov. Miši smo tedensko tehtali, merili količino zaužite krme, izračunali izkoriščanje zaužite krme ter menjavali vodo dnevno. Prav tako smo pri 7. tednu iz nastila v kletkah zbrali blato, da smo lahko izračunali prebavljivost surovih beljakovin in surovih maščob. Ugotovili smo, da v večini ne moremo potrditi pozitivnega učinka nanomehurčkov na rast in razvoj ter izkoriščanje krme pri laboratorijskih miših. Glede na dejstvo, da je bila povprečno poraba krme pri miših iz skupine z nanomehurčki manjša ter da so se povprečni prirasti pri miših iz skupine z nanomehurčki povečevali proti koncu poskusa, je možno, da bi ob daljšem poskusu ali uporabi več živali dobili boljše rezultate. In agriculture today it is extremely important that animals grow quickly, are healthy, and consume little feed. Therefore, alternatives are sought to achieve good parameters for the growth and development of animals. The aim of B. Sc. Thesis was to determine whether the technology of injecting nanobubbles into drinking water affects the growth and development of animals. Some researchers have already been carried out in this field. The positive effect of nanobubbles on the growth, development, and utilization of feed was demonstrated. For the experiment, we used laboratory mice as model organisms because they have a fast generation interval and are easy to handle. We experimented with 36 laboratory mice that were separated by sex, line (fat/lean), and type of treatment. One group of mice received water infused with nanobubbles, and the other group received normal water (from the tap). We started the experiment in mice, at 3 weeks of age and ended it at 8 weeks of age. We weighed the mice weekly, measured the amount of feed consumed, calculated the efficiency of the feed consumed, and changed the water daily. We also collected feces from the bedding in the cages at week 7 to calculate the digestibility of crude protein and crude fat. We found that in most cases, we could not confirm the positive effect of nanobubbles on growth and development as well as feed conversion in laboratory mice. Since the average feed consumption of mice in the nanobubble group was lower and the average gains of mice in the nanobubble group increased toward the end of the experiment, a longer experiment or the use of more animals might provide better results.

Vitamin E je esencialen v maščobi topen vitamin, ki ima številne pomembne učinke na delovanje in splošno zdravje živali. V naravi poznamo več oblik vitamina E, najbolj aktiven in razširjen pa je α-tokoferol. Vitamin E je naravni antioksidant, ki ščiti živali pred oksidativnim stresom in s tem pred poškodbami molekul tkiv in organov, do katerih bi prišlo zaradi delovanja prostih radikalov. Pomanjkanje vitamina E se pri živalih kaže na različne načine, vsem pa je skupno, da se poslabša splošno zdravstveno stanje, apetit ter prireja. Dolgotrajno pomanjkanje lahko vodi do resnejših stanj, kot so na primer miopatije, nevrološke motnje in motnje v delovanju imunskega sistema. Potrebe po vitaminu E so pri živalih odvisne od vrste, stopnje razvoja oziroma vrste proizvodnje, starosti, okolja in drugih dejavnikov. Ker vitamin E v mesu, jajcih in mleku vpliva tudi na njihovo oksidativno stabilnost, je pri dodajanju vitamina E v prehrano živali potrebno upoštevati tudi vpliv na tehnološko kakovost živalskih proizvodov. Živila živalskega izvora so v prehrani ljudi pomemben vir vitamina E, zato povečanje njegove vsebnosti v živilih s pomočjo krmljenja primernih količin vitamina E izboljša tudi prehransko vrednost živil živalskega izvora. Najlažje je to mogoče doseči preko jajc, saj je prenos v jajčni rumenjak zelo učinkovit. Prav tako je vitamin E koristen kot dodatek sami krmi, saj preprečuje kvarjenje in ohranja strukturo, barvo, vonj in okus krme. Največ vitamina E se nahaja v zelenih delih krme ter kalčkih. Pri skladiščenju krme moramo biti zelo pozorni, saj se njegova vsebnost hitro zmanjšuje. V prihodnje bi bilo potrebno posvetiti še več pozornosti optimalni oskrbi živali z vitaminom E z vidika zdravja in proizvodnosti živali ter tehnološke kakovosti in prehranske vrednosti živil živalskega izvora. Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin that has many beneficial effects on the overall health of animals. In nature there are many forms of vitamin E, the most active and widespread is α-tocopherol. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant that protects animals from oxidative stress and thus damage to tissues and organs that can result from exposure to free radicals. Vitamin E deficiency manifests itself in animals in a variety of ways, but what they all have in common is that it worsens the animal's overall health, decreases appetite and production. Prolonged deficiency can lead to more serious conditions such as myopathies, neurological disorders and immune system disorders. The dosage of vitamin E depends on the type of animal, breeding condition, age of the animal, environment and other factors. Since vitamin E in meat, eggs and milk also affects their oxidative stability, the effects on the technological quality of animal products must also be considered when supplementing vitamin E to animal feed. Thus, by supplementing vitamin E to animal feed, we could also enrich the human diet, especially through eggs, as the transfer through the yolk is very effective. Vitamin E is also useful as a supplement to the feed itself, as it prevents spoilage and preserves the structure, colour, smell and taste of the feed. Most vitamin E is found in the green parts of feed and sprouts. However, it is necessary to be very careful during storage, because its content decreases rapidly. In the future, even more attention should be paid to supplement the optimal amount of this vitamin E to achieve the best possible results in farm management.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C, and Se, alone or in combination, on carcass characteristics, oxidative stability and meat quality parameters of breast meat from broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS), and stored under different conditions. A total of 120 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments: NRC (minimal nutrition requirements), AVI (commercial nutritional recommendations for Ross 308 broilers), AVI + vitE (as AVI + 200 IU vitamin E/kg feed), AVI + vitC (as AVI + 250 mg vitamin C/kg feed), AVI + Se (as AVI + 0.2 mg Se/kg feed), and AVI + ECSe (as AVI + vitE + vitC + Se). From day 26 onwards, all birds were exposed to a high ambient temperature (31 °C) for 8 h per day. The results showed that dietary vitamin E alone or in combination with vitamin C and Se significantly increased the α-tocopherol content and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in breast meat. Although no obvious synergistic effects of the added antioxidants were observed, the addition of higher levels of vitamin E, vitamin C and Se to broiler diets had no adverse effects on carcass traits, oxidative stability and meat quality parameters when supplemented either alone or in combination.

Na kmetiji Kuralt smo 3 mesece (od marca 2021 do maja 2021) spremljali prehrano krav molznic. V hlevu je približno 50 krav molznic, večinoma lisaste, nekaj pa črno-bele pasme. Z rezultati mesečnih kontrol mlečnosti (AT4) in vsebnosti hranil v mleku smo spremljali odziv krav na krmni obrok, ki smo ga redno prilagajali, da bi pokrili potrebe krav molznic. Osnovni obrok so sestavljale travna in koruzna silaža ter mrva. Po opravljeni kemijski analizi voluminozne krme smo ugotovili, da je bila travna silaža pod slovenskim povprečjem po vsebnosti beljakovin, po vsebnosti energije pa povprečna. Koruzna silaža in mrva pa sta bili rahlo nadpovprečni. Pred spremljanjem prehrane molznic je bila dnevna mlečnost 26,36 kg, pri porabi 200 g močne krme na kilogram mleka. Izkoriščenost energije je bila le 84,1 %. Vsebnost maščob v mleku je bila 4,10 %, beljakovin pa 3,58 %. Osnovni obrok smo dopolnili z energijskimi in beljakovinskimi krmili, dodatkom soli, mineralno vitaminskega dodatka ter apnenca. S prilagajanjem obroka smo v treh mesecih mlečnost povečali za 2,55 kg, temu pa je sledil rahel padec maščob (4,04 %) in beljakovin (3,43 %) v mleku. Zmanjšali smo porabo močne krme na kilogram mleka in sicer z 200 g na 120 g ter povečali izkoriščenost energije obroka na 98,6 %. On the Kuralt farm, we monitored the diet of dairy cows for 3 months (from March 2021 to May 2021). In the barn there are around 50 dairy cows, mostly Simental, and some Holstein Frisian. The results of monthly milk yield (AT4) and milk nutrient content checks were used to monitor the response of the cows to the feed ration, which was regularly adjusted to ensure that it met the needs of the dairy cows. The basic ration consisted of grass, maize silage and hay. After chemical analysis of the roughage, we found that grass silage was below the average Slovenian analytical results for protein content, but average for energy content. Maize silage and hay were slightly above average. Before monitoring the dairy cows' diets, the daily milk yield was 26,36 kg, with a consumption of 200 g of strong feed per kg of milk. Energy utilisation was only 84,1 %. The fat content was 4,10 % and the protein content was 3,58 %. The basic ration was supplemented with energy and protein feeds, salt, a mineral and vitamin supplement and limestone. By adjusting the ration, we increased milk yield by 2,55 kg in three months, followed by a slight decrease in fat (4,04 %) and protein (3,43 %) in the milk. We reduced the use of strong feeds per kg of milk from 200 g to 120 g and increased the energy utilisation of the ration to 98,6 %.

Beljakovine spadajo med makrohranila in so zelo pomemben del tako prehrane ljudi kot tudi živali, saj je za normalno delovanje organizma pomemben ustrezen prehranski vnos kakovostnih beljakovin. Eden izmed najbolj kakovostnih virov je meso, ki je hkrati tudi zelo pomembna komponenta pri sestavi obroka za psa. Popoln obrok za psa vsebuje približno 80 % mesnega deleža ter približno 20 % zelenjavno-rastlinskega dela. Posledice nepravilno sestavljenih obrokov se pri psih lahko kažejo na različne načine, največkrat se pojavijo prebavne motnje, poslabšano delovanje imunskega sistema, motnje v rasti in razvoju ter težave s kondicijo. V zadnjih letih pri psih beležimo porast alergij na določene vire živalskih beljakovin v krmi, zato so številni proizvajalci začeli razvijati različne tehnologije in uporabljati druge surovine, ki bi s svojo kakovostjo vseeno pokrile vse potrebe po makro in mikro hranilih. Eden takšnih primerov je vključevanje beljakovin črne bojevniške muhe (Hermetia illucens) v pasjo krmo, katere vzreja je enostavna, saj imajo hiter življenjski cikel in ne potrebujejo veliko prostora. Poleg tega so ličinke insektov hipoalergen vir beljakovin ter ne predstavljajo obremenitve za okolje. Insekti pri vzreji prav tako ne potrebujejo veliko krme, zato sta strošek vzreje ter poraba surovin veliko manjša kot pri konvencionalnih rejah farmskih živali. Proteins are macronutrients that are very important for both human and animal nutrition. Proper intake of high quality protein is important for normal functioning of the body. One of the highest quality sources is meat, which is also a very important component in the composition of the dog's meal. A complete meal contains about 80% meat and about 20% vegetable or fruit content. The consequences of improperly composed meals can manifest themselves in dogs in a number of ways, most commonly through digestive disorders, impaired immune function, impaired growth and development, and condition problems. In recent years, allergies to certain animal protein sources in dog food have increased, so many manufacturers have begun to develop different technologies and use other raw materials that still meet all the macro- and micronutrient needs. One example is the use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) proteins in dog food, which is easy to grow because it has a fast life cycle and does not require much space. In addition, insect larvae are a hypoallergenic source of protein and are not a burden on the environment. Insects also do not need much feed for breeding, so the cost of breeding and consumption of raw materials is much lower than conventional livestock.

Kunci se skotijo goli, slepi in nemočni. Zaradi zelo koncentriranega mleka dobijo mladi kunci veliko energije. Na splošno je mleko bogato z beljakovinami in maščobami, ima pa nizko vrednost laktoze. Do starosti 14 dni zauživajo samo materino mleko. Po 20 dnevu pa se počasi začnejo navajati na novo krmo. Odstavljamo jih od 32. – 35. dneva starosti. Jutranje sesanje se spremeni v več manjših obrokov, ki so razporejeni preko celega dneva. Tip in količina krme, ki jo kunci zauživajo do odstavitve, vpliva na vzpostavitev mikroorganizmov v slepem črevesu in fermentacijskih parametrov pri odstavitvi. Kakovost prehranskih beljakovin je pomembna za hitro rastne kunce, ki še nimajo dobro razvite fermentacije v slepem črevesu. Priporoča se 16 % surovih beljakovin v obroku. Za zadovoljevanje potreb po posameznih aminokislinah, je včasih najbolje dodajati kar aminokisline. V prehrani najpogosteje primanjkuje arginina, lizina ter metionina in cistein. Raziskano je, da kunci pred 35. dnem starosti še nimajo dovolj razvitega prebavnega trakta za prebavo škroba. V krmnih obrokih za kunce je zelo malo maščob, običajno pod 3 %. Vlaknina pa je zelo pomembna v prehrani kuncev. Ena izmed njenih glavnih vlog je omogočanje normalne prebave oz. razmer v prebavilih in s tem preprečevanje prebavnih bolezni, ker večinoma temeljijo na nadzoru črevesne mikrobiote. Vlaknina je hrana za nekatere mikroorganizme in se tako tudi razgrajuje. Običajni viri vlaknine so lucerna, slama in pšenični otrobi. Potreba po vlaknini je še posebej izražena v obdobju po odstavitvi. Nizek vnos vlaknine zavira prirast v 14 dneh po odstavitvi. Prav tako pa so pomanjkanje vlaknine povezali z manjšim zauživanjem krme in prebavnimi motnjami. Poskusi kažejo ugoden učinek prehranske vlaknine na odpornost proti patogenom. Rabbits are born naked, blind and helpless. The very concentrated milk gives young rabbits a lot of energy. Generally, the milk is high in protein and fat, but has a low lactose content. Until they are 14 days old, they consume only mother's milk. After 20 days, they slowly start to get used to the new feed. Weaning occurs around the 32nd - 35th day of life. Morning sucking transitions into several smaller meals spread throughout the day. The type and quantity of feed rabbits eat up to weaning affects the establishment of caecal flora and fermentation parameters during weaning. The quality of dietary protein is important for fast-growing rabbits because fermentation is not yet well developed in them. The recommended value for crude protein in the meal is 16%. It is best to add amino acids to meet their protein needs. The most important amino acids are arginine, lysine, and sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cystine. It has been studied that rabbits cannot digest starch before 35 days of age. The fat content in rabbit diet is very low, usually less than 3%. However, dietary fiber is very important in rabbit nutrition. One of their main roles is the prevention of digestive diseases, as they control the intestinal microbiota. There they serve as food for some microorganisms and are thus decomposed. Common sources of dietary fiber include alfalfa, straw, and wheat bran. The need for fiber is especially noticeable in the post-weaning period. Low fiber intake will inhibit growth within 14 days of weaning. A lack of fiber is also associated with lower feed intake and digestive disorders. Experiments show a positive effect of dietary fiber on resistance to pathogens.

V diplomskem projektu smo predstavili krmljenje telet po volji kot alternativno vzrejo v primer-javi s konvencionalno vzrejo telet, kjer je zauživanje mleka oz. mlečnega nadomestka omejeno. Pri tej vzreji teleta v predodstavitvenem obdobju popijejo tudi do 20 % telesne mase na dan v obliki mlečnega nadomestka ali polnomastnega mleka. Ker je zelo po-membno, da teleta do odstavitve dosegajo čim večje priraste, je potrebno urediti dnevni obrok tako, da teleta lahko zaužijejo o čim več hranljivih snovi. Le te so ključ do hitre rasti in dobrega razvoja vseh organov in organskih sistemov. Potrebno je uskladiti tekoči obrok in od drugega tedna dalje tudi suhi obrok s štarterjem in senom. Pri tem moramo biti pozorni, saj so teleta v glavnem še neprežvekovalci in je njihov glavni obrok še zmeraj tekoča krma. Če to ne upoštevamo, teleta izpostavljamo stresu, posledično manj pojedo in slabše priraščajo. Dobro razvito tele v predodstavitvenem obdobju, običajno tudi po odstavitvi še naprej dobro prirašča, posledično prej spolno dozori in tako rejcu omogoča zgodnejšo reprodukcijo. Rezultat dobre vzreje telet se odrazi tudi na poznejši mlečnosti, saj različni raziskovalci ocenjujejo, da se lahko v prvi laktaciji mlečnost po-veča tudi za do 4 %. In B. Sc. Thesis, we presented ad libitum feeding of calves until weaning as an alternative to conventional restricted milk feeding. In this alternative method, calves can drink up to 20 % of their body weight per day in the form of milk replacer or whole milk during the period before weaning. Since it is very important that calves achieve the highest growth rate possible before weaning, the daily ratio must be managed to allow calves to consume as many nutrients as possible. Nutrients are key to rapid growth and development of all organs and organ systems. It is necessary to coordinate liquid feeding and, beginning in the second week, dry feeding with a starter and hay. Care must be taken as calves are mostly still non-ruminants and their main part of the feed ratio is still liquid feed. If we do not take this into account, calves will be exposed to stress, resulting in lower feed intake and growth rate. A well-developed calf in the pre-weaning period continues to grow well, consequently reaching sexual maturity earlier and also allowing for earlier reproduction. The result of good calf rearing is also reflected in later milk yield, as various researchers estimate that milk yield can increase by up to 4 % in the first lactation.

V svetovnem merilu perutninsko meso predstavlja cenovno dostopen in kakovosten vir beljakovin, zato se je v zadnjih desetletjih povečala njegova prireja. Slednje smo dosegli z intenzivno selekcijo pitovnih piščancev na hitro rast, učinkovitejše izkoriščanje krme, povečan delež prsne mišičnine in manjši delež trebušne maščobe. Na drugi strani so tako intenzivna selekcija in zahteve po večji prireji, kot tudi nekateri zunanji stresni dejavniki, ki vključujejo neželene spremembe v okolju, prehranskem režimu, tehnologiji reje in nepravilne postopke ravnanja z živalmi pred zakolom, povzročili večjo dovzetnost živali za oksidativni stres, ki poslabšuje senzorične in tehnološke lastnosti perutninskega mesa. Posledice hitrega povečevanja prsne mišičnine pri pitovnih piščancih in intenzivne tehnologije reje se kažejo v naraščajočem trendu pojavnosti različnih neželenih sprememb piščančjega mesa oziroma miopatij. Med najpogostejše miopatije spadajo miopatija globoke prsne mišice, bledo, mehko in vodeno meso, bela progavost prsne mišice, olesenelost prsne mišičnine ter špagetasto meso, ki prizadenejo predvsem veliko prsno mišico in poslabšujejo njene senzorične in tehnološke lastnosti. Prav tako omenjene spremembe prsne mišičnine poslabšujejo kakovost in prehransko vrednost mesa ter vplivajo na sprejemljivost mesa za potrošnike in nedvomno povzročajo ekonomske izgube v živilsko-predelovalni industriji. In recent decades, global production of poultry meat has increased due to its affordable prices and good nutritional value. The latter has been achieved by intensive selection of broilers for increased growth rate, feed efficiency, breast yield and reduced abdominal fat deposition. On the other hand, intensive selection and increasing demand for poultry meat, as well as some environmental stressors, such as changes in environmental temperature, feeding regime, breeding technology, and improper handling procedures before slaughter, lead to increased susceptibility of animals to oxidative stress, resulting in poorer sensory and technological characteristics of chicken meat. As a result of intensive broiler production and the increase in breast muscle, various breast muscle abnormalities or myopathies have been observed. The most common ones include deep pectoral myopathy, pale, soft and exudative like meat, white striping, wooden-breast and spaghetti meat, which mainly affect the pectoralis major breast muscle and negatively influence the sensory and technological characteristics of breast meat. The muscle abnormalities have a detrimental effect on quality and nutritional value of meat, affect consumer compromise consumers acceptance, and cause economic losses in the meat processing industry.

Transition from summer to winter changes red deer digestive tract physiology and digestive processes. The objective of the trial was to determine the effects of season on in vitro apparent (ivADMD) and true dry matter (ivTDMD) digestibility, in vitro gas production parameters and short-chain fatty acid synthesis (SCFA) in red deer hinds of eleven substrates naturally occurring in Slovenia (chestnut fruits, acorns of common and sessile oak, two fresh grasses) and those frequently used in supplemental red deer feeding (two grass hays and two grass silages, apple pomace and sugar beet roots). There were no differences in ivADMD, ivTDMD, determined by incubation of feeds in buffered rumen fluid, as there were no differences in majority of gas production parameters between autumn and winter season. Only the parameter “C” (specific gas production rate) was frequently higher (p p p

Namen diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi pregleda literature opisati hranilno in krmno vrednost žit v prehrani konj. Žita so v prehrani konj najprimernejša vrsta koncentriranih in energijsko bogatih krmil. Pri žitih je izredno pomembno, da jih krmimo na podlagi dejanske mase in ne na podlagi volumna. Vsebnost beljakovin, maščob, vlaknine, škroba in energije se precej razlikuje med posameznimi vrstami žit. Škrobno najbolj bogato žito je koruza, posledično vsebuje tudi največ energije. Škrob je najboljši vir energije, vendar lahko hitro privede do bolezenskih stanj, kot sta kolika in laminitis. Največ beljakovin vsebuje pšenica, vendar ječmen in oves vsebujeta kakovostnejše beljakovine kot pšenica in koruza. Največ maščob vsebuje oves, to se odraža tudi v vsebnosti posameznih esencialnih maščobnih kislin, predvsem linolne in α-linolenske kisline, ki sta izredno pomembni. Prav tako oves vsebuje tudi največ vlaknine, zato lahko rečemo, da je za krmljenje konj najbolj varno žito, še posebej, če gre za manj izkušene rejce konj. Tudi raziskave so pokazale, da imajo konji med žiti najraje prav oves. Tako kot pri vsaki krmi se tudi pri žitih soočamo z okužbo z mikotoksini, plesnimi in škodljivci. Da se temu izognemo, moramo dovolj pozornosti nameniti pravilnemu skladiščenju krme in izbiranju zgolj kakovostne krme. Paziti moramo tudi, da posamezne kategorije konj krmimo v skladu z njihovimi potrebami, drugače se lahko pojavijo bolezenska stanja. The purpose of this B. Sc. Thesis was to review the literature and describe nutritive and feeding value of grains in horse nutrition. Cereal grains are the most suitable type of concentrated and energy-rich feeds in horse nutrition. It is extremely important to feed them on the basis of actual weight, not on the basis of volume. The content of protein, fat, fiber, starch and energy varies considerably between different types of cereals. The most starch-rich grain is corn, which also contains the most energy. Starch is the best source of energy, but it can quickly lead to disease such as colic and laminitis. Wheat contains the most protein, but barley and oats contain higher quality proteins than wheat and corn. Oats contain the most fat, which is also reflected in the content of individual essential fatty acids, especially linoleic and α-linolenic acids, which are essential. Oats also contain the most fiber, so we can say that it is the safest cereal for feeding horses, especially for less experienced horse owners. Research has also shown that horses prefer oats the most. As with any feed, cereals can also get infected with mycotoxins, moulds and pests. To avoid this, we must pay enough attention to the proper storage of feed and it is important that we feed only quality feeds. We must also be careful to feed individual categories of horses according to their needs, otherwise disease may occur.

V raziskavi smo ugotavljali vpliv 1,25 dihidroksivitamina D3 (kalcitriola) in izpostavljanja kokoši sončni svetlobi v obdobju od 18. do 74. tedna starosti na proizvodne lastnosti, kakovost jajc in kakovost kosti. Dvestoštirideset kokoši nesnic provenience Lohmann Brown smo po sistemu naključja razdelili v 4 tretmaje (A, B, C, D), znotraj vsakega tretmaja so bile 3 ponovitve, v vsaki ponovitvi se je nahajalo 20 kokoši. Tretmaji so bili naslednji: (A) osnovna krma, ki je vsebovala 75 µg vitamina D3/kg + reja kokoši v hlevu, (B) osnovna krma z dodatkom 1,0 µg kalcitriola/kg + reja kokoši v hlevu, (C) osnovna krma + enkrat tedensko spuščanje kokoši v čredinke, (D) osnovna krma z dodatkom 1,0 µg/kg kalcitriola + enkrat tedensko spuščanje kokoši v čredinke. Spremljali smo prirejo jac, porabo krme in kakovost jajc. Pri starosti 74 tednov smo iz vsakega tretmaja naključno izbrali 24 kokoši, jih stehtali, evtanazirali in z disekcijo trupov ločili stegnenico, golenico, nadlahtnico in grodnico. Omenjenim kostem smo izmerili dolžino, premer, lomno trdnost in jih stehtali. Niti dodatek kalcitriola v osnovno krmo, niti izpostavljanje kokoši sončni svetlobi, nista značilno (p⡥0,05) vplivala na telesno maso kokoši, zauživanje krme ter premer, gostoto in lomno trdnost kosti. Kokoši iz tretmajev B in D, kjer je bil v krmo dodan kalcitriol, so nesle jajca z značilno (p˂0,05) temnejšimi lupinami in manj intenzivno obarvanimi rumenjaki v primerjavi z jajci iz tretmaja A. Jajca kokoši iz tretmaja D so imela značilno (p˂0,05) šibkejše in tanjše lupine v primerjavi z jajci kokoši iz tretmaja B. V nasprotju s pričakovanji, dodatek kalcitriola in izpostavljanje kokoši sončni svetlobi nista prispevala k zmanjšanju obsega poškodb grodnice (p˂0,05). A study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and sunlight exposure of hens during the laying period (18-74 weeks) on laying hen performance, egg quality, and bone quality. A total of 240 Lohmann Brown laying hens were used in a randomized block trial with 4 treatments (A, B, C, D), 3 replicates per treatment, and 20 birds per replicate. Treatments were: (A) 75 µg/kg Vit D3 as control + indoor rearing, (B) control with additional 1.0 µg/kg calcitriol + indoor rearing, (C) control + once-weekly access to pasture, (D) control with additional 1.0 µg/kg calcitriol + once weekly access to pasture. We measured egg production, feed consumption and egg quality. At 74 weeks of age, 24 laying hens from each treatment were randomly selected, weighed, euthanized, and the femur, tibia, humerus, and keel bone were harvested to measure bone length, diameter, weight, and breaking strength. Neither calcitriol nor sun exposure affected (p⡥0.05) body weight, feed intake, bone diameter, bone density, and bone breaking strength. The addition of calcitriol resulted in significantly (p˂0.05) darker egg shells and less intensely coloured yolks in hens in treatments B and D compared to treatment A eggs. Hens of treatment D laid eggs with significantly weaker and thinner shells compared to hens of treatment B. Contrary to initial expectations, the supplementation of calcitriol and exposure of the hens to sunlight during the laying period did not reduce the prevalence of keel bone fractures.

Namen naloge je bilo predstaviti delovanje in bolezni jeter, ter kako se prehrana psov z jetrnim obolenjem razlikuje v potrebah po posameznih hranljivih snoveh v primerjavi z zdravimi odraslimi psi. Pomembne fiziološke funkcije jeter vključujejo vmesno presnovo hranil, koagulacijo, shranjevanje vitaminov, presnovo bilirubina in zdravil. Velika prednost jeter je tudi sposobnost regeneracije in ustvarjanja novega tkiva. Jetrna obolenja so lahko zelo nevarna in za psa tudi usodna, če pravi čas ne ukrepamo. Nekatere pasme so genetsko bolj izpostavljene boleznim jeter. Poleg pasem pa so tudi drugi pomembni dejavniki, ki lahko vplivajo na zdravje psov. Jetrna okvara je lahko akutna ali kronična. Zgodnji klinični znaki se kažejo kot anoreksija, izguba telesne mase, letargija, bruhanje, driska, polidipsija, poliurija (povečano izločanje seča) in zlatenica. Obroke razdelimo na več manjših, optimalno 3- 6 dnevno. Vsak obrok mora vsebovati priporočene količine posameznih hranljivih snovi, ob tem pa ne smemo pozabiti na svežo vodo, ki mora biti psu ves čas na voljo. The objective of this thesis was to present liver functioning and liver diseases, and how the diet for dogs with liver disease differs in the needs for individual nutrients compared to diets for healthy adult dogs. Important physiological functions of the liver include the intermediate metabolism of nutrients, coagulation, vitamin storage, bilirubin metabolism, and drug metabolism. A major advantage of the liver is also the ability to regenerate and create new tissue. Liver disease can be very dangerous and even fatal for dogs, if we do not take timely action. Some breeds are genetically more susceptible to liver disease. In addition to breeds, there are other important factors that can affect a dog’s health. Hepatic impairment can be acute or chronic. Early clinical signs include anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, polyuria (increased urine output), and jaundice. Meals are divided into several smaller ones, optimally 3-6 per day. Each meal should contain the recommended amounts of individual nutrients, and we must not forget about fresh water, which must be available to the dog at all times.

Aminokislinska (AK) sestava absorbiranih beljakovin mora biti čim bolj podobna AK sestavi beljakovin mleka. S tem poskrbimo, da se čim manj dušika izloči v okolje. Mikrobne beljakovine (MB) imajo bolj ugodno AK sestavo od večine krm, zato moramo omogočiti največjo možno sintezo MB. Najbolj limitirajoča AK v MB glede na beljakovine mleka je histidin. AK sestava krme pred razgradnjo se lahko zelo razlikuje od AK sestave nerazgradljivih beljakovin (NRB). Trave in lucerne imajo zelo podobno AK sestavo NRB, ki je relativno ugodna, vendar so te beljakovine slabše prebavljive. V obrokih z veliko koruzne silaže sta lizin in metionin prvi limitirajoči AK. Koruzno zrnje je slab vir beljakovin z neugodno AK sestavo NRB. Koruzni gluten je dober vir beljakovin, vendar so le-te zaradi nizke vsebnosti lizina slabe kakovosti. NRB sojinih tropin so dober vir lizina in histidina, vendar slab vir metionina. Repične tropine so slabši vir esencialnih AK (EAK) od sojinih tropin. Sončnične tropine vsebujejo največ metionina v NRB od vseh opisanih krm. Poleg tega so dober vir histidina, vendar nekoliko slabši vir lizina. Pivske tropine imajo potencialno zelo ugodno AK sestavo NRB, ampak potrebne so bolj podrobne analize. Najbolj limitirajoča AK pri tipičnem obroku za krave molznice v Sloveniji se zdi histidin. The amino acid composition (AA) of the absorbed protein should be as similar as possible to the AA composition of milk protein. This will ensure that as little nitrogen as possible is removed into the environment. Microbial protein (MP) has a more favorable AA composition than most feeds, so we need to maximise MP synthesis. The most limiting AA in MP relative to milk protein is histidine. The AA composition of the feed prior degradation may be very different from the AA composition of the ruminally undegradable protein (RUP). Grasses and lucerne have a very similar AA composition of RUP, which is relatively favorable, but these proteins are poorly digested. In diets with lots of maize silage, lysine and methionine are the first limiting AA. Maize grain is a poor protein source with an unfavorable AA composition of RUP. Maize gluten is a good protein source, but of poor quality because of its low lysine content. Soybean meal is a good source of lysine and histidine, but a poor source of methionine. Rapeseed meal is a poorer source of essential AA (EAA) than soybean meal. Sunflower meal contains more methionine in RUP than any other feed described. In addition, it is a good source of histidine, but somewhat poorer source of lysine. Brewer's grains may have a very favorable AA composition of RUP, but a more detailed analysis is needed. The most limiting AA in a typical diet for dairy cows in Slovenia seems to be histidine.

Presna prehrana za pse sestoji iz mesa, organov in kosti, ne vsebuje konzervansov, stranskih proizvodov in dodatkov, ki jih najdemo v večini suhe krme za hišne živali. Te dodane sestavine lahko povzročijo alergije in alergijske reakcije, kot so srbečica kože in težave s prebavili. Pri krmljenju psov s presno krmo so opazni tudi blagodejni učinki na samem zobovju, saj se ob taki prehrani na pasjem zobovju ne nabirajo obloge ali zobni kamen. Se pa pri presni prehrani izpostavlja veliko vprašanje mikrobiološke varnosti, saj meso in klavni proizvodi, ki sestavljajo take obroke niso toplotno obdelani, da bi zmanjšali ali odpravili prisotnost možnih patogenih mikroorganizmov. Bakterije prisotne v presni prehrani, lahko predstavljajo tveganje za okužbo ljudi predvsem med rokovanjem s krmo in skladiščenjem krme, rokovanjem s posodo za krmo za pse, možna je tudi kontaminacija kuhinjske opreme. Do prenosa mikrooorganizma na človeka lahko pride tudi preko pasjega jezika oz. sline in preko iztrebkov. Študije so pokazale, da se v omenjeni vrsti prehrane pogosto pojavljajo vrste bakterij kot so Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium…Ugotovili smo, da se večina lastnikov ne zaveda tveganja, ki ga ta prehrana lahko predstavlja in se odločajo za tako prehrano bolj na predpostavki, da je taka prehrana bolj naravna. Raw meat based diets (RMBDs) for dogs consist of meat, organs and bones and do not contain preservatives, by-products and additives found in most dry pet foods. These additives can cause allergies and allergic reactions such as itchy skin and gastrointestinal problems. When feeding dogs RMBDs, we can see positive effects on their teeth. Feeding them does not cause plaque and tartar to form on the dog's teeth. However, there is a major problem with the microbiological safety of the RMBDs themselves. Since the meat and butchery products that make up such meals are not heat treated to reduce or eliminate the presence of possible pathogenic microorganisms, there is a high risk of finding them. Bacteria present in RMBDs may pose a risk of infection to humans, especially during meal preparation and meal storage or handling with the food tray. It should be mentioned that contamination of kitchen equipment is also possible. Transmission of microorganisms to humans can also occur through the dog's tongue or saliva and through feces. Studies have shown that bacterial species such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium are commonly found in RMBDs. We have found that most owners are unaware of the risks of RMBDs and the decision to use RMBDs is often made on the assumption that it is more natural.

Prehrana breje in doječe psice se začne takoj po njenem rojstvu, saj se že takrat oblikujejo prehranske navade psice, ki jo pripravijo na uspešno koncepcijo in brejost. Med brejostjo mora psica zaužiti dovolj energije in beljakovin krme ter mineralov, še posebej sta pomembna kalcij in fosfor. Prav tako med brejostjo psici ne sme primanjkovati folne kisline. V času laktacije je pomemben zadosten vnos vode zaradi tvorbe mleka. Poskrbeti moramo tudi, da bo psica zaužila dovolj veliko energije, saj se vzdrževalne potrebe povečajo za približno dvakrat. Pomemben mineral, ki ga potrebuje psica med laktacijo, je kalcij, saj sodeluje pri tvorbi mleka. Za mladiče je ključno mlezivo, ki ga morajo zaužiti čim prej po kotitvi, saj jim zagotavlja pasivno imunost. Na praktičnem primeru smo preverili primernost prehrane psice in mladičev s pomočjo normativov NRC. Suha krma Farmina Team Breeder Puppy Lamb & Blueberry Pumpkin je dovolj hranljiva krma za pokritje vseh prehranskih potreb breje psice. Doma pripravljen obrok Mothers Pudding, ki je odlična alternativa suhe krme, pokriva energijske in beljakovinske potrebe psice med laktacijo. Mladiči so bili po odstavitvi krmljeni prav z enako suho krmo Farmina s prilagojeno količino za določeno starost mladičev. Tudi pri njih pokrije vse prehranske potrebe. Poleg suhe krme se mladičem lahko dodajajo različni sestavljeni kuhani obroki, presno meso in različni priboljški, da poskusijo in se navadijo raznolikih okusov, preden odidejo v nov dom. The nutrition of a pregnant and lactating bitch begins immediately after birth. This is the time when nutritional habits are developed that help the bitch successfully conceive and gestate. During the gestation, the bitch must receive enough energy, protein and minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus. The bitch must also receive enough folic acid. During lactation, the bitch needs enough water to produce milk. We also have to make sure that the bitch eats enough, as her energy needs double. An important mineral that the dog needs during lactation is calcium, as it is necessary for milk production. The first milk is critical for the offspring as it provides passive immunity and must be ingested as soon as possible after the birth. We used NRC standards to verify the nutritional requirements of a special dog food for a bitch and her offspring. Farmina Team Breeder Puppy Lamb & Blueberry Pumpkin dry dog food is nutritionally sufficient for a pregnant bitch. Mothers Pudding, a home-prepared meal and an excellent alternative to dry dog food, has sufficient energy and protein for a nursing bitch. The offspring were fed the same Farmina dry food in an amount appropriate for their age. It was nutritionally sufficient for them as well. In addition to the dry food, the offspring can be given various cooked meals, raw meat and other treats so that they can get used to different tastes before they arrive in their new home.

Namen diplomskega dela je pregledati in preučiti literaturo, na tematiko prehrana psov ob okrevanju po operativnem posegu. V diplomskem delu smo analizirali in primerjali že pripravljene krmne mešanice za pse po operativnem posegu. Psi spadajo v red zveri in njihova krma večinoma vsebuje visok mesni delež. Prehrana psov v operativnem času je nekoliko drugačna kot vsakodnevna prehrana, saj se jim povečajo potrebe po energiji in beljakovinah (zaradi celjenja in izgradnje novega tkiva). Živali po operaciji zaradi zmanjšanega apetita zaužijejo manj krme. Zaradi tega morajo krmne mešanic, ki so namenjene okrevanju, vsebovati več maščob in beljakovin, hkrati pa morajo biti tudi zelo okusne. Po večjih kirurških posegih psi niso sposobni samostojnega zauživanja krme, zaradi česar se uvede enteralno ali parenteralno krmljenje. Psom se lahko v obdobju po operaciji dodaja tudi različne dodatke, kateri spodbujajo celjenje in okrevanje psa. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da dodajanje eikozapentaenojske (EPA) in dokozaheksaenojske (DHA) maščobne kisline v krmo zmanjšuje vnetne procese. Tavrin in probiotiki spodbujajo delovanje imunskega sistema, glutamin in arginin pa sta odgovorna za hitrejše celjenje ran. Pooperativna krma zaradi svojih lastnosti spodbudi okrevanje in celjenje psa. Z dodajanjem nutracevtikov, ter uvajanjem perioperativne prehrane, pa lahko še izboljšamo okrevanje psa in zmanjšamo neželene komplikacije. In the B. Sc. Thesis, we will review some studies related to nutritional support in the postoperative period of dogs and we will analyse and compare different commercial postoperative dog foods. Dogs are classified in the order of carnivores and therefore most of their diet consists of meat. After surgery, dogs have a higher demand for protein and energy due to the formation of new tissue. Most animals lose their appetite after surgery, so the postoperative diet must be very palatable. Postoperative food must also be higher in fat and protein. After major surgery, dogs are unable to take food spontaneously, so enteral or parenteral nutrition is initiated. In the post-operative period, the dog's food can be fortified with supplements to help them recover faster. The use of EPA and DHA in dog food reduces the inflammatory process. Taurine and prebiotics promote immune system function, on the other hand, glutamine and arginine are important for wound healing. Due to its properties, postoperative dog food promotes healing and recovery. By using nutraceuticals and perioperative food, the postoperative period is shortened and, moreover, undesirable complications can be reduced.

Namen diplomskega dela je opisati prehrano psov z obolenji ledvic. V prvem delu je predstavljena ustrezna prehrana psov, proces prebave pri psih in bolezni ledvic, ki predstavljajo drugi najpogostejši vzrok smrti pri psih. V nadaljevanju je opisana dietna prehrana, s pomočjo katere lahko zdravimo in ublažimo obolenja ledvic. Sledi primerjava običajnih krmnih mešanic za zdrave starejše pse z dietnimi mešanicami, ki so namenjene psom z obolenji ledvic. Primerjane so mešanice treh priljubljenih proizvajalcev pasje krme: Royal Canin, Monge in Hill's. Analizirane dietne krmne mešanice so primerljive s splošnimi NRC normativi za odrasle pse. Sestava dietnih krmnih mešanic je skladna s priporočenimi vrednostmi za pse z obolenji ledvic. V primerjavi z mešanicami za zdrave starejše pse vsebujejo manj beljakovin, več maščob, in manj fosforja in natrija kar je v skladu s priporočili pri obolenjih ledvic. Analizirane krmne mešanice ustrezajo priporočilom, razen ena izmed mešanic proizvajalca Royal Canin, ki vsebuje nekoliko več natrija. Pri mešanici Monge Vet Solution Renal pa je malo več beljakovin in kalija. The aim of B. Sc. Thesis is to present the nutrition of dogs with kidney disease. The first part of the B. Sc. Thesis presents the proper nutrition of dogs, their digestive process and kidney diseases, which are the second leading cause of death for dogs. Furthermore, the diet that can be used to treat and alleviate kidney disease is presented. In the second part, there is a comparison of non-dietary prepared feed mixtures with dietary mixtures intended for dogs with kidney disease. Blends from three well-known dog feed manufacturers are compared: Royal Canin, Monge and Hill's. The NRC nutritional value was calculated for all dietary feed mixtures analysed and compared to the general NRC standard for adult dogs. The composition of all dietary feed mixtures meets the recommended nutritional values for dogs with kidney disease. Compared to feedmixtures for healthy older dogs, they contain less protein, more fat, and less phosphorus and sodium, which is consistent with the recommendations for dogs with kidney disease. The selected mixes for dogs with kidney diseases are mostly in line with the recommendations, with the exception of one of the Royal Canin mixes, which contains slightly more sodium. On the other hand, Monge Vet Solution Renal, has slightly more protein and potassium.

In a previous study, we examined the synergistic effects of the dietary supranutritional supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C, and Se on the in vivo antioxidative status of broilers under conditions of dietary oxidative stress induced by feeding a diet high in n-3 PUFA. In this study, we examined the effect of their inclusion on the quality characteristics and oxidative stability of raw or cooked meat, both fresh or after a long-term frozen storage. Four hundred 21-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were allocated to 5 experimental groups fed 5% linseed oil-enriched finisher diets (days 21 to 40): Cont (recommended levels of vitamin E, C, and selenium), +E (200 IU vitamin E/kg feed), +C (250 mg vitamin C/kg feed), +Se (0.2 mg selenium/kg feed), or +ECSe (concentrations as in the sole supplementation, combined). Animal performance and carcass characteristics were monitored at the age of 40 D. Breast meat samples of 12 chickens per group were analysed fresh, fresh after frozen storage, cooked fresh, and cooked after frozen storage (2 × 2 factorial design) for parameters of meat quality (water-holding capacity—WHC, pH, and color) and oxidative stability (concentrations of vitamin E, malondialdehyde—MDA, antioxidant capacity of the water-soluble compounds—ACW, and fatty acid composition). Vitamin E alone (+E) and combined with Se and vitamin C (+ECSe) increased the α-tocopherol concentration in breast muscle, and showed similar protective effects against lipid peroxidation measured as MDA regardless of the frozen storage or cooking. The sole supplementation of vitamin C or selenium showed no effects on the meat quality parameters. In conclusion, the dietary supranutritional inclusion of vitamin E inhibited the lipid peroxidation in fresh, frozen stored, cooked fresh, and frozen stored meat in broilers fed with diets rich in n-3 PUFAs. Even though no clear synergistic effects of the supranutritional supplementation of vitamin C and Se with vitamin E were detected, their dietary inclusion did not negatively affect broilers carcass and meat quality parameters.

Namen diplomskega dela je pregledati literaturo na temo uporabe encimov v prehrani prašičev in ugotoviti delovanje, učinkovitost in smiselnost njihove uporabe. Prehrana prašičev temelji na krmi rastlinskega izvora, ki vsebuje snovi za katere prašič nima prebavnih encimov, kar lahko predstavlja breme za okolje in ekonomske izgube. Z dodajanjem encimov lahko dosežemo izboljšanje prebavljivosti hranil, izkoristljivosti krme, zauživanja krme, hitrosti rasti in splošnega zdravstvenega stanja živali. V krmo prašičev se dodaja predvsem encime, ki jih prašiči niso sposobni sami proizvesti, kot so ksilanaza, beta-glukanaza, manaza, alfa-galaktozidaza, celulaza in fitaza, lahko pa tudi endogene encime. Prašiči v določenih življenjskih obdobjih ne proizvajajo zadostnih količin endogenih encimov, kar lahko vodi v prebavne motnje in posledično zdravstvene težave. V odstavitvenem obdobju je zaradi tega smiselno dodajati endogene encime kot je proteaza saj se tako izboljša zdravstveno stanje in proizvodnost. Dodatek različnih karbohidraz za razgradnjo neškrobnih polisaharidov zmanjša antinutritivne učinke kot sta vpliv kletke in težave z viskoznostjo črevesne vsebine ter poveča prebavljivost krme, saj se sprosti prej nedostopna celična vsebina. Pri pregledu literature so bili učinki dodajanja encimov zelo različni. Najbolj konsistentne rezultate je imelo dodajanje fitaze, katere delovanje je najbolj podrobno raziskano in ima dokazane pozitivne učinke. Zaradi vseh navedenih učinkov ima uporaba encimov kot krmnih dodatkov lahko ugoden vpliv na zdravje živali, ekonomičnost prireje in okolje zaradi boljše izkoristljivosti hranil in manjših izgub. The aim of B. Sc. Thesis is to review the existing literature on the use of feed enzymes in pig nutrition and to evaluate whether their use is efficient and therefore justified. Swine diets are mainly composed of plant-based materials which contain certain undigestible substances that represent economic losses as well as a burden for the environment. By using enzymes as feed additives certain improvements in feed digestibility, intake, and efficiency as well as growth rate and overall health can be expected. Exogenous enzymes such as xylanase, beta-glucanase, mannanase, alfa-galactosidase, cellulase and phytase are more commonly added to swine diets than endogenous enzymes such as protease. The latter are used to improve feed digestibility, daily gain, and health of weaned pigs as they experience digestive disorders due to underdeveloped digestive system and weaning stress. Viscosity problems and so-called cage effect caused by antinutritive factors of non-starch polysaccharides can be eliminated by using various carbohydrases and ameliorate feed digestibility accordingly. However, the effects of enzyme supplementation varies greatly between studies, where the use of phytase has produced the most consistent results and has had the greatest number of studies conducted. Therefore its mechanism of action has been thoroughly researched and has been proven to have beneficial effects. For all these reasons, the use of enzymes in pig nutrition can have positive effects on animal health, cost efficiency of production and the environment by improving the efficiency of nutrient utilization and reducing nutrient losses.

Diplomski projekt obravnava eno izmed današnjih najpogostejših težav, ki se pojavlja pri psih in sicer prekomerna telesna masa oz. debelost. Raziskovali smo zakaj je temu tako, katere pasme psov so bolj nagnjene k debelosti, kakšne so posledice debelosti, kako jo sploh odkriti ter kako se z debelostjo ustrezno spopasti ter jo uspešno ozdraviti in preprečevati. Najpogostejši vzrok za pojav debelosti pri psih je neustrezna prehrana ter premalo gibanja, zato je potrebno pri psih, ki so predebeli, uvesti spremembe v njihovem življenjskem slogu. Osredotočili smo se tudi na krmne mešanice in na dietni program, s katerim ustrezno zmanjšamo telesno maso pri psih ter poskrbimo, da bomo s tem programom dosegli, da bo pes idealno telesno maso tudi ohranil. Podali smo nekaj rešitev za preventivno preprečevanje prekomerne telesne mase oz. debelosti. Pri odpravljanju omenjene težave nam je lahko v pomoč veterinar, glavno vlogo za uspeh pa imata vseeno lastnik in njegov pes, saj se mora lastnik držati veterinarjevih nasvetov in navodil ter jih strogo upoštevati, če želi da njegov pes izgubi odvečno telesno maso in ostane tudi na stara leta vitalen in zdrav. B. Sc. thesis deals with one of the most common problems encountered in dogs today, namely overweight or obesity. We explore why this is so, which dog breeds are more prone to obesity, what are the consequences of obesity, how to find it and how to properly deal with obesity and successfully cure and prevent it. The most common cause of obesity in dogs is inadequate diet and lack of exercise, it is necessary for the dogs who are obese to make changes in their lifestyle. We have focused on a food and nutrition program, that reduces the body mass in dogs accordingly and make sure that with this program we achieve that the ideal body mass of the dog is also maintained. We have given some solutions to prevent overweight or obesity. To fix these problems, we depend on the help of the veterinarian. However, the main role, for the success of the body mass loss still have the owner and his dog, because the owner must strictly follow the advice and instructions of the veterinarian, if he wants his dog to lose excess body mass and remain vital and healthy even in old age.

V poskusu smo preučevali vpliv rastlinskih dodatkov na obstojnost silaž. Kot rastlinski dodatek smo izbrali taninski izvleček iz kostanjevega lesa (Farmatan® FAR). FAR smo v različnih koncentracijah primešali v koruzno silažo (5, 15 in 45 g FAR/kg svežega vzorca). Skupaj smo imeli 17 vzorcev. 8 vzorcev smo izpostavili zraku za 5 dni, drugih 8 za 10 dni in 1 vzorec, katerega nismo izpostavili zraku. Po koncu poskusa smo vse vzorce analizirali in določili kemijsko sestavo silaž, in vitro pravo in navidezno razgradljivost suhe snovi, ter in vitro razgradljivosti suhe snovi (SS) in v nevtralnem detrgentu netopne vlaknine (NDV). Z Gompertzovo funkcijo smo ocenili kazalnike produkcije plina A, B in C, izračunali čase največje hitrosti fermentacije (TMFR), največjo hitrost fermentacije (MFR) in produkcijo plina v 24 urah (Gas24). Vsebnost hlapnih maščobnih kislin, mlečne kisline, etanola in metanola smo določili s plinsko kromatografijo. Dodatek izvlečka FAR je vplival na povečanje vsebnosti suhe snovi. Dodajanje FAR ni imelo vpliva na vsebnost beljakovin v silažah. Tanini dokazano zmanjšujejo razgradnjo beljakovin med konzerviranjem in zmanjšujejo izgube SS zaradi manjše aktivnosti mikrobov. Z dodajanjem FAR se je v primerih, kjer je bila silaža izpostavljena zraku 5 in 10 dni, zmanjšala koncentracija mlečne kisline, medtem ko se je vsebnost amonijaka zmanjšala samo pri 10 dnevni izpostavljenosti zraku. MFR se je z dodajanjem FAR zmanjševala, TMFR pa podaljševal. Pri analizi in vitro razgradljivosti in prebavljivosti so se in vitro prave in navidezne prebavljivosti SS (IVPRSS in IVNRSS) in in vitro razgradljivost NDV (IVRNDV) z dodajanjem FAR zmanjševale. Kazalniki produkcije plina A, B in C so s povečevanjem količine FAR kazali trend zmanjševanja. In the experiment, we investigated the influence of plant additives on the stability of silage. Tannin extract from chestnut wood (Farmatan® FAR) was chosen as a plant additive. FAR was mixed into corn silage at different concentrations (5, 15 and 45 g FAR/kg fresh sample). We had a total of 17 samples. 8 samples were exposed to air for 5 days, another 8 for 10 days and 1 sample not exposed to air. At the end of the experiment, all samples were analyzed and the chemical composition of the silage, the in vitro true and apparent degradability of the dry matter (DM) and the in vitro degradability of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined. Using the Gompertz function, we estimated the gas production parameters A, B and C, calculated the times of maximum fermentation rate (TMFR), maximum fermentation rate (MFR) and gas production in 24 hours (Gas24). The concentrations of volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, ethanol and methanol were determined by gas chromatography. Addition of FAR increased the contents of dry matter. The addition of FAR did not affected the protein content in the silage. Tannins have been shown to reduce protein degradation during ensiling and DM losses due to reduced microbial activity. Addition of FAR reduced lactic acid concentration when silages were exposed to air for 5 and 10 days, while the ammonia content decreased only when silages were exposed to air for 10 days. The MFR decreased with the addition of FAR and prolonged the TMFR. In the analysis of in vitro degradability and digestibility, in vitro true and apparent DM degradability (IVTDMD and IVADMD) and in vitro NDF degradability (IVRNDF) decreased with the addition of FAR. Fermentation parameters A, B and C showed a decreasing trend with increasing FAR.