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Pursuing sustainability in the production inventory model has motivated researchers to reconsider carbon emission costs. In this study, we develop an economic production quantity (EPQ) inventory model to consider greenhouse gas and wastewater emission costs. This study aims to optimize the production quantity, the total costs per production cycle, and the waste emissions. To validate and test the model, data from a pulp and paper mill industry was used. The effectiveness of the model was determined by comparing the costs generated under three (3) scenarios: (1) an EPQ model that considers the costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; (2) an EPQ model considering shortages; and (3) a multiproduct EPQ model considering shortages. Our proposed sustainable EPQ models can provide decision-makers with insights to visualize how certain factors affect the manufacturing system. Future research can be conducted to consider the product life cycle as well as deteriorating items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is regarded as one of the most promising and straightforward strategies for reducing organic pollutants from wastewater effluents. The use of adsorbents from economical raw materials, even those from waste, is one recent concern. This study aims to test the effectiveness of biomass-based fly ash in treating liquid waste from pulp and paper production activities. Fly ash (FA) performance for adsorption was tested by varying the ratio of adsorbent with wastewater by 20, 40, 60, and 80 g/L. The adsorbents' performance was then compared between the application of FA directly (without activation) and adsorbents that were previously calcinated in 100 °C and 200 °C. Samples of pulp and paper liquid waste are placed on the erlenmeyer flask and stirred using a jar test with speeds varying by 100, 200, and 300 rpm. The results showed that FA is potential directly used with no thermal treatment as an adsorbent in treating liquid waste in the pulp and paper industry. It was effectively used with a dosage of 20 g/L and a 100 rpm fatigue speed with a contact time of 10 min. The quality changes of several wastewater parameters were found with a 92.5% reduction in TSS, 83.31% in COD, 19.99% in chlorides, 95.41% in NH3, and 19.6% in TDS, 19.6% in EC. Those parameters have successfully complied with the regulation standard of Indonesia (SNI) for wastewater.

This article proposes a multiagent-based methodology for the real-time fault diagnosis in industrial processes. This articles aims to build a decision support tool that helps process operators identify and better manage abnormal situations. The supervised and semisupervised machine learning methods are widely used to develop such tools. Despite their accuracy in classifying faults, supervised methods have a major limitation: they cannot diagnose novel faults. The semisupervised methods can detect and isolate novel faults but cannot disclose their root causes. The proposed methodology combines both supervised and semisupervised methods in a parallel–serial structure, exploiting their respective strengths. Moreover, it provides the process expert with the meaningful explanations of the detected novel faults or otherwise. Two case studies are used in this article to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The first case is the Tennessee Eastman process benchmark. The second one uses the real data collected from a heat recovery system in a thermomechanical pulp mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study on the role of Japanese industry and, in particular, the pulp and paper mills of the Karafuto period on settlement plans on the island of Sakhalin. An analysis is made of the development of Japanese industry and transport infrastructure on the island. The city-making and city-forming role of the pulp and paper mills has been studied. The spatial planning and design characteristics of the pulp and paper mills are identified.

Abstract To reduce pollution emissions and achieve a cleaner production in paper industry, it is essential to understand the inner links between concentrations of gaseous pollutants, types of final products and production techniques. In this study, the concentrations of four potential gaseous pollutants, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde (HCHO), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and hydrocarbon compounds (C x H y), in the ambient air on thirty sampling points of five pulp and paper mills were detected and analyzed. The results were summarized with respect to the following aspects: (1) Levels of four gaseous pollutants on all the sampling points in five mills. It was obvious that the situation of gaseous pollution from pulp mill was much more serious than those from paper mills. (2) Gaseous pollutant distinctions due to different production processes. The levels of gaseous pollutants from five mills were greatly influenced by the utilized raw materials and the applied paper chemical agents (flavor, coating materials and additives) in mills. (3) Gaseous pollution comparisons at common points. At the two common points in five mills, i.e. the wet end of paper machine and the wastewater treatment process, TVOC and HCHO, C x H y and H 2 S were the main gaseous pollutants, respectively. In addition, some feasible measures to realize a cleaner production in pulping and papermaking process were also put forward in the article. Highlights • We analyze the levels of 4 gaseous pollutants on 30 sites of 5 pulp & paper mills. • Gaseous pollution distinctions due to different production processes are studied. • Feasible measures to realize the cleaner production in the processes are suggested. • Gaseous pollution are greatly affected by raw materials and added paper chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary and secondary sludges originating from kraft pulp mill effluent treatment plants represent an environmental challenge. Their final disposal mainly includes landfill or burning in the mill's biomass boiler. Seeking energy self-sufficiency and better environmental outcomes, the pulp industry is looking to develop new waste management strategies. Biogas production is a millennial technology already applied in many fields, but still behind in terms of pulp and paper mill sludges. Due to the high moisture content of sludge, anaerobic digestion shows great potential. This paper aimed to study biogas production using kraft pulp mill primary and secondary sludges under thermophilic conditions, coupling laboratory experiments with mathematical modeling. Methane production was estimated through the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP). The Process Simulation Model developed by Rajendran et al. [1] was calibrated for kraft pulp mill sludge based on the BMP results. Cumulative methane production from the secondary sludge reached 46.9 NmL CH 4 /g VS in 30 days. In addition, the Rajendran et al. [1] model was shown to be suitable for simulating the methane yield from bleached kraft pulp mill secondary sludge after minor adjustments. The energy balance showed that the anaerobic digestion process under thermophilic condition for kraft pulp mill secondary sludge still is not feasible on large scale, since the heat produced by biogas was smaller than the heat demanded for heating the reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an internationally accepted standard for the activated sludge modeling, the Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) was used to simulate the treatment of paper mills effluent in an industrial full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Key characteristic parameters were estimated and corrected with the wastewater temperature: maximum heterotrophic growth rate μ H (9.69/day), heterotrophic yield Y H (0.625 g cell COD/g COD oxidized) and heterotrophic decay rate b H (1.98/day). The wastewater chemical oxygen demand (COD) was fractionated as slowly biodegradable substrate X S (20%), particulate inert organic matter X I (58%), readily biodegradable substrate S S (18%) and soluble inert organic matter S I (4%). Finally, the SBR operation was simulated with field data from the paper mill. The average relative error of the simulated effluent COD was 12.7%. The results showed that the ASM1 could be reasonably used in the papermaking wastewater treatment simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop a modified production model to calculate changes in pollution abatement costs (PAC) when both data on bad outputs and information on the inputs assigned to pollution abatement activities are not available. To calculate the PAC of reducing bad output, we introduce a measure that captures variation in the abatement intensity of technologies used to reduce water discharges. We then decompose the change in PAC into three components to identify their relative contribution to changes in PAC: (1) changes in the level of inputs, (2) changes in pollution abatement intensity, and (3) technological change. We demonstrate how to calculate PAC and these three components using data from 1997 to 2007 on a sample of pulp mills required to comply with the effluent limits for dioxin set by the U.S. EPA's Cluster Rule. We find regulation-induced technological change is consistently associated with declining PAC, while both changes in inputs and abatement intensity are associated with increasing PAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Risk assessment of contaminated sediments is routinely based on laboratory exposures. The purpose of this work was to study if sediments contaminated by the chemical wood industry cause developmental defects in fish fry and how well a laboratory exposure correlates with a field exposure. Materials and methods: Newly hatched yolk-sac fry of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed in the laboratory and in situ. In the laboratory, the fish were placed in contact with either clean or contaminated sediment in aquaria. In the field, half of the fish were placed in contact with the lake sediment and the other half were similarly caged 2 m above it, to discern the effects of the sediment from that of the effluent. When approximately three fourths of the yolk was consumed, the fry were examined for blue sac disease (BSD) symptoms, their length and yolk volume were determined, and cyp1a and cyp1c2 transcript abundances were measured with quantitative PCR. Results and discussion: The sediments did not cause mortality, developmental defects, or upregulation of cyp1a or cyp1c2 in the laboratory. No severe BSD was detected in the field exposure, but mortality was higher in embryos caged on the sediment than in those kept 2 m above the bottom and in those exposed in the laboratory. Unlike the laboratory exposure, the field exposure to contaminated sediments reduced the growth of the fry. Conclusions: Laboratory exposures may underestimate the risk that contaminated sediments pose to developing fish. This should be taken into account in risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Black liquor gasification (BLG) has potential to replace a Tomlinson recovery boiler as an alternative technology to increase safety, flexibility and energy efficiency of pulp and paper mills. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the research and development of various BLG technologies over recent years based on low and high temperature gasification that include SCA-Billerud process, Manufacturing and Technology Conversion International (MTCI) process, direct alkali regeneration system (DARS), BLG with direct causticization, Chemrec BLG system, and catalytic hydrothermal BLG. A few technologies were tested on pilot scale but most of them were abandoned due to technical inferiority and very fewer are now at commercial stage. The drivers for the commercialization of BLG enabling bio-refinery operations at modern pulp mills, co-producing pulp and value added energy products, are discussed. In addition, the potential areas of research and development in BLG required to solve the critical issues and to fill research knowledge gaps are addressed and highlighted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents an inclusive approach with focus on energy use and recovery in wastewater management, including wastewater treatment (WWT) and sludge handling. Process data from three Swedish mills and a mathematical model were used to evaluate seven sludge handling strategies. The results indicate that excess energy use in WWT processes counters the potential energy recovery in the sludge handling systems. Energy use in WWT processes is recommended to aim for sufficient effluent treatment, not for sludge reduction. Increased secondary sludge production is favourable from an energy point of view provided it is used as a substrate for heat, biogas or electricity production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Agro-based pulp and paper mills in India are one of the most polluting industries; in addition, they are high consumers of raw water. Growing scarcity of high quality freshwater as well as stringent regulatory standards is compelling these units to explore appropriate water management options. Based on data obtained through a questionnaire survey and plant visits, this work provides an overview of the water use and effluent treatment status in Indian agro-residue and recycled pulp and paper mills. The challenges faced by this sector are reviewed and practices adopted by progressive units to minimize freshwater use are illustrated through case studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A five-stage, sequential leaching procedure was used to fractionate trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, As, V, Ba and Ti ) in bottom ash into the following fractions: (1) the water-soluble fraction (H2O), (2) exchangeable fraction (CH3COOH), (3) easily reduced fraction (HONH3CI), (4) oxidizable fraction (H2O2 + CH3COONH4), and (5) the residual fraction (HF + HNO3 + HCI). The bottom ash was derived from the electrostatic precipitator of a fluidized bed boiler in the co-combustion (55 % bark and wood residues, 45 % peat) process at a pulp and paper mill in Northern Finland. Because of the strongly alkaline nature (pH ∼ 12.6) and elevated Ca (53 g kg¹), Mg (3.6 g kg-1), P (1.3 g kg-1) and K (2.4 g kg-1) concentrations, the bottom ash could serve as a soil amendment agent for liming purposes, and is also a potential fertilizer. According to the leaching studies, the elevated concentrations of Pb (6.3 mg kg-1), Cr (3.8 mg kg-1) and Ba (271 mg kg-1) extracted under oxidizable conditions (leaching stage 4), indicate that these metals may be mobilized and become bioavailable as a result of a change in pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site fidelity of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) within the upper Miramichi River estuary, New Brunswick, Canada, was investigated to assess the value of using this fish as a sentinel species for monitoring effects of point source anthropogenic effluents such as pulp and paper mill effluent. During the ice-free season (May to November) of 2002, 4123 adult mummichogs (>30 mm TL) were captured, by beach seine and minnow trap, biweekly from four sites within the estuary. Fish were marked intramuscularly using Visible Implant Elastomer (Northwest Marine Technologies, Inc., Shaw Island, Wash., U.S.). Recaptures were made at the marking sites and elsewhere during this period and again during the ice-free sea- son of April to November 2003. A total of 639 (15.5% of those marked) mummichogs were recaptured with 617 (96.6%) found within 200 m of the point of initial release. Twenty-nine of the 617 were recaptured 2 or 3 times at sites of original marking. The remaining 22 recaptured fish moved distances ranging from 600 to 3600 m up- and downstream of initial marking sites. Eighty-two percent of recaptures were made within 12 weeks of the start of marking with the remainder recovered up to 72 weeks later. These findings are consistent with results from studies of mummichog movement in smaller water bodies and other parts of the species' range. With regard to mobility, these results add to the growing body of literature supporting the usefulness of mummichogs as a sentinel species in environmental monitoring programs for point-source impacts in Atlantic Canadian estuaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of stable isotope analysis (SIA) into routine environmental effects monitoring programs of receiving waters may enable determination of the spatial extent of biotic exposure and discrimination among sources of complex effluents. To evaluate this hypothesis, longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) were collected from four sites along the Athabasca River, Alberta (upstream reference site, two sites downstream of effluents from two pulp and paper mills, and a site downstream of effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant). Stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine were analyzed in bone, gonad, liver and white muscle tissues of the fish. In general, most sites and tissues differed according to δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values. Also, an interaction between site and tissue was observed for δ15N values. A better insight into the usefulness of stable isotopes was obtained through the use of multivariate discriminant function analysis. δ15N and δ34S signatures of gonad and liver tissues of males were most effective at classifying fish according do site (∼70% for both tissues). For all tissues except bone, fish from the upstream reference site were most separable from all others, especially females. δ37Cl values for female gonads and male livers were related to sites downstream of the pulp and paper mills. Future research should routinely include SIA of fish tissues, but also of effluents, receiving waters and food web components to better resolve links between specific effluents and fish exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the sublethal toxicity testing of effluents may or may not be predictive of field effects. Although qualitative studies have attempted to support a predictive relationship at select sites, few quantitative studies have been undertaken to establish whether general predictive relationships exist for diverse recipient environments. Since Canada's Environmental Effects Monitoring (ELM) Program encompasses a strong field component as well as a suite of sublethal toxicity tests, the Cycle 2 data set of the Pulp and Paper EEM Program presented an opportunity to elucidate whether relationships exist between various sublethal toxicity endpoints used in ELM and field effects that were determined in surveys of benthic invertebrate communities and fish populations. Sublethal toxicity data and key endpoints from the fish (gonad weight, liver weight and condition) and invertebrate surveys (taxon richness and abundance) were quantitatively analyzed using simple bivariate correlation analysis. Our preliminary analysis of the data did not reveal any meaningful general relationships between the field biomonitoring and sublethal toxicity data collected under the Pulp and Paper EEM Program. Although the sublethal toxicity tests are useful to assess changes in effluent quality, their ability to predict the field effects for the key endpoints that are currently measured for fish and benthos in the Pulp and Paper ELM Program remains unsubstantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A five-stage, sequential leaching procedure was used to determine the distribution of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, Co, As, V, Ba, Ti and K) in fly ash from a pulp and paper mill complex between the water-soluble fraction (H2O), exchangeable fraction (CH3COOH), easily reduced fraction (HONH3CI), oxidizable fraction (H2O2+CH3COONH4), and the residual fraction (HF+ HNO3+ HCI). The possible environmental risk associated with the eco-efficient utilization of fly ash as a fertilizer, especially the Cd load, was estimated. In addition, the mobility (i.e. bioavailability) of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr was evaluated. The fly ash was derived from an electrostatic precipitator of a fluidized bed boiler in the co-combustion (55% bark and wood residues, 45% peat) process at pulp and paper mill in Northern Finland. The accuracy of the leaching procedure was tested using a certified reference material SRM 1633b (Coal Fly Ash). The metals were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) or by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mobility factors (i.e. bioavailability) of the metals followed the order: Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr. The fly ash from the pulp and paper mill was enriched in Ca, Mg, P and K, and could therefore be used as a soil amendment for liming purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/F) were formed in substantial quantities in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor burning salt-laden waste wood, a common fuel for Canadian coastal pulp and paper mills. Formation of PCDD/F increased with increasing chloride content in the feed, and appeared to correlate with the chlorine content in the fly ash. It took a very long time for the ash chlorine content to stabilize, suggesting that chlorine transferred slowly from the flue gas to the ash. The baghouse may contribute largely to formation of the PCDD/F, owing to its temperature range and the potentially long residence time for ash particles. Controlling the baghouse temperature to reduce the PCDD/F formation in the baghouse should be effective in reducing the total emission level. While sulphur addition was found to reduce the emission level by as much as 90%, the emission level was still above the regulated level for the mills burning salt-laden wood under the conditions of the present study. No relation between the emission level and CO concentration in the flue gas was observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper compares the long-term data of EOX (Extractable Organic Halogens) determinations in sediments, trichloroguaiacol, i.e. 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol and 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol, determinations in the bile of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and changes in bottom fauna communities (Pontoporeia affinis L., Mesidotea entomon L., Valvata spp. L.) during 1994–2003. The study area is located at Kemi, on the Gulf of Bothnia, Northern Finland, and is affected by effluent discharged from the pulp and paper mills of Stora Enso Oyj and Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab. The Kemi municipal sewage plant, and River Kemijoki also impose a load in the same area. The main purpose of the study was to assess whether the state of the exposed water ecosystem has improved on the basis of the concentrations of organochlorine compounds in sediment and in perch, due to the modernisation of the wastewater treatment at the mills. In addition, we also investigated whether the changes in the bottom fauna community indicate an improvement in the purification of the effluents. The results indicate that the concentrations of trichloroguaiacols (-1) in perch reflect the decreased discharges of chlorinated substances from the mills. The EOX concentrations in bottom sediments have also decreased to below 50 μ of Cl g-1 in most parts of the study area, which is in good agreement with the reduction in the discharge of organochlorines. According to the long-term changes in bottom fauna, the reduction in the discharge of organochlorine compounds due to modernisation of the pulp mills is reflected in a recovery of the benthic fauna, especially Valvata spp. L. and Pontoporeia affinis L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microbial survey of 27 activated sludge (AS) systems included 16 conventional activated sludge (CAS) systems, five sequential batch reactors (SBR) and six oxygen-activated sludge (OAS) systems, all treating pulp and paper effluents. The most prevalent filaments observed were Thiothrix (26%) and Type 021N (22%). The designs of the activated sludge systems seemed to have an effect on the filament types. We found Thiothrix to be the most common filament associated with bulking. For CAS systems, a completely mixed mode of operation promoted Thiothrix and Type 021N growth. Type 021N was favoured in CAS systems with food to microorganism (F/M) ratios higher than 0.2, and with dissolved oxygen (DO) residuals higher than 2 ppm, while Thiothrix generally proliferated at lower F/M ratio and DO residuals. Nutrient deficiencies as well as nutrient dosage variations were suspected in most of the systems having Thiothrix and Type 021N as the most prevalent filaments. Thiothrix appeared to prefer polyphosphate and/or ammonia rather than urea/phosphoric acid as N and P sources. Systems with aerobic selectors showed the lowest filament counts, while systems with no selectors showed the highest filament counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of combining CO2 capture and storage with alternative systems for biomass-based combined heat and power production (CHP) in Kraft pulp and paper mills. We compare heat, power, and CO2 balances of systems with alternative configurations of the CHP and CO2-capture systems. Because the captured CO2 comes from renewable biomass, the studied systems yield negative CO2 emissions. It is shown that pulp mills and integrated pulp and paper mills have the potential to become net exporters of biomass-based electricity while at the same time removing CO2 from the atmosphere on a net basis. The study shows that that the overall best CO2 abatement is achieved when CO2 capture is carried out within a biomass integrated gasifier with combined cycle where the syngas undergoes a CO-shift reaction. This configuration combines efficient energy conversion with a high CO2 capture efficiency. Furthermore, cost curves are constructed, which show how the cost of CO2 capture and storage in pulp and paper mills depends on system configuration and the CO2 transportation distance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Microwave digestion procedures using HNO3, HNO3+H2O2, HNO3+HClO4, HF mixtures and dry ashing with HF were investigated for heavy metals analysis by either inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) or ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in pine needles. The HF digestion procedures gave about 1.5 times higher values than a mixture of HNO3+H2O2 alone. For Ti determination in needles, the HF procedure using dry ashing is thus recommended. The mean concentrations amounted to 900 mg/kg for Fe and 21.8 mg/kg for Ti in needles collected at an area polluted by a stainless steel works. Those concentrations were 10.6 and 4.3 times higher than in needles collected at an area nearby a pulp mill complex (84.5 mg/kg Fe and 5.0 mg/kg Ti). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring organochlorine compounds with caged common lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) in the pulp and paper mill recipient watercourses of Finland annually from 1984 produced many statistically significant time trends. A decrease of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols originating from chlorobleaching were observed in all recipients in parallel with the decreasing discharges from the mills. Metabolites of chlorophenols, chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles were constant. Significantly elevated PCB concentrations were measured in four watercourses. At two of these areas, the PCB concentrations were constant. In contrast, a statistically significant increase of PCB (and DDE) was found at one recipient lake from mill producing recyclic paper and in a lake downstream of an industrialised city. Overall decreases were observed for other chlorohydrocarbons. Material flows of chlorohydrocarbons were, in some cases, positively correlated with waterflows (Q). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Caged common lake mussels ( Anodonta piscinalis) have been used in the monitoring of organochlorine compounds in pulp and paper mill recipient watercourses of Finland annually from 1984 to 1998. Statistically significant decreasing trends of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols originating from chlorobleaching were observed in all recipients in parallel with the decreasing discharges from the mills. Metabolites of chlorophenols, chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles had no or slightly increasing trends. Elevated PCB concentrations were measured in four watercourses. In two areas, PCBs were found to be significantly increasing, in two other cases they showed no trend. A mill producing recycled paper was apparently responsible for an increase of PCBs and DDE in recipient watercourses. Overall decreases were observed for other chlorohydrocarbons except for DDT. Material flows of chlorohydrocarbons were positively correlated with waterflows (Q) in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Phytoremediation technology for wastewater treatment: high rate transpiration system," by Santosh Kumar Yadav and colleagues is presented.