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Direct imaging of semi-solid lipids, such as myelin, is of great interest as a noninvasive biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the short T2 relaxation times of semi-solid lipid protons hamper direct detection through conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequences. In this study, we examined whether a three-dimensional ultrashort echo time (3D UTE) sequence can directly acquire signals from membrane lipids. Membrane lipids from red blood cells (RBC) were collected from commercially available blood as a general model of the myelin lipid bilayer and subjected to D2O exchange and freeze-drying for complete water removal. Sufficiently high MR signals were detected with the 3D UTE sequence, which showed an ultrashort T2* of ∼77-271 µs and a short T1 of ∼189 ms for semi-solid RBC membrane lipids. These measurements can guide designing UTE-based sequences for direct in vivo imaging of membrane lipids.

The membrane fluidity increases induced by popular anesthetic agents (propofol, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and ketamine/xylazine) were measured at the clinical and supra-clinical concentrations in red blood cell (RBC) membrane as well as four model membranes. Membrane fluidity changes were monitored using the excimer/monomer (E/M) ratio of dipyrene-PC and fluorescence anisotropies of DPH-PC and TMA-DPH. Propofol, sevoflurane and isoflurane increased membrane fluidity instantaneously. The largest increase occurs in membranes made of saturated lipids. RBCs were labeled with TMA-DPH, and the increase in membrane fluidity at clinical concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane was more than that induced by ten times the legal limit of alcohol in human blood. However, membrane fluidity was essentially unchanged by ketamine/xylazine up to 210 µM. These results strongly correlate with our recent in vivo experiments and reveal a clear connection between increasing membrane fluidity in model membranes, increasing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability in mice, and inducing effective anesthesia in animals. Interestingly, at the most commonly used clinical concentrations, the membrane fluidity increases induced by propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane were very similar, despite the fact that different categories of anesthetics were used and their chemical concentrations were different by 100 times. This indicates that at clinical concentrations of these anesthetics, a similar level of membrane disruption at the BBB is achieved. Thus, our results strongly support the lipid hypothesis of the mechanism of general anesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria, an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium—including the most lethal species, Plasmodium falciparum—alters the physicochemical properties of host red blood cells, including their intrinsic autofluorescence after infecting them. This exploratory study aims to investigate the possibility of using autofluorescence as a method for detecting infection in red blood cells. The autofluorescence spectra of uninfected and in vitro infected red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum were monitored and compared across an excitation wavelength range of 255 to 630 nm. Principal Component Analysis revealed that only two wavelengths (315 and 320 nm), previously undocumented, were able to accurately differentiate infected from uninfected red blood cells, showing an increase in autofluorescence in the ultraviolet and blue regions. This phenomenon is hypothetically associated with the presence of natural fluorophores such as tryptophan, FAD, NADH, porphyrins, and lipopigments. To classify the samples, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was employed, and Wilks' Lambda test confirmed that the discriminant function was significant, enabling correct classification of samples in more than 91% of cases. Overall, our results support the potential use of autofluorescence as an effective approach for detecting malaria parasite infection in red blood cells, with the possibility of implementation in portable devices for rapid field diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the structural deviation of four Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants viz., Orissa, Kalyan-Kerala, Mahidol and A+ detected in Northeast Indian population and to assess the probable efficacy of natural antioxidants to combat G6PD deficiency associated challenges. G6PD deficiency caused by mutations in the g6pd gene, results in hemolysis of the Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs) under oxidative stress. Over sixty years have passed since the identification of G6PD-associated enzymopathy; nonetheless, a treatment for the deficiency remains unavailable. Thus, the potential of natural antioxidants as a remedial agent against these variants were evaluated in silico. The three dimensional (3D) structures of the variants were modeled and validated. Molecular docking of variants with the natural antioxidants was performed using AutoDock Vina, wherein the binding affinities with G6PD Orissa, Kalyan-Kerala, Mahidol and A+ ranged between -5.2 to -9.2 kcal/mol, -5.1 to -9.8 kcal/mol, -5.2 to -9.4 kcal/mol and -5.0 to -10.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Drug-likeness and toxicity analyses were done using SwissADME and ProTox-II, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation of the variants and the variant-antioxidant complexes done using GROMACS showed best fit in Orissa-Myricetin, Kalyan-Kerala-Apigenin, Mahidol-Catechin, and A+-Diadzen. Kalyan-Kerala-Apigenin was observed to have the least deviation compared to WT G6PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laboratory measurements of trace elements such as magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in red blood cells (RBCs) are essential for assessing nutritional status and diagnosing metal toxicity. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an ICP-MS method for quantifying these elements in RBCs. Methods: Packed RBCs were aliquoted and diluted in an alkaline diluent solution containing internal standards, 0.1 % Triton X-100, 0.1 % EDTA, and 1 % ammonium hydroxide. The resulting diluted specimen was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to quantitatively determine the levels of Mg, Cu, and Zn. The method underwent validation for accuracy, precision, method comparison, linearity, analytical sensitivity, and carryover. Additionally, retrospective data were analyzed, and non-parametric reference intervals were calculated. Results: Accuracy and linearity fell within the expected range of ≤±15 % for all analytes. Within-run, between-run, and total imprecision were ≤15 % coefficient of variation. All other validation experiments met the established acceptance criteria. Retrospective data analysis was conducted on patient samples using the method. The application of Tukey’s HSD test for multiple comparisons revealed statistically significant mean differences (p

Huifang Huang,1,&ast; Kunhai Wu,2,&ast; Gaoxiang Deng,3 Yuqin Zhang3 1Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 2Blood Transfusion Department, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 3Blood Transfusion Department, Fujian Children’s Hospital (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center), College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Kunhai Wu, Blood Transfusion Department, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China, Tel +0086-13906921205, Email 315084702@qq.comPurpose: Blood transfusions are performed in small amounts in premature infants. Few studies have focused on the effect of the same red blood cell (RBC) package at different intervals on increasing hemoglobin(Hb) concentration. We aimed to determine the effect of infusion of the same RBC package at different time intervals on Hb levels in premature infants.Patients and Methods: Data were collected about premature infants who received the same package of RBC transfusion at two different intervals. Venous blood Hb levels before and within 24 hours after transfusion were measured for the first and second transfusions. Overall, 196 premature infants with anemia were included in the study. The data were categorized into four groups (Group I, Group II, Group III and Group IV) based on the varying intervals between transfusions of the same red blood cells.Results: Hb levels of the first and second transfusions with the same RBC package showed a significant difference pre and posttransfusion. Hb increments varied among groups: Group I (43.00 g/L), Group II (34.50 g/L), Group III (32.00 g/L), and Group IV (32.50 g/L), with Group I demonstrating a significant difference compared to Groups II, III, and IV (P< 0.05), while no differences were noted among the latter groups.Conclusion: In premature infants with anemia, hemoglobin levels significantly increased after infusion of the same RBC package at different intervals. An interval of 1 week had the most significant effect.What is New: There are differences in the effect of infusion of the same RBC at different time intervals on hemoglobin levels in premature infants. An interval of 1 week had the most significant effect.Keywords: preterm infants, interval time, transfusion, hemoglobin, RBC

Omega-3 fatty acids reduce triglycerides and have several positive effects on different organs and systems. They are also found in the plasma membrane in variable amounts in relation to genetics and diet. However, it is still unclear whether omega-3 supplementation can reduce the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MACEs). Two trials, REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial), with highly purified EPA, and STRENGTH (Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs. Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk), with a combination of EPA and DHA, have produced different outcomes, triggering a scientific debate on possible explanations for the discrepancies. Furthermore, doubts have arisen as to the anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregating activity of these compounds. Recent studies have, however, highlighted interesting effects of EPA and DHA on erythrocyte membrane fluidity (EMF). EMF is governed by a complex and dynamic biochemical framework, with fatty acids playing a central role. Furthermore, it can be easily measured in erythrocytes from a blood sample using fluorescent probes. Recent research has also shown that EMF could act as a possible cardiovascular risk factor biomarker. This review aims to synthetize the latest evidence on erythrocyte membrane fluidity, exploring its potential role as a biomarker of residual cardiovascular risk and discussing its clinical relevance. Further, we aim to dissect the possible biological mechanisms that link omega-3 modifiable membrane fluidity to cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Haematological parameters have been used for a long time for clinical evaluations, however the dynamics of these parameters has not been studied at length, in healthy populations. We aim to understand the dependence of haematological parameters on human physiotypes. Design and Methods: Using an age and gender restricted healthy human (male) population (n = 100), we attempt to analyse the dynamics of haemoglobin and red blood cells, with reference to age, height and weight of individuals. Using advanced generalised additive modelling and classical hierarchical structural analysis we aim to establish relationships between these parameters and human physiotypes. Results: We demonstrate that definitive relationships can be established for number of red blood cells, haemoglobin levels, RDW‐CV, RDW‐SD and weight, height and age of individuals. Conclusion: This study provides a proof of principle, that haematological parameters are dependent on physiotypic variation, within the normal ranges in a healthy population. It may also be noted that there is a definitive influence of height, weight and age on normal ranges and stratification by these factors might therefore make reference intervals narrower, in turn, possibly allowing more precise clinical decisions based on the complete blood count (CBC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nanomedicine, efficiency of nano-medical drugs requires basic study of interactions between nanoparticles and red blood cell (RBC). The mechanical properties of RBC are important for blood microcirculation, which may get affected by nanoparticles. The main focus of the study is to probe gold nanoparticles (AuNP) interaction with single RBC using optical tweezer technique. AuNPs were selected due to their wide application in nanomedicine. In the present work, RBCs were suspended in the controlled volume of AuNP solution at different nanoparticle concentrations and incubated at 37 °C for different time periods. After the incubation, mechanical properties of RBC were investigated using single-beam optical tweezer. Additional information about RBC-AuNP interaction was obtained by UV-visible spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Optical tweezer measurements results demonstrated that force required to trap RBC increases with increase in concentration of AuNP. Up to 40 nM concentration of AuNP, there were no significant effects on Soret band (409–413 nm), oxygenation state, and deformability properties of RBC. Folding time (the time required to trap the RBC completely when the trapping laser switches on) and unfolding time (the time required to recover the initial shape of RBC after the trapping laser switches off) of RBC did not change in the presence of AuNP. The UV-visible and Raman spectroscopy data are complementing with the optical trapping results. Gold nanoparticles do not affect the physiology of RBC up to 40 nM concentration of AuNP. Optical tweezer provides real-time insight which is a useful tool in nanomedicine, nanorobotic, and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Material and Methods Results Conclusions Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a congenital haemolytic disorder, resulting from plasma membrane protein deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs). Typical pathological signs are anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly; in newborns, jaundice is the main symptom.This study focused on the state of art about the HS diagnosis, from traditional to innovative methods, including diagnostic algorithms that can be applied for pediatric and adult patients, for different laboratory diagnostic levels.The first erythrocyte parameters used for HS diagnosis were the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW); nowadays new parameters are used in blood cell counter. Advia analyzers (Siemens Medical Solutions) supply the hyper‐dense cell percentage (% Hyper), which reflects the red blood cells hyperchromia. Sysmex instruments (i.e. XT‐4000i, XE‐5000, XN‐Series) provide the MicroR, that is the percentage of erythrocytes smaller than 60 fL, Hypo‐He, which is the percentage of erythrocytes with a content of hemoglobin less than 17 pg and % Hyper‐He, which represents the percentage of RBC with cellular hemoglobin content higher than 49 pg. CELL‐DYN Sapphire (Abbott Diagnostics) introduced the HPR parameter (% HPR), which represents the erythrocytes with hemoglobin > 410 g/L. Beckman Coulter instruments supply the mean sphered corpuscular volume (MSCV), which is the average volume of all erythrocytes, including mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes. Other reference tests for screening and diagnosis of HS are the acidified glycerol lysis test (AGLT), the eosin‐5‐maleimide (EMA) binding test and genetic testing by next‐generation sequencing.The diagnostic workup of hereditary spherocytosis could be improved thanks to all the available tests, including new molecular tools. However, it requires synergy between clinicians and laboratory staff, evaluating clinical manifestations, all available data related to the disease and the prognosis to fill the diagnostic gaps in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tRNA-derived fragments function as markers in addition to playing the key role of signalling molecules in a number of disorders. It is known that the repertoire of these molecules differs greatly in different cell types and varies depending on the physiological condition. The aim of our research was to compare the pattern of tRF expression in the main blood cell types and to determine how the composition of these molecules changes during COVID-19-induced cytokine storms. Erythrocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils from control donors and patients with severe COVID-19 were obtained by fluorescence sorting. We extracted RNA from FACS-sorted cells and performed NGS of short RNAs. The composition of tRNA-derived fragments was analysed by applying a semi-custom bioinformatic pipeline. In this study, we assessed the length and type distribution of tRFs and reported the 150 most prevalent tRF sequences across all cell types. Additionally, we demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05, fold change >16) change in the pattern of tRFs in erythrocytes (21 downregulated, 12 upregulated), monocytes (53 downregulated, 38 upregulated) and lymphocytes (49 upregulated) in patients with severe COVID-19. Thus, different blood cell types exhibit a significant variety of tRFs and react to the cytokine storm by dramatically changing their differential expression patterns. We suppose that the observed phenomenon occurs due to the regulation of nucleotide modifications and alterations in activity of various Rnases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core of human resources is the division of labour of enterprise employees. A human resource allocation method based on the E-CARGO model was designed to improve the development potential of enterprises and balance the preferences of managers and the task execution of employees in human resource allocation. This method was used to analyse the preferences of enterprise managers for employees and describe their preferences using the E-CARGO model. Then the OCAT method was used to mine the relationship between the team execution and the preferences of managers to find the balance between the two. The results showed that the experimental Scheme found the balance between the team execution and the preferences of managers. The original experimental scheme found three balance points, the improved scheme found three balance points, and the improved scheme found one balance point and one balance interval. Among the three experimental schemes, the improvement Scheme 1 achieved the highest execution ability and the shortest time. The research successfully analyses the relationship between the team execution and the preferences of managers in enterprise human resource assignment and puts forward a human resource assignment scheme that takes both into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe correlation between white cell count and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains elusive among obese American adults. This study endeavors to elucidate this association.MethodsThis study enrolled 6,580 obese patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Obesity phenotypes were defined by presence/absence of metabolic syndrome components. Weighted multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between white cell count and MHO occurrence. Restricted cubic spline analysis characterized dose–response relationships, and stratified analyses explored these relationships across sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.ResultsIn this study, MHO prevalence is 11.9% among obese adults. The risk of MHO was inversely correlated with WBC [OR (95%): 0.81 (0.76, 0.86), p < 0.001], lymphocytes [OR (95%): 0.56 (0.47, 0.68), p < 0.001], monocytes [OR (95%): 0.41 (0.22, 0.75), p = 0.004], and neutrophils count [OR (95%): 0.82 (0.76, 0.88), p < 0.001]. WBC and neutrophils showed L-shaped associations, while lymphocytes, monocytes, and RBCs had linear patterns. Furthermore, stratified analyses demonstrated blood cell counts consistently predicted MHO risk across subgroups.ConclusionIn this study, we provide novel insights into the association between blood cell count and the presence of MHO among obese individuals. Blood cell count is an accessible biomarker for dynamically tracking the presence of MHO.

Endah Wulandari,1 Rr Ayu Fitri Hapsari2 1Department of Biochemistry, Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta of Medicine Faculty, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia; 2Department of Histology, Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta of Medicine Faculty, South Tangerang, Banten, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Endah Wulandari, Department of Biochemistry, Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta of Medicine Faculty, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, Email endah.wulandari@uinjkt.ac.idPurpose: The main aim of this study was to compare and analyze hematological profiles using menstrual blood, as an alternative to peripheral blood.Patients and Methods: This study used menstrual and peripheral blood samples from women who were menstruating. The design of this research is analytical observational.Results: Menstrual blood can show an overall hematological profile similar to peripheral blood. Data shows the detection of blood component parameters, white blood cells and reticulocytes in MB with a range within and outside normal blood. Data on MB that show higher values (WBC, MCH, MCHC, PLT, RDW-CV, PDW, MPV, P-LCR, PCT, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, reticulocytes, LFR, Ret-He) and lower values lower (RBC, HGB, HCT, MVC, RDW-SD, Eosinophils, IRF, MFR, HFR) when compared with peripheral blood controls. The hematological profiles of Menstrual and peripheral blood showed significant differences (p < 0.01) for several parameters, while several other parameters did not show significant differences (p > 0.05) according to the Wilcoxon test.Conclusion: All hematological profile parameters were detected in menstrual blood. The new concept that menstrual blood can be used as a supporting medium for hematological examinations opens up opportunities for developing independent hematological detection tools in productive women.Keywords: hematological, menstrual blood, peripheral blood, WBC, RBC, reticulocyte

Background and purpose: Thrombus red blood cell (RBC) content has been shown to be a significant factor influencing the efficacy of acute ischemic stroke treatment. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict ischemic stroke thrombus RBC content using multiparametric MR images. Materials and methods: Retrieved stroke thrombi were scanned ex vivo using a three-dimensional multi-echo gradient echo sequence and histologically analyzed. 188 thrombus R2*, quantitative susceptibility mapping and late-echo GRE magnitude image slices were used to train and test a 3-layer CNN through cross-validation. Data augmentation techniques involving input equalization and random image transformation were employed to improve network performance. The network was assessed for its ability to quantitatively predict RBC content and to classify thrombi into RBC-rich and RBC-poor groups. Results: The CNN predicted thrombus RBC content with an accuracy of 62% (95% CI 48–76%) when trained on the original dataset and improved to 72% (95% CI 60–84%) on the augmented dataset. The network classified thrombi as RBC-rich or poor with an accuracy of 71% (95% CI 58–84%) and an area under the curve of 0.72 (95% CI 0.57–0.87) when trained on the original dataset and improved to 80% (95% CI 69–91%) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.73–0.95), respectively, on the augmented dataset. Conclusions: The CNN was able to accurately predict thrombus RBC content using multiparametric MR images, and could provide a means to guide treatment strategy in acute ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Red blood cells and white blood cells are the main cells of blood.These two types of cells have significant differences in number, nucleus, and other intracellular organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and metabolic pathways. Enzymes are important proteins found in these cells. MAPKinase (Mitogen activated protein kinase) superfamily are protein kinases playing key role in phosphorylation of threonine, thyrosine and serine in the enzymes of the family and target proteins during kinase cascades in metabolic pathways of cells. They are found in nucleated cells from unicellular to multicellular. These enzymes have important roles in regulating various processes of eukaryotic cells, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis and in various signaling pathways and gene expression as well. These enzymes are ubiquitously expressed and evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. In mammalian cells, there are three well-known MAPK including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1, 2, 3 (JNK1/2/3) and p38 MAPK α,β,δ,γ ERK, JNK and p38 isoforms are grouped according to their motif, structure and function. ERK 1/2 is related to the response to growth factors, hormones and inflammatory stimuli, while JNK1/2/3 and p38 MAPK α, β, δ, and γ are activated through environmental or cellular stress and inflammatory stimuli. JNK enzyme is activated under stress. JNK pathway has role in apoptosis and cell survival. The presence of JNK is essential for stress-induced mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Cytochrome c together with Apaf activates the initiator caspase 9. If the defect in the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial membrane is likely to cause a defect in the release of pro-apoptotic molecules such Smac/DIABLO, AIF. The aim of the study is to investigate the JNK enzyme level in blood anucleated cell such as RBC compared to nucleated cell like WBC. Materials and Methods: RBCs were isolated from a fresh blood. WBCs (Mononuclear) were separated from blood using Ficoll solution. Their suspensions were prepared in isotonic condition using 0.9 % NaCl. In next step, the number of cells counted by means of cell counter followed by lysis RBCs by ultrasonic homogenizer and lysis of WBCs using ultrasonic bath. Considering that, the presence of hemoglobin following the lysis of RBCs affects the assay of JNK level by ELISA immunoassay technique, hence 6 mM zinc sulfate used to remove the hemoglobin. Two kinds of lysates were centrifuged to separate the lysed cells membranes before assay the level of JNK. Then, the level of JNK in the RBC and WBC lysates were measured using ELISA technique. Results: Regarding that the number of RBCs in sample was 1000 times more than WBCs one per sample volume, but the JNK enzyme level showing 1.72 x10 -2 ng/ml per cell and 6.2 x 10 -6 ng/ml per cell in WBCs and RBCs respectively. As a result, JNK enzyme level in each WBC is 2770 fold more than each RBC. Conclusion: In comparison with WBCs having nuclei and high level of JNK enzyme, RBCs due to losing their nuclei during differentiation from stem cells in bone marrow show low level of JNK enzyme denoting blocking of pathways related to MAPK enzymes. This is an evidence that the absence of nucleus does not support of MAPK family enzyme and related pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acid resistance of erythrocytes of laboratory rats was studied under isolated and complex exposure to lead, cadmium, and zinc ions. It was shown that when exposed to heavy metal ions, there is a shift in erythrograms, an increase in the proportion of low-resistant erythrocytes, and a reduction in hemolysis time. The most significant changes in erythrocyte membranes are observed with the chronic action of Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ ions, and a mixture of heavy metals. It was found that when Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions were exposed to laboratory rats for 30 days, the peak of erythrograms was 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 minutes, respectively. The proportion of erythrocytes subjected to hemolysis at the peaks of erythrograms was significant and about 3 times higher than the control at prolonged exposure to Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions and almost corresponds to the control (36.0%) when exposed to Cd2+ ions. The hemolysis time was significantly reduced: 2.5 minutes at Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions, and 4.5 minutes at Cd2+ ions. It should be noted that by the 30th day of the experiment, all rats that received water with heavy metals had died. Thus, the results obtained indicate significant qualitative changes in the composition of the erythrocyte population of rats exposed to chronic exposure to heavy metal salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At low pH, red blood cells (RBCs) are unable to maintain their disc shape and become stomatocytes. At the same time, at pH 5.0 of a sulphate medium, under conditions of mechanical mixing of the cell suspension, RBCs are partially retransformed into discoid forms, whereas in a chloride medium (pH 5.0) this transformation is observed to a high degree. This indicates that the chloride-binding sites of RBC membranes may be an additional link in the regulation of the shape of RBC under conditions of mechanical action on the cell suspension. The work investigated the change in the RBC shape at a normal pH value (7,4) due to the replacement of Na2SO 4 in the medium with NaCl and recording an increase in the intensity of fluctuations in optical density (OD), as an indicator of an increase in the level of discoid cells (normocytes) in a stirred cell suspension. It has been 3 established that in a medium containing Na2SO4 (110 mmol/l), RBCs are transformed into small stomatocytes within ~20 s. With an increase in NaCl concentration in the range of 15-105 mmol/l, an increase in the level of discoid cells is noted. Increasing the NaCl concentration from 105 to 150 mmol/l, on the contrary, causes a decrease in the level of discoid cells. With the exception of mechanical mixing in a medium with NaCl concentrations of 30-90 mmol/l, RBCs are morphologically stomatocytes. Whereas in a medium containing 150 mmol/l NaCl, RBC are represented by disc-echinocytes and echinocytes. The results obtained show that mechanical mixing of the cell suspension promotes the retransformation of stomatocytic RBCs into discoid forms. The weakening of the retransforming efficiency of mixing with an increase in the NaCl concentration in the medium from 105 to 150 mmol/l and the development of echinocytosis at 150 mmol/l NaCl indicates the existence of 2 types of sites for chloride. Сhloride binding to type 1, at a NaCl concentration in the medium of 15-105 mmol/l, leads to the establishment of discoid forms of RBC. Chloride binding to type 2 sites, at a NaCl concentration in the medium of 105-150 mmol/l, leads to the development of echinocytosis. The retransforming property of mechanical stirring may be associated with a change in the degree of chloride binding to these types of sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of IFRS 17 in 2025 will impact the reporting of insurance contracts and potentially affect the calculation of Risk Based Capital (RBC) for insurance companies. This study evaluates how IFRS 17 affects insurance contract liabilities and solvency ratios in insurance companies, using a sizeable Indonesian life insurance company as a case study. The research covers traditional products, health insurance, and unit-linked products, with findings validated through interviews with actuarial or accounting heads from five other life insurance companies. The study reveals that liabilities for traditional insurance contracts increase, unit-linked product liabilities decrease, and short-term health insurance liabilities remain unchanged. These changes will impact RBC calculations even though IFRS 17 does not alter the inherent business risks of insurance companies. The study recommends that regulators adjust RBC calculations to ensure financial statements accurately reflect insurance companies' financial health and risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilizations of microfluidic chips for single RBC (red blood cell) studies have attracted great interests in recent years to filter, trap, analyze, and release single erythrocytes for various applications. Researchers in this field have highlighted the vast potential in developing micro devices for industrial and academia usages, including lab-on-a-chip and organ-on-a-chip systems. This article critically reviews the current state-of-the-art and recent advances of microfluidics for single RBC analyses, including integrated sensors and microfluidic platforms for microscopic/tomographic/spectroscopic single RBC analyses, trapping arrays (including bifurcating channels), dielectrophoretic and agglutination/aggregation studies, as well as clinical implications covering cancer, sepsis, prenatal, and Sickle Cell diseases. Microfluidics based RBC microarrays, sorting/counting and trapping techniques (including acoustic, dielectrophoretic, hydrodynamic, magnetic, and optical techniques) are also reviewed. Lastly, organs on chips, multi-organ chips, and drug discovery involving single RBC are described. The limitations and drawbacks of each technology are addressed and future prospects are discussed.

Abstract Background The decision to maintain or halt antiplatelet medication in septic patients admitted to intensive care units presents a clinical dilemma. This is due to the necessity to balance the benefits of preventing thromboembolic incidents and leveraging anti-inflammatory properties against the increased risk of bleeding. Methods This study involves a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study focusing on patients diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock. We evaluated the outcomes of 203 patients, examining mortality rates and the requirement for transfusion. The cohort was divided into two groups: those whose antiplatelet therapy was sustained (n = 114) and those in whom it was discontinued (n = 89). To account for potential biases such as indication for antiplatelet therapy, propensity score matching was employed. Results Therapy continuation did not significantly alter transfusion requirements (discontinued vs. continued in matched samples: red blood cell concentrates 51.7% vs. 68.3%, p = 0.09; platelet concentrates 21.7% vs. 18.3%, p = 0.82; fresh frozen plasma concentrates 38.3% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.7). 90-day survival was higher within the continued group (30.0% vs. 70.0%; p 0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that continuing antiplatelet therapy in septic patients admitted to intensive care units could be associated with a significant survival benefit without substantially increasing the need for transfusion. These results highlight the importance of a nuanced approach to managing antiplatelet medication in the context of severe sepsis and septic shock.

Malaria, an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium—including the most lethal species, Plasmodium falciparum—alters the physicochemical properties of host red blood cells, including their intrinsic autofluorescence after infecting them. This exploratory study aims to investigate the possibility of using autofluorescence as a method for detecting infection in red blood cells. The autofluorescence spectra of uninfected and in vitro infected red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum were monitored and compared across an excitation wavelength range of 255 to 630 nm. Principal Component Analysis revealed that only two wavelengths (315 and 320 nm), previously undocumented, were able to accurately differentiate infected from uninfected red blood cells, showing an increase in autofluorescence in the ultraviolet and blue regions. This phenomenon is hypothetically associated with the presence of natural fluorophores such as tryptophan, FAD, NADH, porphyrins, and lipopigments. To classify the samples, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was employed, and Wilks’ Lambda test confirmed that the discriminant function was significant, enabling correct classification of samples in more than 91% of cases. Overall, our results support the potential use of autofluorescence as an effective approach for detecting malaria parasite infection in red blood cells, with the possibility of implementation in portable devices for rapid field diagnostics.

The generation of cultured red blood cells (cRBCs) ex vivo represents a potentially unlimited source for RBC transfusion and other cell therapies. Human cRBCs can be generated from the terminal differentiation of proliferating erythroblasts derived from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells or erythroid precursors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Efficient differentiation and maturation into cRBCs highly depend on replenishing human plasma, which exhibits variable potency across donors or batches and complicates the consistent cRBC production required for clinical translation. Hence, the role of human plasma in erythroblast terminal maturation is investigated and uncovered that 1) a newly developed cell culture basal medium mimicking the metabolic profile of human plasma enhances cell growth and increases cRBC yield upon erythroblast terminal differentiation and 2) LDL‐carried cholesterol, as a substitute for human plasma, is sufficient to support erythroid survival and terminal differentiation ex vivo. Consequently, a chemically‐defined optimized medium (COM) is developed, enabling robust generation of cRBCs from erythroblasts of multiple origins, with improved enucleation efficiency and higher reticulocyte yield, without the need for supplementing human plasma or serum. In addition, the results reveal the crucial role of lipid metabolism during human terminal erythropoiesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The autoimmune-mediated chronic condition known as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is typified by the degeneration of the pancreatic ß cells that produce insulin. Method: The study included 75 T1DM patients and 25 healthy subjects. Results: Hematological tests which included WBC, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, platelets and differential for patients and controls showed significant differences (p<0.05) found in WBC, platelets, neutrophils in patients as compared with the control group, while no significant differences(p>0.05) were found in the results of RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, lymphocytes between the groups of patients and controls. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients and the healthy groups, where the results of the study showed a significant increase in ESR (p<0.05) of the patients (25.14±1.59mm/hr) compared with the healthy group (23.83±1.704mm/hr). Biochemical Tests: The results of estimation of the biochemical parameters values showed Significant increases were found in the results of blood sugar in patients as compared with the control group, while no significant differences (p>0.05) were found in the results of creatinine and urea between the patients and controls. Conclusions: According to the current study, compared to the control group, diabetes patients had significantly higher levels (p<0.05) of many inflammatory indicators, including WBC, platelets, neutrophils, and ESR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress can damage tissues and cells, and their resilience or susceptibility depends on the robustness of their antioxidant mechanisms. The latter include small molecules, proteins, and enzymes, which are linked together in metabolic pathways. Red blood cells are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to their large number of hemoglobin molecules, which can undergo auto-oxidation. This yields reactive oxygen species that participate in Fenton chemistry, ultimately damaging their membranes and cytosolic constituents. Fortunately, red blood cells contain robust antioxidant systems to enable them to circulate and perform their physiological functions, particularly delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, if red blood cells have insufficient antioxidant reserves (e.g., due to genetics, diet, disease, or toxin exposure), this can induce hemolysis in vivo or enhance susceptibility to a "storage lesion" in vitro, when blood donations are refrigerator-stored for transfusion purposes. Ergothioneine, a small molecule not synthesized by mammals, is obtained only through the diet. It is absorbed from the gut and enters cells using a highly specific transporter (i.e., SLC22A4). Certain cells and tissues, particularly red blood cells, contain high ergothioneine levels. Although no deficiency-related disease has been identified, evidence suggests ergothioneine may be a beneficial "nutraceutical." Given the requirements of red blood cells to resist oxidative stress and their high ergothioneine content, this review discusses ergothioneine's potential importance in protecting these cells and identifies knowledge gaps regarding its relevance in enhancing red blood cell circulatory, storage, and transfusion quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Optimizing early breast cancer (BC) detection requires effective risk assessment tools. This retrospective study from Brazil showcases the efficacy of machine learning in discerning complex patterns within routine blood tests, presenting a globally accessible and cost-effective approach for risk evaluation. We analyzed complete blood count (CBC) tests from 396,848 women aged 40–70, who underwent breast imaging or biopsies within six months after their CBC test. Of these, 2861 (0.72%) were identified as cases: 1882 with BC confirmed by anatomopathological tests, and 979 with highly suspicious imaging (BI-RADS 5). The remaining 393,987 participants (99.28%), with BI-RADS 1 or 2 results, were classified as controls. The database was divided into modeling (including training and validation) and testing sets based on diagnostic certainty. The testing set comprised cases confirmed by anatomopathology and controls cancer-free for 4.5–6.5 years post-CBC. Our ridge regression model, incorporating neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, red blood cells, and age, achieved an AUC of 0.64 (95% CI 0.64–0.65). We also demonstrate that these results are slightly better than those from a boosting machine learning model, LightGBM, plus having the benefit of being fully interpretable. Using the probabilistic output from this model, we divided the study population into four risk groups: high, moderate, average, and low risk, which obtained relative ratios of BC of 1.99, 1.32, 1.02, and 0.42, respectively. The aim of this stratification was to streamline prioritization, potentially improving the early detection of breast cancer, particularly in resource-limited environments. As a risk stratification tool, this model offers the potential for personalized breast cancer screening by prioritizing women based on their individual risk, thereby indicating a shift from a broad population strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel screening techniques for early detection of lung cancer are urgently needed. Profiling circulating tumor cell-free DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a promising tool for biopsy-free tumor genotyping. However, both the scarcity and short half-life of ctDNA substantially limit the sensitivity and clinical utility of ctDNA detection methodologies. Our discovery that red blood cells (RBCs) sequester mitochondrial DNA opens a new avenue for detecting circulating nucleic acids, as RBCs represent an unrecognized reservoir of circulating nucleic acid. Here, we show that RBCs acquire tumor DNA following coculture with lung cancer cell lines harboring Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. RBC-bound tumor DNA is detectable in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but not in healthy controls by qPCR. Our results collectively uncover a previously unrecognized yet easily accessible reservoir of tumor DNA, offering a promising foundation for future RBC-based tumor diagnostics. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We present a novel method for lung cancer detection by revealing RBCs as a reservoir for tumor DNA, overcoming the limitations of current circulating tumor ctDNA methodologies. By demonstrating that RBCs can capture tumor DNA, including critical mutations found in lung cancer, we provide a promising, biopsy-free avenue for early cancer diagnostics. This discovery opens up exciting possibilities for developing RBC-based diagnostic tools, significantly enhancing the sensitivity and clinical utility of noninvasive cancer detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of transfusions, including red blood cells (RBC), platelets, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) during and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the authors aimed to identify the impact of sex on blood product transfusion. A retrospective multicenter cohort study. Data were collected from January 2013 to December 2021 from the Netherlands Heart Registration (NHR) database. The NHR receives its data from 16 heart centers in the Netherlands. Patients older than 18 years who underwent CABG in the Netherlands. Coronary artery bypass grafting with extracorporeal circulation or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence of blood transfusion, defined as transfusions intraoperatively and during the length of the hospital admission after CABG. In addition, a differentiation was made according to the type of transfusion (packed RBC, platelets, and FFP). In the overall cohort (N = 42,388), the number of patients who received a transfusion of any type was 27.0% (n = 11,428). Women received more often RBC transfusions compared with men (45.4% v 15.6%, respectively, p < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the 2 sexes regarding platelet transfusion (women 10.0% v men 11.1%, p = 0.005) but not in FFP transfusion. Female sex was independently associated with RBC transfusion, using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The incidence of any blood transfusion was 27.0%, and was higher in women than in men. The female sex was independently associated with receiving RBC during and after CABG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The burden of anemia during pregnancy is a global concern in the field of healthcare. Struggling economies such as Iraq are the most affected by this burden. The actual instances of anemia differ depending on the underlying socio-demographic factors. Nonetheless, anemia in pregnancy is one of the causes of poor health and mortality, especially for pregnant women. Methodology: A cross sectional analysis was used among 153 pregnant women and 153 non-pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Kurdistan region, Iraq. The dependent variable used in the study was the occurrence of anemia during pregnancy via the levels of Hb, RBC, MCV, and MCH. Data was gathered using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Blood sample data was also collected to test the levels of the four parameters (Hb, RBC, MCV, and MCH). Statistical analysis was applied in determining the occurrence of anemia, with logistics regression being perform using IBM Statistics to determine the triggers of anemia during pregnancy. Results: The descriptive statistics for pregnant women, found that the mean and standard deviations for key blood parameters are: Hb (M=12.02±SD=1.330), RBC (M=4.26±SD=0.522), MCV (M=82.91±SD=8.151), and MCH (M=28.43±SD=4.638). The normal/abnormal categories, the results were as follows: RBC (normal = 96.1%, abnormal = 3.9%), Hb (normal = 64.1%, abnormal = 35.9%), MCV (normal = 85%, abnormal = 15%), and MCH (normal = 86.9%, abnormal = 13.1%). Furthermore, the descriptive statistics for non-pregnant women, found that the mean and standard deviations for key blood parameters are: Hb (M=13.23±SD=0.937), RBC (M=4.59±SD=0.367), MCV (M=83.65±SD=2.978), and MCH (M=29.19±SD=1.430).The normal/abnormal categories, the results were as follows: RBC (normal = 97.4%, abnormal = 2.6%), Hb (normal = 75.8%, abnormal = 24.2%), MCV (normal = 90.8%, abnormal = 9.2%), and MCH (normal = 90.10%, abnormal = 9.90%). Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the results for pregnant and nonpregnant women in the mean blood parameters (MCV, MCH, Hb, and RBC) during pregnancy. Specifically, the study found that the level of Hb varies significantly between the two study participants. Hb scores are also higher among non-pregnant women than pregnant women. Additionally, RBC, MCV, and MCH levels are higher for non-pregnant women than for pregnant women. Anemia is linked with factors such as occupation, age, obstetrical history of stillbirth, abortion, parity, and gravity on the potential of developing anemia during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goal was to develop a risk assessment model for predicting red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in neonatal patients to assist hospital blood supply departments in providing small portions of RBCs to those requiring RBC transfusion on time. Methods: Clinical information was collected from 1,201 children admitted to the neonatal unit. Clinical factors associated with predicting RBC transfusion were screened, and prediction models were developed using stepwise and multifactorial logistic regression analyses, followed by the evaluation of prediction models using receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: Overall, 81 neonatal patients were transfused with RBCs, and the variables of gestational age at birth, age < 1 month, receipt of mechanical ventilation, and infant anemia were included in the final prediction model. The area under the curve of the prediction model was 0.936 (0.921 - 0.949), which was significantly higher than that of the individual indicators of gestational age at birth, age at admission < 1 month, receipt of mechanical ventilation, and infant anemia (p < 0.001). DCA showed a standardized net benefit for the possible risk of infant RBC transfusion at 0.1 - 1.0. Conclusions: We developed a risk assessment model to predict the risk of RBC transfusion in neonatal patients that can effectively assess the risk of RBC transfusion in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct imaging of semi-solid lipids, such as myelin, is of great interest as a noninvasive biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the short T2 relaxation times of semi-solid lipid protons hamper direct detection through conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequences. In this study, we examined whether a three-dimensional ultrashort echo time (3D UTE) sequence can directly acquire signals from membrane lipids. Membrane lipids from red blood cells (RBC) were collected from commercially available blood as a general model of the myelin lipid bilayer and subjected to D2O exchange and freeze-drying for complete water removal. Sufficiently high MR signals were detected with the 3D UTE sequence, which showed an ultrashort T2* of ∼77–271 µs and a short T1 of ∼189 ms for semi-solid RBC membrane lipids. These measurements can guide designing UTE-based sequences for direct in vivo imaging of membrane lipids.

Zenebe Tujara,1 Wondu Reta,2 Eyasu Tadesse,2 Ifa Dereje,1 Mekonnen Tesfa1 1Department of Medicine, College of Health sciences, Salale University, Fiche, Oromia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Zenebe Tujara, Tel +251-917796943, Email zenebetujara837@gmail.comBackground: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide. Approximately 9.3% of the general population was estimated to have DM globally in 2019. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) in hyperglycemic patients is expected to increase and determine the rate of erythrocyte hemolysis.Purpose: This study aimed to assess erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and its determinants and to compare hematological indices among T2DM patients on follow-up at the Jimma Medical Center (JMC), Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study involving 124 participants (each 62) of T2DM patients and controls was conducted from October to November 2020 using a structured questionnaire. 5 mL of venous blood was drawn to assess OF, complete blood count, and blood glucose levels. EOF was investigated using a series hypotonic solution of NaCl. The supernatant of the centrifuged sample was transferred to cuvette test tubes, and the hemolysis stage was read on a spectrophotometer. The collected data were coded and entered into Epi-data Version 3.1. The analysis was performed using SPSS Version 23.Results: Compared with non-diabetic controls, patients with T2DM had significantly increased EOF. FBG > 126mg/dl (AOR=7.741, 95% CI: 1.562– 38.360), PPBG > 200 mg/dl (AOR=7.576, 95% CI: 1.519– 37.791), RDW (AOR=4.558, 95% CI: 1.136– 18.284) were significantly associated with abnormal EOF. A statistically significant increase in total white blood cells and absolute neutrophil counts (P < 0.001) were observed in T2DM patients. From RBC indices, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were significantly increased in T2DM patients (P < 0.001).Conclusion: This study suggests that EOF was greater in patients with T2DM than in non-diabetic controls and was determined by FBG, PPBG, and RDW. The study also demonstrated that hematological index alterations were higher in T2DM subjects than in non-diabetic controls.Keywords: diabetes, osmotic fragility, hematological indices, RBC

The use of antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production has been the norm in developing countries, however, the increased rate of antibiotic resistance in humans has resulted in the search for alternatives without negative residual effects. This study investigated the effect of dietary olive garlic extract oil (OGEO) supplementation on the performance and haematological indices of broilers. The experiment lasted for 42 days and broilers were fed varying levels of OGEO‑supplemented diets at the starter (0–21 days) and finisher (22–42 days) phases using two hundred and forty unsexed Ross broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated for the two phases and the diets were designated as diet 1(control (without OGEO)) while diets 2, 3, and 4 were supplemented with OGEO at 1 % (10 g/kg diet) 3 % (30 g/kg diet) and 5 % (50 g/kg diet). Each had four replicates containing fifteen birds per replicate. Performance was measured weekly and haematological indices were determined on days 21 and 42. Data collected were analysed in a one‑way analysis of variance (SAS, 2000) and significant differences were determined using Tukey’s test. Body weight (BW) increased linearly (L) (p = 0.003) and quadratically (Q) (p = 0.006) with dietary supplementation of OGEO at 1 % for broilers on day 21. Similarly, at day 42, BW increased (L, p = 0.006; Q, p = 0.029) for the broiler on the same treatment. Mortality reduced (Q, p = 0.035) for broilers fed 1 % OGEO‑supplemented diet at day 42. At day 21, Packed cell volume (PCV, 47.33 %) (Q, p = 0.033) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV, 130.83pg) (Q, p = 0.008) increased for broilers fed 1 % and 3 % OGEO supplemented diet respectively. Supplementation of OGEO at 3 % increased (Q, p = 0.036) PCV (37.33 %) and haemoglobin (Q, p = 0.021) (137.30 g/L) at day 42. In conclusion, the supplementation of OGEO in the diet of broilers at 1 % resulted in improved WG and reduced mortality. The PCV and haemoglobin of broilers can be increased with the supplementation of OGEO up to 3 % in the diet of broilers; it is thus a suitable alternative to antibiotics for improved performance and immunity.

RhD alloimmunization from platelet transfusions have been documented in the literature. However, non-RhD platelet alloimmunization is much less frequent and the risk for non-RhD alloimmunization from platelets is thought to be extremely low and most associated with buffy coat pooled platelets. A 22-month-old male with acute myeloid leukemia received 99 mL apheresis platelets for thrombocytopenia. Three months later, an antibody screen, the direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and red blood cell (RBC) genotype were sent for laboratory evaluation. The antibody screen was positive, with anti-E identified. The DAT was negative and the RBC genotype of the patient was predicted to be negative for the E antigen whereas the platelet donor was predicted to be positive for E antigen. There is a risk of alloimmunization of non-RhD antigen from platelet pheresis transfusion even in a patient less than 2 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a generative design methodology for a micro hydrodynamic single-RBC (red blood cell) trap for applications in microfluidics-based single-cell analysis. One key challenge in single-cell microfluidic traps is to achieve desired through-slit flowrates to trap cells under implicit constraints. In this work, the cell-trapping design with validation from experimental data has been developed by the generative design methodology with an evolutionary algorithm. L-shaped trapping slits have been generated iteratively for the optimal geometries to trap living-cells suspended in flow channels. Without using the generative design, the slits have low flow velocities incapable of trapping single cells. After a search with 30,000 solutions, the optimized geometry was found to increase the through-slit velocities by 49%. Fabricated and experimentally tested prototypes have achieved 4 out of 4 trapping efficiency of RBCs. This evolutionary algorithm and trapping design can be applied to cells of various sizes.