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Background and Objectives: Effects of the physicochemical properties of buckwheat flour (BKF), quinoa flour (QF), proso millet flour (PMF), and whole wheat flour (WWF) were evaluated in a pancake product made with unbleached fine wheat pastry flour (FWF). Pancakes were formulated with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (w/w) substitution levels. FWF was used as the control. Findings: The flours varied in composition, affecting their functional properties. BKF was characterized by high total dietary fiber (TDF), FWF had the highest starch content, WWF had the highest protein content, and PMF had the highest peak and onset temperature. The influential functional properties on pancake quality were the content of TDF and insoluble dietary fiber, as well as the water and oil holding capacity. Due to the rapid cooking time in pancakes, the PMF starch did not gelatinize adequately, likely due to the amylose content or shape and size of the starch, resulting in a low‐hardness pancake without a continuous matrix. When a pancake was prepared with partial pregelatinized PMF, the pancake had a continuous matrix. Conclusion: BK, QF, and WWF can be incorporated into pancake formulations without flour modification. PMF must be modified before usage in a pancake application to ensure that a continuous matrix is formed. Significance and Novelty: This research sheds light on the importance of considering the functional properties of alternative grains in baked product formulations. Nonetheless, further information was found on PMF starch gelatinization in pancake applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient India adopted many traditional practices to maintain soil health and therefore crop yields and, one such facet is "Vrikshayurveda"; meantime, post green revolution era followed scientific conventional practices, which enhanced crop yields, at loss of soil health. It is the time to evaluate ancient organic practices for chemical free food production. Millets are rich in nutrients and sustaining more than 30% of world's population. Proso millet, a versatile crop capable of adapting to varied environments from tropics to temperate, is rich in nutrients. As there is little information available on evaluation of such practices in crops like millets, we conducted this study to evaluate field performance of proso millet under Vrikshayurveda practices in comparison with modern crop production practices and do-nothing practice. Laboratory and field research were carried out at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai during 2020-21. Treatments include; Biomass Transfer (BMT) from five trees viz., Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth, Delonix regia Boj.ex Hook., Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud, Peltophorum ferrugineum (Decne.) Benth and Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre and Leaf Tea spray of extracts from five tree species viz., Morinda tinctoria Roxb., Moringa oleifera Lam., Mangifera indica (L.), Annona squamosa (L.) and Aegle marmellos (L.) Correa. Study revealed that agrochemical-free, high-quality foodgrains in proso millet is achievable by adopting Vrikshayurveda practice of soil enrichment with BMT of Albizia lebbek and Gliricidia sepium on nitrogen equivalent basis and leaf tea spray (LTS) viz., Mangifera indica and Moringa oleifera at 5% resulted in <10% in yield reduction, when compared to conventional CPG practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Proso millet is an important but under-researched and underutilized crop with the potential to become a future smart crop because of its climate-resilient features and high nutrient content. Assessing diversity and marker-trait associations are essential to support the genomics-assisted improvement of proso millet. This study aimed to assess the population structure and diversity of a proso millet diversity panel and identify marker-trait associations for agronomic and grain nutrient traits. In this study, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by mapping raw genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data onto the proso millet genome, resulting in 5621 quality-filtered SNPs in 160 diverse accessions. The modified Roger's Distance assessment indicated an average distance of 0.268 among accessions, with the race miliaceum exhibiting the highest diversity and ovatum the lowest. Proso millet germplasm diversity was structured according to geographic centers of origin and domestication. Genome-wide association mapping identified 40 marker-trait associations (MTAs), including 34 MTAs for agronomic traits and 6 for grain nutrients; 20 of these MTAs were located within genes. Favourable alleles and phenotypic values were estimated for all MTAs. This study provides valuable insights into the population structure and diversity of proso millet, identified marker-trait associations, and reported favourable alleles and their phenotypic values for supporting genomics-assisted improvement efforts in proso millet.

Drought is the major devastating stress affecting plant growth and development. The plant develops some physiological and biochemical changes to withstand drought. The raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) are sugars that have a significant role in abiotic stress tolerance. Galactinol synthase (EC 2.4.1.123; GolS) initiates the primary step of the RFOs synthesis. Their accumulation implies a role for RFOs in abiotic stress adaptation. The galactinol synthase gene from proso millet was isolated and characterized. Full length proso millet galactinol synthase gene of size ~1,200 bp having 3 exons with 2 introns was isolated and predicted using bioinformatics tools. A high sequence similarity was observed at 97.2, 95.6, 91.8 and 85.4% with Panicum hallii, Panicum virgatum, Setaria italica and Zea mays mRNA, respectively. PmGolS gene expression pattern with respect to drought stress was evaluated in proso millet. PmGolS gene was highly expressed, 40.3 and 23.7-fold in vegetative and reproductive stages of drought-stressed plants respectively compared to control. It suggested that PmGolS gene has an active role in drought stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the response characteristics of broomcorn millet yield and quality to various fertilizers under low nitrogen conditions, the present study investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments, including no fertilization (HCK, CCK), urea (HF1, CF1), phosphate fertilizer (HF2, CF2), compound fertilizer (HF3, CF3), and organic fertilizer (HF4, CF4), on the agronomic traits, quality, and starch pasting properties of proso millet. As experimental materials, non-waxy proso millet (Hequ red proso millet, denoted as HQH) and waxy proso millet (Chishu 1, denoted as CS1) were utilized. The results showed that under low nitrogen conditions, urea treatment (HF1) significantly increased plant height and yield, and phosphate fertilizer treatment (HF2) significantly increased thousand-grain weight (TW). For waxy proso millet Chishu NO.1 (CS1), urea treatment (CF1) significantly increased yield, phosphate fertilizer treatment (CF2) significantly influenced the height of the plants, and compound fertilizer treatment (CF3) significantly increased thousand-grain weight. In terms of quality, phosphate fertilizer treatment (CF2) and organic fertilizer treatment (CF4) resulted in a substantial augmentation of both the total starch content and amylose content of waxy proso millet Chishu NO.1 (CS1), respectively, and organic fertilizer treatment (HF4, CF4) resulted in a notable enhancement of the protein content of proso millet. Organic fertilizer treatment (HF4) increased peak viscosity (PV), hot viscosity (HV), setback viscosity (SV), final viscosity (FV), breakdown viscosity (BV), pasting time (PTim), and pasting temperature (PTemp) of non-waxy proso millet. Phosphate fertilizer treatment (CF2) increased the peak viscosity (PV), hot viscosity (HV), breakdown viscosity (BV), final viscosity (FV), pasting time (PTim), and pasting temperature (PTemp) of waxy proso millet. Organic fertilizer treatment (HF4) and phosphate fertilizer treatment (CF2) under low nitrogen were the most effective in improving the comprehensive quality of non-waxy and waxy proso millet, respectively. The findings of our research elucidated the impacts of various fertilizers on the productivity and quality of non-waxy and waxy proso millet in nitrogen-deficient environments. Furthermore, this research offered a conceptual underpinning for attaining enhanced cultivation outcomes, encompassing both improved yield and quality, of proso millet in drought-prone regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Proso millet is a valuable short-term crop of universal use cultivated all over the world. However, due to the lack of genetic improvement, the yield of this crop does not provide stable in-come for farmers. The research is aimed to test proso millet germplasm of different geographical origin under different agro-climatic regions in Kazakhstan. 90 accessions of proso millet originated from 19 countries were tested in the conditions of the North (A.I. Baraev Scientific Production Centre of Grain Farming) and the West (Agricultural Experimental Station) Kazakhstan from 2022 to 2023. The main agronomic traits such as plant height, number of seeds per panicle, seed weight per panicle and productive tillering, 1000 seed weight and yield per m2 were measured. Correlation analysis was conducted based on the obtained data. High correlation was established between the SWPP and NSPP traits (r=0.73-0.92) in Northern and Western Kazakhstan conditions in 2022-2023 years. The world collection with higher values of 1000 seed weight showed a lower number of seeds per panicle, while the correlation was negative (r= - 0.48). The findings can be used in future proso millet breeding programs to develop new and improved genotypes with desirable productive traits adaptable to different environments.

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Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is resilient to abiotic stress, especially to drought. However, the mechanisms by which its roots adapt and tolerate salt stress are obscure. In this study, to clarify the molecular mechanism of proso millet in response to drought stress, the physiological indexes and transcriptome in the root of seedlings of the proso millet cultivar 'Yumi 2' were analyzed at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 h of stimulated drought stress by using 20% PEG-6000 and after 24 h of rehydration. The results showed that the SOD activity, POD activity, soluble protein content, MDA, and O2−· content of 'Yumi 2' increased with the time of drought stress, but rapidly decreased after rehydration. Here, 130.46 Gb of clean data from 18 samples were obtained, and the Q30 value of each sample exceeded 92%. Compared with 0 h, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reached the maximum of 16,105 after 3 h of drought, including 9153 upregulated DEGs and 6952 downregulated DEGs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in ATP binding, nucleus, protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity, MAPK signaling pathway–plant, plant–pathogen interactions, and plant hormone signal transduction under drought stress, while downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in metal ion binding, transmembrane transporter activity, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Additionally, 1441 TFs screened from DEGs were clustered into 64 TF families, such as AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bZIP TF families. Genes related to physiological traits were closely related to starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. In conclusion, the active oxygen metabolism system and the soluble protein of proso millet root could be regulated by the activity of protein serine/threonine phosphatase. AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bZIP TF families were found to be closely associated with drought tolerance in proso millet root. This study will provide data to support a subsequent study on the function of the drought tolerance gene in proso millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to test the suitability of using nine types of millets namely finger millet, pearl millet, white and yellow sorghum, little millet, barnyard millet, proso millet, kodo millet, and browntop millet in seven popular Indian meal preparations based on sensory characteristics and nutrient value. The popular Indian meal preparations tested were boiled grain, dosa, idli, bisi belle bath, pulao, puttu, and pongal. In total, 53 variations in meal preparations were developed using the millets and seven polished white rice-based meal preparations were developed as control. The main findings indicated that meal preparation crafted from various millets garnered overall sensory scores closely resembling to those derived from polished white rice. Notably, little millet exhibited high scores in pongal and dosa, and achieved elevated overall sensory scores compared to meal preparation from polished white rice. Bisi belle bath made of barnyard millet scored higher in overall sensory score than polished white rice. Moreover, there was significant association between some types of millets' overall sensory characteristics (p<0.005) with polished white rice-based meal preparations. In terms of nutrient value, all the millet-based meal preparations had significantly high nutritional value compared to those made with polished white rice (p<0.05). Especially calcium content of the meal prepared with finger millet was significantly higher compared to polished white rice-based meals (p<0.05). Puttu, idli, and dosa prepared with finger millet had calcium content of 59.4, 10.8, and 70.9mg/100g compared to those prepared with the polished white rice which had only 1.3, 6.3, and 9.2mg/100g. The magnesium content of all millet-based meal preparations was generally several-folds higher compared to the polished white rice-based meal preparations (p<0.05). There is a significant difference in the fiber content of the meals prepared with millets compared to the meals prepared with polished white rice (p<0.05). This study was conducted using millets that are locally available and does not represent all the millet varieties available globally, as each type of millet has a wide range of varieties. Therefore, it is important to understand and choose the type and variety of millet while enhancing the nutritional value of diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parboiling of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) was carried out by soaking at different soaking temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C) and durations of steaming (10min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min and 30 min). The parboiled millet grains were shade dried and pearled in a laboratory scale pearler cum polisher. Parboiling of these millets was assessed for the cooking qualities, in terms of cooking time, water uptake, swelling index and elongation ratio. Parboiled little millet took 9min-14 min for cooking with water uptake ratio of 3.1- 4.7 and showed swelling index and elongation ratio ranging from 1.73-2.78 and 1.53-2.61, respectively. For proso millet cooking time and water uptake were recorded as 11 min -13 min and 2-4.2, with swelling index and elongation ratio of 0.7-1.72 and 1.42-4.26, respectively. Soaking at 50°C and 60°C and steaming for 25 min and 10 min, respectively, for little millet and proso millet yielded higher cooking qualities, viz., water uptake, swelling index and elongation ratio, and with less cooking time, which are considered as optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Proso millet, a high-quality fermentation material used for Chinese yellow wine production, can produce special flavored substances; however, its role in improving the flavor and altering microbial communities of light-flavored Baijiu during fermentation remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of proso millet on improving the flavor of light-flavored Baijiu and altering microbial communities during different fermentation stages. Methods: The dynamic changes in the microbial communities and flavor of proso millet (50%) + sorghum (50%) mixed fermentation samples were analyzed through intermittent sampling on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the fermentation process. Microbial high-throughput sequencing and the analysis of flavor characteristics were conducted through 16S DNA/ITS amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography (multi-capillary column)-ion mobility spectrometry, respectively. Results: Proso millet significantly changed the core flavor compound composition of traditional light-flavored Baijiu from ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl hexanoate dimer, ethyl butanoate, ethyl lactate, and butyl acetate to oct-2-ene, 2-butanol, propyl propanoate, 2-pentenal, and 4-methylpentanal. The amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the alpha diversity parameters of bacterial and fungal communities, including the Chao1, Pielou_e, Shannon, and Simpson indices, for proso millet-sorghum mixed fermentation samples were significantly higher than those for sorghum fermentation samples (p < 0.05). Of the 40 most significant microbial genera in two treatments, proso millet significantly increased the abundance of 12 bacterial and 18 fungal genera. Among the 40 most significant bacterial and fungal species, 23 bacterial species belonged to the Lactobacillus genus, whereas the 30 primary fungal species belonged to 28 different genera. The analysis of the relationship between microbial changes and the main flavor compounds of light-flavored Baijiu showed that bacteria from the Weissella, Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Psychrobacter, Pseudarthrobacter, Lactococcus, Chloroplast, Saccharopolyspora, Psychrobacter, Saccharopolyspora, Pseudonocardiaceae, Bacteroides genera and fungi from the Thermoascus, Aspergillus, Pichia, Rhizomucor, Papiliotrema, Hyphopichia, and Mucor genera significantly inhibited the synthesis of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl lactate ethyl lactate, and butyl acetate but increased the synthesis of ethyl acetate (p < 0.05). Moreover, these microbes exhibited a significantly greater abundance in proso millet-sorghum mixed fermentation samples than in sorghum samples. The synthesis of special flavored compounds in proso millet Baijiu was significantly positively correlated with the presence of fungi from the Rhizopus, Papiliotrema, Wickerhamomyces, Aspergillus, and Thermoascus genera but negative correlated with the presence of bacteria from the Weissella, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, Pseudarthrobacter, Bacteroides, and Saccharopolyspora genera. Regarding ethanol content, the low alcohol content of Fenjiu may be due to the significantly high abundance of fungi from the Psathyrella genus and bacteria from the Staphylococcus, Kroppenstedtia, Brevibacterium, and Acetobacter genera during fermentation. In summary, proso millet significantly altered the flavor of light-flavored Baijiu by inducing the formation of a special microbial community; however, it did not increase alcohol concentration. Discussion: This study lays the foundation for future research on Baijiu fermentation. Additionally, the study findings may help improve the production efficiency and elevate the quality and flavor of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of electron beam irradiation on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of non-waxy and waxy proso millet. Methods: waxy (‘Yushu 1’) and non-waxy (‘Yumi 2’) proso millet were subjected to electron beam irradiation at different doses of 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy and were evaluated for physicochemical properties, bioactive substances and antioxidant capacity. Results: After electron beam irradiation, the color, starch content, ash content, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of non-waxy and waxy proso millet changed significantly (P 0.05). In addition, electron beam irradiation treatment significantly increased the contents of total phenols and total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and individual phenolic contents in non-waxy and waxy proso millet; the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity increased up to 78.01% and 70.22%, and the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging capacity increased up to 61.51% and 50.57%, respectively. The contents of gallic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, catechin and kaempferol in proso millet extract increased, while the contents of protocatechuic acid and epicatechin remained relatively stable. The correlation analysis suggested that the total phenolic content had a significantly positive correlation with the contents of catechin and quercetin (P < 0.01), the total flavonoid content had a significantly positive correlation with the contents of rutin and gallic acid (P < 0.01), and the antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the catechin content. Compared with the control, proso millet treated with electron beam irradiation exhibited stronger antioxidant properties and higher phenolic contents, which would be worthy of further research and development.

This study was conducted to test the suitability of using nine types of millets namely finger millet, pearl millet, white and yellow sorghum, little millet, barnyard millet, proso millet, kodo millet, and browntop millet in seven popular Indian meal preparations based on sensory characteristics and nutrient value. The popular Indian meal preparations tested were boiled grain, dosa, idli, bisi belle bath, pulao, puttu, and pongal. In total, 53 variations in meal preparations were developed using the millets and seven polished white rice-based meal preparations were developed as control. The main findings indicated that meal preparation crafted from various millets garnered overall sensory scores closely resembling to those derived from polished white rice. Notably, little millet exhibited high scores in pongal and dosa, and achieved elevated overall sensory scores compared to meal preparation from polished white rice. Bisi belle bath made of barnyard millet scored higher in overall sensory score than polished white rice. Moreover, there was significant association between some types of millets’ overall sensory characteristics (p

Nitrogen has a critical influence on the yield and quality of proso millet. However, the exact impact of nitrogen on the cooking quality of proso millet is not clear. In this study, the cooking quality and starch properties of two proso millet varieties (waxy‐Shaanxi millet [wSM] variety and non‐waxy‐Shaanxi millet [nSM] variety) were compared and analyzed under nitrogen fertilizer treatment (N150, 150 kg/hm2) and a control group without nitrogen application (N0, 0 kg/hm2). Compared with the N0 group, the N150 treatment significantly increased protein content, amylose levels, and total yield. Employing rapid visco analyser and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, we observed that under the N150 treatment, the peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity of proso millet powder were diminished, while the setback viscosity and enthalpy values (ΔH) increased. In addition, nitrogen treatment increased the solids content in the obtained rice soup and significantly hardened the texture of the rice. At the same time, we noticed that the absorption capacity of starch in water and oil was enhanced. These results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on the cooking quality and starch properties of proso millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a grain with high nutritional content and tolerance to extreme weather, millet has a potential food business. However, the processing is necessary to enhance the physical and nutritional quality of millet. Food products with minimal processing, improved sensorial and natural flavors, with no added chemicals to preserve them are in greater demand among customers. High‐quality product produced using green alternative processing techniques significantly evolved in the last two decades. Moreover, recent years see potential study of cold plasma technology in the food industry for increased functional attributes and energy efficiency. This review has been framed to describe the impact of cold plasma on the quality attributes of millet and millet products exploring cold plasma research on millet products, focusing on nutrition, anti‐nutrient reduction, structural, physicochemical, digestive, hydration, and functional properties. Furthermore, this work pursues to improve interventions by identifying the knowledge gaps in the processing of millet using cold plasma. Practical Applications: The shelf life of the millet products is extended as a result of the plasma treatment, through the reduction in the moisture content. During the early stages of storage, millet flour is affected by rancidity, which is positively treated by plasma processing. The water absorption and swelling capacity of the treated millet sample have increased along with a rise in solubility. Therefore, the hydration and pasting abilities of millet improved, making it possible to utilize it in complementary food formulations as well as for the development of viscous foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colchicine is a substance used to induce mutations in order to regulate important agronomic traits. The genotypes Pavlodarskoe 4, Quartet, and PI 289324, originating from Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Hungary, respectively, were used as materials. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different colchicine concentrations (0.0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1%) and treatment times (6, 12, and 24 h) on the agronomic traits of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and to assess the genetic diversity of the M2 generation using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The experiment was conducted in 2021 for the M1 generation and in 2022 for the M2 generation, from May to September. The percentage of field germination decreased with increasing colchicine concentrations and exposure durations. The mean field germination percentages were 48.57% in Pavlodarskoe 4, 43.28% in Quartet, and 53.14% in PI 289324 under colchicine treatment. Chlorophyll-defective M1-M2 plants were obtained using various colchicine concentrations and exposure periods. The highest number of mutational modifications was attained with the 0.08–0.1% concentrations of colchicine. Based on the research results, a total of 248 plants with chlorophyll-defective mutations were selected from 2214 plants. The growing seasons of M1 and M2 plants were shortened by higher colchicine concentrations (0.08–0.1%) combined with soaking times of 12 and 24 h. Thus, the longest growing season (84 days) was observed with a 6 h treatment time for PI 289324, while the shortest (78 days) was recorded for 12 and 24 h treatments. The possibility of obtaining morphological mutations using colchicine has been confirmed. The ISSR primers amplified a total of 1333 fragments; 1281 bands were found to be polymorphic, and 52 bands were monomorphic. The percentage of polymorphism varied from 80 to 100%, with an average of 96.11%. Most of the different allelic bands were detected when applying the 0.08% colchicine concentration. These positive variations are a great opportunity to use colchicine as a tool for improving agronomic traits in plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a highly adaptive, short-duration crop that is grown in Korea for food, feed, and fodder. ‘Yeonheechal’ is a variety of proso millet that was developed in 2013. This variety is a cross between Hwanggeumgijang (K263691) and IT297382. In terms of its phenotype, ‘Yeonheechal’ is erect and possesses drooping panicles. Regarding its growth-related outcomes, ‘Yeonheechal’ was found to have a growth period of 90 days. The culm and panicle lengths of this variety were 144 and 33.6 cm, respectively. These structures were both shorter than those of ‘Leebaekchal.’ Additionally, the weight of 1,000 seeds was 5.3 and 4.5 g in te rms of husked and dehusked grains, respectively. The husked and dehusked grains were white and yellow, respectively, consisting of a characteristically glutinous endosperm. The yield potential of ‘Yeonheechal’ was approximately 2.67-ton ha-1 in the regional yield trials conducted from 2017 to 2019. The hardness of this variety’s grain was 1,749 gf, making it softer than that of ‘Leebaekchal’ (i.e., 2,158 gf) (Registration number: 9104). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minor millets are high-energy, nutrient-dense grains essential to a country's nutritional security. Storage pests cause the greatest qualitative and quantitative losses to the stored millets and millet products. Ozone technology was adopted for controlling Tribolium castaneum in the storage of different food grains. In the present study, proso millet was conditioned to different moisture levels of 8, 12, and 16%. It was exposed to ozone to different concentrations of 250, 500, and 750 ppmv with various stages of Tribolium castaneum. The lethal time (LT99) values were found at 268, 475, 160, and 679 mins for adult, pupa, larva, and egg stages of Tribolium castaneum at 750 ppmv and 8% moisture level, respectively. The susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum for ozone disinfestation was found as egg>pupa>adult>larvae. No significant changes were observed between the control and ozone-treated proso millet at 750 ppmv with 8% moisture content in terms of protein, fat, and ash content. FTIR results of ozone-treated proso millet showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) changes in functional compounds. Similarly, no significant changes in the starch granules and protein bodies in ozone-treated proso millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulching measures can regulate soil properties; however, little is known about the effects metabolic limitations on farmland during the key growth stages of broomcorn millet in multiple regions of the Loess Plateau. We conducted field experiments to compare three techniques: flat planting with no mulching (TP), ridge–furrow mulching system (RF), and plastic film mulching (PFM). Soil extracellular enzymatic stoichiometry and physicochemical properties of three growth periods (jointing, flowering, and maturity) of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) were measured to investigate microbial metabolic limitations and the relationship with soil moisture, temperature, and nutrients in the three regions of the Loess Plateau (Guyuan city, Huining County, and Yulin city). The results show that compared with TP, both PFM and RF techniques increased soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+−N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−−N) during the jointing period, but the levels decreased during the flowering period, and the activities of C‐, N‐, P‐acquiring enzymes were 29.02%, 33.68%, and 19.46% higher when using PFM, and 13.78%, 6.81%, and 6.52% higher when using RF. Meanwhile, RF treatment significantly increased the carbon metabolism limitation during the jointing, flowering, and maturity periods of proso millet in the three regions, and also improved the nitrogen metabolism limitation during the jointing and flowering periods of proso millet in the Huining and Yulin regions. Linear regression analysis showed that pH, SOC, and NH4+−N contents significantly affected carbon limitation, and nitrogen limitation was gradually alleviated with increases in SOC, TN, and NO3−−N contents in proso millet farmland soils. Partial least squares path modeling showed that soil moisture and nutrients differed significantly among the regions, and soil temperature positively regulated the soil nutrients. Mulching significantly improved the carbon limitation owing to increased soil temperature and moisture. These results provide important ideas for nutrient cycling and microbial metabolism of broomcorn millet farmland soil under mulching measures on the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the environmental stressors that limits plant growth, production, and is a great threat to the rising population and security throughout the globe. In the present work, we aimed to check the impact of drought stress given at different days interval drought (DID) on proso millet and its tolerance capability. The pot culture experiment was conducted and drought stress was given at 3 DID, 5 DID, and 7 DID respectively, and sampling was done on 15, 30, and 60 DAS, and unstressed plants were irrigated regularly. Drought stress results in decreased protein contents in both the roots and shoots of P. miliaceum on all sampling days. However, with increasing drought intensity and duration there was a tremendous increase in amino acids, and proline contents as well. Therefore, increasing osmolytes like proline with an increased drought period proves the role of proline in stress tolerance of proso millet and helps it to survive by maintaining osmotic potential, water influx, and detoxifying ROS. Thus, proso millet can be cultivated in drought-prone areas, and used for the breeding program.

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is resilient to abiotic stress, especially to drought. However, the mechanisms by which its roots adapt and tolerate salt stress are obscure. In this study, to clarify the molecular mechanism of proso millet in response to drought stress, the physiological indexes and transcriptome in the root of seedlings of the proso millet cultivar ‘Yumi 2’ were analyzed at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 h of stimulated drought stress by using 20% PEG-6000 and after 24 h of rehydration. The results showed that the SOD activity, POD activity, soluble protein content, MDA, and O2−· content of ‘Yumi 2’ increased with the time of drought stress, but rapidly decreased after rehydration. Here, 130.46 Gb of clean data from 18 samples were obtained, and the Q30 value of each sample exceeded 92%. Compared with 0 h, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reached the maximum of 16,105 after 3 h of drought, including 9153 upregulated DEGs and 6952 downregulated DEGs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in ATP binding, nucleus, protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity, MAPK signaling pathway–plant, plant–pathogen interactions, and plant hormone signal transduction under drought stress, while downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in metal ion binding, transmembrane transporter activity, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Additionally, 1441 TFs screened from DEGs were clustered into 64 TF families, such as AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bZIP TF families. Genes related to physiological traits were closely related to starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. In conclusion, the active oxygen metabolism system and the soluble protein of proso millet root could be regulated by the activity of protein serine/threonine phosphatase. AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bZIP TF families were found to be closely associated with drought tolerance in proso millet root. This study will provide data to support a subsequent study on the function of the drought tolerance gene in proso millet.

Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a prehistorical cereal, today cultivated as a minor crop with low yields but with a renewed interest for its high water use efficiency and gluten-free grains. To reverse the downward trend in broomcorn millet cultivation, the crop needs genetic improvement and creation of novel genetic variation to increase productivity. In order to facilitate genomics-assisted breeding, we designed a reduced representation genome-sequencing assay that investigates 1.8% of the nuclear DNA in a targeted and reproducible way, with an intensity of genomic sampling that is a direct function of local recombination rate. We used this tool and set up bioinformatics analyses tailored to the polyploid genome of P. miliaceum for maternity and paternity testing, quantification and genomic distribution of homozygous regions and estimation of parental genome contribution for individual seedlings in advanced inbred lines from a breeding program and compared their genomic composition with registered varieties. We found several clues that suggest that the genetic purification process to ensure genetic uniformity is incomplete in varieties of this species. Residual heterozygosity was detected in the genome of three registered varieties ranging from 4.4 to 6.25% of their haploid genome length. Other registered varieties show genome-wide homozygosity. We found, however, evidence of intravarietal genetic variation in three cases that suggest that the breeder seed or commercial seed production had fixed by self-pollination multiple inbred lines with very similar, though not identical, genotypes within each variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the potential risks posed to the environment and human health, analyzing pesticide residues in proso millet is important. This paper aimed to develop a modified QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) for the analysis of 54 pesticide residues in proso millet. Parameters including the mobile phase of the instrument, the acidity of the extraction solvent, and the type of absorbents were optimized to provide satisfactory performance. The method was validated concerning linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect, accuracy, and precision. In detail, the linearity of the matrix-matched calibration curve was acceptable with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.99. The mean recovery was in the range of 86% to 114% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 20% (n = 5). The LOQ was determined to be 0.25–10 μg/kg. The developed method was feasible for the determination of multiple pesticide residues in proso millet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grains contain bioactive components that potentially have protective effects on chronic diseases such as diabetes. The anti-diabetic effects of blended grain ethanol extract (BGE) were evaluated in streptozotocin–nicotinamide (STZ–NA)-induced diabetic rats. BGE was prepared by mixing oat, sorghum, adzuki bean, finger millet, and proso millet (30:30:15:15:10). The rats were assigned into four groups, normal control, diabetic model control (DM), STZ–NA rats administered 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) of metformin, and STZ–NA rats administered 500 mg/kg bw of BGE (BGE). After 6 weeks of administration, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (12%) in BGE decreased compared to DM. Strikingly, the fasting blood glucose (23%) and oral glucose tolerance test (15%) were improved in BGE compared to DM. BGE also increased insulin immunoreactivities in pancreatic β-cells. In sum, BGE exhibits anti-hyperglycemic effects by improving fasting glucose levels and insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in the STZ–NA-induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we isolated starches from non-traditional sources, including quinoa, lentil, arrowhead, gorgon fruit, sorghum, chickpea, proso millet, and purple potato and investigated their morphology, physicochemical, and functional properties. Significant differences in starch particle morphology, swelling power, solubility, syneresis, crystalline pattern, and pasting viscosity were observed among the starches from these non-traditional sources. Further, all these isolated starches had unique properties because of their characteristic distinct granules when seen under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amylose content of the isolated starches shown significant difference (P < 0.05), and the values ranged between 11.46 % and 37.61 %. Results demonstrated that the isolated starches contained between 79.82 % to 86.56 % starch, indicating that the isolated starches had high purity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of starches isolated from sorghum, proso millet, quinoa, purple potato, and gorgon fruit presented A-type diffraction pattern; while lentil seeds, arrowhead, and chickpea starches presented C-type diffraction pattern. Overall, these results will promote the development of products based on starch isolated from non-traditional starches.

In this study, four proso millet varieties with significantly different amylose and protein contents were used to explore the effects of amylose and protein contents on the visual appearance and eating quality of proso millet. The results showed that the viscosity, gelatinization time and gelatinization temperature of whole proso millet flour, as well as the water absorption percentage, volume expansion percentage and hardness of cooked proso millet were significantly higher for the varieties with higher amylose content than those with lower amylose content, while the gelatinization enthalpy was lower than that of the varieties with lower amylose content. For the varieties with higher protein content, whole proso millet flour had lower paste viscosity, and cooked proso millet had lower water absorption percentage and volume expansion percentage but higher harness. Proso millet with higher amylose and protein contents had poorer cooking quality, higher energy consumption and longer cooking time. In conclusion, appropriately reducing the amylose and protein contents of proso millet can improve the palatability.

This study investigated the structure and quality characteristics of hard and crispy parched rice obtained from raw proso millet through steaming, roasting, and milling. Results showed that thermal treatment disrupted the structure of samples and transformed the crystal from A-type in raw proso to V-type in parched rice. Rheological and thermodynamic analyses revealed that thermal treatment reduced the stability of parched rice. Gelatinization tests demonstrated that the parched rice was easier to gelatinize and had a lower viscosity. The digestibility of hard parched rice and crispy parched rice improved, with rapidly digestible starch content increasing by 73.62% and 76.95%, respectively, compared with that of raw proso millet. Headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results further indicated that thermal treatment enhanced the flavor substances of parched rice. These findings demonstrated the unique properties of parched rice and supported its production and processing as a whole grain.

IntroductionDisposal of the acid whey waste stream is one of the major challenges faced by the Greek yogurt industry. However, based on its physicochemical characteristics and composition analysis, it has huge potential in the health industry. Likewise, millets are highly nutritive and health benefitting ancient grains. Combining acid whey and millet matrix can help in solving the problem of both food losses and food security. Hence, the objective of the study is to analyze the enhancement or degradation of the nutrition profile when acid whey is combined with millet matrix using spray-drying technology.MethodThe methodology of the study includes composition analysis and functional characterization based on antioxidant properties, microbial analysis, and sensory evaluation.Results and discussionThe results showed that there was enhancement of functional properties of the millet-acid whey formulation matrix specifically in terms of polyphenolic compounds, lactose content, and mineral content. Overall, the study aims to provide an alternative method for the utilization and consumption of acid whey that is currently being mishandled and considered as waste by the Greek yogurt manufacturing companies.

Present study aimed to identify the effect of different concentrations of sodium azide (NaN3 ), depending on seed exposure time on various economically valuable traits of millet plants in M1 generation and establish the effectiveness of inducing beneficial mutations. From the experiments, it is concluded that the optimal concentration of sodium azide for millet mutagenesis in laboratory conditions is 1% at 4 hours of exposure, while the germination of seeds and the length of seedlings remain at the level of control. In the field in the nursery of the first generation (M1 ) mutants, sodium azide reduced the germination of seeds and plants survival, whereas an increase in the mutagen concentration increased the inhibitory effect on seeds and the development of plants. It was noted that the concentration of the mutagen does not significantly affect the period of vegetation, which in all variants was at the control level. Least conservancy of the indicator was observed, when treated with 0.5% concentration of the mutagen. A decrease in vegetation period by 3-6 days was recorded as the time of treatment with a mutagen increased with an exposure of 8 and 12 hours, compared to an exposure of 4 hours, the longer the time the seeds were exposed to the mutagen, the lower the indicator of the vegetation durability. A higher frequency and a wide range of changed forms were registered at 0.1% concentration of mutagen at 12 hours of exposure and varied from 3.2% to 6.3%. The identified promising mutant forms of millet with a complex of economically useful traits are of practical value and can be used in further breeding process of this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) is neglected in human nutrition. Thanks to the composition of the grains, millet is suitable for people with celiac disease and it is also useful in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. For screening the substances in all plant parts of millet via GC–MS, two varieties, Hanacká Mana and Unicum, were used. Substances from the group saccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, phytosterols and others were identified in the roots, leaves, stems, and seeds. The highest level of saccharides was found in the stems (83%); amino acids in the roots (6.9%); fatty acids in the seeds (24.6%); carboxylic acids in the roots (3%), phytosterols in the seeds (10.51%); other substances, such as tetramethyl-2-hexadecenol (1.84%) and tocopherols (2.15%), in the leaves; retinal in the roots (1.30%) and squalene in the seeds (1.29%). Saccharides were the dominant group in all plant parts of proso millet followed by fatty acids. The dominant saccharides in all parts of the millet plant were sucrose, fructose and psicose. On the contrary, turanose, trehalose, glucose and cellobiose belonged to the least represented sugars. Additionally, amyrin, miliacin, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and others were identified. Varietal variability can be assumed, e.g., in retinal, miliacin or amyrin content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proso millet (Panicummiliaceum L.) is a short-duration C4 crop that is drought tolerant and nutritionally rich and can grow well in marginal lands. Though the crop has many climate-resilient traits like tolerance to drought and heat, its yield is lower than that of common cereals like rice, wheat, and maize. Being an underutilized crop, the molecular resources in the crop are limited. The main aim of the present study was to develop and characterize contrasting mutants for yield and generate functional genomic information for the trait in proso millet. Gamma irradiation-induced mutant population was screened to identify highyielding mutants, which were evaluated up to M4 generation. One mutant with a dense panicle and high yield (ATL_hy) and one with a lax panicle and low yield (ATL_ly) along with the wild type were sequenced using the genotyping-bysequencing approach. The variants detected as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions-deletions (InDels) were annotated against the reference genome of proso millet. Bioinformatic analyses using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and UniProt databases were performed to elucidate genetic information related to the SNP variations. A total of 25,901, 30,335, and 31,488 SNPs, respectively, were detected in the wild type, ATL_hy mutants, and ATL_ly mutants. The total number of functional SNPs identified in high-yielding and low-yielding mutants was 84 and 171, respectively. Two functional SNPs in the high-yielding mutant (ATL_hy) and one in the lowyielding mutant (ATL_ly) corresponded to the gene coding for "E3 ubiquitinprotein ligase UPL7". Pathway mapping of the functional SNPs identified that two SNPs in ATL_ly were involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway coding for the starch synthase enzyme. This information can be further used in identifying. genes responsible for various metabolic processes in proso millet and in designing useful genetic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proso millet, being the climate-resilient crop among cereals can be grown for food and fodder purposes. The current study was carried out to assess the variability, association, and divergence for 15 biometrical traits among 72 Proso millet accessions. The traits viz., number of basal tillers, flag leaf blade width, peduncle length, number of grains per panicle, dry fodder yield and single plant yield contributed maximum for the variability among the genotypes. High heritability with high genetic advance were recorded for the traits namely plant height, number of basal tillers, flag leaf blade length, flag leaf blade width, peduncle length, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, number of primary inflorescence branches, crude protein, dry fodder yield and single plant yield. Therefore selection based on these traits will be rewarding in future proso millet breeding programs. The traits such as plant height, number of basal tillers, flag leaf blade width, peduncle length, number of grains per panicle, and number of primary inflorescence branches were positively and significantly correlated with single plant yield, indicating the importance of these traits while improving the yield. High positive direct effect in path coefficient analysis for the traits plant height, flag leaf sheath length, panicle length, peduncle length, and thousand-grain weight indicated that yield improvement can be accomplished by direct selection based on these characters. Divergence by using Mehalanobis D2 analysis resulted in ten clusters. High inter cluster distance was observed between the clusters VII and X, VI and X, VI and X, and XII and I. Therefore, hybridization between the genotypes among the respective pair of clusters would be desirable to have high heterotic crosses.

Changes in phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of three varieties of proso millet during germination were investigated. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) increased significantly with prolongation in germination period. After germination for 6 days, TPC of the free and bound fractions increased 6.30–8.66-fold and 77.65–116.18%, respectively. The free and bound phenolic compounds identified by UPLC-MS/MS, displayed significant variations. Feruloylquinic acid and N,N′-bis-(p-coumaroyl)-putrescine biosynthesized during germination, are reported for the first time in proso millets. Other phenolics including trans- and cis-ferulic, trans-p-coumaric, vanillic acid and ferulic acid dimers (DFAs) were increased significantly along with a new DFA (8,5′-DFA) seemingly produced during germination. The germinated proso milllets displayed superior antioxidant activity than the corresponding ungerminated samples indicating that germination could be one applicable method for improving phenolic profiles and antioxidant capacity of proso millets. Thus germinated proso millet could be exploited as a functional ingredient in several products.

Proso millet (Panicummiliaceum L.) is a short-duration C4 crop that is drought tolerant and nutritionally rich and can grow well in marginal lands. Though the crop has many climate-resilient traits like tolerance to drought and heat, its yield is lower than that of common cereals like rice, wheat, and maize. Being an underutilized crop, the molecular resources in the crop are limited. The main aim of the present study was to develop and characterize contrasting mutants for yield and generate functional genomic information for the trait in proso millet. Gamma irradiation-induced mutant population was screened to identify high-yielding mutants, which were evaluated up to M4 generation. One mutant with a dense panicle and high yield (ATL_hy) and one with a lax panicle and low yield (ATL_ly) along with the wild type were sequenced using the genotyping-by-sequencing approach. The variants detected as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions–deletions (InDels) were annotated against the reference genome of proso millet. Bioinformatic analyses using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and UniProt databases were performed to elucidate genetic information related to the SNP variations. A total of 25,901, 30,335, and 31,488 SNPs, respectively, were detected in the wild type, ATL_hy mutants, and ATL_ly mutants. The total number of functional SNPs identified in high-yielding and low-yielding mutants was 84 and 171, respectively. Two functional SNPs in the high-yielding mutant (ATL_hy) and one in the low-yielding mutant (ATL_ly) corresponded to the gene coding for “E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UPL7”. Pathway mapping of the functional SNPs identified that two SNPs in ATL_ly were involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway coding for the starch synthase enzyme. This information can be further used in identifying genes responsible for various metabolic processes in proso millet and in designing useful genetic markers.