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State agencies set up to manage the agricultural properties of the State Treasury, in subsequent years of their operation, have been implementing programs that are also intended to improve the social and living situation of the inhabitants of former state-owned farm villages. Such measures include non-refundable financial support distributed by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (NSCA). The research aimed to assess whether non-refundable financial aid improves the quality of life of local communities living in rural areas, particularly in former state-owned farm areas identified as problem areas. Another objective aspect of the research was to indicate the importance of this assistance in the opinion of the beneficiaries of this form of support (district authorities) and local communities. Improvement of the quality of life of rural inhabitants and support for the development of rural areas by local governments can be achieved by taking advantage of potential development factors and opportunities emerging in the environment and by being able to establish effective cooperation with various institutions. For local development to proceed smoothly, especially in rural areas, various institutions and economic players need to reach a consensus, become involved, and work together efficiently. A possible instrument to achieve this is the non-repayable financial support distributed by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (NSCA), which-according to the research-brings measurable effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the Turkish validity and reliability of the Problem Areas in Diabetes- Parents of Teens (P-PAID-T) scale and its psychometric properties for determining the parents' diabetes-related distress. The study included the parents of 200 adolescents with T1DM for at least a year. P-PAID-T and a demographic data form were used for data collection. Davis technique was used for the content validity of the scale. The scale's reliability was tested using test-retest, and its internal reliability was analyzed with Cronbach's alpha test. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to analyze the factor structure. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the fit of the scale. 69.5% (n = 139) of the participants were mothers. Compared to the fathers, the mothers' mean P-PAID-T score was significantly higher. Parents of sons, who used insulin injections for their children, and had a college degree or higher education level had higher P-PAID-T scores. The test-retest correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.977. The Cronbach α value of the scale was 0.901. The results of confirmatory factor analysis were x2/df = 2.931, GFI = 0.736, CFI = 0.711, NFI = 0.628, NNFI = 0.660, RMSEA = 0.141. The Turkish version of P-PAID-T was a valid and reliable screening tool for measuring diabetes stress in parents of adolescents with T1DM. Nurses could use the Turkish version of P-PAID-T to monitor parental diabetes distress and organize interventions; also Turkish P-PAID-T could facilitate research on diabetes distress for parents of adolescents with T1DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequalities and disparities across space are the result of an unequal distribution of resources and income in and between specific areas. It is primarily on the quality and abundance of internal resources and the level of economic use made of them that regional and local development depends. Resources constitute the competitive advantage regions enjoy and are largely responsible for determining their specialisation and economic functions. It is widely assumed that the activation of a region's internal potential has a positive effect on the living conditions of its residents and allows for the most-effective use of resources in support of regional development. Such an assumption is guided by the theoretical concepts of territorial capital (Camagni, 2008), endogenous capabilities (Scott and Storper, 2003) or local conditions and local networking (Fujita et al., 1999). The root cause of spatial inequality appears to lie in natural resources (even if this the more-general geographical location, or the more-specific presence of raw materials, or environmental conditions). These are deemed to have shaped settlement, migration flows, the development of infrastructure in regions, and their economic specialisation. The result of the outworking of all these processes and phenomena is for areas of differentiated socio-economic development to have developed. As an example, the countries of the European Union suffer from pronounced socioeconomic disparities between regions (Petrakos et al., 2005; Psycharis et al., 2020), even as it is worth noting that, while inequalities between countries are decreasing gradually, inter-regional disparities within countries are actually increasing (Perrons, 2012; Kemenyi Storper, 2020). Very pronounced manifestations concern urban versus rural areas, as it is particularly in agglomeration areas that the labour market, public infrastructure, the services and manufacturing sectors are all concentrated, with the result being a shaping of decidedly-higher wages and levels of wellbeing defined broadly, as compared with rural areas. Associated with the disparities is the concept of the area (or region) lagging behind, and thus being deemed problematic, depressed, peripheral, handicapped, etc. The connotations of these terms are such as to denote territories characterised by certain phenomena and processes that are negative, and indeed more negative than in other areas. Given that consistent negativity, this study has treated the different concepts as if they were synonyms, given that what counts is that the territories in question represent negative values on the axis of spatial inequality. In recent years, increasing scientific attention has been focused on the social and political consequences of spatial inequalities, which have gained repeat description in the context of a threat being posed to social cohesion and potentially entailing political breakdown, even as injustice and marginalisation are present. Social discontent is then reflected in the rise of populist and contesting parties that target the establishment. And so to the core purpose of the work described here, which has sought to determine the consequences of spatial inequality (disparities) as manifested in the political sphere. To that end, this paper begins with a characterisation of the way in which research approaches to problem areas and social discontent have evolved. That then leads into the analysis of voter preferences founded upon comparison of two constituencies (Electoral Districts) located in problem areas of both NW and SE Poland, by reference to the results for the Polish Sejm (Lower House) recorded at the last four elections (of 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023). The results in these case studies were contrasted with nationwide political preferences, as well as results in a District considered one of Poland's most-developed socioeconomically. A common thesis in the literature as to the populist preferences of problem-area residents gained tentative acceptance. The study was carried out within the framework of a research project entitled "Social and political consequences of spatial inequality: a case study of Central and Eastern Europe", which has involved scientific teams from Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany. The results from the case studies (focusing on the Electoral Districts of Koszalin (in NW Poland) and Chełm (SE)) were contrasted with nationwide political orientations and results from one of the most-elite (and thus implicitly least-populist) localities in Poland, i.e. Poznań. The comparisons made were able to confirm the thesis regarding the more-populist voting preferences of problem-area residents. However, on the Polish political scene, populism cannot necessarily be said to represent a specific ideology on the left-right axis, rather showing a potential to attract voters whose preferences have developed either in local conservative or more-progressive milieus. More ideologically expressive parties, on both the right and the left, obtained comparable and higher results in problem areas than nationwide in both types of community. On the other hand, mainstream parties aware of the potential behind populist factions, are adjusting their electoral programmes to compete for the votes of the "discontented" communities in "left-behind" areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to identify problem areas in the spatial development of the village of Stary Gostków and to indicate the directions of changes, based on a field iventory conducted on 10.07.2022. The study discusses the determinants of the spatial development of the village in question, providing information on its geographical location, socio-economic characteristics, historical determinants, and relevant planning and strategic documents. The inventory made it possible to analyse the land use structure, the spatial structure of the built development, and the state of the technical infrustructure, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses. Problem areas have been classified into two types - A and B. Type A covers problems connected with buildings, such as roof covering (eternit) and heating (coal or wood). Type B mainly concerns the technical infrastructure, including the lack of the pavement and street lighting. The identification of the problems and indication of the directions of necessary changes are intended to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the course of demographic change, the proportion of older people in many countries is rising continuously and more and more people are experiencing a long time together as a couple. In old age, subjective wellbeing and health aspects are associated with partners’ satisfaction with couple relationship. The need for couple counseling in old age is growing in parallel with demographic developments. However, empirical studies on couple therapy with older people in long-term couple relationships exist to date only to a limited extent. The present contribution deals with this knowledge gap. In an explanative two phases design, research has been conducted with long-term couples in couple counseling of which we would like to present here the central qualitative study. The aim is to be able to describe details of these factors. Older couples who have lived in long-term couple relationships were interviewed after using standardized questionnaires concerning the individual and couple-related stress factors and problems at the beginning (N = 62) and the end (N = 36) of their couple counseling process. Five couples from this study were the interviewees for the following study. The couples were interviewed separately. In this interview study and central part of this contribution, the stress factors, problem areas and coping processes of the older couples were examined. The results serve as a suggestion for further research and can only be interpreted with caution due to the small sample of five case studies: The central results of the study are summarized in a circular process model and are discussed in the light of relevant theoretical approaches. The culmination of massive chronic and acute strains and losses associated with feelings of excessive demands and desperation gave rise to emotional alienation of the partners. In the course of couple therapy, the partners mutually opened their thoughts and emotions and modified their previous dysfunctional pattern of interaction. Thus, emotional and physical rapprochement of the partners was fostered with the effect that subjective load of the partners and dissatisfaction of the couple relationship decreased, and subjective emotional wellbeing increased. To prevent negative emotions and destructive conflicts with their spouse, some of the interviewed partners actively used avoidance strategies in couple interactions. Upon completion of couple therapy changes in the couple relationships appeared instable as soon as overcharging stress factors occurred again. The results suggest that an approach to couple therapy for older people in long-term couple relationships should prioritize emotional safeness and attachment in couple relationship to facilitate constructive conflict management. The couple therapy process should emphasize emotion regulation strategies based on age-related strengths and consider age-related vulnerabilities. Moreover, long-term couples may benefit from catamnestic consultation appointments to consolidate the developed changes.

Copyright of Journal of Duzce University Institute of Social Sciences / Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Duzce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rural areas are influenced by many natural, social and economic factors. The historical conditions of social development, such as the rate of population growth, low yields and chronic food shortages, leading to the development of less useful areas with low production potential for agricultural purposes, have had an impact on the current state of rural areas. In addition, there is considerable fragmentation of agricultural land in these areas and a focus on production to meet farmers' own needs. Scientific literature comprises many proposals to define agriculturally unsuitable land in relation to the marginal, problem or abandoned land. This depends mainly on the research discipline, the authors and the approach to the issue under discussion. This paper aims to review the terminology and characterisation of land unsuitable for agriculture in Poland and selected European and Asian countries. Moreover, studies have been conducted into the reasons for the expansion of these areas and the ways of their development (e.g., performing forestry functions, growing crops for energy purposes, promoting tourism and recreation as well as pedestrian or hippie bicycle routes, creating ecological areas, terracing the slopes), which in the result is the main priority of agricultural development and improvement of the spatial structure of farms. Realising the specific functions the presented land is intended for should determine the direction of changes in their alternative development. All solutions for the development of these areas should be managed with a necessary consideration of social, economic and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to identify problem areas in the spatial development of Wilamów and to indicate desirable change directions. Special attention has been paid to the main determinants of the development of the area under study, including its geographical location, socio-economic characteristics and valid planning documents. The methods used include field research, the most important being the field inventory conducted on 9-12 August 2021. The study has identified four problem areas, with present weaknessess described and directions indicated for changes aimed at improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The learning environment of a medical institution is measurable and can be changed to enhance the quality of medical education. DREEM (Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure) is a valid and reliable tool to measure the learning environment. The study aims to know the perception of medical students about the existing learning environment and to find the problem areas in it. A crosssectional study was conducted on 300 medical students of the third, sixth and seventh semesters, studying at ESIC Medical College. DREEM questionnaire was used to know the students' perception of the existing learning environment. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Overall mean DREEM score for all academic years was 123.90 + 21.6. Mean domain scores of, Students' Perception of Learning (SPL), Students' Perception of Teachers (SPT), Students' Academic Self Perception (SASP), Students' Perception of Atmosphere (SPA), Students' Social Self Performance (SSSP) were 30.79+5.42, 28.01+4.96, 20.87+4.24, 30.33+6.71, 16.74+4.20 respectively. Comparison of the mean domain scores among three semesters was found to be statistically significant. The items, the teaching over emphasized factual learning (q25), unable to memorize the required content (q27), and the stress of the course (q42) had mean item scores of 1.68,1.87 and 1.98 respectively. This study showed that the majority of students had "more positive than negative" perceptions, interpreting that the institution provides a reasonably good learning environment. However, it identifies certain problem areas that need to be addressed to enhance the quality of medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences is the property of Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to show the classification of Polish rural areas in the context of revitalization process. This work shows the research making in Polish rural areas concerning this new, important process. Taking experiences from development of rural regions in European Union self-government created the programs called “Revival of the country” and revitalization. These are the most important and the largest regional enterprises implemented by the rural society and also for rural society. It had favorable influence on the preservation and development of the rural identity and integrity at their full range. Nowadays the revitalization process is very important factor of versatile rural economy development.

The General Data Protection Regulation is related to fundamental changes in business enterprises as they need to radically rethink how to process customers' personal data. The following principles of personal data protection have been established: the principle of lawfulness, fairness and transparency; purpose limitation in data handling; the data minimisation principle; the principle of periodicity; the principle of storage limitation; the principle of integrity and confidentiality; and the principle of responsibility. The study revealed problem areas in the implementation of the personal data protection policy in the business enterprise: ensuring management of access to personal data; informing individuals about the nature of the use of their personal data; and development of a description of the procedure for rules on a new consent to the use of personal data. Hiring external experts and leader support in implementing the personal data policy in the organization are to be assessed as the enterprise's weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demographic potential, especially in the peripheral and remote areas, has been deteriorating. The negative natural increase, low or negative migration balances, unfavourable values of the feminisation rate and a growing ratio of the number of people of post-working age to the number of people of working age have been threatening rural development. The taxonomic measures calculated using Hellwig’s method show spatial concentrations of communes with a similar level of demographic potential. The analysis of strategic objectives of the communes shows that in some of them the authorities (and the society) have been aware of the threats resulting from the depopulation of rural areas and the unfavourable demographic structure. At the same time, environmental conditions and existence of legally protected areas force the authorities to carry out activities in line with the principles of sustainable economy. JEL: J11, R11, R58 null The creation of the English-language version of these publications is financed in the framework of contract No. 607/P-DUN/2018 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education committed to activities aimed at the promotion of education.

This main aim of this study is the examination and discussion of a conceptual and theoretical model for Poland’s areas of strategic intervention. Following a review of the current strategic documents at national and regional levels, it is possible to propose two basic categories of areas of strategic intervention: 1) growth areas (territories with natural or socioeconomic properties particularly favourable for development); and 2)problem areas (territories with unfavourable features and socioeconomic and/or natural processes). Among the problem areas it is possible to distinguish three main types: the social, the economic and the natural, albeit with the possibility of applying an even more detailed typology that allows for combinations of these types. Scientific findings can be combined with the results of empirical research to encourage the proposal of a new method of delimiting areas of strategic intervention. The identification of growth areas is primarily based on expert knowledge, which is clearly qualitative. In turn, the processes by which problem areas are delimited is quantitative in nature, reflecting analyses of selected diagnostic indicators that take social, economic and natural issues into account. The results which were obtained relate to the concept of endogenous development, as well as the assumptions under pinning policies of territorial cohesion.

The paper attempts to identify and define the poorly developed (problem) areas in the Republic of Srpska (a Bosnia and Herzegovina entity), the specificities of their geo-systems, the fundamental development issues and comparative development benefits, with an aim to minimize the spatial (regional) development disparities and reach the territorial cohesion and sustainable development. In order to single out the problem areas, it is necessary to define an adequate development strategy, i.e. to plan and conduct the crucial development processes based upon the identification and valorization of autochthone development potentials. The constant evident spatial-development disparity, the social-economic issues and differences, and the problems of population movement and distribution are all crucial issues of the Republic of Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina sustainable development.

The aim of the article is to identify in spatial and thematic terms the so-called special areas in strategic and planning documents at the national and regional levels, and a quantitative and qualitative description of spatial delimitations (comprising the communes categorised in particular special areas). The analysis included documents at the national, supra-regional and regional levels, i.e. 10 country-wide strategies (including 7 industry-specific strategies), 5 supra-regional strategies and 16 regional strategies and voivodeship spatial development plans. All the special areas were vectorised or assigned to the relevant municipalities, and then such issues as the number of special areas within them were examined. The analysis demonstrated significant over-regulation of strategic planning (in one of the communes 87 different categories of special areas at the national or regional level were identified). This article expands the issues examined in the project carried out in 2015-2016 at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation PAS for the Ministry of Development, entitled "Identification of the state intervention strategic areas, including problem areas" (Śleszyński et al. 2017a, 2017b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study of the nature, purpose and objectives of EU regional policy. The opinion of foreign scientists on the effectiveness of implementation of EU cohesion policy is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the study of the features of the current stage of implementation of EU regional policy, change of accents, priorities and prospects for further development. The basic principles of modern EU regional policy are analyzed. The main reasons for the existing structural imbalances are highlighted. The main directions of implementation of the policy of equalization of the socio-economic development of the EU are explored. Equalization tools for the development of problem areas in the EU are explored. The peculiarities of the functioning of the EU Structural Funds are analyzed. The principles and criteria for the distribution of structural funds and the directions of providing financial support to problem areas are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show the classification of Polish rural areas in the context of revitalization process. This work shows the research making in Polish rural areas concerning this new, important process. Taking experiences from development of rural regions in European Union self-government created the programs called "Revival of the country" and revitalization. These are the most important and the largest regional enterprises implemented by the rural society and also for rural society. It had favorable influence on the preservation and development of the rural identity and integrity at their full range. Nowadays the revitalization process is very important factor of versatile rural economy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the main problem areas in the activity of management consultants. For successful implementation of consultancy projects, it is important to select consultants with the necessary competencies and qualifications. Emphasis is placed on the appropriate personal characteristics that have a great importance on cooperative working with the client. There are those whose importance is difficult to assess, but which can have a very deep impact on the outcome of counseling. These include the consultant's belief system, source of motivation, personal ethics, objectivity, honesty, and loyalty. It is very important that these qualities appear as early as possible in the communication between the consultant and the client. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the change in the problem areas of students who visited a university counselling centre for individual counselling over a period of 16 years. The findings showed that problem areas changed with the psychosocial and economic changes in the 16 years examined, and that the majority of students in the most recent period visited the centre with relationship problems. In addition, student problems through the different periods displayed great diversity, ranging from developmental problems to more severe psychological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wieś & Rolnictwo is the property of Instytut Rozwoju Wsi & Rolnictwa, Polska Akademia Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The period of economic transition has resulted in complex social, functional and morphological transformations which have left their mark in the urban structure of Zagreb. At the beginning of 2000' fundamental planning acts have been passed - Zagreb spatial plan and the City Master Plan - to serve as concrete strategies and guidelines in developing the city area. However, none of the regulatory rules and acts have been completely successful in managing the city development. Significant changes and problems the city is facing in the post-socialist era serve as a research framework and are discussed in this paper. The main goal is to register and explain crucial causes of these spatial transformations. Based on the research of cartographic sources and conducted fieldwork four representative types of problem areas of the city are recognized. According to their functional and morphological characteristics, they are: converted urban land areas, derelict areas, newly built areas and densified areas. Each of these four types of problem areas is individually analyzed in the context of possible negative consequences on the urban environment.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The review considered points of conflict that may lead to confusion in the daily use of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III). Both the controversies at the time of preparing the criteria and the overlaps produced after their use in daily practice were evaluated, argued through scientific bibliography. As relevant points, the anamnesis of a patient with headache should indicate the intensity of the pain as well as the duration of the painful episode and if its location is strictly unilateral. These points may be helpful in cases of moderate pain that do not fully meet the criteria for any of the primary headaches, a frequent dilemma in daily practice.

The Medical Devices Law is a relatively new legal system, which has replaced the still well-known medical devices regulations in Germany. The Medical Devices Law in Germany is based on European directives, which have been translated into national law with the Medical Devices Act. The Medical Devices Act is a framework of regulations and incorporates a number of decrees that address specific topics within the medical devices directives and in turn individual regulations refer to guidelines and recommendations from other sources which provide detailed technical information on specific topics. Overall, the Medical Devices Act represents a very complex legal system, which needs to be permanently observed with respect to continuous updating and adjustment. In this article the design and the structure are described but most of all the article filters significant problem areas that need to be considered when using and operating medical devices, especially for anesthesiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was intended towards detecting the problem faced by the local tour operators of the Khulna region. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect necessary data from 30 tour operators, working in Khulna city in a view to investigating the major problems faced by them. Two research questions have been installed that was directed towards achieving the major objectives of this study. The findings of the study portrays the fact that eight factors in the forms of lack of variety, human resource development, business seasonality, lack of operators association, absence of support from the forest department, lack of promotional activities, below level of awareness of the customers and pricing are the major problem that are hindering the business and profitability of the tour operators of Khulna. In order to get ride of this situation and for accelerating the tourism sectors of the country those problems of the tour operators need to be eradicated quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]