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There have been significantly increased reports of finding invasive quarantine pests with increasing import plants into Korea. Moreover, the efficacy and work safety issues have been reported regarding use of methyl bromide (MeBr) for fumigation of imported nursery plants. For replacement of MeBr use on imported plants, a new technology of using liquid ethyl formate has been registered in South Korea as FumateTM. The technology involved to mix ethyl format with nitrogen gas to form non-flamable ethyl format formulation. It has been evaluated on various imported plants. The FumateTM is recently developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia for quarantine treatments on fresh fruits, grains etc. Fumigation with FumateTM offers environmental-friendly and practically safe use of liquid ethyl formate. We have extended the use of liquid EF application technology to quarantine treatment of imported nursery plants.

The cylinderized liquid ethyl formate (EF) formulated with CO2 is one of the great potential fumigants to replace methyl bromide (MeBr) for fresh fruit. However, it is too expensive to adapt commercial practices, and also involves work place safety issue including handling of heavy cylinders as well as restrict emission of CO2, particularly for use in large scale commercial fumigationw. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop environmental friendly, safe for workers and cost-effective alternative method for application of liquid ethyl formate as a MeBr alternative for perishable commodities. Recently, the environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practically safe use of liquid EF (FumateTM, registered name) with nitrogen gas has been developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia. The new technology for application of liquid EF is 100 times safer than MeBr in terms of threshold values (EF, TLV = 100 ppm). Ethyl formate is known as food additive and naturally occurred substances as well as a non-ozone depletion chemical. In this report, we demonstrate the liquid EF application technology that offers a clean environment (no ozone depletions and CO2 emissions), safe to fumigators and related workers and practically cost-effective technology to fumigation industry.

Ethyl formate (EF) is a historical fumigant of dried fruit, with uses extended over time to horticulture and cereal grains. EF is effective against stored product insects and has a synergist effect when applied as a non-flammable EF/carbon dioxide (CO2) mix on stored grain insects. Additionally, EF is efficacious on horticulture insect pests. EF is an effective bulk grain fumigant with sorption issues being accommodated by rapid dispensing. The lower toxicity EF usually requires relatively high dose (70g/m³) however its predominant attribute, like methyl bromide (MBr), is short exposure times i.e. hours not days. EF can be used a much lower temperatures than most other fumigants. The volatile and flammable EF is a proven fumigant and a candidate replacement for the ozone depleting MBr. Mixing with an inert gas is required to achieve a non-flammable mixture. Our review found 78 insects that could be controlled by EF, albeit at different rates or exposure times, or in combination with other gases. These insects include five weevils, six aphids, six thrips, seven moths, 18 scale and mealy bugs, and ten beetles. Of these, EF is registered in Australia to control 41 of these pests. The brown marmorated stink bug, Khapra beetle, tomato potato psyllid, tramp ants and other biosecurity threats are good candidates for EF fumigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been significantly increased reports of finding invasive quarantine pests with increasing import plants into Korea. Moreover, the efficacy and work safety issues have been reported regarding use of methyl bromide (MeBr) for fumigation of imported nursery plants. For replacement of MeBr use on imported plants, a new technology of using liquid ethyl formate has been registered in South Korea as Fumate™. The technology involved to mix ethyl format with nitrogen gas to form non-flamable ethyl format formulation. It has been evaluated on various imported plants. The Fumate™ is recently developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia for quarantine treatments on fresh fruits, grains etc. Fumigation with Fumate™ offers environmental-friendly and practically safe use of liquid ethyl formate. We have extended the use of liquid EF application technology to quarantine treatment of imported nursery plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its insect vectors from the Monochamus genus are major global quarantine pests of timber products. Owing to the phase-out of methyl bromide for plant quarantine and preshipment treatments, an alternative fumigant is essential. Based on preliminary laboratory studies on the efficacy of ethanedinitrile ( C2N2) to B. xylophilus and Monochamus alternatus, three quarantine trials were conducted at three dosages and three temperatures. Potential for inhalation exposure was assessed by monitoring atmospheric C2N2 in relation to the threshold limit value. RESULTS Concentration × time products ( Ct) of 398.6, 547.2 and 595.9 g h m−3 were obtained for each trial. A 100% mortality of B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae at 23 ± 4 °C and 10 ± 4 °C occurred with a load factor of pine logs of 46% and at 3 ± 1 °C with a load factor of 30%. During all fumigations, atmospheric levels of C2N2 20 m downwind were below the TLV. During aeration, levels 10 and 5 m downwind were below the TLV after 0.4 and 1 h respectively. CONCLUSION For the purpose of quarantine or phytosanitary treatment, specific doses of C2N2 at the trial temperatures could control B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae without significant inhalation risk to workers. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cylinderized liquid ethyl formate (EF) formulated with CO2 is one of the great potential fumigants to replace methyl bromide (MeBr) for fresh fruit. However, it is too expensive to adapt commercial practices, and also involves work place safety issue including handling of heavy cylinders as well as restrict emission of CO2, particularly for use in large scale commercial fumigationw. Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop environmental friendly, safe for workers and cost-effective alternative method for application of liquid ethyl formate as a MeBr alternative for perishable commodities. Recently, the environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practically safe use of liquid EF (Fumate™, registered name) with nitrogen gas has been developed and commercialized in Republic of Korea and Australia. The new technology for application of liquid EF is 100 times safer than MeBr in terms of threshold values (EF, TLV = 100 ppm). Ethyl formate is known as food additive and naturally occurred substances as well as a non-ozone depletion chemical. In this report, we demonstrate the liquid EF application technology that offers a clean environment (no ozone depletions and CO2 emissions), safe to fumigators and related workers and practically cost-effective technology to fumigation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propylene oxide (PPO) was evaluated at a low pressure of 100 mm Hg for toxicity to different life stages of the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in the presence and absence of three species of nuts. Eggs and larvae were generally the most tolerant life stages in empty chambers and on the nut crops. Complete mortality of all life stages was achieved at a concentration x time (CT) product of 61.2 mg h l −1 for empty space fumigation. Dosages of 13.9, 60.3, 72.1 and 93.1 mg l −1 were required to kill 99% of the larvae when fumigation of 4-h duration took place in an empty chamber and in the presence of peanuts, almonds and walnuts, respectively. After an initial dose of 68.7 mg l −1 and a 5-h exposure time, sorption of PPO by peanuts, almonds and walnuts was relatively high, ranging from 87% of the initial concentration for peanuts to 91% for walnuts. PPO residues measured in peanuts, almonds and walnuts were 111, 46 and 80 ppm, respectively, 1 day after termination of fumigation. All of these values were below the 300 ppm maximum tolerance set by the FDA of the United States. These data show that the combination of PPO and low pressure has the potential to replace methyl bromide fumigation for quarantine and pre-shipment purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]