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The biochemical composition of three novel selected microalgae strains (Chlorophyta) was evaluated to confirm their potential possibilities as new sustainably produced biomass with nutritional, functional, and/or biomedical properties. Extracts from cultured Pseudopediastrum boryanum, Chloromonas cf. reticulata, and Chloroidium saccharophilum exhibited higher radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) when compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), but lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Total phenolic compounds and amino acids were determined by newly developed RP-HPLC methods. Total phenolic contents, as µg g−1 of dry biomass, reached 27.1 for C. cf. reticulata, 26.4 for P. boryanum, and 55.8 for C. saccharophilum. Percentages of total analysed amino acids were 24.3, 32.1, and 18.5% of dry biomass, respectively, presenting high values for essential amino acids reaching 54.1, 72.6, and 61.2%, respectively. Glutamic acid was the most abundant free amino acid in all microalgae samples, followed by proline and lysine in C. saccharophilum and P. boryanum, and methionine and lysine in C. reticulata. Soluble carbohydrates in aqueous extracts ranged from 39.6 for C. saccharophilum to 49.3% for C. reticulata, increasing values to 45.1 for C. saccharophilum and 52.7% for P. boryanum in acid hydrolysates of dried biomass. Results confirmed the potential possibilities of these microalgae strains.

In the present study carotenoids from tomato peel was elucidated by HPLC to utilize it as natural colorants in sunflower oil and spaghetti. Tomato peel contained 720 mg/100g of carotenoids consisting phytoene (3.15%) followed by phytofluene (2.31%), β-carotene (2.11%), cis-lycopene (1.71%), lutein (1.51%), cis-ζ-carotene (0.61%), ζ-carotene (0.56%), and γ-carotene (0.52%). Lycopene was found in highest amount (87.52%). Antioxidant activity of carotenoids from tomato peel was assessed by measuring Rancimat's test and diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) by using 50 to 200 mg/kg carotenoids in sunflower oil and spaghetti. The sunflower oil containing 50 to 200 mg/kg carotenoids showed higher antioxidant activity in comparison to 200 mg/kg Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Optimum cooking time, its weight and swelling index were remained same at different level of oil carotenoids tomato peel powder when compared with control. On the other hand spaghetti cooking becomes decrease by increase of carotenoids level in spaghetti when compared with control. Organoleptic evaluation of spaghetti prepared from lycopene revealed maximum score of smell, taste, odors, color texture and overall acceptability when compared with other tested sample and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their high anti-oxidant activity, phlorotannins represent potential natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives currently used within the food industry. However, their successful integration into food products requires research into their chemical integrity, particularly when selecting appropriate storage conditions. Subsequently, this study aims to investigate the stability of low molecular weight phlorotannin fractions from Fucus vesiculosus (L.). Powder and aqueous fractions were stored under five different conditions for 10 weeks. Phlorotannin stability was determined using Q-ToF-MS and UPLC-TQD-MS/MS and a DPPH assay. After 10 weeks of storage, fractions suspended in an aqueous matrix underwent oxidation when exposed to continuous atmospheric oxygen and thermal degradation when exposed to a constant temperature of 50 °C, resulting in decreases in radical scavenging activity (p < 0.001). Phlorotannins remained stable under all other storage conditions. This study highlights phlorotannins as highly stable polymers, under certain storage conditions, with an excellent capacity for scavenging radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptide fractions extracted from Flathead by-products were evaluated for in vitro free radical scavenging and cancer cell cytotoxic activities. The degree of hydrolysis (DH), presence of protease and molecular weight (MW) influenced the 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic (ABTS) radical scavenging activities (RSA) of Flathead peptide fraction. Low MW peptides (<3 kDa), obtained from overnight incubation with added an exogenous protease, significantly inhibited free radicals and showed the highest RSA of 94.03 and 82.89 % against DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The presence of bioactive peptides during HO exposure increased viability of T4056 normal cells. Furthermore, peptide fractions <3 kDa inhibited the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells up to 91.04 %, although the activity was found to be non-selective. Further purification revealed a novel peptide, Met-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Leu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Pro-Gly-Glu-Ala-Gly-Arg, with RSA properties. These results indicated that peptides extracted from Flathead by-products have a potential to be used as natural antioxidants and/or chemo-protective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of structurally diverse quinolinobenzothiazinones has been synthesized with the annulation of heterocyclic structural pharmacophores. The structures of the synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of their analytical and spectral data. The synthesized quinolinobenzothiazinones were evaluated for their antioxidant (LPO and GSH) and radical scavenging activities (DPPH and ABTS assays). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to identify the differences among various aromatic rice genotypes in growth and yield as well as the characterization of bran oil and hull volatile constituents of both Egyptian Jasmine and Giza177 rice varieties under Egyptian condition. Six different rice genotypes namely; Egyptian Jasmine, IR74052-177-3-3, IR74053-144-2-3, Basmati 370 and PR26679-PI 3-1 Giza 177 as a check variety were transplanted at the experimental farm of RRTC during the rice growing seasons 2012 and 2013. Randomize complete block design with four replications was used. The main results revealed that the rice genotypes differed significantly (P<0.05) with respect to agronomic studied characters under study. Egyptian Jasmine surpassed most of the other tested genotypes in these characters, while the check variety Giza177 recorded the lowest values of plant height, duration and number of panicle m-2. Giza177 produced the longest panicle with highest number of its branches and the highest number of filled grains panicle-1 with the lowest sterility % consequently produced the greatest grain yield t ha-1. Chemical-physical parameters of Egyptian Jasmine and Giza177 rice varieties bran oil were characterized. The free fatty acid, peroxide value, Saponification number and iodine value were recorded as 3.1% (as Oleic acid), 4.55 (meq O2/kg oil), 185.1 (mg KOH/g oil) and 92.64 (g I2/100 g oil), respectively. γ-oryzanol is an important component in rice bran oil, it occurs in Egyptian Jasmine rice bran oil at a high level up to 1.8%, where it serves as a natural antioxidant. Data also showed that Egyptian Jasmine rice bran oil had higher RSA and oxidative stability 59.23% and 22.86 h, respectively than Giza177 rice bran oil. The fatty acid profile of Giza177 rice bran oil showed palmitic acid (20.02%), stearic acid (1.95%), oleic acid (45.99%), linoleic acid (28.07%) and linolenic acid (1.40%) as major fatty acids. Results revealed that Egyptian Jasmine rice bran oil had higher oleic acid content and lower linoleic acid content than Giza177 rice bran oil. Percentage of hull constituents of Egyptian Jasmine was markedly higher than in hull of Giza 177. Moreover, the same trend was observed with total phenol content (TCP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Generally, the increase of total phenolic content led to an increase in DPPH %, this result led to an increase of anti-oxidant activity in rice hulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ziziphora tenuior L. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic herb used for its medicinal values against fungi, bacteria. Micropropagation can be used for large-scale multiplication of essential oil producing plants thus avoiding an overexploitation of natural resources. This work aims to develop a reliable protocol for the in vitro propagation of Z. tenuior, and to compare the antioxidant activity between in vitro propagated and wild plants. The explants were sterilized and cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of growth regulators naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with 0.5mg/L of kinetin (Kin) callus formation was 70.2% after 45days of incubation in dark on medium supplemented with 1.5mg/L of NAA. After one month of callus culture on medium supplemented with 2mg/L BA the shoot number was 5.12 and for the multiplication stage. The shoot number was 4.21 and length was 6.17cm on medium supplemented with 1mg/L Kin+0.1mg/L NAA. DPPH reagent was used to test the antioxidant activity. The aqueous and methanol extracts of in vitro plants which were treated with 1.5 and 1mg/L of kin plus 0.1mg/L of NAA showed a strong DPPH scavenging activity where IC50 was 0.307 and 0.369mg/ml, respectively, while the IC50 of aqueous and methanol extracts of wild plants was 0.516 and 9.229mg/ml, respectively. Our results suggested that plant growth regulators and in vitro culture conditions increased the antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction and Determination of carotenoids pigment from tomato peel was optimized for identification of the major constituent of the extract by HPLC to be used as alternative natural colorants in some processed foods, i.e. spaghetti. Also the effect of using carotenoids from tomato peel as natural antioxidant on sunflower oil was also undertaken. Tomato peel contained 720 mg carotenoids /100g. The carotenoids (lyco-red) extracted from tomato peel were separated based on their functional groups into thirteen fractions and identified nine compounds from them by HPLC. lycopene wasthe major carotenoid represented with 86.12 % of total carotenoids from tomatoes peel followed by 3.15% phytoene, 2.31% phytofluene, 2.11% β-carotene, 1.71% cis-lycopene, 1.51% lutein, 0.61% cis-ζ-carotene, 0.56% ζ-carotene, and0.52% γ-carotene respectively. Antioxidant activity of carotenoids from tomato peel were evaluated by measuring Rancimat test on sunflower oil by adding 50 to 200 ppm carotenoids from tomato peel and radical scavenging activity RSA by DPPH. The sunflower oil containing 50 to 200 ppm carotenoids from tomato peel showed a higher induction period compared to the sunflower oil containing 200 ppm (BHT) as a synthetic antioxidants. Optimum cooking time, cooking weight and swelling index were not differed within each level of oil carotenoids tomato peel powder compared with control. On the other hand, spaghetti cooking losses were decreased by increasing the level of carotenoids in spaghetti compared with control (without added carotenoids). Supplementing spaghetti with carotenoid (lyco-red) from tomato peel increased the Radical Scavenging activity (RSA) in the spaghetti by increasing the percentage of added carotenoid(lyco-red) from tomato peel. Sensory evaluation of spaghetti prepared from carotenoid pigments from tomato peel revealed the highest score of color, taste, texture and overall acceptability compared with control and other tested samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Yolk color is an important quality trait of eggs. Natural pigment sources are preferred by consumers. Synthetic pigments are banned in some production systems. As nettle (Urtica dioica) addition was found to substantially increase broiler skin yellowness, it was hypothesized to be a potent natural yolk coloring feed component. Therefore, the pigmentation by nettle and possible side-effects on performance, egg quality and antioxidant properties were tested in a 4-week experiment with 40 individually caged H&N Nick Brown layers (70 weeks of age). A basal feed mixture low in pigments and tocopherol was designed. Two weeks prior to the experiment, all animals received this basal mixture plus synthetic pigments (25mg/kg Carophyll® Yellow, 15mg/kg Carophyll® Red). Thereafter, eight animals each received diets either with 0, 6.25, 12.5 or 25g nettle per kg put into the basal mixture or a control diet containing synthetic pigments like the pre-experimental diet and extra 40mg/kg of α-tocopherylacetate. In detail, nettle was supplied by two independent batches to four animals per dosage each. Performance was assessed during 4 weeks and feed and egg samples were collected in the last week of the experiment and analyzed for various variables with a focus on color and antioxidant traits. By applying different statistical models, a comparison with the control animals, batch differences and nettle dosage effects were evaluated. Yolk yellowness (b*) increased with nettle addition depending on dosage and batch, yet was equally effective as synthetic pigmentation (29.4) in all investigated cases (avg. 30.3). The score according to the DSM-Yolk Color Fan increased from 1.7 in the non-supplemented group to 4.2 (6.25g nettle A/kg) and up to 6.5 (25g nettle B/kg). This increase depended on dose and batch. Due to the lack of red pigments in nettle, scores were still lower than with the control treatment (9.5). The development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, monitored over 12 weeks in lyophilized yolk powder, was not affected by batch or nettle concentration. However, yolk from nettle fed hens, especially from one batch, was richer in tocopherols with increasing dosage though being far from that found in the tocopherol supplemented hens. There was no substantial influence of nettle supplement or batch on laying performance and general egg quality. Nettle supplementation of layer diets is therefore considered as an effective means to naturally achieve the desired yolk yellowness, and this without risking unfavorable side-effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The skins of two white wine grape pomace (WWGP) and three red wine grape pomace (RWGP) from US Pacific Northwest were analyzed for their dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic composition. DF was measured by gravimetric–enzymatic method with sugar profiling by HPLC–ELSD. Insoluble DF composed of Klason lignin (7.9–36.1% DM), neutral sugars (4.9–14.6% DM), and uronic acid (3.6–8.5% DM) weighed more than 95.5% of total DF in all five WGP varieties. WWGP was significantly lower in DF (17.3–28.0% DM) than those of RWGP (51.1–56.3%), but extremely higher in soluble sugar (55.8–77.5% DM vs. 1.3–1.7% DM) (p <0.05). Soluble polyphenols were extracted by acidified 70% acetone and measured spectrophotometrically. Compared with WWGP, RWGP had higher values in total phenolic content (21.4–26.7mgGAE/g DM vs. 11.6–15.8mgGAE/g DM) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (32.2–40.2mgAAE/g DM vs. 20.5–25.6mgAAE/g DM) (p <0.05). The total flavanol and proanthocyanidin contents were ranged from 31.0 to 61.2mgCE/g DM and 8.0 to 24.1mg/g DM, respectively for the five WGP varieties. This study demonstrated that the skins of WGP can be ideal sources of DF rich in bioactive compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Modern membrane technologies are useful for enhancing the concentration of phenolic antioxidants in olive mill waste water (OMWW) to produce concentrates with valuable applications in functional foods. Three types of OMWW concentrates, each with different levels of solute concentration and purity, were obtained from a single OMWW batch and dissolved in two extra virgin olive oils to achieve saturated solutions. Three addition levels were considered. Accelerated aging testing of the oils was performed at 60 °C and the samples were analyzed after two, four, and 6 weeks of aging. D-optimal design was used to select the 26 experiments that allowed the evaluation of the influence of the different variables on oil stability. The addition of OMWW concentrates resulted in a significant increase in the Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA) of the olive oils. Under these mild experimental conditions, the moderate formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides was probably masked by interfering compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical composition of three novel selected microalgae strains (Chlorophyta) was evaluated to confirm their potential possibilities as new sustainably produced biomass with nutritional, functional, and/or biomedical properties. Extracts from cultured Pseudopediastrum boryanum, Chloromonas cf. reticulata, and Chloroidium saccharophilum exhibited higher radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) when compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), but lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Total phenolic compounds and amino acids were determined by newly developed RP-HPLC methods. Total phenolic contents, as µg g−1 of dry biomass, reached 27.1 for C. cf. reticulata, 26.4 for P. boryanum, and 55.8 for C. saccharophilum. Percentages of total analysed amino acids were 24.3, 32.1, and 18.5% of dry biomass, respectively, presenting high values for essential amino acids reaching 54.1, 72.6, and 61.2%, respectively. Glutamic acid was the most abundant free amino acid in all microalgae samples, followed by proline and lysine in C. saccharophilum and P. boryanum, and methionine and lysine in C. reticulata. Soluble carbohydrates in aqueous extracts ranged from 39.6 for C. saccharophilum to 49.3% for C. reticulata, increasing values to 45.1 for C. saccharophilum and 52.7% for P. boryanum in acid hydrolysates of dried biomass. Results confirmed the potential possibilities of these microalgae strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biochemical composition of three novel selected microalgae strains (Chlorophyta) was evaluated to confirm their potential possibilities as new sustainably produced biomass with nutritional, functional, and/or biomedical properties. Extracts from cultured Pseudopediastrum boryanum , Chloromonas cf. reticulata , and Chloroidium saccharophilum exhibited higher radical scavenging activity of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) when compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), but lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Total phenolic compounds and amino acids were determined by newly developed RP-HPLC methods. Total phenolic contents, as µg g -1 of dry biomass, reached 27.1 for C. cf. reticulata , 26.4 for P. boryanum , and 55.8 for C. saccharophilum . Percentages of total analysed amino acids were 24.3, 32.1, and 18.5% of dry biomass, respectively, presenting high values for essential amino acids reaching 54.1, 72.6, and 61.2%, respectively. Glutamic acid was the most abundant free amino acid in all microalgae samples, followed by proline and lysine in C. saccharophilum and P. boryanum , and methionine and lysine in C. reticulata . Soluble carbohydrates in aqueous extracts ranged from 39.6 for C. saccharophilum to 49.3% for C. reticulata , increasing values to 45.1 for C. saccharophilum and 52.7% for P. boryanum in acid hydrolysates of dried biomass. Results confirmed the potential possibilities of these microalgae strains.