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AbstractQuantity and source of dietary protein intakes impact the gut microbiota differently. However, these effects have not been systematically studied. This review aimed to investigate these effects whilst controlling for fiber intake. Seven databases were searched, with 50 and 15 randomized controlled trials selected for the systematic review and network meta-analysis respectively. Most gut microbiota-related outcomes showed no significant differences between different protein and fiber intake combinations. Compared to Normal Protein, High Fiber intakes, High Protein, Low Fiber (HPLF) intakes showed greater fecal valerate (SMD = 0.79, 95% CrI: 0.35, 1.24) and plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (SMD = 2.90, 95% CrI: 0.16, 5.65) levels. HPLF intakes also showed greater fecal propionate (SMD = 0.49, 95% CrI: 0.02, 1.07) and valerate (SMD = 0.79, 95% CrI: 0.31, 1.28) levels compared to High Protein, High Fiber intakes. Greater plasma TMAO levels were observed with greater animal protein intakes. Overall, protein quantity and source do not generally alter the gut microbiota composition, although protein quantity can influence microbiota function via modulations in proteolytic fermentation. Both protein and fiber intake should be considered when assessing the impact of dietary protein on the gut microbiota. This trial was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023391270). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Despite the increasing intake of animal-based protein and the growing number of single-person households (SPHs) in Korean populations, no studies have analyzed the relationship of protein intake by source with metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to household type. This study examined the association between protein intake (plant- and animal-based sources) and MetS risk factors in SPH and multi-person households (MPHs) among Korean adults. Method: A total of 12,022 participants aged 30–64 years (SPH: 982; MPH: 11,040) were selected from the 2016–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Protein intake level was defined as the percentage contribution of food source to daily intake, assessed using 24 h recall dietary data. Results: The animal-based protein intake level was slightly higher in SPHs (51.2%) compared to MPHs (49.5%), whereas the contributions of plant sources from vegetables, fruits, and whole grains were higher in MPHs (p < 0.01). The prevalence of MetS and abdominal obesity increased with higher animal-based protein intake levels across all household types. Only in SPHs, each 1% rise in the proportion of animal-based protein was positively associated with increased blood pressure (OR = 1.013, 95% CI: 1.004–1.022). Moreover, the interaction between animal-based protein intake levels and household type was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of elevated triglycerides (TGs) (MPH[Q1] vs. SPH[Q4] OR = 1.51; p for interaction = 0.0335). However, these two risk factors did not show significant association in MPHs. Conclusions: The results suggest that reducing dietary animal protein could help manage MetS risk factors, particularly increased blood pressure, and elevated TGs in SPHs of Korean adults. In conclusion, dietary guidelines that promote a higher intake of plant-based protein over animal-based protein for the health of the SPH population would be valuable from a public health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Substantiation of the prospects for replacing fish meal in the composition of carp feeds with black soldier fly meal (Hermetia illucens) based on the analysis of studies of productive and individual functional parameters of the body of experimental groups of fish. Methodology. The first stage of the study lasted 30 days and was conducted in laboratory conditions at the Institute of Fisheries of the NAAS: a control and three experimental groups of age-1+ carp were formed, which were reared under identical optimal conditions. The control group of fish received a basic diet; in Experiment 1 black soldier fly meal was added to the feed to replace 100% of soybean meal, in Experiment 2 – to replace 100% of fish meal, in Experiment 3 – to replace 50% of fish meal. The second stage lasted 20 days and was conducted at the Lviv Experimental Station of the Institute of Fisheries of the NAAS in net cages placed in ponds. The control group of age-1+ carp was fed feed without supplements, while the experimental group was fed with black soldier fly meal to replace 100% of fish meal. During the study, the state of the main physicochemical parameters of the rearing environment was monitored. The results were analyzed using methods generally accepted in fish farming. The productive, morphological, hematological and antioxidant parameters of the fish body of experimental and control groups were determined. Findings. During both stages of the study, the temperature, oxygen, and hydrochemical conditions did not differ significantly between the experimental and control variants and met fish farming standards. Laboratory studies of fish sizes and weights showed the highest results compared to the Control were obtained in Experiment 3: body length to height ratio (l/H) – 2.64, body length to girth ratio (l/G) – 1.20, relative weight gain (RWG) – 18.5% against 16.1% in Control. In the carp muscles of all experimental groups, SOD activity was lower compared to the Control with a significant decrease of 49% in Experiments 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), in the hepatopancreas the difference was insignificant. Catalase activity in the hepatopancreas was higher in all experimental groups relative to the control group with the highest value in Experiment 2 (p < 0.01). Reverse trends were found for the content of LPO products (diene conjugates and TBC products) in muscles and hepatopancreas. In general, no significant changes in the activity of the antioxidant protection system were found in the investigated tissues; however, the obtained patterns require additional study for an objective assessment. Studies in cages showed that after complete replacement of fish meal with black lionfish meal in carp feeding, the weight of fish caught was 6.9% lower than in the Control. At the same time, a tendency for an increase in hemoglobin content and the count of erythrocytes in the blood of the experimental group compared to the control group was recorded. Originality.For the first time, the effectiveness of full or partial replacement of fish meal in carp feeds with black soldier fly meal was investigated according to a comprehensive analysis of productive, individual physiological and biochemical parameters of the fish body in the experimental groups. Practical value. The results of the study will allow determining the effectiveness and evaluating the potential of using insect protein in carp feeding on the example of black soldier fly meal. The application of the knowledge gained in fish farming practice will provide an opportunity to replace traditional feed components with an alternative cheap, affordable and environmentally friendly source of animal protein.

With the growth of the population, the demand for aquatic products is increasing. Additionally, the development of the aquaculture industry has led to a heightened demand for fishmeal (FM). FM is a high-protein feed raw material made from one or more types of fish, which has been deoiled, dehydrated, and crushed. The world’s major FM-producing countries include Peru, Chile, Japan, Denmark, etc., among which exports from Peru and Chile account for about 70% of the total trade volume. However, in recent years, global warming, environmental pollution, and overfishing have gradually declined marine fishery resources. The shortage of high-quality FM and its rising prices have become a significant constraint to the development of fisheries. Consequently, aquaculture nutritionists are actively seeking solutions to reduce the reliance on FM by either enhancing the utilization rate of existing FM or developing new protein sources as substitutes. The challenge of FM replacement has thus emerged as a significant global issue. Largemouth bass (LMB) is one of the more cultured freshwater fishes in the world and is popular among consumers for its delicious and delicate flesh and rich and diverse nutrition. The protein content in feed is an essential factor affecting LMB growth and feed cost. LMB protein requirement is about 40–50%, and the amount of FM added accounts for about 50% of the protein feed. This article reviews the current research status of alternative protein sources, including plant proteins, livestock and poultry by-product proteins, insect proteins, and single-cell proteins. This research is significant for exploring feed formulation and cost reduction for LMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mental health is affected by tryptophane (TRP) metabolism regulation. Diet-influenced gut microbiome regulates TRP metabolism. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between type of dietary protein intake, gut microbiota, TRP metabolites homeostasis, and mental well-being in healthy women. 91 healthy females aged 18–50 were recruited based on the study protocol. Validate and reliable questionnaires assessed dietary intake and mental health. Biochemical tests and gut microbiota composition were analyzed following the manufacturer’s instructions for each enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods respectively. Regression methods were used to estimate the considered associations. The results show that in the fully adjusted model, plant protein consumption was partially inversely associated with depression risk (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 1.09; P = 0.06). Higher dietary animal protein intake was marginally associated with psychological distress (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 0.91, 7.34; P = 0.07). KYN to serotonin ratio was inversely associated with animal protein consumption (ß = 1.10; 95% CI: -0.13, 2.33; P = 0.07). Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio (β = -1.27 × 103, SE = 5.99 × 102, P = 0.03) was lower in the top tertile of plant protein. A partially negative correlation was found between dietary animal protein and Prevotella abundance (β = -9.20 × 1018, SE = 5.04 × 1018, P = 0.06). Overall, significant inverse associations were found between a diet high in plant protein with mental disorders, KYN levels, and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio while adhering to higher animal protein could predispose women to psychological stress.

At a global level, the supply of protein sources is insufficient to support the current magnitude of pig production. Moreover, given the exorbitant expense of conventional protein feed options like soybean meal and fish meal, it becomes imperative to promptly explore alternative sources of protein feed for the sustainable advancement of the pig industry. Cottonseed meal, a by-product from the extraction of cottonseed oil, exhibits significant potential as a protein source for pig feed owing to its high protein content, high yield, low cost, well-balanced amino acid composition, and sufficient accessibility. However, cottonseed meal possesses several anti-nutritional factors, especially gossypol, which adversely affect growth and reproductive performance, resulting in the limited utilization of cottonseed meal in pig feed. To maximize the benefits of cottonseed meal and promote its application in pig production, it is imperative to acquire comprehensive knowledge regarding its nutritional value and current utilization. In this review, we initially presented a summary of the nutritional values of cottonseed meal, primary anti-nutritional factors, and effective approaches for improving its utilization as a protein source feed. Subsequently, we comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of cottonseed meal application in pig nutrition over the past decade. The outcome of this review serves as a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the research and application of cottonseed meal in pig nutrition and promotes the reduction of soybean meal utilization in the pig industry.

Abstract The aquaculture sector is facing the challenge of developing sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to traditional fish feed components. Lupin, a versatile utilitarian legume, has garnered increasing interest due to its nutritional value, desirable effects on the environment, and economic feasibility. Lupin for its high protein content, balanced amino acid profile, ease of processing, its implications in livestock development and health, and potential means of reducing the industry ecological footprint has made it a potentially advantageous aquafeed ingredient. This review explores the promising nature of lupin in aquaculture, focusing on its nutritional value, digestibility, and impact on fish health and growth. The review also discusses at recent discoveries, challenges, and potential breakthroughs to provide insight into how lupin might advance the development of sustainable aquaculture techniques.

Mental health is affected by tryptophane (TRP) metabolism regulation. Diet-influenced gut microbiome regulates TRP metabolism. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between type of dietary protein intake, gut microbiota, TRP metabolites homeostasis, and mental well-being in healthy women. 91 healthy females aged 18–50 were recruited based on the study protocol. Validate and reliable questionnaires assessed dietary intake and mental health. Biochemical tests and gut microbiota composition were analyzed following the manufacturer's instructions for each enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit and Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods respectively. Regression methods were used to estimate the considered associations. The results show that in the fully adjusted model, plant protein consumption was partially inversely associated with depression risk (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 1.09; P = 0.06). Higher dietary animal protein intake was marginally associated with psychological distress (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 0.91, 7.34; P = 0.07). KYN to serotonin ratio was inversely associated with animal protein consumption (ß = 1.10; 95% CI: -0.13, 2.33; P = 0.07). Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio (β = -1.27 × 103, SE = 5.99 × 102, P = 0.03) was lower in the top tertile of plant protein. A partially negative correlation was found between dietary animal protein and Prevotella abundance (β = -9.20 × 1018, SE = 5.04 × 1018, P = 0.06). Overall, significant inverse associations were found between a diet high in plant protein with mental disorders, KYN levels, and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio while adhering to higher animal protein could predispose women to psychological stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nutrition & Feed Technology Journal / Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aquaculture sector is facing the challenge of developing sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to traditional fish feed components. Lupin, a versatile utilitarian legume, has garnered increasing interest due to its nutritional value, desirable effects on the environment, and economic feasibility. Lupin for its high protein content, balanced amino acid profile, ease of processing, its implications in livestock development and health, and potential means of reducing the industry ecological footprint has made it a potentially advantageous aquafeed ingredient. This review explores the promising nature of lupin in aquaculture, focusing on its nutritional value, digestibility, and impact on fish health and growth. The review also discusses at recent discoveries, challenges, and potential breakthroughs to provide insight into how lupin might advance the development of sustainable aquaculture techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main cost in aquaculture production is feed, so management practices and feeding strategies aim to optimize both feed intake and efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of beluga, Huso huso, affected by periodic changes in dietary protein sources and hence identify possible innovative feeding strategies toward more efficient use of dietary protein. This study was designed with two experimental diets, namely fish meal (diet A) and plant protein blend (diet B) (protein 40%, fat 16%), which were used in different food schedules for feeding beluga (initial weight 82.08 ± 4.1 g) during 8 weeks. The experimental treatments included: continuously feeding a fish meal diet (A); continuously feeding a plant protein diet (B); alternating between diet A in the morning and diet B in the afternoon (A am/B pm); alternating between diet B in the morning and diet A in the afternoon (B am/A pm); and alternating between diet A for one day and diet B for one day (1A/1B). At the end of the eight‐week trial, superior growth performance and feed utilization were respectively observed in fish receiving A, Bam/Apm, and Aam/Bpm diets compared with the remaining treatments. The specific activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was significantly high in fish fed Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm. Feeding the fish‐meal‐based diet (A) continuously, led to decreased protein and increased fat deposition in the carcass. Among the mixed feeding schedules, the highest cost‐saving was recorded with the Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm schedules. Based on economic analysis, applying Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm schedules led to the reduced cost of beluga production compared with the other treatments. Therefore, the optimal feeding schedules for beluga are Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm, which should be used as a practical feeding guideline for H. huso production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many areas of human life, including food, health, culture, and religion, mushrooms have had a significant impact. Most people eat mushrooms for their flavor and texture. Recently, they have gained popularity as a protein source and a drug research tool. According to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, mushrooms are fungi that produce spongy fruiting bodies, particularly those that possess a stalk and an envelope top. Mushrooms are composed of 90% water and 10% dry material. Additionally, it has a physicochemical composition that is important for nutrition. Edible mushrooms have been shown to offer therapeutic benefits, including anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic actions. Mushrooms are a fantastic source of nourishment since they are rich in proteins, minerals, complex sugars, unsaturated fatty acids, and secondary metabolites. The composition and nutritional benefits of edible mushrooms have been carefully investigated in this review. Edible mushrooms have been used as potential therapeutic stand-ins, and bioactive components present in edible mushrooms, such as polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity, have also been studied. This review article may also help scientists, researchers, and medical professionals slow the advancement of some lifestyle diseases, neurological disorders, along autoimmune disorders.

Simple Summary: Intensively managing the use of concentrate supplementation to complement nutrition can increase production costs and reduce producers' income. Considering the frequently large price fluctuations for soybean meal, an alternative is the replacement of local protein sources in ruminant feeding. In this study, we compared the effects of different sources of protein (soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, rapeseed meal, and distillers' dried grains with solubles) on the growth, digestibility, and rumen fermentation of growing lambs. Our results showed that when soybean meal was totally replaced with either cottonseed meal, peanut meal, rapeseed meal, or distillers' dried grains with solubles, there was no impact on the average daily gain of growing lambs, but digestibility was reduced. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the rational selection and utilization of proteins from different sources, which helps us to optimize the feeding management of growing lambs. Considering the frequently large price fluctuations for soybean meal, an alternative is the increased use of locally produced high-protein ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the total replacement of soybean meal with different sources of protein on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum parameters, rumen fermentation parameters, and bacterial communities in growing lambs. Sixty sheep with similar body weights (38.46 ± 0.71 kg) were distributed to one of five treatments: soybean meal (SBM); cottonseed meal (COM); peanut meal (PEM); rapeseed meal (RAM); and distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The experiment lasted 62 days with a 10-day adaptation period and a 52-day growing period. The results indicated that the body weight and average daily gain were not affected by different protein sources (p > 0.05), but the dry matter intake of the SBM group was lower than that of the other groups (p < 0.05); otherwise, the feed efficiency was higher (p < 0.05). The digestion of dry matter was higher in the SBM, COM, and RAM groups than in the DDGS and PEM groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared to the other groups, the SBM group had the highest digestion of gross energy and crude protein (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of glutathione peroxidase was highest in the SBM group (p < 0.05). Regarding the rumen fermentation, the SBM group had the highest concentration of NH3-N (p < 0.05). The rumen bacterial community was not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the total replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed, peanut, rapeseed, or DDGS reduced digestibility but did not impact the body weight or average daily gain of growing lambs and had no effect on the immune function and rumen bacterial community; thus, they can be used to substitute the soybean meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The interest in meat alternatives has increased over the years as people embrace more varied food choices because of different reasons. This study aims to analyse the nutritional composition of ready-to-use meat alternatives and compare them with meat (products). Methods: Nutritional composition values were collected in 2022 of all ready-to-use meat alternatives in Belgian supermarkets, as well as their animal-based counterparts. A one-sample t-test was performed to test the nutritional composition of ready-to-use meat alternatives against norm values, while an independent samples t-test was used to make the comparison with meat. Results: Minced meat and pieces/strips/cubes scored favourably on all norm values. Cheeseburgers/schnitzels, nut/seed burgers and sausages contained more than 10 g/100 g total fat. The saturated fat and salt content was lower than the norm value in each category. Legume burgers/falafel contained less than 10 g/100 g protein. Vegetarian/vegan minced meat and bacon contained fewer calories, total and saturated fat, and more fibre compared to their animal-based counterparts. Conclusions: Minced meat and pieces/strips/cubes came out as the most favourable categories regarding nutritional composition norm values. Vegetarian/vegan steak came out the least favourable compared to steak, while vegetarian/vegan minced meat and vegetarian/vegan bacon came out the most favourable compared to their animal-based counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global aquaculture industry is increasingly seeking sustainable alternatives to fishmeal (FM) due to its high price and shortfall in supply. In this context, fermented aquatic weed meal (FAWM) could emerge as a viable plant protein source for aquafeed. Four isoproteic diets [30 % crude protein (CP)] were formulated, incorporating 50 % total protein from FAWM comprising fermented Azolla diet (D1), Pistia diet (D2), and Eichhornia diet (D3). The control diet (D0) did not contain FAWM. At the end of the 90 days feeding trial, their growth performance, whole-body proximate composition, gut microbial load, haemato-biochemical indices, liver and gut health, and economic efficiency were determined. Fish fed with D0 had significantly (p < 0.05) improved growth performance and feed utilization compared to other treatment groups. Meanwhile, the fish supplemented with D1 diet exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher final weight (g), specific growth rate (%/day), weight gain (%), total biomass (g), and protein efficiency ratio among the FAWM dietary groups. The D1 group also demonstrated the significantly (p < 0.05) highest whole-body CP (64.27 ± 0.40 %) and lower crude lipid (8.24 ± 0.28 %) compared to other test diets. The total bacteria (TB) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the fish gut were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) higher in D1 group. Furthermore, most of the hemato-biochemical indices of fish were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by FAWM inclusions, with few exceptions. The histological findings indicated that amongst the FAWM groups, D1 fish exhibited improved intestinal health. Nonetheless, the gut of the control fish demonstrated substantially (p < 0.05) lower villi width and crypt depth than other treatments. The D1 and D2 diet groups had significantly improved liver health. Moreover, FAWM inclusion enhanced economic efficiency by considerably reducing farm feed cost (US$/kg) and increasing return on investment (%). In summary, dietary inclusion of fermented Azolla pinnata (D1) protein at 50 % in aquafeed promoted feed utilization, growth, health, and farm economics of Asian catfish fingerlings compared to other FAWM diets.

Abstract The main cost in aquaculture production is feed, so management practices and feeding strategies aim to optimize both feed intake and efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of beluga, Huso huso, affected by periodic changes in dietary protein sources and hence identify possible innovative feeding strategies toward more efficient use of dietary protein. This study was designed with two experimental diets, namely fish meal (diet A) and plant protein blend (diet B) (protein 40%, fat 16%), which were used in different food schedules for feeding beluga (initial weight 82.08 ± 4.1 g) during 8 weeks. The experimental treatments included: continuously feeding a fish meal diet (A); continuously feeding a plant protein diet (B); alternating between diet A in the morning and diet B in the afternoon (A am/B pm); alternating between diet B in the morning and diet A in the afternoon (B am/A pm); and alternating between diet A for one day and diet B for one day (1A/1B). At the end of the eight‐week trial, superior growth performance and feed utilization were respectively observed in fish receiving A, Bam/Apm, and Aam/Bpm diets compared with the remaining treatments. The specific activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was significantly high in fish fed Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm. Feeding the fish‐meal‐based diet (A) continuously, led to decreased protein and increased fat deposition in the carcass. Among the mixed feeding schedules, the highest cost‐saving was recorded with the Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm schedules. Based on economic analysis, applying Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm schedules led to the reduced cost of beluga production compared with the other treatments. Therefore, the optimal feeding schedules for beluga are Aam/Bpm and Bam/Apm, which should be used as a practical feeding guideline for H. huso production.

Abstract Detailed knowledge regarding the associations between intake of different types of seafood and meat and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and insight into possible mechanisms are warranted. In this study we aimed to evaluate the associations between intake of different types of seafood and meat and the subsequent risk of T2D using the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), and furthermore, by using a mouse model to gain further insight into possible molecular mechanisms contributing to the associated metabolic changes. Women in MoBa who were free of pharmacologically treated diabetes at baseline (n = 60,777) were prospectively evaluated for incident T2D, identified on the basis of medication usages > 90 days after delivery, ascertained by the Norwegian Prescription Database. Dietary intake was obtained with a validated 255-item food frequency questionnaire which assessed habitual diet during the first 4–5 months of pregnancy. Metabolic phenotypes and plasma metabolome were investigated in female mice fed isocaloric diets with different types of seafood and meat mimicking the dietary intake in the human cohort. During maximum 10-year and mean (SD) 7.2 (1.6) years follow-up time, 681 (1.1%) women developed pharmacologically treated T2D. All statistical models identified a higher risk of T2D with increased shellfish intake, whereas no associations were observed for total seafood, fatty fish, total meat and red meat in the adjusted models. In mice, the shellfish-based western diet induced reduced glucose tolerance and insulin secretion compared to the diet based on lean fish, and we identified a number of metabolites elevated in plasma from shellfish-fed mice that correlated with glucose intolerance. Mice fed a western diet based on meat also exhibited reduced glucose tolerance in comparison to lean fish fed mice, whereas mice fed fatty fish, total seafood or red meat did not differ from lean fish fed mice. We observed a diet-specific metabolic signature in plasma demonstrating five distinct metabolite profiles in mice fed shellfish, fatty fish, total seafood/lean fish, a mixed diet and meat. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that different types of seafood have different outcome on T2D risk. In women, intake of shellfish was associated with higher risk of T2D. In female mice, a shellfish enriched diet reduced glucose tolerance and altered the abundance of several distinct plasma metabolites correlating with glucose tolerance.

Standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in two protein sources (soybean meal [SBM] and canola meal [CM]) were investigated at six broiler ages (d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42). Two assay diets were formulated to contain either SBM (413 g/kg) or CM (553 g/kg) as the sole dietary AA source. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added as an indigestible marker. A total of 696 male broilers at 1 d old were allotted to 12 replicate cages per age group. Each assay diet was offered to birds for 4 d prior to the ileal digesta collection on d 7 (14 birds/cage), 14 (12 birds/cage), 21 (10 birds/cage), 28 (8 birds/cage), 35 (8 birds/cage) and 42 (6 birds/cage), respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficients were standardized using age-specific basal endogenous AA flows. In the SBM group, though the SIDC of N tended to be influenced (quadratic; P = 0.075) by age, no linear or quadratic response of age effect was observed on the average SIDC of indispensable (IAA) and total AA (TAA). An age effect (quadratic; P

Detailed knowledge regarding the associations between intake of different types of seafood and meat and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and insight into possible mechanisms are warranted. In this study we aimed to evaluate the associations between intake of different types of seafood and meat and the subsequent risk of T2D using the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), and furthermore, by using a mouse model to gain further insight into possible molecular mechanisms contributing to the associated metabolic changes. Women in MoBa who were free of pharmacologically treated diabetes at baseline (n = 60,777) were prospectively evaluated for incident T2D, identified on the basis of medication usages > 90 days after delivery, ascertained by the Norwegian Prescription Database. Dietary intake was obtained with a validated 255-item food frequency questionnaire which assessed habitual diet during the first 4–5 months of pregnancy. Metabolic phenotypes and plasma metabolome were investigated in female mice fed isocaloric diets with different types of seafood and meat mimicking the dietary intake in the human cohort. During maximum 10-year and mean (SD) 7.2 (1.6) years follow-up time, 681 (1.1%) women developed pharmacologically treated T2D. All statistical models identified a higher risk of T2D with increased shellfish intake, whereas no associations were observed for total seafood, fatty fish, total meat and red meat in the adjusted models. In mice, the shellfish-based western diet induced reduced glucose tolerance and insulin secretion compared to the diet based on lean fish, and we identified a number of metabolites elevated in plasma from shellfish-fed mice that correlated with glucose intolerance. Mice fed a western diet based on meat also exhibited reduced glucose tolerance in comparison to lean fish fed mice, whereas mice fed fatty fish, total seafood or red meat did not differ from lean fish fed mice. We observed a diet-specific metabolic signature in plasma demonstrating five distinct metabolite profiles in mice fed shellfish, fatty fish, total seafood/lean fish, a mixed diet and meat. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that different types of seafood have different outcome on T2D risk. In women, intake of shellfish was associated with higher risk of T2D. In female mice, a shellfish enriched diet reduced glucose tolerance and altered the abundance of several distinct plasma metabolites correlating with glucose tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology / Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to determine enzymes that effectively extract Chlorella pyrenoidosa proteins and optimize the processing conditions using response surface methods. Furthermore, the potential of enzymatically hydrolyzed C. pyrenoidosa protein extract (CPE) as a substitute protein source was investigated. The enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for protein extraction were optimized using single-factor analysis and a response surface methodology–Box–Behnken design. The R2 value of the optimized model was 0.9270, indicating the reliability of the model, and the optimal conditions were as follows: a hydrolysis temperature of 45.56 °C, pH 9.1, and a hydrolysis time of 49.85 min. The amino acid composition of CPE was compared to that of C. pyrenoidosa powder (CP), which was found to have a higher content of essential amino acids (EAA). The electrophoretic profiles of CP and CPE confirmed that CPE has a low molecular weight. Furthermore, CPE showed higher antioxidant activity and phenol content than CP, with ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging abilities of 69.40 ± 1.61% and 19.27 ± 3.16%, respectively. CPE had high EAA content, antioxidant activity, and phenol content, indicating its potential as an alternative protein source. Overall, in this study, we developed an innovative, ecofriendly, and gentle enzymatic hydrolysis strategy for the extraction and refinement of Chlorella proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the protein requirements of large yellow croaker (initial body weight: 17.03 ± 0.11 g) fed with five dietary protein sources including fish meal (FM), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC), Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP), Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) and Chlorella meal (CM). The basal diet contained 30% of FM. Based on it, each of the five dietary protein sources was used to formulate graded levels of dietary protein (35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 60%, respectively). After a 56-day feeding trial, it was indicated that the protein requirement of large yellow croaker was 50.91%, 44.95%, 39.92%, 40.34% and 52.19%, when FM, CPC, CAP, TM and CM were used as the dietary protein source, respectively. Overall, the TM and CM groups showed lower weight gain rat, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention and in vitro digestibility of dietary protein compared to the FM, CPC and CAP groups at the same dietary protein level. Meanwhile, the FM groups showed the highest amylase, lipase and trypsin activities followed by CPC, CAP, CM, and TM. At the same dietary protein level, the FM groups showed the highest muscularis thickness, villus height and perimeter ratio of intestine, followed by the CPC, CAP, CM and TM groups. The fish fed with dietary TM showed severe liver damage compared to those in the FM, CPC, CAP and CM groups. In summary, the present study demonstrated that the dietary protein requirement of large yellow croaker could be different because of different protein source included into diets. The CPC and CAP were more suitable as the alternative dietary protein sources for large yellow croaker than TM and CM according to the growth, feed utilization, digestive and absorptive enzyme activities, intestinal and liver histology analysis.

While brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a rich source of proteins and B vitamins, is commonly used as an animal feed supplement, its use in aquaculture has been limited. Here, we assess its impact on 192 individuals of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production and haematological and biochemical parameters from blood plasma using a control group fed commercial feed with 20% soybean meal and three test groups fed commercial feed with (i) 17.50% soybean + 2.50% brewer’s yeast (group B-2.5), (ii) 15% soybean + 5% yeast (group B-5) and (iii) 10% soybean and 10% yeast (group B-10). At the end of the experiment, all fish were weighed and measured and subsequently blood samples were taken from eight fish in each tank. There was a significant increase in total length (3%) and weight (5.37%) in group B-5. While fish muscle nitrogenous matter and protein efficiency ratio increased slowly across experimental groups, Fulton’s and Clark’s condition factors changed minimally (range 2.73–2.89%). Apparent net protein utilisation increased to 17.63% in B-10, suggesting that increasing yeast levels result in improved nitrogen utilisation. All fish muscle fat levels were within optimal range (4.16–4.68%) and, while there was a significant increase in erythrocytes in B-5 (up 0.40 T.L−1), haemoglobin levels increased only slightly in B-5 and B-10 (average 4.50 g.L−1) and B-10 had the lowest number of leukocytes (6.8 G.L−1). No significant changes were recorded in blood plasma biochemical parameters. Our results suggest that a 5% brewer’s yeast feed supplement represents a useful protein source for carp aquaculture.

A total of 48 piglets with an average weight of 26 kg were allocated to 4 experimental groups of 12 animals, balanced according to litter, sex and weight, and fattened on feed containing 0, 3, 6, or 9% of Alphitobius diaperinus meal (ADM) replacing soybean meal (SOY) as protein source. The control feed contained 10.7% SOY while in the 9% ADM feed SOY was completely replaced. Feed was accessible ad libitum in transponder-controlled feeders. Feed consumption and fattening performance records started when the animals reached 35 kg. The 3-way crossbred animals (Landrace x Large White sows mated to Duroc, Pietrain, or Large White sire line bores) were slaughtered at a target carcass weight of 86 kg. No linear effect of ADM on daily gain and feed consumption was found. No effect on lean meat content nor on any of the meat quality traits was observed. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the backfat increased with increasing amount of ADM in the feed. It is concluded that ADM may replace SOY in pig feed without exerting detrimental effects on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality except for a higher PUFA-content in the adipose tissue.

In previous studies, Alaska pollack protein intake induced acute and sustainable skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats. The present study used 5-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats to investigate whether a specific amino acid or amino acid composition is related to Alaska pollack protein-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The results suggest that dietary Alaska pollack protein increases the gastrocnemius muscle mass, regardless of specific amino acids including arginine and leucine, which are suggested to increase skeletal muscle mass and amino acid balance in the diet. The oral administration of 333 mg/kg/day Alaska pollack protein significantly increased gastrocnemius muscle weight compared with the oral administration of casein. In this case, the amino acid intake was expected to be almost the same as in the casein group because Alaska pollack protein made up approximately 1/60 of the protein consumed per day. The specific protein or the specific hydrolyzed peptides from Alaska pollack protein or other minor components in Alaska pollack protein may be responsible for gastrocnemius muscle weight hypertrophy.

Objective Replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meal pellets (CMP) in concentrate diets was investigated for feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle. Methods Four male beef cattle were randomly assigned to treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design with four levels of SBM replaced by CMP at 0%, 33%, 67%, and 100% in concentrate diets. Results Results revealed that replacement of SBM with CMP did not affect dry matter (DM) consumption, while digestibilities of crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were significantly enhanced (p

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary protein sources on the growth performance, muscle flavor substances, and quality structure of Triploid Crucian Carp. Three isonitrogenous (32.00%), isolipidic (8.00%), and isoenergetic (18.00 MJ kg−1) practical diets were formulated. These diets consisted of fishmeal as the animal-derived protein source (AP), a combination of soybean meal and rapeseed meal as the plant-derived protein source (PP), and a mixture of fishmeal, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal as the mixed protein source (MP). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate tanks of fish and each tank was stocked with 25 fish (11.5 ± 0.4 g). The fish were fed until apparent satiation twice a day. The results showed a significant enhancement in the growth performance of Triploid Crucian Carp in the AP group compared with both the MP and PP groups (p < 0.05). Dietary plant derived protein can remarkably reduce the crude lipid content and increase the moisture content of the whole body and the dorsal muscle (p < 0.05). The antioxidant ability of fish in the PP group and MP group was better than that in the AP group (p < 0.05). Regarding free amino acids composition of muscle, the contents of glycine, methionine, and lysine were significantly enhanced in the AP group, while the histidine content was significantly increased in the PP group (p < 0.05). In terms of texture, dietary plant protein significantly improved the muscular hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. The activities of intestinal trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of fish in the PP group were significantly higher than that in the AP group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of hepatopancreas TOR and IGF1 genes in the PP group were significantly higher than that in the MP group (p < 0.05). The present results indicate dietary fishmeal significantly improved the growth performance and muscular flavor glycine content, while dietary plant-based protein increased crude protein content, antioxidant ability, and muscular texture performance of Triploid Crucian Carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effects of fish meal replacement with plant and animal protein sources accompanied by a feed binder on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) partitioning in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss feces. Methods: Three diets in which fish meal (FM; reference diet) was completely replaced with a combination of poultry meal (PM), corn protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, and guar gum (binder) were evaluated to determine the portioning of N and P in fecal particle size‐classes (fines: <0.6 mm; mid‐size particles: 0.6–1.2 mm; large particles: >1.2 mm) and compared with a commercial feed for Rainbow Trout. Feces were evaluated for particle size composition and the content of total N (TN) and total P (TP) in each size‐class. Result: There was a significant difference in fecal particle size composition for trout fed the experimental diets compared to those given the commercial feed. Fish that received the four experimental diets produced feces with approximately 43% large particles and 24% fines compared to 6% and 67% for trout that were fed the commercial diet. The TN in feces was significantly higher for trout that were fed the FM diet (3.84%) than for trout fed the FM‐free diets, and TN also declined linearly (2.68, 1.91, and 1.59%) as the content of PM was replaced with plant‐based protein. A diet × particle size interaction effect on fecal N content was also observed in which a significant increase in TN from large particles compared with fines occurred for the experimental FM diet, but there was little difference between size‐classes for the non‐FM‐based feeds. The feces of trout fed the FM diet contained more TP (100,007 μg/g) than the feces of fish receiving the FM‐free diets (46,751–72,659 μg/g), likely due to higher dietary P content of FM. However, TP concentrations followed a similar trend as TN in the FM‐free feeds, declining as the proportion of plant protein sources increased (and as PM decreased). The large fecal particles (72,235 μg/g) contained more TP than the mid‐size particles (68,926 μg/g) or fines (61,974 μg/g), which could be due to leaching in the latter two particle size‐classes, as the potential for solubility likely increased as particle size decreased. Conclusion: These findings may have important implications for improving the fecal particle size profile for sedimentation and removal of regulated nutrients through the formulation of Rainbow Trout feeds in replacement of FM with plant protein. Impact statementUnstable fish feces can release nutrients that cause enrichment of effluent water in flow‐through hatchery systems. We determined that feed made from a mixture of plant and animal proteins and a binder improves fecal stability and reduces fecal fines, which, in turn, decreases phosphorus and nitrogen release in water by Rainbow Trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous chicken production consists of an array of activities important to smallholder poultry farmers in Africa. One of the many factors influencing their production and threating the local food security is in the area of nutrition, particularly, that related to protein supplementation. The available feed resources to farmers are not enough to sustain the productivity of the chickens. Hence, the chickens’ diets often require nutritional supplementation. There is therefore an urgent need for the validation of locally grown feed ingredients to improve the sustainability of poultry production in sub-Saharan Africa. A dietary ingredient that may be used in the diets of chickens is lucerne (Medicago sativa), which is also known as alfalfa. In South Africa, lucerne is the most cultivated forage legume and approximately 1.3 million metric tonnes of lucerne are produced per year. Lucerne has high nutritional value, as it is a source of protein, amino acids, vitamins, and fatty acids. The potential of lucerne as a feed resource for indigenous chickens should, therefore, be investigated so that strategies to improve the nutrition of such chickens can be developed. The purpose of this review was to highlight lucerne as a potential dietary ingredient for indigenous chickens and discuss its effects on the productivity of broilers, egg-layers, and dual-purpose chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a rich source of proteins and B vitamins, is commonly used as an animal feed supplement, its use in aquaculture has been limited. Here, we assess its impact on 192 individuals of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production and haematological and biochemical parameters from blood plasma using a control group fed commercial feed with 20% soybean meal and three test groups fed commercial feed with (i) 17.50% soybean + 2.50% brewer's yeast (group B-2.5), (ii) 15% soybean + 5% yeast (group B-5) and (iii) 10% soybean and 10% yeast (group B-10). At the end of the experiment, all fish were weighed and measured and subsequently blood samples were taken from eight fish in each tank. There was a significant increase in total length (3%) and weight (5.37%) in group B-5. While fish muscle nitrogenous matter and protein efficiency ratio increased slowly across experimental groups, Fulton's and Clark's condition factors changed minimally (range 2.73–2.89%). Apparent net protein utilisation increased to 17.63% in B-10, suggesting that increasing yeast levels result in improved nitrogen utilisation. All fish muscle fat levels were within optimal range (4.16–4.68%) and, while there was a significant increase in erythrocytes in B-5 (up 0.40 T.L−1), haemoglobin levels increased only slightly in B-5 and B-10 (average 4.50 g.L−1) and B-10 had the lowest number of leukocytes (6.8 G.L−1). No significant changes were recorded in blood plasma biochemical parameters. Our results suggest that a 5% brewer's yeast feed supplement represents a useful protein source for carp aquaculture. Replacement of soybean meal with brewer's yeast increases carp production rates and reduces the feed coefficient ratio Brewer's yeast can be an important source of protein for carps [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, Alaska pollack protein intake induced acute and sustainable skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats. The present study used 5-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats to investigate whether a specific amino acid or amino acid composition is related to Alaska pollack protein-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The results suggest that dietary Alaska pollack protein increases the gastrocnemius muscle mass, regardless of specific amino acids including arginine and leucine, which are suggested to increase skeletal muscle mass and amino acid balance in the diet. The oral administration of 333 mg/kg/day Alaska pollack protein significantly increased gastrocnemius muscle weight compared with the oral administration of casein. In this case, the amino acid intake was expected to be almost the same as in the casein group because Alaska pollack protein made up approximately 1/60 of the protein consumed per day. The specific protein or the specific hydrolyzed peptides from Alaska pollack protein or other minor components in Alaska pollack protein may be responsible for gastrocnemius muscle weight hypertrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 48 piglets with an average weight of 26 kg were allocated to 4 experimental groups of 12 animals, balanced according to litter, sex and weight, and fattened on feed containing 0, 3, 6, or 9% of Alphitobius diaperinus meal (ADM) replacing soybean meal (SOY) as protein source. The control feed contained 10.7% SOY while in the 9% ADM feed SOY was completely replaced. Feed was accessible ad libitum in transponder-controlled feeders. Feed consumption and fattening performance records started when the animals reached 35 kg. The 3-way crossbred animals (Landrace x Large White sows mated to Duroc, Pietrain, or Large White sire line bores) were slaughtered at a target carcass weight of 86 kg. No linear effect of ADM on daily gain and feed consumption was found. No effect on lean meat content nor on any of the meat quality traits was observed. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the backfat increased with increasing amount of ADM in the feed. It is concluded that ADM may replace SOY in pig feed without exerting detrimental effects on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality except for a higher PUFA-content in the adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the human population is continuously growing, sufficient food with low environmental impact is required. Especially, the challenge of providing proteins will deepen and insects can contribute to a more sustainable and efficient source of protein for human consumption. Tenebrio molitor larvae are highly nutritious and rearing mealworms is more environmentally friendly compared to the production of traditional livestock meat. To use T. molitor as a more sustainable alternative to conventional proteins, it is essential to apply diets from a local and sustainable source. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find local by-products or leftovers which can be used in mass production of larvae as a main substrate. Feeding trials investigating twenty-nine different substrates were conducted to evaluate larval growth performance and adult reproduction by determining development times, survival rates, biomass, and fecundity. Several suitable by-products were identified that can be used in high quantities as single component diet for T. molitor rearing, revealing a high survival rate, short development time, high mean total biomass, and successful breeding. The most successful substrate—malt residual pellets—was found to be an alternative to the most used substrate, wheat bran. Furthermore, corn germ meal, sweet chestnuts, bread remains, soybeans, sweet potatoes, and wheat germs have been discovered to be suitable diets for T. molitor. Moreover, the findings of this study contribute towards using several substrates as supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the frequently large price fluctuations for soybean meal, an alternative is the increased use of locally produced high-protein ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the total replacement of soybean meal with different sources of protein on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum parameters, rumen fermentation parameters, and bacterial communities in growing lambs. Sixty sheep with similar body weights (38.46 ± 0.71 kg) were distributed to one of five treatments: soybean meal (SBM); cottonseed meal (COM); peanut meal (PEM); rapeseed meal (RAM); and distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The experiment lasted 62 days with a 10-day adaptation period and a 52-day growing period. The results indicated that the body weight and average daily gain were not affected by different protein sources (p > 0.05), but the dry matter intake of the SBM group was lower than that of the other groups (p < 0.05); otherwise, the feed efficiency was higher (p < 0.05). The digestion of dry matter was higher in the SBM, COM, and RAM groups than in the DDGS and PEM groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared to the other groups, the SBM group had the highest digestion of gross energy and crude protein (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of glutathione peroxidase was highest in the SBM group (p < 0.05). Regarding the rumen fermentation, the SBM group had the highest concentration of NH3-N (p < 0.05). The rumen bacterial community was not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the total replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed, peanut, rapeseed, or DDGS reduced digestibility but did not impact the body weight or average daily gain of growing lambs and had no effect on the immune function and rumen bacterial community; thus, they can be used to substitute the soybean meal.

Purpose Novel protein sources are urgently needed to meet the increasing protein demand of a continuously growing world population. This study is focused on the production of protein rich mushroom mycelia on industrial side streams. Methods Submerged propagation of mushrooms was carried out in shake flasks which contained agro-industrial side streams as the sole carbon source. The biomass obtained was analyzed for its crude protein, ash and fat content as well as for its fatty acid and amino acid profiles. Vitamin D2 production from ergosterol in the biomass was induced by UV-B irradiation and determined by HPLCâDAD. The share of fungal mycelium in the total biomass was determined by extraction and quantitation of ergosterol. Additionally, water and oil binding capacity (WBC and OBC) were evaluated. Results A screening of basidiomycetes grown on agro-industrial side streams indicated a fast growth of Pleurotus sapidus on apple pomace. After 4 days of cultivation, the biomass obtained from this mushroomâsubstrate combination contained 21% true protein in dry matter. In addition to proteins, the amounts of lipids (4%), ash (2%) and carbohydrates (74%) were quantitated. The dominating fatty and amino acids of Pleurotus sapidus grown on apple pomace were linoleic acid and glutamic acid/glutamine, respectively. Concentrations of up to 115 µg (g dry matter)â1 vitamin D2 were formed from ergosterol by UV-B irradiation. Ergosterol was used as a biomarker to monitor the amount of fungal content. Conclusion The nutritional value of agro-industrial side streams such as apple pomace can be upcycled by biotransformation with basidiomycetes.

This study assessed the potential of four bacterial (Methylococcus capsulatus) single cell protein (SCP) products as alternative protein sources for Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) diets. A growth trial and a digestibility trial were undertaken, during which the bacterial SCP products were compared with a high-quality fishmeal and a soy protein concentrate, regarding their impact on ingredient digestibility, growth, feed intake and whole-body composition of juvenile P. vannamei. Seven diets were formulated; one reference diet (REF) and six test diets. The test diets consisted of 85% of the REF diet and 15% of a test ingredient. Ingredients tested were four bacterial SCP products (SCP1–4), which differed in processing conditions, fishmeal (FM) and soy protein concentrate (SoyProt). Growth and feed utilization were similar for P. vannamei fed either the FM diet or one of the bacterial SCP diets, whilst lowest growth and feed utilization were observed for shrimp fed the SoyProt diet. Final whole-body protein content did not differ between shrimp fed the FM diet or one of the four bacterial SCP diets. However, shrimp fed the SCP diets had a significantly higher final phosphorus body content and a higher phosphorus retention than shrimp fed the FM or SoyProt diets. This indicates a higher phosphorus availability in the bacterial SCP products compared to FM and SoyProt. Protein digestibility of the SCP products was similar to FM, whilst amino acid (AA) digestibility was comparable to FM for three of the four SCP products (SCP1, SCP2 and SCP4). The SCP3 product showed the lowest digestibility for most AA, indicating a possible influence of processing conditions on AA availability of bacterial SCPs. Overall, this study highlights that bacterial SCP originating from M. capsulatus is a viable alternative protein source for Pacific white shrimp diets, but processing conditions should be taken into account.

Indigenous chicken production consists of an array of activities important to smallholder poultry farmers in Africa. One of the many factors influencing their production and threating the local food security is in the area of nutrition, particularly, that related to protein supplementation. The available feed resources to farmers are not enough to sustain the productivity of the chickens. Hence, the chickens’ diets often require nutritional supplementation. There is therefore an urgent need for the validation of locally grown feed ingredients to improve the sustainability of poultry production in sub-Saharan Africa. A dietary ingredient that may be used in the diets of chickens is lucerne (Medicago sativa), which is also known as alfalfa. In South Africa, lucerne is the most cultivated forage legume and approximately 1.3 million metric tonnes of lucerne are produced per year. Lucerne has high nutritional value, as it is a source of protein, amino acids, vitamins, and fatty acids. The potential of lucerne as a feed resource for indigenous chickens should, therefore, be investigated so that strategies to improve the nutrition of such chickens can be developed. The purpose of this review was to highlight lucerne as a potential dietary ingredient for indigenous chickens and discuss its effects on the productivity of broilers, egg-layers, and dual-purpose chickens.

Simple Summary: Insects are valuable alternatives to traditional protein sources for animal feed. Certain species have demonstrated that they can efficiently convert low-nutrient materials into quality body mass, making these species a viable protein and fat source. This study explores the effect of three agricultural by-products (broccoli by-product, tigernut pulp, and grape pomace) on the performance, digestive use, and proximate composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae. The growth and composition of the larvae were influenced by the type of by-product used, with the most protein-rich by-product resulting in larger larval biomass. However, diets based solely on a single by-product may penalize larval productivity and diet digestibility. The amino acid profiles of the insects were similar in all larvae, regardless of the diet, suggesting that these by-products can be used for insect rearing, achieving a sustainable production system aligning with the circular economy approach adopted globally. Humanity's growing demand for animal protein exceeds the capacity of traditional protein sources to support growing livestock production. Insects offer promising partial substitutes, converting low-nutritional quality materials into high-value biomass. Hence, the bioconversion ability of Tenebrio molitor larvae was assessed by using three types of agricultural by-products (broccoli by-product, tigernut pulp, and grape pomace) at different inclusion levels (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) in a carbohydrate-based diet. Ten diets were formulated to assess their impact on the growth, diet digestibility, and nutritional composition of the larvae. For each treatment, eight replicates were employed: five for the growth-performance-digestibility trial and three for the complementary test of uric acid determination. The growth was influenced by the type of diet administered. The broccoli by-product resulted in higher larvae weight and a better feed conversion ratio. However, diets based solely on a single by-product (100%) compromised the productivity and diet digestibility. The larvae changed their nutritional composition depending on the rearing substrate, although the amino acid profile remained consistent. In conclusion, the studied by-products have the potential for use in T. molitor rearing as part of the diet but not as the exclusive ingredients, indicating promising opportunities for using agricultural by-products in T. molitor rearing and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meal pellets (CMP) in concentrate diets was investigated for feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in Thai native beef cattle. Methods: Four male beef cattle were randomly assigned to treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design with four levels of SBM replaced by CMP at 0%, 33%, 67%, and 100% in concentrate diets. Results: Results revealed that replacement of SBM with CMP did not affect dry matter (DM) consumption, while digestibilities of crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were significantly enhanced (p<0.05) but did not alter digestibility of DM and organic matter. Increasing levels of CMP up to 100% in concentrate diets increased ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations, blood urea nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids and propionate concentration (p<0.05), whereas production of methane and protozoal populations decreased (p<0.05). Efficiency of microbial nitrogen protein synthesis increased when SBM was replaced with CMP. Conclusion: Substitution of SBM with CMP in the feed concentrate mixture at up to 100% resulted in enhanced nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation efficiency, with increased volatile fatty acids production, especially propionate and microbial protein synthesis, while decreasing protozoal populations and mitigating rumen methane production in Thai native beef cattle fed a rice straw-based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moong bean (Vigna radiate L.) plays an important role in antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory, antihypertensive and antitumor effects. Mostly beans and legumes cause gas and abdominal bloating in some people but the moong beans are the easy to digest. Soaking the beans in water before cooking and also sprouting them reduces this issue. The high levels of amino acids, oligosaccharides and polyphenols provide high antioxidant levels not only fight tumors and cancer but also protect against DNA damage and cell mutation. The seed of moong bean acts as a nutraceutical because it provides beneficial effects on human health and also helps in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, digestive tract diseases, overweight, obesity and cancer etc. The flavonoids vitexin and isovitexin have high free radical scavenging activities which help lower oxidative stress, the cancer causative factor. It is not only lower blood glucose levels, but also reduce total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, plasma C peptides and glucagon levels. Samples of moong bean were collected from Legume Section of the University. Methods: Through NIRS-2500 evaluated samples of moong bean. It is an instrument through which Near Infrared (NIR) analysis a spectroscopic technique that makes use of the naturally occurring electromagnetic spectrum. This works in the region of the spectrum defined by wavelengths between 700 nm and 2500 nm. All the cultivars were found to cluster in major four groups on the basis of principal component analysis. The result showed the diversity between nutritional and antinutritional factors in the cultivars that could be further used by plant breeders to develop superior genotypes. The moong bean has lots of advantages which cure the several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, digestive diseases and some cancers. Result: Histidine amino acid was varied from 6.40% to 8.81%, arginine amino acid from 2.21% to 3.87%, valine amino acid from 2.92% to 4.44%, phenylalanine from 9.73% to 13.86%, isoleucine from 9.28% to 10.02%, methionine from 0.09% to 1.26%, leucine from 6.02% to 7.65%, tryptophan from 0.30% to 0.68%, lysine from 2.03% to 2.22% and threonine from 4.32% to 5.56%. The grain color have the direct related to carotenoids and polyphenols. The hardness of the grain is due to fiber amount of the grain. The moisture is related to the properties such as sphericity, porosity, bulk density. Mostly anti-nutrients factors such as phytic acid, tannins, hemagglutinins and polyphenols associated with the grain. The effects of storage and processing on nutrients and food processing properties are needed to enable optimization of processing steps, for better mung bean food quality and process efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]