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This research examines the relationship between teachers' optimism/pessimism, primary and secondary control, and readiness for professional development in primary and secondary schools in Serbia. A total of 284 teachers participated in the study (82% female, M age =42.58, SD age =9.40), with an average of 17 years of teaching experience, and filled out the Teachers' Readiness for Professional Development Scale (RPD-Ts), the Optimism/Pessimism Scale (O/P), and the Primary and Secondary Control Scales (PSC). Optimism and Pessimism represent significant predictors of Primary (F(2,277) = 36.12, p

This paper proposes a data-driven approach strategy for enhancing the performance of grid forming converters (GFCs) in microgrids by leveraging the capabilities of dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) in combination with finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC). Conventional FCS-MPC, based on static models, have encountered numerous challenges in addressing parametric uncertainties in microgrid applications. To address this, the proposed strategy introduces an adaptive model based on DMD, integrated into the FCS-MPC framework to yield a more robust and reliable control technique in the presence of parametric uncertainties. The proposed data-driven approach utilizes the DMD-based model in combination with FCS-MPC to effectively share power through primary control and maintain voltage and frequency stability through secondary control, thus achieving improved reference tracking, load power variation robustness, and power quality. The effectiveness and efficiency of this proposed data-driven approach were validated through a comparative study with conventional static model FCS-MPC and double loop PI control, utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies a method for reducing frequency fluctuations in power system by using Fuel Cell cogeneration system (FC cogeneration). Frequency fluctuation in power system is used as a feedback signal to a controller of FC cogeneration. In addition, the potential of power system for controlling frequency is estimated from the supply and demand record, and the timing, when power system requires the control from FC cogeneration, is determined. Thus, the effectiveness of the method is analyzed, considering the conditions in Kyushu area. The impact of the proposed method is high since the available capacity for the frequency control in power system is small in the evening. Even if 13.7% of the capacity for regulating frequency which is the pumped storage power generation on 22nd May 2019 is reduced, the FC cogeneration can regulate the frequency in power system.

The current study examines the relationship between the need for control, the Dark Triad personality traits, and hacking intent. We surveyed 523 individuals using a scenario design and investigated the role of both primary and secondary control as antecedents to Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism leading to both white-(i.e., ethical) and black-hat hacking interest. Our findings suggest that primary control is a significant antecedent to all three dark personality traits such that a higher intrinsic need for control is positively associated with Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Secondary control, however, has comparatively different effects on dark personality traits, demonstrating a negative effect only on psychopathy. Both Machiavellianism and psychopathy predicted both white- and black-hat hacking interests along with the perceived probability of apprehension. Overall, our findings suggest that primary control drives all three dark personality traits, yet only two of the three dark personality traits - Machiavellianism and psychopathy - are related to hacking interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental transitions are experienced throughout the life course and necessitate adapting to consequential and unpredictable changes that can undermine health. Our six-month study (n = 239) explored whether selective secondary control striving (motivation-focused thinking) protects against the elevated levels of stress and depressive symptoms increasingly common to young adults navigating the challenging school-to-university transition. Path analyses supplemented with tests of moderated mediation revealed that, for young adults who face challenging obstacles to goal attainment, selective secondary control indirectly reduced long-term stress-related physical and depressive symptoms through selective primary control and previously unexamined measures of discrete emotions. Results advance the existing literature by demonstrating that (a) selective secondary control has health benefits for vulnerable young adults and (b) these benefits are largely a consequence of the process variables proposed in Heckhausen et al.'s (2010) theory.

Today, conventional power systems are evolving to smart grids, which encompass clusters of AC/DC microgrids, interfaced through power electronics converters. In such systems, increasing penetration of the power electronics-based distributed generations, energy storages, and modern loads provide a great opportunity for power quality control. In this paper, an overview of the power quality control of smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids is presented. Different types of power quality issues are studied first, with consideration of real-world hybrid microgrid examples, including data centers, electric railway systems, and electric vehicles charging stations. It shows that compared to traditional centralized power quality compensations, smart interfacing power converters from distributed generations, energy storages, and loads, and the AC and DC subgrids interfacing converters are promising candidates for power quality control. To realize the smart interfacing converters' power quality control, both primary converters control and secondary system coordination are required. In this paper, a thorough review of the primary control of interfacing converters to integrate the power quality compensation are presented, with a focus on the hybrid AC/DC microgrid harmonics compensation and unbalance compensation. For multiple interfacing converters, the secondary control with system-level coordination and optimization for harmonics and unbalance compensation (considering both unbalance and harmonics in single-phase and three-phase systems) are also presented. Challenges like low switching frequency of interfacing converters, parallel interfacing converters operation, and interfacing converters communications are discussed, and typical solutions for primary and secondary controls to deal with them are presented. The paper also includes rich case study results.

This paper investigates how individuals deal with demands of social and economic change in the domains of work and family when opportunities for their mastery are unfavorable. Theoretical considerations and empirical research suggest that with unattainable goals and unmanageable demands motivational disengagement and self-protective cognitions bring about superior outcomes than continued goal striving. Building on research on developmental deadlines, this paper introduces the concept of developmental barriers to address socioeconomic conditions of severely constrained opportunities in certain geographical regions. Mixed-effects methods were used to model cross-level interactions between individual-level compensatory secondary control and regional-level opportunity structures in terms of social indicators for the economic prosperity and family friendliness. Results showed that disengagement was positively associated with general life satisfaction in regions that were economically devastated and has less than average services for families. In regions that were economically well off and family-friendly, the association was negative. Similar results were found for self-protection concerning domain-specific satisfaction with life. These findings suggest that compensatory secondary control can be an adaptive way of mastering a demand when primary control is not possible.

Although the association of self-regulation and well-being are well researched, few studies have addressed the dynamic mechanism of this relationship within married couples. This study examined the relationships of self-regulation and marital climate with the emotional well-being of both actors and partners among older Japanese couples. Through a mail survey, 498 older couples with husbands (aged in their 70s) and their wives (aged 60 or over) responded to a questionnaire comprising measures of selective optimization with compensation (SOC), tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment, marital climate, and emotional well-being. The results of hierarchical linear modeling showed that positive interpretation was associated with not only their own lower depressive symptomatology and higher life satisfaction but also those of their partners. Furthermore, tenacious goal pursuit was beneficially associated with older adults' life satisfaction. Marital climate was positively related to emotional well-being and the association was larger among wives than among husbands. However, contrary to expectations, use of an optimization strategy was negatively linked to partners' life satisfaction, but not actors'. Besides confirming the apparent benefits of self-regulation for actors' well-being, self-regulation could be beneficially or detrimentally related to partners' well-being. To be happy in old age, it seems more important for individuals to care for their spouses and create a favorable marital climate than to pursue their own goals exclusively. There remains, however, a need to simultaneously examine the associations of both intrapersonal (self) and interpersonal (collective) regulatory processes with well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Technical Electrodynamics / Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Electrodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The illusion of control refers to the inference of action-outcome contingency in situations where outcomes are in fact random. The strength of this illusion has been found to be affected by whether the frequency of successes increases or decreases over repeated trials, in what can be termed a “success-slope” effect. Previous studies have generated inconsistent findings regarding the nature of this effect. In this paper we present an experiment (N = 334) that overcomes several methodological limitations within this literature, employing a wider range of dependent measures (measures of two different types of illusory control, primary (by self) and secondary (by luck), as well as measures of remembered success-frequency). Results indicate that different dependent measures lead to different effects. On measures of (primary, but not secondary) control over the task, scores were highest when the rate of success increased over time. Meanwhile, estimates of success-frequency in the task did not vary across conditions and showed trends consistent with the broader literature on human memory.

Este artigo discute conceitos relevantes à perspectiva do curso de vida, porém pouco difundidos no Brasil: controle primário e controle secundário. O primeiro se refere aos esforços que o indivíduo empreende para adaptar o ambiente às suas necessidades; o segundo, para se adaptar ao ambiente. Apresenta-se a formulação original dos conceitos como modelo de dois processos de controle, em oposição a modelos de processo único, como o do desamparo aprendido. Em seguida, discute-se revisão conceitual que trouxe modificação e ampliação para estes construtos, concebendo-os em um modelo bidimensional que articula controle primário e secundário com os conceitos de seleção e compensação. Nesse processo, apresentam-se contribuições no intuito de estimular a reflexão e expandir a discussão teórico-conceitual que envolve estes construtos.This article discusses relevant concepts of life course perspective which are not very much diffused in Brazil: primary and secondary control. The former refers to efforts to change the environment so that it fits individual's needs. The latter involves efforts to fit in with the environment. The original definitions are presented as a two-process model of control in contrast to one-process models such as learned helplessness. Furthermore, it discusses a conceptual revision, which modified and expanded these constructs as a bi-dimensional model that relates primary and secondary control to the concepts of selection and compensation. In process of arguing about those, suggestions are presented for thinking and expanding the theoretical and conceptual discussion of these constructs.

This article discusses relevant concepts of life course perspective which are not very much diffused in Brazil: primary and secondary control. The former refers to efforts to change the environment so that it fits individual's needs. The latter involves efforts to fit in with the environment. The original definitions are presented as a two-process model of control in contrast to one-process models such as learned helplessness. Furthermore, it discusses a conceptual revision, which modified and expanded these constructs as a bi-dimensional model that relates primary and secondary control to the concepts of selection and compensation. In process of arguing about those, suggestions are presented for thinking and expanding the theoretical and conceptual discussion of these constructs.

• Topology of a hybrid DC/AC microgrid in islanded mode of operation. • Application of fuel cells as back up for microgrids to increase reliability. • A novel method to control frequency and voltage based on active disturbance rejection control for both primary and secondary levels. • A coordinate energy management system based on battery state of charge deviations. This paper presents a control method based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) for both the primary and secondary control layers in a hybrid DC/AC microgrid (MG). A DC bus inside MG includes a wind turbine generator, photovoltaic panels, a fuel cell and battery energy storage. Maintaining the DC link voltage under various scenarios is made possible by applying an energy management system (EMS) based on the deviation in the state of charge of the battery and using a fuel cell as a backup. Through a voltage source inverter, the DC bus of the MG is connected to the AC side, which supplies AC loads. Using the proposed ADRC-based control strategy for the inverter, the voltage, frequency, and power flow within the MG would be effectively controlled. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a comparison between the ADRC and PI controller has also been implemented in different scenarios, proving the superiority of the suggested controller over classical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although theory-driven control striving treatments may sustain motivation for individuals navigating life course transitions, their efficacy during these challenging junctures remains unexamined. In a pre-post randomized field study ( n = 316), a novel control striving treatment based on Heckhausen et al.'s (Psychol Rev 117:32-60, 2010) motivational theory of life-span development was administered to young adults making the landmark transition to university. For students who faced obstacles to goal attainment, the motivation-enhancing selective secondary control (SSC) striving treatment (vs. no-treatment) increased performance by 8 % in a two-semester course (74.85 % vs. 66.68 %). Consistent with theory, the SSC treatment-performance linkage was mediated by selective secondary and selective primary control in a hypothesized causal sequence. Findings advance the literature by showing control striving treatments can improve performance for some young adults in transition by promoting adaptive changes in theoretically-derived psychological process variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of achievement motivation, students' beliefs pertaining to achievement goals and perceived control have separately guided a large amount theoretical and empirical research. However, limited research has considered the simultaneous effects of goals and control on achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine primary and secondary control as potential mediators of the effects of mastery and performance goals on achievement, measured as final percentage in Introductory Psychology and GPA. The sample consisted of 224 first-year university students at a Canadian doctoral granting university. All participants completed two surveys and consented to release their grades to the researchers. We found that neither performance goals nor mastery goals had direct effects on achievement. However, performance goals had a positive indirect effect on achievement through primary control. Indirect effects also emerged for mastery goals, positively through primary control and negatively through secondary control. These results offer one explanation for the often-found non-significant relationship between mastery and achievement and are discussed in light of interventions aimed to modify goals and/or control and thereby increase achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The illusion of control refers to the inference of action-outcome contingency in situations where outcomes are in fact random. The strength of this illusion has been found to be affected by whether the frequency of successes increases or decreases over repeated trials, in what can be termed a "success-slope" effect. Previous studies have generated inconsistent findings regarding the nature of this effect. In this paper we present an experiment (N = 334) that overcomes several methodological limitations within this literature, employing a wider range of dependent measures (measures of two different types of illusory control, primary (by self) and secondary (by luck), as well as measures of remembered success-frequency). Results indicate that different dependent measures lead to different effects. On measures of (primary, but not secondary) control over the task, scores were highest when the rate of success increased over time. Meanwhile, estimates of success-frequency in the task did not vary across conditions and showed trends consistent with the broader literature on human memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This daily diary study evaluated the relationships between perceived control over sleep, coping with sleeplessness, and subjective sleep in a sample of 45 adults with chronic insomnia. For seven consecutive days, newspaper-recruited adults completed daily self-report measures of perceived control, coping, general fatigue, mood, and sleep. Using a mixed-model analysis with SAS, we examined the lagged impact of perceived control and coping (either assimilative or accommodative) on next day sleep, mood, and fatigue. Results showed that perceived control over sleep was a significant predictor of next day sleep quality. For those with more chronic presentations, perceived control over sleep was a significant predictor of next day accommodative coping. Results indicated that those with more chronic presentations were more likely to use accommodative coping, and that this was associated with worsened next-day mood and no improvements in sleep. Implications of these findings are that changes in perceived control precede, and do not follow from, changes in sleep. Additionally, results suggest that accommodative coping should be discouraged as it is more likely to worsen next-day mood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present results on the beneficial effects of compensatory secondary control strategies in a sample who failed the entrance exam at an university. Based on the action phase model of developmental regulation we assumed that failing the exam represents the passing of a developmental deadline. We thus hypothesized that compensatory secondary control is associated with a more positive trajectory of satisfaction with life. Multi-group structural equation models showed that (1) compensatory secondary control was associated with higher levels of and a steeper increase in satisfaction with life in the group who failed but not for the group who passed and that (2) in the group who failed the exam, the slope coefficient indicated a significantly steeper increase of satisfaction with life in those who reported higher compensatory secondary control. These results show that letting go a goal can sometimes be more adaptive than persistent goal striving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People’s response to stress depends to a large extent on their sense of perceived control over the situations they encounter. This longitudinal study of 136 children (70 girls) examined associations between attachment patterns and maternal sensitivity at 12 months of age, and perceived primary and secondary control at 11 years of age. Compared with children who were ambivalently attached in infancy, children who were securely attached reported a greater perceived primary control in general, and more primary control in interaction with their parents at 11 years of age. No such between-group difference in primary control tendencies was found in the context of reported interaction with peers. Higher maternal sensitivity in infancy was associated with higher perceived general primary control at 11 years of age. Lower maternal sensitivity was associated with higher perceived secondary control in children who were ambivalently attached to their mothers in infancy. The results are discussed within a theoretical framework linking early infant experience and the evolving personality characteristics of primary and secondary perceived control in older children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article had four goals. First, the authors identified a set of general challenges and questions that a life-span theory of development should address. Second, they presented a comprehensive account of their Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development. They integrated the model of optimization in primary and secondary control and the action-phase model of developmental regulation with their original life-span theory of control to present a comprehensive theory of development. Third, they reviewed the relevant empirical literature testing key propositions of the Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development. Finally, because the conceptual reach of their theory goes far beyond the current empirical base, they pointed Out areas that deserve further and more focused empirical inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psicologia: Reflexão e Critica is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The transition from school to work is a central developmental task with long-term implications for the financial and social status of individuals. We argue that dynamic adjustments of aspirations play a decisive role for a successful outcome of the school to work transition, particularly in the context of the German vocational training system. Latent growth curve analyses conducted on the self-reported occupational aspirations of German adolescents (N =414) surveyed in a 5-wave longitudinal study during their senior school year support this assumption. Based on expectancy-value-models of achievement, we delineated an adaptive trajectory of aspirations as starting off with relatively high aspirations and subsequently gradually downgrading them until s is attained. Such a trajectory of adjustment should maximize both expectancy (i.e., probability of obtaining an apprenticeship position at all) and value (i.e., training position with promotion potential). Finally, we showed empirically that the trajectory conceptually proposed as most adaptive was characteristic for youth who reported phase-adequate goal engagement strategies as suggested by the life-span theory of control. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning is the property of H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard) AS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the first year of college, students are faced with numerous educational and personal stressors which can negatively impact their psychological and physical health. The present study examined the benefits of primary and secondary control for self-rated health in students based on Rothbaum, Weisz, and Synder's (1982) dual-process model of control, and examined stress and gender as potential mediating variables. College students’ ( n =888) primary and secondary academic control and perceived stress were assessed in the first semester, and self-rated global health, illness symptoms, and illness-related behaviors were assessed at the end of the academic year. For males, primary control was indirectly related to better overall health and fewer symptoms through lower stress levels, and both primary and secondary control directly corresponded to lower illness behaviors. For females, only secondary control was related to better overall health and illness symptoms, albeit indirectly through reduced stress. The mediational roles of stress and gender in health research on primary/secondary control and potential control-enhancing interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do cultural values and traditions influence the development of coping styles ? To address this question, we compared self-reports of coping by 6-14-year-olds in Thailand and the U.S. One hundred and forty-one children were interviewed about six common stressors: separation from a friend, injection in a doctor's office, adult anger, peer animosity, school failure, and physical injury. Children's self-reported coping methods were coded as overt or covert. Coping goals were coded as reflecting primary control (attempts to influence objective conditions), secondary control (attempts to adjust oneself to objective conditions), or relinquished control. Although findings revealed numerous cross-national similarities, there were also multiple main and interaction effects involving culture, suggesting that sociocultural context may be critical to our understanding of child coping. Consistent with literature on Thai culture, Thai children reported more than twice as much covert coping as American children for stressors involving adult authority figures (i.e. adult anger, injection in doctor's office). Thai children also reported more secondary control goals than Americans when coping with separation, but American children were five times as likely as Thais to adopt secondary control goals for coping with injury. The findings support a model of coping development in which culture and stressor characteristics interact, with societal differences most likely to be found in situations where culture-specific norms become salient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with a systematic of hydrostatic drives the paper shows which kinds of control are used today and how they can be divided to find a good analytical way of describing open and closed loops. Open loops can be distinguished by primary and secondary control. Closed loops are divided into force or torque control, speed control and position or angle control. Typical performances of linear and rotary drives are discussed using state-of-the-art controllers. The paper finishes with the controls necessary for the supply of hydrostatic drives, which is mainly a pressure control but can also be a flow or power control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to Minoura (1996) it is argued that a hypothesis-generating orientation has to be followed by a hypothesis-testing approach, a sequence which was also pursued with the structural levels of the concept of human nature. The role of culture in stimulating both universal levels of construction and culture-specific shaping of knowledge is discussed, and there is an attempt to answer Minoura's questions with regard to this issue. In response to the suggestions of Weisz, Eastman and McCarty (1996) it is proposed to extend the concept of control beyond the hitherto existing conceptualization in order to arrive at a universal construct of control. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]