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Abstract Background T cell engagers (TCEs) have been established as an emerging modality for hematologic malignancies, but solid tumors remain refractory. However, the upregulation of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is correlated with T cell dysfunction that confer tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Developing a novel nanobody-based trispecific T cell engager (Nb-TriTE) would be a potential strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy. Methods Given the therapeutic potential of nanobodies (Nbs), we first screened Nb targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and successfully generated a Nb-based bispecific T cell engager (Nb-BiTE) targeting FAP. Then, we developed a Nb-TriTE by fusing an anti-PD-1 Nb to the Nb-BiTE. The biological activity and antitumor efficacy of the Nb-TriTE were evaluated in vitro and in both cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Results We had for the first time successfully selected a FAP Nb for the generation of novel Nb-BiTE and Nb-TriTE, which showed good binding ability to their targets. Nb-TriTE not only induced robust tumor antigen-specific killing, potent T cell activation and enhanced T cell function in vitro, but also suppressed tumor growth, improved survival and mediated more T cell infiltration than Nb-BiTE in mouse models of different solid tumors without toxicity. Conclusions This novel Nb-TriTE provides a promising and universal platform to overcome tumor-mediated immunosuppression and improve patient outcomes in the future.

Abstract Background Chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection (CAEBV) and Epstein–Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) are rare but life-threatening progressive diseases triggered by EBV infection. Glucocorticoid/immunosuppressants treatment is temporarily effective; however, most patients relapse and/or progress. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy; however, there are risks of transplantation-associated complications. Currently there is no standard treatment for CAEBV and EBV-HLH. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have achieved a high response in many EBV-related diseases. Sintilimab (a recombinant human IgG4 monoclonal antibody against PD-1) disrupts the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand, leading to T cell reinvigoration. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on three children with CAEBV or EBV-HLH in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University between 12 December 2020 and 28 November 2022. The efficacy of sintilimab was evaluated. Results Three patients, including two males and one female, were analyzed. Among them, two children were diagnosed with CAEBV with intermittent fever for more than four years, and one child was diagnosed with EBV-HLH. After sintilimab treatment and a mean follow-up of 17.1 months (range 10.0–23.3 months), patients 1 and 3 achieved a complete clinical response and patient 2 achieved a partial clinical response. All three children showed a > 50% decrease in EBV-DNA load in both blood and plasma. EBV-DNA copies in sorted T, B, and NK cells were also markedly decreased after sintilimab treatment. Conclusion Our data supported the efficacy of PD-1 targeted therapy in certain patients with CAEBV and EBV-HLH, and suggested that sintilimab could provide a cure for these diseases, without HSCT. More prospective studies and longer follow-up are needed to confirm these conclusions.

Background: T cell engagers (TCEs) have been established as an emerging modality for hematologic malignancies, but solid tumors remain refractory. However, the upregulation of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is correlated with T cell dysfunction that confer tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Developing a novel nanobody-based trispecific T cell engager (Nb-TriTE) would be a potential strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Given the therapeutic potential of nanobodies (Nbs), we first screened Nb targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and successfully generated a Nb-based bispecific T cell engager (Nb-BiTE) targeting FAP. Then, we developed a Nb-TriTE by fusing an anti-PD-1 Nb to the Nb-BiTE. The biological activity and antitumor efficacy of the Nb-TriTE were evaluated in vitro and in both cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Results: We had for the first time successfully selected a FAP Nb for the generation of novel Nb-BiTE and Nb-TriTE, which showed good binding ability to their targets. Nb-TriTE not only induced robust tumor antigen-specific killing, potent T cell activation and enhanced T cell function in vitro, but also suppressed tumor growth, improved survival and mediated more T cell infiltration than Nb-BiTE in mouse models of different solid tumors without toxicity. Conclusions: This novel Nb-TriTE provides a promising and universal platform to overcome tumor-mediated immunosuppression and improve patient outcomes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection (CAEBV) and Epstein–Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) are rare but life-threatening progressive diseases triggered by EBV infection. Glucocorticoid/immunosuppressants treatment is temporarily effective; however, most patients relapse and/or progress. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy; however, there are risks of transplantation-associated complications. Currently there is no standard treatment for CAEBV and EBV-HLH. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have achieved a high response in many EBV-related diseases. Sintilimab (a recombinant human IgG4 monoclonal antibody against PD-1) disrupts the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand, leading to T cell reinvigoration. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on three children with CAEBV or EBV-HLH in the Children's Hospital of Soochow University between 12 December 2020 and 28 November 2022. The efficacy of sintilimab was evaluated. Results: Three patients, including two males and one female, were analyzed. Among them, two children were diagnosed with CAEBV with intermittent fever for more than four years, and one child was diagnosed with EBV-HLH. After sintilimab treatment and a mean follow-up of 17.1 months (range 10.0–23.3 months), patients 1 and 3 achieved a complete clinical response and patient 2 achieved a partial clinical response. All three children showed a > 50% decrease in EBV-DNA load in both blood and plasma. EBV-DNA copies in sorted T, B, and NK cells were also markedly decreased after sintilimab treatment. Conclusion: Our data supported the efficacy of PD-1 targeted therapy in certain patients with CAEBV and EBV-HLH, and suggested that sintilimab could provide a cure for these diseases, without HSCT. More prospective studies and longer follow-up are needed to confirm these conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease (MAC-LD) preferentially occurs in postmenopausal women and may have immune exhaustion involving the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway. It is still unknown whether sex-specific associations between susceptibility to MAC-LD and programmed cell death 1 gene (PDCD1) polymorphisms exist. Methods Adult patients with MAC-LD (n = 152) and controls (n = 167) were included at 2 medical centers in Taiwan. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PDCD1 genes were genotyped, and their associations with MAC-LD and soluble PD-1 protein were analyzed, especially in sex subgroups. Results PDCD1 rs2227982 polymorphism was associated with increased risk of MAC-LD in women (adjusted odds ratio for AA vs AG vs GG, 2.205 [95% confidence interval, 1.108–4.389]; P =.02), and the rs10204525 TT genotype was associated with low risk in men (TT vs TC and CC, 0.396 [.176–.890]; P =.02). Compared with men with rs10204525 TT, women with rs2227982 AG and with AA had 2.7- and 5.0-fold increased risks, respectively. Soluble PD-1 levels were lower in the female subgroup with rs2227982 AG and AA than in the remainder (median level [interquartile range], 46.7 [33.7-71.5] pg/mL vs 66.2 [48.6–101.5] pg/mL; P <.001). Conclusions PDCD1 genetic polymorphisms were associated with the risk of MAC-LD in a sex-specific pattern, possibly through regulation of PD-1 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for brain metastases with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors at our institution from January 2019 to January 2021. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group A, patients received chemotherapy and radiotherapy for brain metastases. In Group B, patients received chemotherapy, radiotherapy for brain metastases and at least four cycles of immunotherapy. Overall survival and intracranial progression-free survival were assessed using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression models. Results: A total of 282 patients were enrolled in our study. At the end of the study (May 12, 2021), the median overall survival was 13.3 months among 218 patients in Group A and 33.4 months among 64 patients in Group B (hazards ratio [HR] 0.320, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.189–0.545, P < 0.001). Both univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that two factors were significantly correlated with overall survival: the inclusion of immunotherapy in the regimen and the presence of extracranial metastases. The median intracranial progression-free survival was 6.93 months in Group A and 10.73 months in Group B (HR = 0.540, 95% CI, 0.346–0.841, P = 0.006). The intracranial objective response rate of Group B was greater than that of Group A, but the intracranial disease control rate was similar between the groups. Conclusion: Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for brain metastases showed promising efficacy for small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundProgrammed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues. But there is still a dispute over the prognostic value of PD-L1 in patients with ICC. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in patients with ICC.MethodsWe performed a meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines. We searched the literature from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to December 5, 2022. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to analyze the overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and time to relapse. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test.ResultsTen trials with 1944 cases were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the low-PD-L1 group had a statistically significant advantage in OS (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.38–1.79, P

Background: Immunotherapies represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment. A large part of the population has both cancer and psoriasis but is usually excluded from ICI clinical trials because of the dysregulated activation of the immune system. This is the first study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ICI therapy in patients with cancer and preexisting psoriasis. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and MEDLINE databases were searched from inception through February 2022. Observational studies on patients with cancer and confirmed psoriasis before ICI initiation were included. Outcomes included the incidence of psoriasis flares, de novo immune-related adverse events (irAEs), discontinuation rate due to flare/de novo irAEs, and efficacy of ICI therapy. Clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes for adverse events (AEs) were systematically reviewed. All pooled analyses were based on a random-effects model using Stata software. Metaregression and subgroup analyses were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Results: Twelve studies involving 191 patients were included. The pooled incidence of psoriasis flares was 45.0% (95% CI: 31.1%-58.9%, I² = 71.7%) and 44.9% (95% CI: 29.0%-60.7%, I² = 71.8%) for de novo irAEs. The tumor type, psoriasis subtype, ICI class, and country were the main sources of heterogeneity. Grade 3-4 flares occurred in 10.8% (95% CI: 5.3%-16.3%) of patients, and about 16.6% (95% CI: 10.7%-22.5%) of patients experienced grade 3-4 de novo irAEs. The estimated incidence of ICI discontinuation due to AE was 18.5% (95% CI: 6.1%-30.8%, I² = 68.7%). The median times to develop flare and de novo irAEs were 44 and 63 days, respectively. Endocrinopathies and colitis were the most common de novo irAEs. Conventional therapy is effective for most AEs. The estimated objective response rate (ORR) of ICIs was 38.1% (95% CI: 11.8%-64.3%, I² = 81.7%), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 64.5% (95% CI: 55.3%-73.8%, I2 = 0). Conclusions: The flare of patients with cancer and preexisting psoriasis treated with ICI therapy is frequent, but the incidence of de novo irAEs and the efficacy of ICI therapy are comparable to those of the general population. Most AEs are mild and manageable with conventional therapy, which required discontinuation of ICI therapy in 18.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging therapeutic approach based on replication-competent viruses able to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, inducing the release of tumor-associated antigens and thereby recruiting immune cells with a subsequent increase in antitumoral immune response. To increase the anticancer activity, we engineered a specific oncolytic adenovirus expressing a single-chain variable fragment of an antibody against PD-L1 to combine blockage of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with the antitumoral activity of Onc.Ad5. To assess its efficacy, we infected B16.OVA cells, a murine model of melanoma, with Ad5Δ24 -anti-PD-L1-scFv and then co-cultured them with C57BL/6J naïve splenocytes. We observed that the combinatorial treatments were significantly more effective in inducing cancer cell death. Furthermore, we assessed the efficacy of intratumoral administrations of Ad5Δ24-anti-PD-L1-scFv in C57BL/6J mice engrafted with B16.OVA and compared this treatment to that of the parental Ad5Δ24 or placebo. Treatment with the scFv-expressing Onc.Ad induced a marked reduction of tumor growth concerning the parental Onc.Ad. Additionally, the evaluation of the lymphocytic population infiltrating the treated tumor reveals a favorable immune profile with an enhancement of the CD8+ population. These data suggest that Onc.Ad-mediated expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors increases oncolytic virotherapy efficacy and could be an effective and promising tool for cancer treatments, opening a new way into cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential prognostic significance of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein expression in tumor cells of breast cancer patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Methods: Using semiquantitative immunohistochemistry, the PD-L1 protein expression in breast cancer tissues was analyzed. The correlations between PD-L1 protein expression and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The survival curve was stemmed from Kaplan-Meier assay, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival distributions against individual index levels. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were accessed to analyze the associations between PD-L1 protein expression and survival outcomes. A predictive nomogram model was constructed in accordance with the results of multivariate Cox model. Calibration analyses and decision curve analyses (DCA) were performed for the calibration of the nomogram model, and subsequently adopted to assess the accuracy and benefits of the nomogram model. Results: A total of 104 breast cancer patients received NACT were enrolled into this study. According to semiquantitative scoring for IHC, patients were divided into: low PD-L1 group (61 cases) and high PD-L1 group (43 cases). Patients with high PD-L1 protein expression were associated with longer disease free survival (DFS) (mean: 48.21 months vs. 31.16 months; P=0.011) and overall survival (OS) (mean: 83.18 months vs. 63.31 months; P=0.019) than those with low PD-L1 protein expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that PD-L1, duration of neoadjuvant therapy, E-Cadherin, targeted therapy were the independent prognostic factors for patients' DFS and OS. Nomogram based on these independent prognostic factors was used to evaluate the DFS and OS time. The calibration plots shown PD-L1 based nomogram predictions were basically consistent with actual observations for assessments of 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS and OS time. The DCA curves indicated the PD-L1 based nomogram had better predictive clinical applications regarding prognostic assessments of 3- and 5-year DFS and OS, respectively. Conclusion: High PD-L1 protein expression was associated with significantly better prognoses and longer DFS and OS in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, PD-L1 protein expression was found to be a significant prognostic factor for patients who received NACT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although PD-1 blockade therapy has been promising in cancer treatment, only 4% (pancreatic cancer) to 70% (melanoma) of patients have a positive response to this blockade therapy, which is one of its important disadvantages. Therefore, it is important to seek out new targets for cancer immunotherapy to improve the overall response rate in patients. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), an immune checkpoint receptor, is mainly expressed in activated immune cells. LAG-3 maintains the body's immune homeostasis under physiological conditions while mediating tumour immune escape. Several preclinical and clinical examinations have shown that LAG-3 blockade effectively alleviates the patient's tolerance to PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, the combination of LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade has good clinical efficacy in cancers. Hence, synchronous LAG-3 and PD-1 inhibition may be a potential new strategy for tumour immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Many immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved in China to treat non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, in the long term, less than 20% of patients benefit from ICIs. To maximize the benefit for NSCLC patients, it is necessary to guide the choice of immunotherapy through biomarkers. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota can affect tumor response to immunotherapy and might be a potential predictive biomarker. This study analyzed the relationship between intestinal flora structure and metabolomic characteristics in NSCLC and the efficacy of ICIs. Methods Prospective analysis of samples from 63 patients with advanced NSCLC who attended the Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from March 2018 to June 2019, and were prescribed programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) inhibitors, was carried out. The follow‐up deadline was 31 December 2019. Stool samples were collected from all patients before the start of immunotherapy. DNA was extracted from all samples and libraries were constructed. This was followed by sequencing using the Illumina sequencing platform, and results were studied using a biological information data analysis process. We divided the data into two groups based on progression‐free survival (PFS) ≥ six months and PFS

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the potential prognostic significance of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein expression in tumor cells of breast cancer patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT).MethodsUsing semiquantitative immunohistochemistry, the PD-L1 protein expression in breast cancer tissues was analyzed. The correlations between PD-L1 protein expression and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The survival curve was stemmed from Kaplan-Meier assay, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival distributions against individual index levels. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were accessed to analyze the associations between PD-L1 protein expression and survival outcomes. A predictive nomogram model was constructed in accordance with the results of multivariate Cox model. Calibration analyses and decision curve analyses (DCA) were performed for the calibration of the nomogram model, and subsequently adopted to assess the accuracy and benefits of the nomogram model.ResultsA total of 104 breast cancer patients received NACT were enrolled into this study. According to semiquantitative scoring for IHC, patients were divided into: low PD-L1 group (61 cases) and high PD-L1 group (43 cases). Patients with high PD-L1 protein expression were associated with longer disease free survival (DFS) (mean: 48.21 months vs. 31.16 months; P=0.011) and overall survival (OS) (mean: 83.18 months vs. 63.31 months; P=0.019) than those with low PD-L1 protein expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that PD-L1, duration of neoadjuvant therapy, E-Cadherin, targeted therapy were the independent prognostic factors for patients’ DFS and OS. Nomogram based on these independent prognostic factors was used to evaluate the DFS and OS time. The calibration plots shown PD-L1 based nomogram predictions were basically consistent with actual observations for assessments of 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS and OS time. The DCA curves indicated the PD-L1 based nomogram had better predictive clinical applications regarding prognostic assessments of 3- and 5-year DFS and OS, respectively.ConclusionHigh PD-L1 protein expression was associated with significantly better prognoses and longer DFS and OS in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, PD-L1 protein expression was found to be a significant prognostic factor for patients who received NACT.

Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging therapeutic approach based on replication-competent viruses able to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells, inducing the release of tumor-associated antigens and thereby recruiting immune cells with a subsequent increase in antitumoral immune response. To increase the anticancer activity, we engineered a specific oncolytic adenovirus expressing a single-chain variable fragment of an antibody against PD-L1 to combine blockage of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with the antitumoral activity of Onc.Ad5. To assess its efficacy, we infected B16.OVA cells, a murine model of melanoma, with Ad5Δ24 -anti-PD-L1-scFv and then co-cultured them with C57BL/6J naïve splenocytes. We observed that the combinatorial treatments were significantly more effective in inducing cancer cell death. Furthermore, we assessed the efficacy of intratumoral administrations of Ad5Δ24-anti-PD-L1-scFv in C57BL/6J mice engrafted with B16.OVA and compared this treatment to that of the parental Ad5Δ24 or placebo. Treatment with the scFv-expressing Onc.Ad induced a marked reduction of tumor growth concerning the parental Onc.Ad. Additionally, the evaluation of the lymphocytic population infiltrating the treated tumor reveals a favorable immune profile with an enhancement of the CD8+ population. These data suggest that Onc.Ad-mediated expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors increases oncolytic virotherapy efficacy and could be an effective and promising tool for cancer treatments, opening a new way into cancer therapy.

Although PD-1 blockade therapy has been promising in cancer treatment, only 4% (pancreatic cancer) to 70% (melanoma) of patients have a positive response to this blockade therapy, which is one of its important disadvantages. Therefore, it is important to seek out new targets for cancer immunotherapy to improve the overall response rate in patients. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), an immune checkpoint receptor, is mainly expressed in activated immune cells. LAG-3 maintains the body’s immune homeostasis under physiological conditions while mediating tumour immune escape. Several preclinical and clinical examinations have shown that LAG-3 blockade effectively alleviates the patient’s tolerance to PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Moreover, the combination of LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade has good clinical efficacy in cancers. Hence, synchronous LAG-3 and PD-1 inhibition may be a potential new strategy for tumour immunotherapy.

ObjectiveThe treatment approach of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) has long been similar for all patients. Any difference in treatment strategy was only based on existing comorbidities and on preferences of the patient and the treating oncologist. The recent advance obtained with immune therapy and more specifically immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been a true game changer. Today, patients and physicians have a choice to omit chemotherapy. In a small subset of patients, ICB induces a very durable disease control. The subgroup of patients in which ICB without chemotherapy would be the preferential approach is still ill-defined. Yet, this evolution marks a major step towards a more personalized medicine in R/M HNSCC.Materials and MethodsIn this paper, we present a retrospective cohort study of a patient population that was treated with ICB in a single center and we analyze potential factors that are associated with outcome and may help to select patients for treatment with ICB.Results137 consecutively treated patients were identified. Male gender and metastatic disease appeared to be associated with improved overall survival (OS). There was no correlation observed with age, number of previous treatment lines or immune target.ConclusionAlong with PD-L1 status defined by Combined Positive Score (CPS), clinical parameters such as site of recurrence and gender may help to define the optimal treatment strategy in R/M HNSCC.

Objective: The treatment approach of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) has long been similar for all patients. Any difference in treatment strategy was only based on existing comorbidities and on preferences of the patient and the treating oncologist. The recent advance obtained with immune therapy and more specifically immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has been a true game changer. Today, patients and physicians have a choice to omit chemotherapy. In a small subset of patients, ICB induces a very durable disease control. The subgroup of patients in which ICB without chemotherapy would be the preferential approach is still ill-defined. Yet, this evolution marks a major step towards a more personalized medicine in R/M HNSCC. Materials and Methods: In this paper, we present a retrospective cohort study of a patient population that was treated with ICB in a single center and we analyze potential factors that are associated with outcome and may help to select patients for treatment with ICB. Results: 137 consecutively treated patients were identified. Male gender and metastatic disease appeared to be associated with improved overall survival (OS). There was no correlation observed with age, number of previous treatment lines or immune target. Conclusion: Along with PD-L1 status defined by Combined Positive Score (CPS), clinical parameters such as site of recurrence and gender may help to define the optimal treatment strategy in R/M HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Exposure to chronic, excessive alcohol consumption, its breakdown metabolites, and gut-derived endotoxins dysregulate immune signaling leading to activation of inflammation. As a result, the non-resolving inflammatory response and development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) may occur. There are still no pharmacological or nutritional therapies for treating patients with alcoholic liver disease. Material and Methods: The information provided was collected as a result of various article’s analyses on the development, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with alcoholic liver disease using Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Results: The pathway consisting of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligand PD-L1 may play a critical role in the inhibition of self-reactive and inflammatory effector cells and the protection against immune-mediated tissue damage. There is a possibility of the potential gender-related differences in PD1/PD-L1 signaling in ALD. Conclusion: The better understanding of ALD as a dynamic process and all aspects of immune dysregulation may be important for the development of novel therapies in alcoholic liver disease. Results from a further study on the PD1/PDL-1 pathway might be exploited to re-define therapeutic targets and create sex-tailored treatments according to individual patient needs.

Recent trials have shown a promising anti-tumor activity for advanced cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors; however, little is known on the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in adults over 75 years of age. Here, we performed a study-level meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents between elderly (≥ 75 years) and non-elderly (< 75 years) patients. In the present study, we systematically reviewed phase 2/3 trials of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors of advanced solid tumors that reported treatment effect (hazard ratio [HR]) in patients based on age (≥ 75 years vs. < 75 years) and set anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy or combinational therapy as experimental arm. The HRs of OS and progression-free survival (PFS) are based on random-effect models. Overall, a total of eight qualifying trials comprising 5,393 subjects were included for meta-analysis, and 472 patients (8.8%) were aged 75 years or older. The overall estimated HR for OS was 0.70 (0.62–0.79) in patients < 75 years vs. 0.94 (0.67–1.30) in patients ≥ 75 years. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents improved OS of melanoma patients in both elderly (HR 0.25 [0.10-0.60]) and non-elderly (HR 0.49 [0.33–0.71]) group. The OS difference in the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors between elderly and non-elderly patients was significant (P = 0.043 for interaction). The overall estimated HR for PFS was 0.77 (0.60–1.00) in patients < 75 years vs. 0.97 (0.60–1.58) in patients ≥ 75 years. Therefore, with the exception of melanoma, elderly patients (≥ 75 years) could not benefit from the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents in survival, and toxicity profile of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs should be explored in this population.

Objective: Smoking suppresses PD-1 expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we assess if smoking changed the epigenetic control over CD8+ T cell memory formation through a microRNA (miR) dependent mechanism.Methods: Phenotypes of CD8+ T cells from smokers and non-smokers, RA and healthy, were analyzed by flow cytometry. A microarray analysis was used to screen for differences in miR expression. Sorted CD8+ cells were in vitro stimulated with nicotine and analyzed for transcription of miRs and genes related to memory programming by qPCR.Results: CD27+CD107a−CD8+ T cells, defining a naïve-memory population, had low expression of PD-1. Additionally, the CD27+ population was more frequent in smokers (p = 0.0089). Smokers were recognized by differential expression of eight miRs. Let-7c-5p, let-7d-5p and let-7e-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-150-5p, and miR-181-5p were up regulated, while miR-3196 and miR-4723-5p were down regulated. These miRs were predicted to target proteins within the FOXO-signaling pathway involved in CD8+ memory programming. Furthermore, miR-92a-3p was differentially expressed in CD8+ cells with naïve-memory predominance. Nicotine exposure of CD8+ cells induced the expression of miR-150-5p and miR-181a-5p in the naïve-memory cells in vitro. Additionally, nicotine exposure inverted the ratio between mRNAs of proteins in the FOXO pathway and their targeting miRs.Conclusions: Smokers have a high prevalence of CD8+ T cells with a naïve-memory phenotype. These cells express a miR profile that interacts with the memory programming conducted through the FOXO pathway.

Recent trials have shown a promising anti-tumor activity for advanced cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors; however, little is known on the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in adults over 75 years of age. Here, we performed a study-level meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents between elderly (≥ 75 years) and non-elderly (< 75 years) patients. In the present study, we systematically reviewed phase 2/3 trials of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors of advanced solid tumors that reported treatment effect (hazard ratio [HR]) in patients based on age (≥ 75 years vs. < 75 years) and set anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy or combinational therapy as experimental arm. The HRs of OS and progression-free survival (PFS) are based on random-effect models. Overall, a total of eight qualifying trials comprising 5,393 subjects were included for meta-analysis, and 472 patients (8.8%) were aged 75 years or older. The overall estimated HR for OS was 0.70 (0.62–0.79) in patients < 75 years vs. 0.94 (0.67–1.30) in patients ≥ 75 years. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents improved OS of melanoma patients in both elderly (HR 0.25 [0.10-0.60]) and non-elderly (HR 0.49 [0.33–0.71]) group. The OS difference in the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors between elderly and non-elderly patients was significant (P = 0.043 for interaction). The overall estimated HR for PFS was 0.77 (0.60–1.00) in patients < 75 years vs. 0.97 (0.60–1.58) in patients ≥ 75 years. Therefore, with the exception of melanoma, elderly patients (≥ 75 years) could not benefit from the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents in survival, and toxicity profile of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs should be explored in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an immune checkpoint, programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) and its ligand (PD‐L1) pathway plays a crucial role in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activation and provides antitumor responses. The N‐glycans of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 are highly core fucosylated, which are solely catalyzed by the core fucosyltransferase (Fut8). However, the precise biological mechanisms underlying effects of core fucosylation of PD‐1 and PD‐L1 on CTL activation have not been fully understood. In this study, we found that core fucosylation was significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma. Compared to those of Fut8+/+OT‐I mice, the lung adenocarcinoma formation induced by urethane was markedly reduced in Fut8−/−OT‐I mice. De‐core fucosylation of PD‐1 compromised its expression on Fut8−/− CTL, resulted in enhanced Fut8−/− CTL activation and cytotoxicity, leading to more efficient tumor eradication. Indeed, loss of core fucosylation significantly enhanced the PD‐1 ubiquitination and in turn led to the degradation of PD‐1 in the proteasome. Our current work indicates that inhibition of core fucosylation is a unique strategy to reduce PD‐1 expression for the antilung adenocarcinoma immune therapy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Der Internist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Many immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved in China to treat non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, in the long term, less than 20% of patients benefit from ICIs. To maximize the benefit for NSCLC patients, it is necessary to guide the choice of immunotherapy through biomarkers. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota can affect tumor response to immunotherapy and might be a potential predictive biomarker. This study analyzed the relationship between intestinal flora structure and metabolomic characteristics in NSCLC and the efficacy of ICIs. Methods: Prospective analysis of samples from 63 patients with advanced NSCLC who attended the Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from March 2018 to June 2019, and were prescribed programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) inhibitors, was carried out. The follow‐up deadline was 31 December 2019. Stool samples were collected from all patients before the start of immunotherapy. DNA was extracted from all samples and libraries were constructed. This was followed by sequencing using the Illumina sequencing platform, and results were studied using a biological information data analysis process. We divided the data into two groups based on progression‐free survival (PFS) ≥ six months and PFS < six months. Results: The median PFS was 7.0 months, not reaching the median overall survival (OS). We obtained 373.5 G of original sequencing data. The phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria accounted for most of the bacterial communities in the stool samples studied. Compared with the PFS < six‐month group, the patients in the PFS ≥ six‐month group had significantly higher β‐diversity in the intestinal microbiome at the baseline level. There were also differences in composition between the two groups. Samples in the PFS ≥ six‐month group were rich in Parabacteroides and Methanobrevibacter, while those in the PFS < six‐month group were rich in Veillonella, Selenomonadales, and Negativicutes. The KO, COG, and CAZy databases were used to study functional group protein families, yielding 390 (KO), 264 (COG), and 859 (CAZy) functional group abundances, with significant differences between the two groups. Bacterial metabolites analysis suggested significant differences in the metabolic potential of methanol and methane between the two groups. Conclusions: We found a close correlation between intestinal microbiome β‐diversity and anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy response in Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC. The intestinal flora composition, functional group protein family, and KEGG metabolism also differed between the two groups. Differences in pathways and flora metabolites were also noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent edition of Science Translational Medicine, we identified an enhanced therapeutic activity when talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) was combined with MEK inhibition in murine melanoma tumor models. MEK inhibition increased viral replication independent of mutation status. Combination therapy increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression and PD-1 blockade further enhanced tumor regression. Further clinical development of this strategy for treating melanomas warranted.

Background: Immunotherapy has opened up a new era of individualized treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with negative driver gene mutations. Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies have been the main options for immunotherapy over the past decade. Screening for predictive markers of anti-PD-1/PD-L1-responsive patients remains a focus in the field of immunotherapy, especially on the protein level in which relevant proteomic biomarkers are still lacking., Methods: We collected samples from 23 patients with NSCLC who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy and were followed up for three years. The proteomic profile of the tumor was obtained by mass spectrometry (MS). Meanwhile, we combined the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 27 patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in a previous study to establish an integrated gene network. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and elastic network were implemented to screen the top gene modules for predicting treatment-responsive patients. Gene expression related mutational patterns were also retrieved for validation in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) cohort., Results: Our results showed the gene expression profile of MOXD1 , PHAF1 , KRT7 , ANKRD30A , TMEM184A , KIR3DL1 , and KCNK4 could better predict the durable response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, with the specificity and sensitivity of 0.76 and 0.6, respectively. Besides, the mutational gene profile associated with these genes also suggested an association with favorable response in the MSKCC cohort. Patient-specific protein-protein interaction (PPI) network also indicated strong correlation among KRT7 , TMEM184A and ANKRD30A ., Conclusions: Our study indicated that key gene signatures identified by machine learning model could be utilized for clinical screening of patients who might benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy. Further mechanistic investigations around these genes are warranted., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tlcr-23-713/coif). C.Z. serves as an Editor-in-Chief of Translational Lung Cancer Research. He also reports that this study was funded by Shanghai Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project—Respiratory Medicine (201912-0552). The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)

Rabbits produce robust antibody responses and have unique features in their antibody repertoire that make them an attractive alternative to rodents for in vivo discovery. However, the frequent occurrence of a non-canonical disulfide bond between complementarity-determining region (CDR) H1 (C35a) and CDRH2 (C50) is often seen as a liability for therapeutic antibody development, despite limited reports of its effect on antibody binding, function, and stability. Here, we describe the discovery and humanization of a human-mouse cross-reactive anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal rabbit antibody, termed h1340.CC, which possesses this non-canonical disulfide bond. Initial removal of the non-canonical disulfide resulted in a loss of PD-1 affinity and cross-reactivity, which led us to explore protein engineering approaches to recover these. First, guided by the sequence of a related clone and the crystal structure of h1340.CC in complex with PD-1, we generated variant h1340.SA.LV with a potency and cross-reactivity similar to h1340.CC, but only partially recovered affinity. Side-by-side developability assessment of both h1340.CC and h1340.SA.LV indicate that they possess similar, favorable properties. Next, and prompted by recent developments in machine learning (ML)-guided protein engineering, we used an unbiased ML- and structure-guided approach to rapidly and efficiently generate a different variant with recovered affinity. Our case study thus indicates that, while the non-canonical inter-CDR disulfide bond found in rabbit antibodies does not necessarily constitute an obstacle to therapeutic antibody development, combining structure- and ML-guided approaches can provide a fast and efficient way to improve antibody properties and remove potential liabilities.

Immunotherapy has become a key strategy for cancer treatment, and two immune checkpoints, namely, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), have recently emerged as important targets. The interaction blockade of PD-1 and PD-L1 demonstrated promising activity and antitumor efficacy in early phase clinical trials for advanced solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many cell types in multiple tissues express PD-L1 as well as several tumor types, thereby suggesting that the ligand may play important roles in inhibiting immune responses throughout the body. Therefore, PD-L1 is a critical immunomodulating component within the lung microenvironment, but the correlation between PD-L1 expression and prognosis is controversial. More evidence is required to support the use of PD-L1 as a potential predictive biomarker. Clinical trials have measured PD-L1 in tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with different antibodies, but the assessment of PD-L1 is not yet standardized. Some commercial antibodies lack specificity and their reproducibility has not been fully evaluated. Further studies are required to clarify the optimal IHC assay as well as to predict and monitor the immune responses of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.

The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is thought to involve dysfunction of the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway; PD-1 negatively regulates autoimmunity by interacting with its ligand, PD-L1. We therefore investigated PD-1/PD-L1 expression in synovial tissue of patients with RA. We immunohistochemically stained synovial specimens from 51 patients with RA and assessed the association between PD-1/PD-L1 expression and rheumatoid factor (RF), the total count of infiltrating T cells, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Krenn’s synovitis score. PD-1 expression on infiltrating lymphocytes was detected in 34/51 RA cases (66.7%), while PD-1 expression was very mildly correlated only with the number of total infiltrating T cells (R2 = 0.1011, P = 0.0230). On the other hand, PD-L1 expression on synovial lining cells was observed in 37/51 RA cases (72.5%). Furthermore, a higher PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with RF positive state (P = 0.0454), and the correlations between PD-L1 expression and the number of infiltrating T cells (R2 = 0.5571, P < 0.0001), CRP (R2 = 0.4060, P < 0.0001), and Krenn’s synovitis score (R2 = 0.7785, P < 0.0001) were confirmed. PD-1 was expressed on infiltrating lymphocytes, while PD-L1 was expressed on synovial lining cells; the expression of PD-L1 on synovial lining cells was significantly correlated with the active state of the disease. These data suggest that PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may have an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor PD-1 are immune checkpoint molecules that attenuate the immune response. Blockade of PD-L1 enhances the immune response in a variety of tumours and thus serves as an effective anti-cancer treatment. However, the biological and prognostic roles of PD-L1/PD-1 signalling in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of PD-L1/PD-1 signalling with the prognosis of OSCC patients to assess its potential therapeutic relevance. The expression of PD-L1 and of PD-1 was determined immunohistochemically in 97 patients with OSCC and the association of this expression with clinicopathological characteristics was examined. Increased expression of PD-L1 was found in 64.9% of OSCC cases and increased expression of PD-1 was found in 61.9%. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that increased expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 positively correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis. The expression of CD25, an activated T-cell marker, was negatively correlated with the labelling index of PD-L1 and PD-1. Moreover, the patient group with PD-L1-positive and PD-1-positive expression showed a more unfavourable prognosis than the group with PD-L1-negative and PD-1-negative expression. These data suggest that increased PD-L1 and PD-1 expression is predictive of nodal metastasis and a poor prognosis and is possibly involved in cancer progression via attenuating the immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nivolumab is a human monoclonal antibody specific for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), a negative regulator of T-cell activation and response. Acting as an immune checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab binds to PD-1 expressed on the surface of many immune cells and prevents ligation by its natural ligands. Nivolumab is only effective in a subset of patients, and there is limited evidence supporting its use for diagnostic, monitoring, or stratification purposes. Methods: Zr-Df-nivolumab was synthesized to map the biodistribution of PD-1-expressing tumor infiltrating T-cells in vivo using a humanized murine model of lung cancer. The tracer was developed by radiolabeling the antibody with the positron emitter zirconium-89 (Zr). Imaging results were validated by ex vivo biodistribution studies, and PD-1 expression was validated by immunohistochemistry. Data obtained from PET imaging were used to determine human dosimetry estimations. Results: The tracer showed elevated binding to stimulated PD-1 expressing T-cells in vitro and in vivo. PET imaging of Zr-Df-nivolumab allowed for clear delineation of subcutaneous tumors through targeting of localized activated T-cells expressing PD-1 in the tumors and salivary glands of humanized A549 tumor-bearing mice. In addition to tumor uptake, salivary and lacrimal gland infiltration of T-cells was noticeably visible and confirmed via histological analysis. Conclusions: These data support our claim that PD-1-targeted agents allow for tumor imaging in vivo, which may assist in the design and development of new immunotherapies. In the future, noninvasive imaging of immunotherapy biomarkers may assist in disease diagnostics, disease monitoring, and patient stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy has created much excitement among cancer patients, drug and diagnostic developers, and health care professionals. This is due largely to the dramatic and sustained responses among some advanced cancers that were previously refractory to therapy. Unfortunately, these responses are difficult to predict, so the goal of the right drug for the right patient at the right time remains elusive. This is in part due to the complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment and its role in drug efficacy. The application of biomarkers to pathologic specimens to predict responses to therapy remains one of the key roles for pathologists in precision medicine. For the new immune checkpoint inhibitors, the emerging class of biomarkers revolves around the immunohistochemical detection of the drug target (or its ligand), programmed cell death ligand 1, on tumor cells or associated immune cells. The diagnostic terrain is already complex because of the involvement of different technology platforms, antibody clones, scoring systems, and indications for their use. The application of these biomarkers to cytologic specimens is critical because the current drug indications are for advanced‐stage cancers that are often sampled by minimally invasive cytologic means rather than surgical resection. This review summarizes the current state of biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors with an emphasis on the opportunities for and threats to cytologic samples. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:11‐9. © 2017 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The immune profile of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (sRCC), including the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) status, has not been well characterized.Methods: An immunohistochemical digital analysis of PD-L1, PD-1, CD4, and CD8 was performed on nephrectomy specimens from 118 sRCC patients and 92 nonsarcomatoid clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. The clinical characteristics of the population were compared between sRCC and ccRCC. Overall survival was estimated, and comparisons were made between PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative groups as well as tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-high and TIL-low groups.Results: The PD-L1 H-score of sRCC (mean, 3.7; range, 0-192.1) was significantly higher than the score of grade 4 ccRCC (P = .001), and 41.3% of sRCC cases showed a PD-L1 H-score ≥ 10. The PD-1-positive cell density was significantly higher in sRCC versus ccRCC within the tumor and at the invasive front. The intratumoral CD8-positive cell density was significantly higher in sRCC versus ccRCC. Forty-one percent in the sarcomatoid component of sRCC and 8% in the epithelioid component of sRCC had an adaptive immune resistance phenotype (PD-L1-positive and TIL-positive), whereas only 1% in ccRCC had the type I phenotype.Conclusions: sRCC showed higher PD-L1 expression and higher PD-1- and CD8-positive cell density than grade 4 ccRCC. The results indicate a notable immunosuppressive environment in sRCC. Despite advances in the treatment of advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma, sRCC still has a poor prognosis. This work describes highly immunosuppressive characteristics of sRCC in comparison with an appropriate ccRCC control. The results suggest PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy as a potential therapeutic approach for sRCC. Cancer 2017;123:4823-31. © 2017 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus-specific cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognize viral antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chains on infected hepatocytes, with help from CD4+ T cells. However, this CTL response is frequently weak or undetectable in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) are receptors in the CD28 family of costimulatory molecules, providing inhibitory signals to T cells. The overexpressions of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in patients with viral infection have been shown to associate with functional impairment of virus-specific T cells. In acute viral hepatitis, PD-1 and CTLA-4 are up-regulated during the symptomatic phase, and then down-regulated after recovery. These findings suggest that PD-1 and CTLA-4 have protective effects as inhibitory molecules to suppress cytotoxic T cells which induce harmful destruction of viral infected hepatocytes in self-limited viral hepatitis. In chronic viral hepatitis, the extended upregulations of PD-1 and CTLA-4 are associated with T cell exhaustion and persistent viral infection, suggesting positive correlations between expression of immune inhibitory factors and the chronicity of viral disease. In this review, we summarize recent literature relating to PD-1, CTLA-4, and other inhibitory receptors in antigen-specific T cell exhaustion in viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes. All body organs can be invaded by it; however, the skin is the most common site of invasion. Melanomas involving the lungs are almost always metastatic and it is extremely rare to find a true primary malignant melanoma of the lung (PMML). Compared to cutaneous melanoma, mucosal melanoma has a different biology and clinical appearance. Since there are no standards for the diagnosis and treatment of PMML, it is treated differently. We reported a patient with PMML underwent surgery after programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy., Case Description: A 62-year-old female patient presented with an occupying lesion in the right upper lung lobe found on physical examination. A computed tomography (CT) scan was done, and the results showed a lobulated soft tissue mass shadow of roughly 54 mm × 50 mm in the upper lobe of the right lung. The histological results of a CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy were consistent with malignant melanoma. She was identified as having primary melanoma of the lung after undergoing a full physical examination to rule out occult primary tumor metastases. The patient received a total of 33 cycles of immunotherapy (PD-1). We did a right upper lung lobectomy after shrinking the melanoma in the right lung's upper lobe to a size of 16 mm × 10 mm. After the operation, the patient was monitored for 6 months and made a full recovery without recurrence., Conclusions: The preoperative immune system in combination with a surgical procedure may boost patients' chances of survival. These findings need to be confirmed in more clinical research., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://acr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/acr-23-79/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2024 AME Case Reports. All rights reserved.)

Background: Nivolumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, is recently clinically applied to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, and this causes T cell activation and T cell infiltration to tumor tissue through the blockade of the interaction between programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) sometimes shows false positive because of the recruitment of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages. To date, there is only one report except our case, which described the correlation between FDG-PET and nivolumab. Case presentation: We report on a 75-year-old man on nivolumab treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. He had undergone right lower lobectomy for lung adenocarcinoma in the right S8 segment 10 months prior to recurrence. Pathological findings revealed invasive adenocarcinoma, pT1bN2M0 stage IIIA. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation was positive for de novo T790M and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement was negative. Immunohistochemistry was negative for PD-L1. He underwent chemotherapy with a combination of cisplatin and pemetrexed for four cycles but developed progressive disease involving the right hemithorax, multiple lymph nodes, and multiple osseous sites. Nivolumab was instituted as a second-line chemotherapy. After six courses of this immunotherapy, FDG-PET scan showed decreased FDG uptake in each recurrent lesion despite T lymphocyte activation by nivolumab. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was also remarkably decreased. Conclusions: Nivolumab's effect on recurrent NSCLC may be monitored by PET; larger studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the influence of antibody CD166 on the inhibition of tumor and further investigate the influence on immune cells of tumor tissues in mice bearing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)., Methods: The xenograft model was established through subcutaneously injection of mouse OSCCs cells. Ten mice were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group was treated with antibody CD166 and the control group was injected with the same volume normal saline. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) was used to confirm the tissue histopathology of xenograft mice model. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD3 + CD8 + T cells, CD8 + PD-1 + cells and CD11b + Gr-1 + myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) cells in the tumor tissues., Results: After treatment with antibody CD166, the tumor volume and weight in xenograft mice model were significantly reduced. The result of flow cytometry showed that antibody CD166 showed no obvious influence on the proportion of CD3 + CD8 + and CD8 + PD-1 + T lymphocyte cells in the tumor tissues. In the antibody CD166 treatment group, the proportion of CD11b + Gr-1 + MDSCs cells in tumor tissues was 1.930%±0.5317%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group, 4.940%±0.3252% (P=0.0013)., Conclusions: Antibody CD166 treatment helped reduce the proportion of CD11b + Gr-1 + MDSCs cells, and produced obvious therapeutic effect on the treatment of mice bearing OSCC., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tcr-22-2704/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2023 Translational Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)

Immunotherapy has become a key strategy for cancer treatment, and two immune checkpoints, namely, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), have recently emerged as important targets. The interaction blockade of PD-1 and PD-L1 demonstrated promising activity and antitumor efficacy in early phase clinical trials for advanced solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Many cell types in multiple tissues express PD-L1 as well as several tumor types, thereby suggesting that the ligand may play important roles in inhibiting immune responses throughout the body. Therefore, PD-L1 is a critical immunomodulating component within the lung microenvironment, but the correlation between PD-L1 expression and prognosis is controversial. More evidence is required to support the use of PD-L1 as a potential predictive biomarker. Clinical trials have measured PD-L1 in tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with different antibodies, but the assessment of PD-L1 is not yet standardized. Some commercial antibodies lack specificity and their reproducibility has not been fully evaluated. Further studies are required to clarify the optimal IHC assay as well as to predict and monitor the immune responses of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a metastatic and intractable cancer with limited treatment options. Refractory cancer cells often express the immune checkpoint molecules programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2, which inhibit the anticancer effects of T cells. Differentiation-inducing factors, originally found in Dictyostelium discoideum , and their derivatives possess strong antiproliferative activity, at least in part by reducing cyclin D1 expression in various cancer cells, but their effects on PD-L1/PD-L2 have not been examined. In this study, we investigate the effects of six DIF compounds (DIFs) on the expression of PD-L1/PD-L2 and cyclin D1/D3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, a model TNBC cell line., Methods: MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated for 5 or 15 h with or without DIFs, and the mRNA expression of cyclin D1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Whereas, MDA-MD-231 cells were incubated for 12 or 24 h with or without DIFs, and the protein expression of cyclins D1 and D3, PD-L1, and PD-L2 were assessed by Western blotting., Results: As expected, some DIFs strongly reduced cyclin D1/D3 protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. Contrary to our expectation, DIFs had little effect on PD-L1 mRNA expression or increased it transiently. However, some DIFs partially reduced glycosylated PD-L1 and increased non-glycosylated PD-L1 in MDA-MB-231 cells. The level of PD-L2 was very low in these cells., Conclusions: Since PD-L1 glycosylation plays an important role in preventing T cells from attacking cancer cells, such DIFs may promote T cell attack on cancer cells in vivo ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (2023 ©The Juntendo Medical Society.)

This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.

Natural killer (NK) cells constitute a minor subset of normal lymphocytes that initiate innate immune responses toward tumor and virus-infected cells. They can mediate spontaneous cytotoxicity toward these abnormal cells and rapidly secrete numerous cytokines and chemokines to promote subsequent adaptive immune responses. Significant progress has been made in the past 2 decades to improve our understanding of NK cell biology. Here we review recent discoveries, including a better comprehension of the “education” of NK cells to achieve functional competence during their maturation and the discovery of “memory” responses by NK cells, suggesting that they might also contribute to adaptive immunity. The improved understanding of NK cell biology has forged greater awareness that these cells play integral early roles in immune responses. In addition, several promising clinical therapies have been used to exploit NK cell functions in treating patients with cancer. As our molecular understanding improves, these and future immunotherapies should continue to provide promising strategies to exploit the unique functions of NK cells to treat cancer, infections, and other pathologic conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Prior IMMUNOTARGET registry data had suggested that responses to immune [anti PD(L)1] monotherapy in gene-arranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were rare or absent, depending on the specific oncogene., Methods: IMMUNOTARGET sites reporting prior registry data or new individual cases of gene rearranged NSCLC seeming to benefit from immune monotherapy were explored in detail looking to both validate their diagnosis of a functional gene rearrangement and to look for features potentially differentiating them from other such cases associated with low response rates., Results: Five cases of NSCLC with a gene rearrangement with reported responses or prolonged stabilization from immune monotherapy were identified in total. All had little or no prior smoking history and had programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) values ranging from zero to 100%. A confirmed rearrangement partner was reported in only 2 of the cases (CD74-ROS1 and KIF5B-RET), however in one of the other three cases [analplastic lymophoma kinase (ALK)], significant benefit from a relevant prior targeted therapy was noted, also consistent with the rearrangement status being correctly assigned., Conclusions: Not all driver oncogene subtypes of NSCLC are equally responsive to immune monotherapy, however even among patients with well-validated gene rearranged NSCLC which has traditionally been considered immune hyporesponsive, objective responses can occur. Additional explorations of the features associated with and underlying the immune hypo-responsiveness of most, but not all, cases of gene-rearranged NSCLC are required., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://tlcr.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/tlcr-22-329/coif). ABC reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Astra-Zeneca, Novartis, and Roche; grants from Merck; personal fees and non-financial support from BMS, MSD, Pfizer, and Takeda; outside the submitted work. OG reports personal fees as a consultant for Amgen and Lilly, and for advisory boards for Amgen, Lilly, Merck and Astrazeneca. JM reports personal fees and grants from Roche, Astra Zeneca, Pierre Fabre, and BMS; personal fees from Takeda, MSD, Hengrui, BLUEPRINT, DAIICHI, and Novartis, outside the submitted work. DRC reports personal fees for ad hoc advisory roles with AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi and Takeda and has received institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, BMS, Merck, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech and Takeda. RM has no conflicts of interest to declare., (2022 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)