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The control of plant diseases represents a significant challenge in agriculture, particularly with the current emphasis on reducing pesticide use, necessitating alternative approaches. Among them, resistant plant breeding programs offer a promising alternative. Considering the stressful conditions in space, space conditions emerge as an innovative method for advancing crop improvement. This study explored the unique potential of the International Space Station (ISS) environment to induce beneficial modifications in grapevine, resulting in plants with reduced susceptibility to diseases. Canes of two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Merlot (Me), have undergone a 10-month space journey on-board the ISS, while others stayed on Earth (Ground Control, GC). We conducted a 2-year analysis of the response to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) of plants developed from ISS and GC canes, called Mother plants. The disease development of progenies produced from Merlot Mother plants was also evaluated. A higher proportion of individuals with low-susceptibility was noted in the ISS Mother group compared to the controls for both cultivars. This trend was also observed for the Merlot progenies. Finally, 11% of Merlot individuals (Mother and progenies, and for the 2 years of study) were distributed in the low susceptibility class. This study suggests that grapevine canes exposure to ISS conditions resulted in an enhanced percentage of plants showing reduction of susceptibility to downy mildew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The control of plant diseases represents a significant challenge in agriculture, particularly with the current emphasis on reducing pesticide use, necessitating alternative approaches. Among them, resistant plant breeding programs offer a promising alternative. Considering the stressful conditions in space, space conditions emerge as an innovative method for advancing crop improvement. This study explored the unique potential of the International Space Station (ISS) environment to induce beneficial modifications in grapevine, resulting in plants with reduced susceptibility to diseases. Canes of two Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Merlot (Me), have undergone a 10-month space journey on-board the ISS, while others stayed on Earth (Ground Control, GC). We conducted a 2-year analysis of the response to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) of plants developed from ISS and GC canes, called Mother plants. The disease development of progenies produced from Merlot Mother plants was also evaluated. A higher proportion of individuals with low-susceptibility was noted in the ISS Mother group compared to the controls for both cultivars. This trend was also observed for the Merlot progenies. Finally, 11% of Merlot individuals (Mother and progenies, and for the 2 years of study) were distributed in the low susceptibility class. This study suggests that grapevine canes exposure to ISS conditions resulted in an enhanced percentage of plants showing reduction of susceptibility to downy mildew.

Information regarding the radiation risk posed by radioactive emissions from the petrologic units in North eastern Nigeria is extremely limited. Consequently, there has been little research conducted on the environmental impact of radiation exposure from different petrologic units in this region. Hence, the 13 petrologic components of the area that comprises of the migmatites-gneiss (MG), banded gneiss (BG), biotite-hornblende granites (OGe), porphyritic biotite-hornblende granites (OGp), charnockytes (Ch), ignimbrites (JYG), basalts (bb), Keri-Keri Formation (KK), Gombe Sandstones (GS), Pindiga Formation (PS), Yolde Formation (YL), Bima Sandstones (BS), and alluvium (AL) deposits were assessed using aero-radiometric data (equivalent uranium, equivalent thorium, and percentage potassium radio-elements) acquired by Nigerian geological survey agency (NGSA) in 2009. The objective of this study is to compute the amount of radiation across the various rock units of the study area, and examine their radiation risk parameters. The results of this study showed variable levels of radiation across the various rock units examined. The average total activity concentration values recorded ranges from 261.67 ± 447.12 Bq/Kg across KK rock unit to 1482.02 ± 447.12 Bq/Kg across OGp/OGe rock types of the study area. Moreover, the average radium equivalent (Rn eq), absorbed dose rates (D) estimated ranges from 113.83±461.33 Bq/Kg to 305.19 ± 58.51 Bq/Kg, and 51.88 ± 29.65 nGyh−1 to 144.94 ± 29.65 nGyh−1 along KK Formation, OGp, and same KK Formation, and OGp respectively. The average environmental radiation hazard parameters of the annual effective dose rate (AEDE), activity utilization index (AUI), respiratory dysfunction parameters (RH in, RH out), annual gonad dose equivalent (AGDE), and excess life cancer risk (ELCR) measured across all rock units were found to be within or above their respective acceptable limits of 1 mSv/y, 300 μSv/y, and 0.29 × 10−3. Additionally, based on the conspicuously higher hazardous radiation (D, Rn eq, AEDE AGDE, RH in, RH out, and ELCR) emissions estimated from the OGp, OGe, MG, BG, and Ch petrologic units, the inhabitants of these localities should therefore limit themselves from excessive exposure to these rocks. Therefore, periodic monitoring of these areas is recommended.

In the present analysis, the stagnation point flow model is employed to evaluate the energy transient across the nanofluid using the comparative analysis. The consequences of slip surface are engaged to the momentum equation, to assess the lubrication. Hybride nanofluid has been synthesized by the dispersion of silver (Ag) and Titanium oxide (TiO2), in two different solvents (H2O and C2H6O2), having a great deal of interest in the field of advancement and innovation. The flow mechanism is formulated in the form of a nonlinear set of PDEs with an additional impact of a magnetic field, thermal radiation, and natural convection.As a principal contribution, a specific type of thermophysical model based on thermal conductivity and viscosity is used in the present study with slip boundary conditions. The modeled system of equations is processed by the Numerical Runge Kutta (RK-4) procedure. The accuracy of the observation is checked using the control volume finite element method (CVFEM). The influence of Cf and Nu is estimated according to the characteristics of the flow rate. Drag force and heat transmission velocity are displayed for optimization with the modeled parameters. The results are authenticated by prior studies and a decent level of coherence is demonstrated.

The reuse of old genetic variation can promote rapid diversification in evolutionary radiations, but in most cases, the historical events underlying this divergence are not known. For example, ancient hybridization can generate new combinations of alleles that sort into descendant lineages, potentially providing the raw material to initiate divergence. In the Mimulus aurantiacus species complex, there is evidence for widespread gene flow among members of this radiation. In addition, allelic variation in the MaMyb2 gene is responsible for differences in flower color between the closely related ecotypes of subspecies puniceus, contributing to reproductive isolation by pollinators. Previous work suggested that MaMyb2 was introgressed into the red-flowered ecotype of puniceus. However, additional taxa within the radiation have independently evolved red flowers from their yellow-flowered ancestors, raising the possibility that this introgression had a more ancient origin. In this study, we used repeated tests of admixture from whole-genome sequence data across this diverse radiation to demonstrate that there has been both ancient and recurrent hybridization in this group. However, most of the signal of this ancient introgression has been removed due to selection, suggesting that widespread barriers to gene flow are in place between taxa. Yet, a roughly 30 kb region that contains the MaMyb2 gene is currently shared only among the red-flowered taxa. Patterns of admixture, sequence divergence, and extended haplotype homozygosity across this region confirm a history of ancient hybridization, where functional variants have been preserved due to positive selection in red-flowered taxa but lost in their yellow-flowered counterparts. The results of this study reveal that selection against gene flow can reduce genomic signatures of ancient hybridization, but that historical introgression can provide essential genetic variation that facilitates the repeated evolution of phenotypic traits between lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present analysis, the stagnation point flow model is employed to evaluate the energy transient across the nanofluid using the comparative analysis. The consequences of slip surface are engaged to the momentum equation, to assess the lubrication. Hybride nanofluid has been synthesized by the dispersion of silver (Ag) and Titanium oxide (TiO 2), in two different solvents (H2O and C 2 H 6 O 2), having a great deal of interest in the field of advancement and innovation. The flow mechanism is formulated in the form of a nonlinear set of PDEs with an additional impact of a magnetic field, thermal radiation, and natural convection. As a principal contribution, a specific type of thermophysical model based on thermal conductivity and viscosity is used in the present study with slip boundary conditions. The modeled system of equations is processed by the Numerical Runge Kutta (RK-4) procedure. The accuracy of the observation is checked using the control volume finite element method (CVFEM). The influence of C f and Nu is estimated according to the characteristics of the flow rate. Drag force and heat transmission velocity are displayed for optimization with the modeled parameters. The results are authenticated by prior studies and a decent level of coherence is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ITALUNG trial started in 2004 and compared lung cancer (LC) and other-causes mortality in 55–69 years-aged smokers and ex-smokers who were randomized to four annual chest low-dose CT (LDCT) or usual care. ITALUNG showed a lower LC and cardiovascular mortality in the screened subjects after 13 years of follow-up, especially in women, and produced many ancillary studies. They included recruitment results of a population-based mimicking approach, development of software for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and lung nodules volumetry, LDCT assessment of pulmonary emphysema and coronary artery calcifications (CAC) and their relevance to long-term mortality, results of a smoking-cessation intervention, assessment of the radiations dose associated with screening LDCT, and the results of biomarkers assays. Moreover, ITALUNG data indicated that screen-detected LCs are mostly already present at baseline LDCT, can present as lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces, and can be multiple. However, several issues of LC screening are still unaddressed. They include the annual vs. biennial pace of LDCT, choice between opportunistic or population-based recruitment. and between uni or multi-centre screening, implementation of CAD-assisted reading, containment of false positive and negative LDCT results, incorporation of emphysema. and CAC quantification in models of personalized LC and mortality risk, validation of ultra-LDCT acquisitions, optimization of the smoking-cessation intervention. and prospective validation of the biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the theoretical and simulated shielding properties of 69P2O5–10Gd2O3–10BaO–10ZnO–1Er2O3 and 69P2O5–10GdF3–10BaO–10ZnO-1Er2O3 glasses. We exploit advanced simulation (MCNPX) and Phy-X, an online Photon Shielding and Dosimetry software, in the 0.001–15 MeV energy range, to calculate the linear attenuation coefficient and mass attenuation coefficients of the samples. The obtained mass attenuation coefficient is then used to calculate the critical radiation shielding characteristics, such as the half-value layer, mean free path, tenth value layer, and effective atomic number. The calculated LAC values range from 108.759 to 0.097 and from 84.124 to 0.087 cm−1 while HVL values range from 0.006 to 7.164 and from 0.008 to 8.013 cm, and MFP values vary from 0.009 to 10.335 and from 0.012 to 11.561 cm for ZBaOEr and ZBaFEr, respectively, with energy ranging from 0.015 to 15 MeV. We find that the results obtained from MCNPX and Phy-X are consistent with each other, based on the computed relative difference. The glass sample containing Gd2O3 exhibits better shielding properties than the one with GdF3, over the entire energy range. Our examined glass samples are thick enough to substantially lessen the intensity of incident X-rays and gamma rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novelty of this paper is to propose a numerical method for solving ordinary differential equations of the first order that include both linear and nonlinear terms (ODEs). The method is constructed in two stages, which may be called predictor and corrector stages. The predictor stage uses the dependent variable's first- and second-order derivative in the given differential equation. In literature, most predictor–corrector schemes utilize the first-order derivative of the dependent variable. The stability region of the method is found for linear scalar first-order ODEs. In addition, a mathematical model for boundary layer flow over the sheet is modified with electrical and magnetic effects. The model's governing equations are expressed in partial differential equations (PDEs), and their corresponding dimensionless ODE form is solved with the proposed scheme. A shooting method is adopted to overcome the deficiency of the scheme for solving only first-order boundary value ODEs. An iterative approach is also considered because the proposed scheme combines explicit and implicit concepts. The method is also compared with an existing method, producing faster convergence than an existing one. The obtained results show that the velocity profile escalates by rising electric variables. The findings provided in this study can serve as a helpful guide for investigations into fluid flow in closed-off industrial settings in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gemcitabin-loaded nanoMOFs enhance tumor control and minimize treatment toxicity. • NanoMOFs boost particle therapy efficacy in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. • Particle therapy offers precise targeting and better efficacy than conventional radiotherapy. • NanoMOFs efficiently deliver drug to cancer cells, even in the presence of a microenvironment. Combination of nanoagents with radiations has opened up new perspectives in cancer treatment, improving both tumor diagnosis and therapeutic index. This work presents the first investigation of an innovative strategy that combines porous metal–organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) loaded with the anti-cancer drug Gemcitabine monophosphate (GemMP) and particle therapy-a globally emerging technique that offers more precise radiation targeting and enhanced biological efficacy compared to conventional radiotherapy. This radiochemotherapy has been confronted with two major obstacles limiting the efficacy of therapeutics when tested in vivo : (i) the presence of hypoxia, one of the most important causes for radiotherapy failure and (ii) the presence of a microenvironment, main biological barrier to the direct penetration of nanoparticles into cancer cells. On the one hand, this study explore the effects of hypoxia on drug delivery systems in combination with radiation, demonstrating that GemMP-loaded nanoMOFs significantly enhance the anticancer efficacy of particle therapy under both normoxic (pO 2 = 20 %) and hypoxic (pO 2 = 0.5 %) conditions. Notably, the presence of GemMP-loaded nanoMOFs allows the irradiation dose to be reduced by 1.4-fold in normoxia and at least 1.6-fold in hypoxia, achieving the same cytotoxic effect (SF=10 %) as carbon or helium ions alone. Synergistic effects between GemMP-loaded nanoMOFs and radiations have been observed and quantified. On the other hand, we also highlighted the ability of the nanoMOFs to diffuse through an extracellular matrix and accumulate in cells. An higher effect of the encapsulated GemMP than the free drug was observed, confirming the key role of the nanoMOFs in transporting the active substance to the cancer cells as a Trojan horse. This paves the way to the design of "all-in-one" nanodrugs where each component plays a role in the optimization of cancer therapy to maximize cytotoxic effects on hypoxic tumor cells while minimizing toxicity on healthy tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-energies-absorbing materials are fabricated as shields for bioenvironmental applications to attenuate the high photons’ energies with a low cost, lightweight, and high attenuation. The films are synthesized from SiO2/PVP/SnO2 nanosystem. The optical characteristics of films are studied. Results show that the fabricated nanomaterials have higher absorption for high-energies’ radiations. The studied optical characteristics of PVP film are improved with the rise in SnO2 -nanoparticles’ content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information regarding the radiation risk posed by radioactive emissions from the petrologic units in North eastern Nigeria is extremely limited. Consequently, there has been little research conducted on the environmental impact of radiation exposure from different petrologic units in this region. Hence, the 13 petrologic components of the area that comprises of the migmatites-gneiss (MG), banded gneiss (BG), biotite-hornblende granites (OGe), porphyritic biotite-hornblende granites (OGp), charnockytes (Ch), ignimbrites (JYG), basalts (bb), Keri-Keri Formation (KK), Gombe Sandstones (GS), Pindiga Formation (PS), Yolde Formation (YL), Bima Sandstones (BS), and alluvium (AL) deposits were assessed using aero-radiometric data (equivalent uranium, equivalent thorium, and percentage potassium radio-elements) acquired by Nigerian geological survey agency (NGSA) in 2009. The objective of this study is to compute the amount of radiation across the various rock units of the study area, and examine their radiation risk parameters. The results of this study showed variable levels of radiation across the various rock units examined. The average total activity concentration values recorded ranges from 261.67 ± 447.12 Bq/Kg across KK rock unit to 1482.02 ± 447.12 Bq/Kg across OGp/OGe rock types of the study area. Moreover, the average radium equivalent (Rn eq ), absorbed dose rates ( D ) estimated ranges from 113.83±461.3 3 Bq/Kg to 305.19 ± 58.51 Bq/Kg, and 51.88 ± 29.65 nGyh -1 to 144.94 ± 29.65 nGyh -1 along KK Formation, OGp, and same KK Formation, and OGp respectively. The average environmental radiation hazard parameters of the annual effective dose rate (AEDE), activity utilization index (AUI), respiratory dysfunction parameters (RH in , RH out ), annual gonad dose equivalent (AGDE), and excess life cancer risk (ELCR) measured across all rock units were found to be within or above their respective acceptable limits of 1 mSv/y, 300 μSv/y, and 0.29 × 10 -3 . Additionally, based on the conspicuously higher hazardous radiation ( D , Rn eq , AEDE AGDE, RH in , RH out, and ELCR) emissions estimated from the OGp, OGe, MG, BG, and Ch petrologic units, the inhabitants of these localities should therefore limit themselves from excessive exposure to these rocks. Therefore, periodic monitoring of these areas is recommended., Competing Interests: We declare that no competing interest of any kind from an individual or corporate body manifested during this study., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Like many industrial calamities that have marked the history of modern and contemporary Japan, the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster has given rise to many lawsuits; currently, these involve several thousand plaintiffs from all over Japan. On top of a criminal case against three Tepco executives, there are more than 30 class actions pending against Tepco and the state. These lawsuits raise fundamental questions about the origin of the disaster as well as its future fallouts due to radiation exposure. While the compensation awarded by the judges so far remains low, the court decisions carry a moral and symbolic—even cathartic—importance for the plaintiffs, as well as for contemporary Japan as a whole and for other countries vulnerable to a nuclear disaster. I further argue that these mobilisations are drawn from a legacy of collective lawsuits that have marked Japan over the past 50 years.

Since there are shooting methods in the literature to solve ordinary differential equations (ODEs), those are mainly based on Runge–Kutta explicit methods. It is a proven fact that explicit Runge–Kutta methods are conditionally stable. The present contribution consists of constructing a class of shooting methods based on implicit methods that are unconditionally stable with their application to solving the problem of Darcy–Forchheimer's flow over the stretching sheet under the influence of thermal radiations. Governing equations of the flow phenomena are presented in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs). Further, these PDEs are reduced into ODEs which are tackled by the present constructing shooting methods based on the class of Adam Moulton's techniques with the Gauss–Siedel iterative method. The stability and convergence for the system of differential equations are also given. Thus, the main advantage of the presented methods is to turn the implicit methods into explicit methods using the shooting approach. Also, the impact of inertia coefficient, porosity parameter, radiation parameter, and Prandtl number on velocity and temperature profiles is given graphically. It is seen that the increment of the porosity parameter escalates the temperature profile. A computational code for the proposed model scheme may be made available to readers upon request for convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of mobile phone usage on sleep quality and fatigue severity through standard questionnaires in Saudi Arabia mobile phone users. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on 251 mobile phone users from September 2019 to January 2020. Volunteer mobile phone users aging 15-65 years were selected by nonprobability convenience sampling technique from the Riyadh city community. The subjects were interviewed about the knowledge, attitude and practice of mobile phone use and were assessed through Pittsburg Sleep Quality index (PSQI) and Fatigue severity scale (FSS). Spearman’s correlations and Linear regression were applied for statistical analysis through SPSS V.22. RESULTS: Mean age of study participates was 32.43±12.8 years. There was a significant increase in PSQI and FSS with the increase daily mobile usage. When participants exceeded one-hour daily usage, PSQI (2h=6.85, p= 0.001) and FSS (2h= 3.61, p=0.008) exceeded acceptable scores. Moreover, placing mobile phone inside bedroom was associated with the increase of PSQI (Near Pillow=6.93, Inside Bed=6.16, Outside bed=5.75, p=0.001) and FSS (Near Pillow=3.65, Inside Bed=3.39, Outside Bed=2.58, p= 0.008). There was a significant increase in PSQI (Near Pillow=6.93, Inside Bed=6.16, Outside bed=5.75, p=0.001) and FSS (Near Pillow=3.65, Inside Bed=3.39, Outside Bed=2.58, p= 0.008) its location inside bedrooms. Significant correlation was observed between high PSQI and FSS with daily usage (r=0.213, p=0.001 & r=0.171, p=0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: Inappropriate and excessive mobile phone usage is associated with poor sleep quality and excessive fatigue in Saudi Arabian population.

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Worldwide, recent years are characterized by an increasingly acute manifestation of the ecological phenomenon, seeking solutions for obtaining products that are based on natural components, as well as the safe use of products. In this respect, in the textile industry, the concept of eco-fashion has developed: manufacturers and designers increasingly using eco-friendly materials and technologies. Ecofashion aims at protecting user's health, maintaining and securing the integrity of the environment, as well as improvement working conditions for service staff in the textile industry. Taking into consideration the natural changes that occurred in these last years (reduction of the ozone layer, solar flares, global warming), it was observed that solar UV radiations determine a series of negative effects on the human body, increasing the overall risk of some severe diseases. In this context the protective function of clothes worn during the torrid periods or on snowy winters has a greater importance than ever. Clothing products create a "barrier" between the skin and the UV solar rays and can provide the most efficient protection through design, type, structure, color and humidity level of the material. This paper presents the different ways in which clothing products can influence the Solar Protection Factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly assumed that increasing the number of characters has the potential to resolve evolutionary radiations. Here, we studied photosynthetic stramenopiles (Ochrophyta) using alignments of heterogeneous origin mitochondrion, plastid, and nucleus. Surprisingly while statistical support for the relationships between the six major Ochrophyta lineages increases when comparing the mitochondrion (6,762 sites) and plastid (21,692 sites) trees, it decreases in the nuclear (209,105 sites) tree. Statistical support is not simply related to the data set size but also to the quantity of phylogenetic signal available at each position and our ability to extract it. Here, we show that this ability for current phylogenetic methods is limited, because conflicting results were obtained when varying taxon sampling. Even though the use of a better fitting model improved signal extraction and reduced the observed conflicts, the plastid data set provided higher statistical support for the ochrophyte radiation than the larger nucleus data set. We propose that the higher support observed in the plastid tree is due to an acceleration of the evolutionary rate in one short deep internal branch, implying that more phylogenetic signal per position is available to resolve the Ochrophyta radiation in the plastid than in the nuclear data set. Our work therefore suggests that, in order to resolve radiations, beyond the obvious use of data sets with more positions, we need to continue developing models of sequence evolution that better extract the phylogenetic signal and design methods to search for genes/characters that contain more signal specifically for short internal branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to out-of-field effects in radiation therapy, the determination and reduction of both unwanted photon and photoneutron doses are essential for the reasonable assessment of the risks to healthy tissues. Material and Methods: By the application of a multilayer shield throughout the phantom and using two models for photoneutron and photon sources, doses were estimated in a 15-MV linac in tissues and organs. Different neutron moderators were used, and the best materials, such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, paraffin, and water, were reported for shielding purpose. Boron carbide and steel were utilized as neutron and gamma absorbents. Various lengths of the shield in line with phantom stature were also assessed in this study. Results: Except for the target organ, with the shield throughout the phantom, both photoneutron and photon doses approximately reduced by 57-89% and 88-95%, respectively. Extra photoneutron dose in the photon source was also reported due to the shield. Then, unwanted doses, especially photon dose remarkably decreased with increasing the steel thickness. The smaller dimensions of the shield caused also a considerable reduction of the photoneutron and photon doses in the phantom. Conclusion: The application of a multilayer shield reduces the photon dose remarkably in healthy tissues. Therefore, it is recommended to use shielding materials to decrease photoneutron and photon doses, which can cause a reduction in the risk of secondary cancer. Due to the relatively high mass of the shield, it is necessary to design a proper device to maintain and move the structure.

The novelty of this paper is to propose a numerical method for solving ordinary differential equations of the first order that include both linear and nonlinear terms (ODEs). The method is constructed in two stages, which may be called predictor and corrector stages. The predictor stage uses the dependent variable’s first- and second-order derivative in the given differential equation. In literature, most predictor–corrector schemes utilize the first-order derivative of the dependent variable. The stability region of the method is found for linear scalar first-order ODEs. In addition, a mathematical model for boundary layer flow over the sheet is modified with electrical and magnetic effects. The model’s governing equations are expressed in partial differential equations (PDEs), and their corresponding dimensionless ODE form is solved with the proposed scheme. A shooting method is adopted to overcome the deficiency of the scheme for solving only first-order boundary value ODEs. An iterative approach is also considered because the proposed scheme combines explicit and implicit concepts. The method is also compared with an existing method, producing faster convergence than an existing one. The obtained results show that the velocity profile escalates by rising electric variables. The findings provided in this study can serve as a helpful guide for investigations into fluid flow in closed-off industrial settings in the future.