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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of lipid from rapeseed cake and oats on ruminal CH 4 emission and lactational performance of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were primiparous, and averaging (±SD) 48 ± 22.9 DIM, 37.8 ± 7.14 kg/d milk yield were enrolled in a switch-back design experiment with 3 periods of 4 wk each. The cows were assigned into 6 pairs based on parity, DIM, milk yield, and BW at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental treatments were (1) rapeseed cake and oats (RSC+O), and (2) rapeseed meal and barley (RSM+B) as the concentrate feeds. Cows in each pair were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups, which received the treatments in 2 different sequences (i.e., group 1 received RSC+O in period 1 and 3, and RSM+B in period 2, whereas group 2 was fed RSM+B in period 1 and 3, and RSC+O in period 2). The diets consisted of a partially mixed ration with grass silage mixed with either oats or barley, according to the treatment sequence, and the rapeseed cake or meal being mixed into a pellet with either oats or barley according to the treatments, and a mineral mix. The pellet was delivered at a fixed amount (i.e., 6 kg/d for multiparous and 5 kg/d for the primiparous cows) from the milking robot. The actual forage to concentrate ratios for RSC+O and RSM+B were 51:49 and 52:48, respectively, with NDF concentrations of 41.5% and 36.0% and CP concentrations of 17.0% and 16.7% of diet DM. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and gas exchange (with a GreenFeed system attached to the milking robot) were recorded daily, and milk composition and spot fecal samples were collected during the last week of each period. Based on feed analysis, and DMI of the cows during the experiment, the total fat content of the experimental diets was 4.1% and 2.7% of DM for RSC+O and RSM+B diets, respectively. Dry matter intake was 1.6 kg/d lower, and milk yield tended to be 1.0 kg/d greater for RSC+O versus RSM+B. There were no differences in ECM yield and milk composition between the treatments, whereas milk ME efficiency was greater for cows fed RSC+O than RSM+B. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) did not differ between treatments, but CH 4 production (g/d) was 9.4% and CH 4 intensity as g/kg ECM was 11.7% lower for RSC+O versus RSM+B. The lower CH 4 production was likely caused by the lower DMI and fiber digestibility, observed with the RSC+O diet. In addition, the greater lipid intake also contributed to lower rate of fermentation and subsequent decrease in CH 4 production. Overall, feeding rapeseed cake with oats in a grass silage–based diet increased feed efficiency while decreasing CH 4 emission intensity in lactating cows. This provides a practical way of mitigating ruminal CH 4 emission from dairy operations while maintaining milk production with commonly used feedstuffs in Nordic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lushan Yunwu tea quality is limited by soil acidity and sterility. This article examined a 3-year localization experiment at 1100 m altitude to demonstrate the sustainable management of conditioners, calcium magnesium phosphate (P), rapeseed cake (C), and combination application (P + C) by one-time application on the soil-tea system in Mount Lushan. The study found that conditioners (P, C, P + C) reduced soil acidification and maintained a pH of 4.75–5.34, ideal for tea tree development for 3 years. Phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC), nitrogen activation coefficient (NAC), and organic matter (OM) content were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the first year after conditioner treatment, with P + C being the best. After P + C, PAC, NAC, and OM rose by 31.25%, 47.70%, and 10.06 g kg−1 compared to CK. In comparison to the CK, tea's hundred-bud weight (BW), free amino acids (AA), tea polyphenols (TPC), and chlorophyll (Chl) content of P + C treatment got 29.98%, 14.41%, 22.49%, and 28.85% increase compared to that of the CK, respectively. In the second year, the three treatments of P, C and P + C still had significant moderating effects on the physicochemical properties of the soil and the quality indexes of the tea leaves. The PAC of the soil under the three treatments increased by 0.06%, 0.07% and 0.18%, respectively, as compared to the control.P + C increased BW, AA, TPC and Chl of tea for 2 years. Three conditioners had 2-year regulatory impacts on soil fertility indicators, tea output, and quality. C and P + C both increased soil OM by 18.59% and 21.78% compared to CK in the third year, outperforming P treatment. Redundancy analysis revealed that the primary physicochemical factors influencing tea output and quality were soil OM and pH, with available phosphorus, urease, acid phosphatase, and available nitrogen following closely afterwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of lipid from rapeseed cake and oats on ruminal CH4 emission and lactational performance of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were primiparous, and averaging (±SD) 48 ± 22.9 DIM, 37.8 ± 7.14 kg/d milk yield were enrolled in a switch-back design experiment with 3 periods of 4 wk each. The cows were assigned into 6 pairs based on parity, DIM, milk yield, and BW at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental treatments were (1) rapeseed cake and oats (RSC+O), and (2) rapeseed meal and barley (RSM+B) as the concentrate feeds. Cows in each pair were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups, which received the treatments in 2 different sequences (i.e., group 1 received RSC+O in period 1 and 3, and RSM+B in period 2, whereas group 2 was fed RSM+B in period 1 and 3, and RSC+O in period 2). The diets consisted of a partially mixed ration with grass silage mixed with either oats or barley, according to the treatment sequence, and the rapeseed cake or meal being mixed into a pellet with either oats or barley according to the treatments, and a mineral mix. The pellet was delivered at a fixed amount (i.e., 6 kg/d for multiparous and 5 kg/d for the primiparous cows) from the milking robot. The actual forage to concentrate ratios for RSC+O and RSM+B were 51:49 and 52:48, respectively, with NDF concentrations of 41.5% and 36.0% and CP concentrations of 17.0% and 16.7% of diet DM. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and gas exchange (with a GreenFeed system attached to the milking robot) were recorded daily, and milk composition and spot fecal samples were collected during the last week of each period. Based on feed analysis, and DMI of the cows during the experiment, the total fat content of the experimental diets was 4.1% and 2.7% of DM for RSC+O and RSM+B diets, respectively. Dry matter intake was 1.6 kg/d lower, and milk yield tended to be 1.0 kg/d greater for RSC+O versus RSM+B. There were no differences in ECM yield and milk composition between the treatments, whereas milk ME efficiency was greater for cows fed RSC+O than RSM+B. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) did not differ between treatments, but CH4 production (g/d) was 9.4% and CH4 intensity as g/kg ECM was 11.7% lower for RSC+O versus RSM+B. The lower CH4 production was likely caused by the lower DMI and fiber digestibility, observed with the RSC+O diet. In addition, the greater lipid intake also contributed to lower rate of fermentation and subsequent decrease in CH4 production. Overall, feeding rapeseed cake with oats in a grass silage–based diet increased feed efficiency while decreasing CH4 emission intensity in lactating cows. This provides a practical way of mitigating ruminal CH4 emission from dairy operations while maintaining milk production with commonly used feedstuffs in Nordic conditions.

To prepare bioactive peptides from rapeseed cake directly, the superfine grinding technology was used，and the resulting rapeseed cake superfine powder was used as the material. Single-factor experiments and response surface analysis were used to optimize the preparation extraction. The active peptides were purified by membrane separation and Sephadex G-15 membrane separation, and their antioxidant activity and structure were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal preparation conditions were as follows: grinding time 30 min, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:20(g/mL), pH2.94, enzyme dosage 6300 U/g, temperature 55 ℃, and enzymatic hydrolysis time 2.25 h. Under these conditions, the yield of peptides could reach 83.28%. The F-2 fraction from hydrolysates with molecular mass less than 1000 Da showed good antioxidant activity, with an ABTS+ free radical eliminating rate of 71.62% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Furthermore, five peptides were identified, namely PF, SF, TF, IAIPF, and PLDLL which were predicted to have much higher activity. Overall, the results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of bioactive peptides directly from rapeseed cakes.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical technology for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of bio-gas, bio-oil, and biochar. Several parameters influence the process efficiency and properties of pyrolysis products. These include the type of biomass, biomass preliminary preparation, gaseous atmosphere, final temperature, heating rate, and process time. This manuscript provides a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products of waste rapeseed cake, with particular emphasis on the sorption properties of biochar. Biochar, produced by the pyrolysis process of biomass, is emerging as a powerful tool for carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and purifying water from contaminants such as potentially toxic elements and antibiotics. The review found that the biochar obtained as a result of pyrolysis of chemically modified waste rapeseed cake is characterised by its excellent sorption properties. The obtained sorbents are characterised by sorption capacity relative to the copper(II) ion, ranging from 40 mg·g−1 to 100 mg·g−1, according to the pyrolysis conditions and chemical modification method. The purified pyrolysis gas obtained in the high-temperature process can be used to generate heat and energy. Bio-oil, with its significant combustion heat of 36 MJ·kg−1, can be a source of environmentally friendly green biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers can improve soil pH, help to maintain soil health and enable landowners to achieve organic or ecological-status agriculture. Rapeseed cake, sheep manure, and biofungal fertilizer are considered to be effective amendments to improve soil quality. However, there have been few studies on the effects of the three fertilizers on strawberry production, soil physicochemical properties, and inter-root soil microbial community structure. In this study, field experiments were conducted to investigate the differences in strawberry growth, quality, yield, and the structure and diversity of strawberry soil bacterial and fungal communities under four treatments: no organic fertilizer (CK), rapeseed cake organic fertilizer (T1), sheep manure organic fertilizer (T2) and bio-organic fertilizer (algae-optimized bacteria) (T3), the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial diversity were analyzed. Our results have shown that these three amendments promoted the growth of strawberry to some extent. The effects of available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, sucrase, protease and urease under T2 treatment were significantly increased by 50.62%, 54.14%, 276.50%, 129.47%, 232.61%, and 232.00%, respectively, compared with the control. The soil bacterial and fungi community were the most abundant and diversified under the T2 treatment. Soil physicochemical properties and soil key enzyme activities varied significantly under different fertilizer treatments, with the soil nutrient content and soil carbon and nitrogen metabolizing enzyme activities being highest under T2 treatment. A Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil organic matter was closely related to the diversity of soil microbial communities. A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the main variables of the bacterial community included nitrate nitrogen (NN) and rapidly available potassium (RAP), while the main variables of the fungal community included alkaline dissolved nitrogen (ADN) and ammonium nitrogen (AN). Overall, different fertilizers promoted the release and transformation of soil nutrients by affecting the structure and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in strawberry soils, which was beneficial to the supply of soil nutrients and the improvement of soil quality. The application of sheep manure organic fertilizer had the best soil improvement effect.

Abstract Background Rapeseed cake is an important agricultural waste. After enzymatic fermentation, rapeseed cake not only has specific microbial diversity but also contains a lot of fatty acids, organic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, which has potential value as a high-quality organic fertilizer. However, the effects of fermented rapeseed cake on tea rhizosphere microorganisms and soil metabolites have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of enzymatic rapeseed cake fertilizer on the soil of tea tree, and to reveal the correlation between rhizosphere soil microorganisms and nutrients/metabolites. Results The results showed that: (1) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the contents of soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP); increased the activities of soil urease (S-UE), soil catalase (S-CAT), soil acid phosphatase (S-ACP) and soil sucrase (S-SC); (2) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the relative abundance of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms such as Chaetomium, Inocybe, Pseudoxanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas; (3) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the contents of sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid in soil, and the key metabolic pathways were concentrated in sugar and fatty acid metabolisms; (4) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake promoted the metabolism of sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid in soil by key rhizosphere microorganisms; enzymes and microorganisms jointly regulated the metabolic pathways of sugar and fatty acids in soil. Conclusions Enzymatic rapeseed cake fertilizer improved the nutrient status and microbial structure of tea rhizosphere soil, which was beneficial for enhancing soil productivity in tea plantations. These findings provide new insights into the use of enzymatic rapeseed cake as an efficient organic fertilizer and expand its potential for application in tea plantations.

Background: Rapeseed cake is an important agricultural waste. After enzymatic fermentation, rapeseed cake not only has specific microbial diversity but also contains a lot of fatty acids, organic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, which has potential value as a high-quality organic fertilizer. However, the effects of fermented rapeseed cake on tea rhizosphere microorganisms and soil metabolites have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of enzymatic rapeseed cake fertilizer on the soil of tea tree, and to reveal the correlation between rhizosphere soil microorganisms and nutrients/metabolites. Results: The results showed that: (1) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the contents of soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP); increased the activities of soil urease (S-UE), soil catalase (S-CAT), soil acid phosphatase (S-ACP) and soil sucrase (S-SC); (2) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the relative abundance of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms such as Chaetomium, Inocybe, Pseudoxanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas; (3) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the contents of sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid in soil, and the key metabolic pathways were concentrated in sugar and fatty acid metabolisms; (4) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake promoted the metabolism of sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid in soil by key rhizosphere microorganisms; enzymes and microorganisms jointly regulated the metabolic pathways of sugar and fatty acids in soil. Conclusions: Enzymatic rapeseed cake fertilizer improved the nutrient status and microbial structure of tea rhizosphere soil, which was beneficial for enhancing soil productivity in tea plantations. These findings provide new insights into the use of enzymatic rapeseed cake as an efficient organic fertilizer and expand its potential for application in tea plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the degradation effect of microbial solid-state fermentation of rapeseed cake on fiber and glucosinolates as well as improvement effect of nutrient content. In the experiment, rapeseed cake was used as fermentation material. Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum were used as mixed fermentation strains, and the total change rate ( Y) was used as a comprehensive index to confirm the optimal mixed bacteria ratio and the optimal fermentation conditions. The results showed that the interaction between Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum has a significant impact on the total change rate and the degradation rate of neutral washing fibers ( P<0.05). The best fermentation process was as follows: Inoculation amount 12%, liquid to solid ratio 1.2 mL/g, fermentation temperature 35 ℃ and fermentation time of 96 h. Under these technological conditions, the total rate of change ( Y) was the highest, and the acid-soluble protein of fermented rapesseed cake increased by 120.77%, the content of thioside and neutral detergent fiber decreased by 57.53% and 3.09%, respectively. The study indicates that mixed bacterial solid-state fermentation can increase the acid soluble protein of rapeseed cake, reduce the content of glucosides and fiber, and improve the nutritional value of rapeseed cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to establish a simulated digestion model of broilers in vitro using SDS-III, to determine the differences of nutrient digestibility in vitro of rapeseed cakes with different heating degrees and the effect of additional exogenous enzymes (protease Proact and amylase A) on nutrient digestibility in vitro of rapeseed cakes with different heating degrees. A 2×2 two-factor completely randomized design was adopted in experiment. Normal rapeseed cake and superheated rapeseed cake without exogenous enzymes were used as control experiments, and exogenous protease Proact 15 Prot/G and amylase A 0.4 KNU/g were added as experimental groups on basis of the two control experiments, respectively. SDS-Ⅲ was used to simulate the whole digestive process of broilers. The IVDMD, IVACPD, IVSCPD, IVDDMD, EHGE and IVGED of four groups were determined. Each sample was set up with five replicates and one digestive tube per replicate. The results showed that IVDMD, IVACPD, IVSCPD, IVDDMD, EHGE and IVGED of normal rapeseed cake were extremely higher than those of overheated rapeseed cake (P<0.01), which was a better source of rapeseed cake. The IVDMD, IVDDMD, EHGE and IVGED of superheated rapeseed cake supplemented with exogenous enzymes were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05), and IVACPD and IVSCPD were extremely higher than those of control group (P<0.01). The experiment indicates that the addition of exogenous enzymes has a positive effect on the improvement of nutrient digestibility, especially on digestibility of feed raw materials with Maillard reaction, which may be due to the certain degradation and release of exogenous enzymes on Maillard reaction products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis is a thermochemical technology for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of bio-gas, bio-oil, and biochar. Several parameters influence the process efficiency and properties of pyrolysis products. These include the type of biomass, biomass preliminary preparation, gaseous atmosphere, final temperature, heating rate, and process time. This manuscript provides a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products of waste rapeseed cake, with particular emphasis on the sorption properties of biochar. Biochar, produced by the pyrolysis process of biomass, is emerging as a powerful tool for carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and purifying water from contaminants such as potentially toxic elements and antibiotics. The review found that the biochar obtained as a result of pyrolysis of chemically modified waste rapeseed cake is characterised by its excellent sorption properties. The obtained sorbents are characterised by sorption capacity relative to the copper(II) ion, ranging from 40 mg·g−1 to 100 mg·g−1, according to the pyrolysis conditions and chemical modification method. The purified pyrolysis gas obtained in the high-temperature process can be used to generate heat and energy. Bio-oil, with its significant combustion heat of 36 MJ·kg−1, can be a source of environmentally friendly green biofuel.

We investigated the influence of cryogenic grinding on the quality of rapeseed cake. Rapeseed cake is a good source of valuable proteins (30%) and oil (14%), with a balanced fatty acid composition and a fair amount of sterols, which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the presence of antinutritive compounds prevents its use as a food source. Grinding under cryogenic conditions is much more efficient than grinding at room temperature in terms of particle size reduction. The additional cryogenic grinding of the cake had little effect on the nutritional components, as phytosterols and soluble dietary fiber increased slightly. It had no effect on insoluble dietary fiber, polyphenols, and tannins. Prolonged grinding time, both at room and subzero temperatures, reduced the total amount of glucosinolates by 34 and 43%, respectively. However, the reduction in undesirable components is not sufficient to use cryogenic grinding as the sole treatment for the cake, but it could be a good pretreatment for chemical or biological treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed by-products of seeds de-oiling, particularly expellers and post-extracted meal, are currently considered an important biomass that can be used as an alternative energy source, either in raw form or after conversion to biochar. Rapeseed biomass represents a difficult-to-handle cargo, mainly due to its sensitivity to mechanical, climatic, and biological impacts, as well as its dusty nature. This study aims to determine the physical properties of rapeseed meals and their fractions. Morphological and chemical features of six particle sets are investigated in order to explain the variation in their physical properties having importance in handling and transportation processes. The true density of fractions increases when the particle size decreases due to the diminishing quantitative share of seed coats. No correlation is observed between true and bulk densities, as the particle shape, surface sculpture, and adhesion affect the mutual particle arrangements. Along with a decrease in the particle size from 0.4 mm, a rapid decrease in the flowability is observed. The tendency of the finest dust (d < 0.075 mm) to form agglomerated complexes causes its lower bulk density, higher porosity, and higher angles of repose in comparison to coarse dust (0.075–0.4 mm). It is concluded that a relatively low tendency to free flowing of natural RSM is mainly caused by its wide-ranging particle size distribution and their geometry differentiation, which facilitate mutual particle interlockings. The known cases of blockages of silos, bins, hoppers, and transfer chutes may be mainly caused by the powder fractions (< 0.2 mm), with a much lower flowability than other particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable polymers obtained from renewable resources are urgently needed to help mitigating the environmental burden of plastic pollution. Herein, a green process is developed to obtain protein‐based bioplastics through valorization of rapeseed cake. First, the effects of different protein extraction protocols are investigated, including water extraction at pH values from 1 to 12 and salt extraction with isoelectric point precipitation (IP), on proteins profile and sample composition. It is demonstrated that alkaline extraction at pH 12 results in the highest extraction yields of proteins (≈70%) and total solutes (≈50%). The IP results in lower yields but in highest protein purity of ≈80%. Alkaline extraction at pH 10.5 results in the extraction of 36% total solutes and ≈50% of proteins, with a protein profile similar to that obtained by IP, rich in α and β polypeptides chains of cruciferin. AFM analysis shows that samples containing cruciferin allow self‐assembly into mature amyloid fibrils upon incubation. Rapeseed amyloids are blended with polyvinyl alcohol and glycerol to develop bioplastics films that are characterized by decreased water absorption, higher water contact angle, and elongation at break >600%, more than double compared to films obtained from native monomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Microbial fermentation on agro-industrial co-products is an interesting strategy for the bioproduction of metabolites of interest, as it lowers the costs of production and uses renewable and abundant carbon sources. Violacein is a purple pigment with interesting properties that is commonly produced by fermentation. Chromobacterium vaccinii, a wild-type, natural and non-toxic Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota), has the ability to produce violacein. However, to select an optimal co-product as carbon source, it is necessary to understand its use of the different constituents of plant biomass. Methods: Growth and violacein production of C. vaccinii were first studied on the main components of plant biomass. Then, they were assessed in presence of raw co-products at various concentrations. Tryptophan, a precursor of violacein biosynthesis, was added in order to evaluate the impact on violacein production yields. Results: C. vaccinii was able to grow on gluten (wheat protein), as well as on low concentrations of glucose. Selecting protein-rich substrates such as soybean and rapeseed cakes led to improved growth and violacein bioproduction. Addition of tryptophan led to net increases in violacein, but had low impacts on the bacterial growth. Conclusion: Understanding microbial growth mechanisms during bioproduction of molecules of interest is key in order to select the best adapted agro-industrial co-products used as substrate. This study allowed to better characterize growth of C. vaccinii on various carbon sources and plant biomass, and showed that an optimal substrate with the addition of tryptophan could increase greatly the bioproduction yields of violacein by C. vaccinii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the dynamic effects of organic fertilizer application on the agronomic traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.), soil physicochemical properties and soil Cd activity under excess cadmium (Cd) exposure, this study was conducted to simulate a paddy system under different organic fertilizer application rates using exogenous spiked Cd soil as the test soil and conducting a rice pot experiment. The obtained results showed that the application of organic fertilizer increased the number of rice tillers, rice plant height, total grain number and total grain weight at maturity in all treated soils, while it decreased the concentration of Cd in brown rice. The application of organic fertilizer increased the organic matter (OM), redox potential and electrical conductivity of all treated soils but decreased the pH and TCLP-extractable Cd of all treated soils. There was a significant or highly significant negative correlation (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) between soil TCLP-extractable Cd and soil OM throughout the experimental period, implying that soil OM may be an important factor influencing the changes in Cd activity in soil. In addition, our experiment also examined in detail the dynamic change process of the abovementioned indicators throughout the experimental period and observed that the dynamic change process of soil Cd activity could be described as a trend of first decreasing and then gradually increasing throughout the rice reproductive period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of glucosinolates (GLS) in rapeseed cake (RSC) on nitrogen (N) metabolism and urine nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in steers. In trial 1, 8 steers and 4 levels of RSC, i.e. 0%, 2.7%, 5.4% and 8.0% dry matter (DM) (0, 6.0, 12.1, 18.1 μmol GLS/g DM) were allocated in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. In trial 2, the static incubation technique was used for measuring the N2O emissions of the urine samples collected from trial 1. The results of trial 1 indicated that dietary inclusion of RSC decreased the digested N and increased the fecal N excretion (P 0.10). Dietary inclusion of RSC decreased the urinary excretion of urea while it increased allantoin, total purine derivatives, the predicted rumen microbial N flow and thiocyanate (SCN) (P

The tea root system plays a key role in the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. The effect of integrated fertilizers (Control (CK) (no fertilizers), 100% NPK, 100% NPK withbiochar (NPK + B), 50% NPK with 50% rapeseed cake (NPK + RC), and 100% rapeseed cake (RC))on alterations in root growth characteristics and soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, NUE, and biomass production of tea (Longjing 43) was studied in an Alfisol at the greenhouse of the China Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, during 2020–2021. The results showed that the conjunctive application of mineral fertilizers with rapeseed cake (NPK + RC) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reductions in soil penetration resistance (14.8%) and bulk density (8.7%) and improvement in porosity (9.9%) compared to the control. NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%). The combinedapplication of RC and NPK fertilizer significantly decreased the specific root surface area (137%) and specific root length (66.8%) compared to the control. Root, stem, leaves, and total biomass were improved by integrated fertilization compared to the control and mineral fertilization. The nutrient content (N,P,K), nutrient uptake, NUE, nutrient uptake per root length, volume, and surface area of tea plants under NPK + RC and NPK + B were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RC and CK. Therefore, the integrated use of rapeseed cake with mineral fertilization in Alfisol should be practiced in tea plantations to improve soil physical environment, root proliferation and root CEC, nutrient uptake, and NUE and achieve higher tea biomass production through the efficient exploitation of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed cake is a by-product of rapeseed oil separation. The nutritional components of rapeseed cake mainly include a variety of carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals. In order to improve the conversion rate of rapeseed cake, we studied the physicochemical properties, the structure of microbial communities, and the composition of metabolites in rapeseed cake after enzymatic fermentation. The results showed that the addition of enzymatic preparation increased microbial diversity. The relative abundance of Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Empedobacter, Debaryomyces, Hyphopichia, and Komagataella in enzymatic fermentation was significantly higher than that in natural fermentation. Unlike natural fermentation, microbial diversity during enzymatic fermentation is specific, which improves the efficiency of fermentation. Otherwise, enzymatic fermentation promotes the conversion of macromolecular substances in rapeseed cake, which increases small metabolites, such as fatty acids, organic acids, amino acids and their derivatives. The metabolite enrichment pathway is mostly concentrated in sugar metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. In conclusion, after adding enzymatic preparation, enzymes and microorganisms jointly promote the transformation of macromolecules during the fermentation of rapeseed cake, which laid a good foundation for further utilization of rapeseed cake.

We investigated the influence of cryogenic grinding on the quality of rapeseed cake. Rapeseed cake is a good source of valuable proteins (30%) and oil (14%), with a balanced fatty acid composition and a fair amount of sterols, which may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the presence of antinutritive compounds prevents its use as a food source. Grinding under cryogenic conditions is much more efficient than grinding at room temperature in terms of particle size reduction. The additional cryogenic grinding of the cake had little effect on the nutritional components, as phytosterols and soluble dietary fiber increased slightly. It had no effect on insoluble dietary fiber, polyphenols, and tannins. Prolonged grinding time, both at room and subzero temperatures, reduced the total amount of glucosinolates by 34 and 43%, respectively. However, the reduction in undesirable components is not sufficient to use cryogenic grinding as the sole treatment for the cake, but it could be a good pretreatment for chemical or biological treatments.

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important from a techno-economic perspective to understand the challenges associated with developing scalable processes to extract functional proteins from rapeseed cake for applications as functional food ingredients. One of these challenges is to develop a better understanding of the link between upstream mechanical processing of the rapeseed cake and the yield of extracted protein. An initial trial with cold pressed rapeseed cake (CPR) indicated that wet milling had no impact on protein yield. Measurement of protein yields with the Bradford assay indicated that 14% would be recovered. The total protein recovered (5.4% by Kjeldahl analysis) contained a glucosinolate and phytate content that was similar to the rapeseed cake at the start of the process. The fate of the protein extraction was followed during a pilot scale trial with hot-pressed rapeseed cake (HPR), using only stirring followed by sieving, revealing an increase in protein yields, as determined by the Bradford assay, from 8.0% at the start to 22.6% at the end of processing In addition, only 16% of HPR was solubilized. A similar pilot scale trial with HPR using wet milling and stirring followed by decanting also showed an increase in protein concentration from 15.3% at the start to 23.7% at the end of processing, In addition, 38% of HPR was solubilized. This study provides an insight into what the effect of upstream mechanical processing (wet milling) has in releasing protein from rapeseed cake in order to improve process efficiency. This could have important consequences for upscaling and commercial extraction of rapeseed cake protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Vegetable oils are yearly produced in large amounts generating solid by‐products, the oilseed cake (OC). OCs are lignocellulosic materials that have been used for animal feed with some limitations due to high fibre content from the plant cell walls. Biotechnological processes can help to overcome these limitations and contribute to up‐grading such by‐products, enhancing their nutritional value as feed ingredients. RESULTS: All fungal species were able to decrease neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in all by‐products. Additionally, relevant enzymes were produced by the three fungi studied resulting in an improved antioxidant capacity of all fermented OCs. Aspergillus niger led to the highest activity of cellulase (109 U g−1), xylanase (692 U g−1) and protease (157 U g−1) per dry OC matter and to the recovery of an extract rich in antioxidants, with the highest scavenging potential of free radicals and superoxide anion, iron chelation ability and reducing power. Rhyzopus oryzae produced the highest activity of β‐glucosidase (503 U g−1) and led to the highest liberation of total phenolic content (TPC). Principal components analysis showed that extracts with high antioxidant potential were obtained in solid‐state fermentation (SSF) with high enzymatic activity. A positive correlation was established between the action of β‐glucosidase and TPC. CONCLUSION: Within the same bioprocess it was possible to improve the nutritional value of OCs and to obtain relevant bioactive compounds such as lignocellulosic enzymes and phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential, resulting in a significant improvement of already valuable by‐products with commercial interest for animal feed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, gas production from mixed anaerobic fermentation of rapeseed cake and sheep manure at low temperature (15.2–17.8 °C) was investigated in Qinghai rural household biogas digesters to understand the temporal dynamics of key microbial populations involved in fermentations. Different raw material ratios resulted in significantly different effects on biogas yields and microbial community compositions over 40 days. When the dry weight ratio of sheep manure to rapeseed cake was 1:2, the highest level of cumulative gas production was observed (122.92 m3·t−1). Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla among the 29 digester samples (total relative abundances > 79.23%), followed by Synergistetes (4.09–10.7%). Lactobacillus was the most abundant genus in the biogas digesters with high rapeseed cake contents (average relative abundances: 14.68%), while Peptoniphilus exhibited higher abundances (12.69%) in the mixed treatments. In addition, unclassified Synergistaceae abundances (6.64%) were positively associated with biogas production variation among treatments. Bacteroides (5.74%) and Pseudomonas (5.24%) both accounted for larger proportions of communities in the digesters that used more sheep manure. Methanomicrobiales (66.55%) was the most dominant archaeal group among digesters, with Methanogenium (41.82%) and Methanoculleus (16.55%) representing the main gas-producing archaeal genera; they were more abundant in biogas digesters with higher sheep manure contents and higher rapeseed cake contents, respectively. VFAs and pH were the main factors associated with differences in microbial communities among the 29 samples. Specifically, VFA concentrations were positively correlated with Lactobacillus, Methanoculleus and Methanothrix abundances, while pH was positively correlated with Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, and Methanobacterium abundances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of downstream processing steps, lipid removal by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) or hexane and extraction pH on the properties of proteins extracted from rapeseed cake were investigated. The extraction pH was optimised by analysing the soluble protein profile at pH 2–11 and its effects were visualised using 1D electrophoresis. Two extraction conditions, pH 4 and pH 8, were selected for their capacity to preferentially extract the storage proteins and a wider distribution of proteins, respectively. A bottom-up proteomic analysis of the pH 8 extract identified partial matches to antimicrobial peptides from defensin-like protein 1 (DEF1) and the potential for large numbers of antihypertensive and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides, previously associated with reductions in hypertension. The pH 4 and pH 8 protein extracts performed differently in the physical functionality tests. The pH 4 extracts had higher foaming capacity and stability but lower emulsion stability compared with the pH 8 extracts. Overall, the lipid removal technique used did not significantly affect the properties of proteins extracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Rapeseed cake (RSC), as the intermediate by-product of oil extraction from the seeds of Brassica napus, can be converted into rapeseed meal (RSM) by solvent extraction to remove oil. However, compared with RSM, RSC has been rarely used as a raw material for microbial fermentation, although both RSC and RSM are mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using untreated low-cost RSC as nitrogen source to produce the valuable cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CX-20 in submerged fermentation. Especially, the effect of oil in RSC on iturin A production and the possibility of using lipases to improve the iturin A production were analyzed in batch fermentation. Results The maximum production of iturin A was 0.82 g/L at the optimal initial RSC and glucose concentrations of 90 and 60 g/L, respectively. When RSC was substituted with RSM as nitrogen source based on equal protein content, the final concentration of iturin A was improved to 0.95 g/L. The production of iturin A was further increased by the addition of different lipase concentrations from 0.1 to 5 U/mL into the RSC medium for simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation. At the optimal lipase concentration of 0.5 U/mL, the maximal production of iturin A reached 1.14 g/L, which was 38.15% higher than that without any lipase supplement. Although rapeseed oil and lipase were firstly shown to have negative effects on iturin A production, and the effect would be greater if the concentration of either was increased, their respective negative effects were reduced when used together. Conclusions Appropriate relative concentrations of lipase and rapeseed oil were demonstrated to support optimal iturin A production. And simultaneous hydrolysis with lipase and fermentation was an effective way to produce iturin A from RSC using B. amyloliquefaciens CX-20.

Abstract The optimal extraction conditions of rapeseed cake oil using subcritical R134a/butane were established by response surface methodology. The quality of subcritical R134a/butane extraction oil (SRBEO) was compared with supercritical CO2 extraction oil (SCO2EO) and hexane extraction oil (HXEO). The results showed the highest extraction yield obtained by subcritical R134a/butane in the condition of R134a‐butane ratio of 1.5 kg/kg, at 45°C for 50 min. Compared with SCO2EO and HXEO, the extraction yield and β‐carotene content of SRBEO (87.76%, 357.21 μg/100g) were the highest. The content of phospholipids and canolol in SRBEO (3.01 mg/g, 118.51 mg/100 g) was higher than SCO2EO (not detected, 95.82 mg/100 g) and less than HXEO (25.78 mg/g, 131.85 mg/100 g). The tocopherols in SRBEO were equivalent to SCO2EO but phytosterol content of SRBEO (560.19 mg/100 g) was less than SCO2EO (591.40 mg/100 g). For fatty acids, the three extraction oils had slight difference. Thus, subcritical R134a/butane extraction appeared to be feasible for rapeseed cake oil extraction.

Two trials were carried out to study the effects of copper sulphate (CuSO4) on detoxifying glucosinolates (GLS) in rapeseed cake (RSC) and compare the effects of feeding CuSO4‐treated and untreated RSC on nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) metabolism in steers. In Trial 1, different concentrations of CuSO4 solution (1.6 vs. 3.2 g CuSO4·5H2O L−1), soaking temperatures (25 vs. 60°C) and drying methods (air drying at 60°C vs. freeze drying) were allocated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in vitro. In Trial 2, six steers and dietary inclusions of untreated RSC (control), CuSO4‐treated RSC and CuSO4‐added RSC were assigned in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. CuSO4 treatment in vitro decreased the contents of GLS and thiocyanate (TC) in RSC (p < 0.001). The total amount of GLS and TC decreased by 62.7–68.5% for all treatments. The animal trial showed that CuSO4‐treated RSC inclusion decreased ruminal concentration of valerate (p < 0.01), whereas it did not affect ruminal pH, ammonia N and total volatile fatty acids. Compared with the control, feeding CuSO4‐treated or CuSO4‐added RSC had no effect on plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, N excretion and N retention. CuSO4‐treated RSC tended to increase neutral detergent fibre digestibility (p = 0.072) and urinary excretion of urea (p = 0.056). Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (p = 0.076) and rumen microbial N supply (p = 0.084) tended to decrease when feeding CuSO4‐treated RSC versus control. TC was found to be the only metabolite of GLS in rumen fluid, plasma and urine. It was feasible to detoxify GLS in RSC using low CuSO4 at room temperature. However, feeding CuSO4‐treated or CuSO4‐added RSC had minor effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion and N metabolism in steers. CuSO4 treatment on RSC for feeding steers seems to be unnecessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil biodisinfestation is the process generated after the incorporation of organic amendments followed by a plastic cover to control soilborne diseases. Among organic amendments, the use of agricultural by-products could be an interesting alternative as it promotes circular economy. In this study, beer bagasse and defatted rapeseed cake together with fresh cow manure were incorporated into the soil (1.5, 0.5, and 20 kg/m2, fresh weight, respectively) to assess their capacity to reduce disease incidence caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in protected lettuce crops and develop suppressive soils. The trial was conducted in a commercial greenhouse for 7 weeks during which temperature was continuously recorded at three different soil depths (15, 30, and 45 cm). Short- and long-term effects were assessed: before treatment, after treatment, after first crop post-treatment and one year post-treatment. Disease incidence and changes in nematode community structure were analyzed along with microbiological properties and general physicochemical parameters. After biodisinfestation, microbiological activity significantly increased in the treated soils and changes in the nematode community structure were detected in detriment of M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes. These effects were more apparent after the first crop post-treatment than right after biodisinfestation. In the first crop after biodisinfestation, lettuce yield increased in the treated plots and root galling indices were significantly lower. One year after treatment, differences between treatments could be observed in the incidence of the damage caused by M. incognita that remained lower in the treated plots. In this trial, the addition of beer bagasse and rapeseed cake along with fresh manure in biodisinfestation treatment demonstrated nematicidal effects against M. incognita. Moreover, we suggest that the compounds released during the degradation of these by-products and the sub-lethal temperatures achieved in this trial during biodisinfestation (

This trial was conducted to study the effects of dietary rapeseed cake (RSC) containing high glucosinolates (GLS) on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion and the rumen microbial community in steers. Eight growing steers and four rations containing RSC (GLS 226·1 μmol/g DM) at 0·00, 2·65, 5·35 and 8·00 % DM were assigned in a replicate 4 × 4 Latin square design. The results indicated that increasing RSC levels increased the ruminal concentration of thiocyanate (SCN) (P < 0·01), decreased the ruminal concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and the molar proportion of isovalerate (P < 0·05), did not affect the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (P > 0·05), decreased the crude protein (CP) digestibility (P < 0·05) and increased the ether extract (EE) digestibility (P < 0·01). Increasing RSC levels tended to decrease the abundances of ruminal Ruminobacter amylophilus (P = 0·055) and Ruminococcus albus (P = 0·086) but did not affect methanogens, protozoa, fungi and other bacteria (P > 0·05). Increasing RSC levels in the ration did not affect the ruminal bacterial diversity (P > 0·05), but it increased the operational taxonomic units and the bacterial richness (P < 0·05) and affected the relative abundances of some bacteria at the phylum level and genus level (P < 0·05). In conclusion, RSC decreased the ruminal concentration of NH3-N and the CP digestibility, increased the EE digestibility and partly affected the ruminal bacterial community. SCN, as the metabolite of GLS, could be a major factor affecting these indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed is widely cultivated for biodiesel or food-grade oil production. As the oil production process generates huge amounts of wastes and by-products (e.g. oil press cake and meal) that have relatively high crude protein content, valorisation as input material for proteinbased bioplastics has a lot of potential. There is a limited number of studies undertaken on using rapeseed cake directly (without prior protein extraction) for biomaterial production, but the initial results have been very promising. As rape and turnip rapeseeds are also some of the most harvested crops in Estonia, the rapeseed oil press cake as a by-product is also available from local food-grade rapeseed oil production. In this regard, we investigated locally available rapeseed oil press cake for chemical composition and explored suitability for bioplastic production. The results indicate suitability for direct biomaterial production, meaning properties for biomaterial formation could be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal mycelia are versatile, highly productive and sustainable sources for biocomposites to replace conventional plastics. However, with only very few fungal strains that have been characterized, numerous strains still remain unexplored as potential competitors against traditional non-biodegradable materials. Moreover, the functionality of mycelium composites at commonly occurring, challenging ambient conditions such as changing humidity and temperature is not well characterized. Here we evaluated the properties of the fungal composite material produced by novel fungal strains, including Trichoderma asperellum and Agaricus bisporus, grown on oat husk and rapeseed cake after oil pressing. The results showed that the mycelium composites were hydrophobic and strong, particularly when grown on rapeseed cake. A. bisporus grown on rapeseed cake exhibited increased stiffness after humidity was successively increased and decreased. The moisture-resistance of these novel mycelium composites is encouraging for novel sustainable material solutions.

The present study was conducted to investigate how raw rapeseed cake (RRC), hydrobarothermally-treated rapeseed cake (HRC) and fermented rapeseed cake (FRC) fed to laying hens over a period of 12 weeks affected their performance, and the quality, fatty acid (FA) profile and oxidative stability of eggs. A total of 304 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 36 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design to four treatment groups with 38 replicates per treatment and two hens per replicate. The birds had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study. During the experiment, the birds were fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets in mash form, with various protein sources. In the control group (C), soybean meal (SBM) was the main source of dietary protein, whereas the experimental groups were fed diets containing 20% of RRC, HRC or FRC. Hydrobarothermal treatment and fermentation decreased the glucosinolate (GLS) content of RC, and fermentation reduced the concentration of phytate phosphorus (PP). In comparison with the RRC group, layers from the HRC and FRC groups were characterized by higher laying performance, comparable with that in group C. Irrespective of its physical form, RC added to layer diets adversely affected eggshell quality in all experimental groups, whereas albumen quality was highest in the FRC group. In comparison with group C, diets containing RRC, HRC and HRC led to a significant decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), an increase in the proportion of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the total FA pool in egg yolks, and a decrease in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. The inclusion of RRC, HRC and FRC in layer diets decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in egg yolks, relative to group C. Group FCR eggs were characterized by the highest activity of catalase (CAT) and the lowest lipid peroxides LOOH concentration, compared with the remaining groups. The addition of RC to layer diets did not compromise the sensory quality of eggs, and eggs produced in group FRC received the highest overall score. It can be concluded that the inclusion of 20% RRC, HRC and FRC in layer diets does not compromise the sensory quality of eggs and has a beneficial influence on the FA profile and antioxidant potential of egg yolks. The use of FRC is recommended because it contributes to the highest laying performance, superior albumen quality and the highest sensory quality of eggs, relative to RRC and HRC.

Purpose: Tea gardens, being a key agroecosystem type, are an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, main factors that regulate N2O emissions following urea and organic matter amendments have yet to be clarified. Materials and methods: To investigate the influence of different fertilization management measures on N2O emissions in tea garden soil, a 50-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted. Five treatments were designed for this experiment: control (CK), urea (U), rapeseed cake (R), urea + rapeseed cake (2:1, UR1), and urea + rapeseed cake (1:2, UR2). Results and discussion: N2O emission flux in the R treatment peaked at 14.12 μg kg−1 h−1 on day 19, which occurred later than the UR1, UR2, and U treatments. Cumulative N2O emissions from the R and UR2 treatments were 6073 and 4296 μg kg−1, respectively, which were greater by a factor of 11.2 and 7.9, respectively, compared to the U treatment. Moreover, N2O emissions of the UR1 and UR2 treatments were significantly lower than the R treatment. Additionally, N2O emissions were also significantly positively correlated to pH levels and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content. MBC content had the most direct and greatest influence on soil N2O emissions, indicating that MBC could be the key limiting factor for N2O emissions in this experiment. Conclusions: A single application of rapeseed cake caused an increase in N2O emissions, whereas the combined application of rapeseed cake and a synthetic N fertilizer (urea) caused a decrease in N2O emissions. Results from this study offer potential strategies to mitigate soil N2O emissions from tea garden agroecosystems through improved field fertilization management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of using feed containing 5, 10, 12.5, and 15% rapeseed cake on broiler chickens of the Habbard F-15 cross. The aim of this work was to establish the efficiency of feed with different levels of cake derived from the Podmoskovny variety of spring rapeseed of a new generation bred by the Williams Federal Scientific Center for Fodder Production and Agroecology in feeding of broiler chickens. Feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain of broilers in the experimental groups were reduced. The digestibility of the main nutrients when 5 and 10% rapeseed cake was included in the feed compared with the control did not differ much, except for fiber, and the average daily increase in live weight of broiler chickens increased by 1.6 and 2.0%. An increase in the content of rapeseed cake in the feed to 12.5 and 15.0% led to a decrease in the main zootechnical and economic indicators for growing young poultry. It is recommended to include the cake obtained from the Podmoskovny variety of rapeseed bred by the Williams Federal Scientific Center for Fodder Production and Agroecology in the compound feed for broiler chickens in an amount of 10% by weight. This content of rapeseed cake contributes to an increase in the live weight of young animals by 2.0%, an increase in the efficiency of feed use by 2.7%, and an increase in the European productivity index by 22 units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increase in energy demand and limited sources of fossil fuels force the world's population to seek new energy sources Biodiesel obtained by transesterification of oils with an alcohol in the presence of catalysts is an example of renewable fuel. The aim of the study was to assess the best conditions for enzymatic biodiesel synthesis by direct transesterification of rapeseed cake using Taguchi method. The influence of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol), temperature (30–60 °C), C. antarctica lipase B concentration (0.5–2 %), time (6–48 h) and rapeseed cake to alcohol ratio (1:2–1:5) was examined in the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters. Optimum conditions for direct enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed cake are: 30 °C, 12 h, 0.5 % of lipase and ethanol in 4:1 ratio to rapeseed cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapeseed cake (RSC), as the intermediate by-product of oil extraction from the seeds of Brassica napus, can be converted into rapeseed meal (RSM) by solvent extraction to remove oil. However, compared with RSM, RSC has been rarely used as a raw material for microbial fermentation, although both RSC and RSM are mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using untreated low-cost RSC as nitrogen source to produce the valuable cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CX-20 in submerged fermentation. Especially, the effect of oil in RSC on iturin A production and the possibility of using lipases to improve the iturin A production were analyzed in batch fermentation. Results: The maximum production of iturin A was 0.82 g/L at the optimal initial RSC and glucose concentrations of 90 and 60 g/L, respectively. When RSC was substituted with RSM as nitrogen source based on equal protein content, the final concentration of iturin A was improved to 0.95 g/L. The production of iturin A was further increased by the addition of different lipase concentrations from 0.1 to 5 U/mL into the RSC medium for simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation. At the optimal lipase concentration of 0.5 U/mL, the maximal production of iturin A reached 1.14 g/L, which was 38.15% higher than that without any lipase supplement. Although rapeseed oil and lipase were firstly shown to have negative effects on iturin A production, and the effect would be greater if the concentration of either was increased, their respective negative effects were reduced when used together. Conclusions: Appropriate relative concentrations of lipase and rapeseed oil were demonstrated to support optimal iturin A production. And simultaneous hydrolysis with lipase and fermentation was an effective way to produce iturin A from RSC using B. amyloliquefaciens CX-20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of including 15% of raw or fermented rapeseed cake (RRC or FRC) in turkey diets on growth performance, carcass traits, and breast meat characteristics. A total of 1,350 day-old female Hybrid Converter turkeys were allocated to 3 dietary treatments (9 replicates per treatment and 50 birds each) and fed complete isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. In the control group, soybean meal was the main source of dietary protein, whereas the experimental groups were fed diets containing 15% of RRC or FRC. The fermentation of rapeseed cake reduced the content of glucosinolates and phytate-phosphorus. In comparison with RRC, turkeys receiving FRC achieved significantly higher final BW, comparable with that noted in the control group. The experimental factor had no effect on carcass dressing percentage or carcass fat content, whereas turkeys fed diets containing rapeseed cake were characterized by lower relative weight of breast muscles and higher relative gizzard weight. The muscles of birds from groups RRC and FRC had also significantly lower cholesterol concentration. In comparison with control diet, diets RRC and FRC contributed to a significant decrease in the levels of saturated fatty acids and an increase in the share of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total fatty acid pool in breast meat. The highest concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the most desirable n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio were noted in the breast muscles of RRC group turkeys. Both RRC and FRC reduced catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased the malondialdehyde content of muscle tissue. In conclusion, the replacement of RRC with FRC in diets led to an increase in the final BW of turkeys, but it had no influence on carcass quality and the majority of meat quality traits. The inclusion of rapeseed products in turkey diets positively affected meat quality, improving the fatty acid profile and antioxidant status, but it also decreased the yield of breast muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal extraction conditions of rapeseed cake oil using subcritical R134a/butane were established by response surface methodology. The quality of subcritical R134a/butane extraction oil (SRBEO) was compared with supercritical CO2 extraction oil (SCO2EO) and hexane extraction oil (HXEO). The results showed the highest extraction yield obtained by subcritical R134a/butane in the condition of R134a‐butane ratio of 1.5 kg/kg, at 45°C for 50 min. Compared with SCO2EO and HXEO, the extraction yield and β‐carotene content of SRBEO (87.76%, 357.21 μg/100g) were the highest. The content of phospholipids and canolol in SRBEO (3.01 mg/g, 118.51 mg/100 g) was higher than SCO2EO (not detected, 95.82 mg/100 g) and less than HXEO (25.78 mg/g, 131.85 mg/100 g). The tocopherols in SRBEO were equivalent to SCO2EO but phytosterol content of SRBEO (560.19 mg/100 g) was less than SCO2EO (591.40 mg/100 g). For fatty acids, the three extraction oils had slight difference. Thus, subcritical R134a/butane extraction appeared to be feasible for rapeseed cake oil extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was performed on 60 crossbred weaners with average initial body weight (BW) of 22 kg. The animals were divided into 4 groups, with 15 animals (10 males and 5 females) per group, based on the percentage content of the following components in complete diets: soybean meal, toasted full-fat soybeans, cold-pressed rapeseed cake with increased oil content, extruded rapeseed cake with increased oil content. The growth performance of pigs, carcass characteristics, meat quality and the fatty acid profile of depot fat were determined. The pigs fed complete diets containing toasted soybeans had higher average daily gain (ADG). The animals receiving cold-pressed rapeseed cake were characterised by lower ADG and higher FCR. The carcasses of pigs fed diets containing cold-pressed rapeseed cake and extruded rapeseed cake had lower lean content than the carcasses of pigs administered toasted soybeans. The analysed feedstuffs had no effect on back-fat thickness or meat quality. Cold-pressed and extruded rapeseed cake contributed to changes in the fatty acid profile of backfat, including an increase in the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and a more desirable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. The extrusion processing of rapeseed cake decreased the content of lysine and methionine with cystine by approximately 4%, and reduced total glucosinolate content by approximately 17%. The inclusion of toasted soybeans in pig diets contributed to higher BW gain and carcass dressing percentage. Rapeseed cake with increased oil content led to desirable changes in the fatty acid profile of backfat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass pyrolysis semi-coke (PC) is a refractory byproduct of biomass refinery system, and its efficient downstream disposal is of significance to improve the bioenergy utilization efficiency. Herein, we proposed an environmentally friendly co-combustion strategy to explore the synergistic conversion of PC with agricultural waste rapeseed cake (RC). The co-combustion interaction, kinetics, prediction and emission responses were determined through principal component analysis (PCA), multiple distributed activation energy model (M-DAEM), artificial neural network (ANN) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis. The results indicated that the P/R (mixed) ratio in 1:1 strengthened the reaction rate for main incineration stage, whereas lower P/R ratio advanced the peak temperature and cooperated with temperature range in 730–790 K to facilitate co-combustion synergies. The prediction of the kinetic distribution under all mixed ratios was successfully conducted (R2 = 0.999863) through M-DAEM coupling with ANN, from which the activation energy distribution centers E 0 and standard deviation σ were in the ranges of 115.23–270.84 kJ/mol and 2.89–42.11 kJ/mol, respectively. Co-combustion resulted in centralized activation energy distribution, and successfully lowered the reaction energy barriers while augmenting the instantaneous energy release. Meanwhile, the temperature dependency responses of flue gas were varied significantly as a function of mixed ratios and temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is focuses on a sustainable agricultural ecosystem for soil fertility and human health improvement. To estimate the effects of applying organic amendments (compost, vermicompost, biochar, organic manure and rapeseed cake) on crop growth of maize and nutrient uptake in calcareous soil, eleven treatments were studied, which included compost (CM), cow manure vermicompost (CMV), pig manure vermicompost (PMV), biochar vermicompost (BCV), biochar (BC), conventional synthetic fertilizers (NPK), CMV in addition to NPK (CMV + NPK), and PMV in addition to NPK (PMV + NPK), organic manure (OM), rapeseed cake (RC) and control without any fertilization (CK). Maize above and belowground biomass were analyzed in glass greenhouse experiments. The results showed that nitrogen and carbon contents showed significant differences among treatments. Vermicompost significantly showed higher biomass as compared to inorganic fertilizers except for RC. All vermicompost treatments also showed better nutrient availability as compared to NPK and CK. In conclusion, vermicompost with all substrates are recommended for application as organic fertilizers. Our study will help promote the application of organic fertilizers alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers rather than only inorganic fertilizers for environmental health and sustainability.