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According to Talmy, in verb-framed languages (e.g., French), the core schema of an event (Path) is lexicalized, leaving the co-event (Manner) in the periphery of the sentence or optional; in satellite-framed languages (e.g., English), the core schema is jointly expressed with the co-event in construals that lexicalize Manner and express Path peripherally. Some studies suggest that such differences are only surface differences that cannot influence the cognitive processing of events, while others support that they can constrain both verbal and non-verbal processing. This study investigates whether such typological differences, together with other factors, influence visual processing and decision-making. English and French participants were tested in three eye-tracking tasks involving varied Manner–Path configurations and language to different degrees. Participants had to process a target motion event and choose the variant that looked most like the target (non-verbal categorization), then describe the events (production), and perform a similarity judgment after hearing a target sentence (verbal categorization). The results show massive cross-linguistic differences in production and additional partial language effects in visualization and similarity judgment patterns – highly dependent on the salience and nature of events and the degree of language involvement. The findings support a non-modular approach to language–thought relations and a fine-grained vision of the classic lexicalization/conflation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions The reaction time‐based Concealed Information Test (RT‐CIT) can be used to reveal crime‐related memories based on an analysis of response latencies in a computerized task. While laboratory research shows high validity of the RT‐CIT in student samples, only very few studies have been conducted with forensic target groups.We investigated the applicability and validity of the RT‐CIT in prison inmates and examined the influence of a response deadline (RD) on RT‐CIT validity. In a within‐subjects design, participants memorized a criminal activity and subsequently underwent two identical RT‐CITs differing only in the length of the RD (2000 ms vs. 1000 ms). In the first experiment, the 2000 ms condition was always presented first and in the second experiment the order was switched.Results revealed large effect sizes and classification accuracies with both RDs and strong order effects with larger effects in the respective first RD conditions.In sum, the RT‐CIT has the potential for detecting concealed knowledge in forensic settings and even a relatively demanding RD of 1000 ms seems feasible for such samples. Further research should extend this investigation of the RT‐CIT in forensic settings, preferably investigating the effects of faking attempts and increasing the ecological validity of the research design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the attentional profile of fencers, comparing them to non-athletes and swimmers. Three groups of subjects were studied (N=90; Mage=21.3; SD=4.1): thirty-seven fencers (20 female, 17 male), twenty-one swimmers (10 female, 11 male); thirty-two non-athletes (16 female, 16 male). Results of the alertness test (warning condition) showed swimmers were overall faster than non-athletes. In the no-warning condition, results of the alertness test showed a significant interaction between group x gender: in particular, it was the group of female non-athletes in the condition in which the warning signal was not present who recorded higher reaction times than the other groups. In the divided attention (only in the visual task), and the go/no-go tests, the fencers showed faster reaction times than the swimmers and the non-athletes, while the latter groups did not differ from each other. In the vigilance test, only the gender factor was significant: overall, males showed greater speed than females. In conclusion, our data show that fencers, compared to swimmers and nonathletes, possess better management of visual attention and a better ability to manage situations in which a response must be inhibited, suggesting that these differences affect more selective aspects of attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Talmy, in verb-framed languages (e.g., French), the core schema of an event (Path) is lexicalized, leaving the co-event (Manner) in the periphery of the sentence or optional; in satellite-framed languages (e.g., English), the core schema is jointly expressed with the co-event in construals that lexicalize Manner and express Path peripherally. Some studies suggest that such differences are only surface differences that cannot influence the cognitive processing of events, while others support that they can constrain both verbal and non-verbal processing. This study investigates whether such typological differences, together with other factors, influence visual processing and decision-making. English and French participants were tested in three eye-tracking tasks involving varied Manner–Path configurations and language to different degrees. Participants had to process a target motion event and choose the variant that looked most like the target (non-verbal categorization), then describe the events (production), and perform a similarity judgment after hearing a target sentence (verbal categorization). The results show massive cross-linguistic differences in production and additional partial language effects in visualization and similarity judgment patterns – highly dependent on the salience and nature of events and the degree of language involvement. The findings support a non-modular approach to language–thought relations and a fine-grained vision of the classic lexicalization/conflation theory.

Objective: This study uses a detection task to measure changes in driver vigilance when operating four different partially automated systems. Background: Research show temporal declines in detection task performance during manual and fully automated driving, but the accuracy of using this approach for measuring changes in driver vigilance during on-road partially automated driving is yet unproven. Method: Participants drove four different vehicles (Tesla Model 3, Cadillac CT6, Volvo XC90, and Nissan Rogue) equipped with level-2 systems in manual and partially automated modes. Response times to a detection task were recorded over eight consecutive time periods. Results: Bayesian analysis revealed a main effect of time period and an interaction between mode and time period. A main effect of vehicle and a time period x vehicle interaction were also found. Conclusion: Results indicated that the reduction in detection task performance over time was worse during partially automated driving. Vehicle-specific analysis also revealed that detection task performance changed across vehicles, with slowest response time found for the Volvo. Application: The greater decline in detection performance found in automated mode suggests that operating level-2 systems incurred in a greater vigilance decrement, a phenomenon that is of interest for Human Factors practitioners and regulators. We also argue that the observed vehicle-related differences are attributable to the unique design of their in-vehicle interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic cognitive psychometrics measures mental capacities based on the way behavior unfolds over time. It does so using models of psychological processes whose validity is grounded in research from experimental psychology and the neurosciences. However, these models can sometimes have undesirable measurement properties. We propose a "hybrid" modeling approach that achieves good measurement by blending process-based and descriptive components. We demonstrate the utility of this approach in the stop-signal paradigm, in which participants make a series of speeded choices, but occasionally are required to withhold their response when a "stop signal" occurs. The stop-signal paradigm is widely used to measure response inhibition based on a modeling framework that assumes a race between processes triggered by the choice and the stop stimuli. However, the key index of inhibition, the latency of the stop process (i.e., stop-signal reaction time), is not directly observable, and is poorly estimated when the choice and the stop runners are both modeled by psychologically realistic evidence-accumulation processes. We show that using a descriptive account of the stop process, while retaining a realistic account of the choice process, simultaneously enables good measurement of both stop-signal reaction time and the psychological factors that determine choice behavior. We show that this approach, when combined with hierarchical Bayesian estimation, is effective even in a complex choice task that requires participants to perform only a relatively modest number of test trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: "Stationary Vehicle Warning—Broken-Down Vehicle" and "Dangerous Situation—Electronic Emergency Brake Lights". Volkswagen's warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). However, it is important that it is known that there was a warning, which is why the occurrence of V2X warnings should also be saved in the EDR in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Symptom validity tests (SVTs) and performance validity tests (PVTs) are important tools in sociomedical assessments, especially in the psychosomatic context where diagnoses mainly depend on clinical observation and self-report measures. This study examined the relationship between reaction times (RTs) and scores on the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). It was proposed that slower RTs and larger standard deviations of reaction times (RTSDs) would be observed in participants who scored above the SIMS cut-off (>16). Methods: Direct surface electromyography (EMG) was used to capture RTs during a computer-based RT test in 152 inpatients from a psychosomatic rehabilitation clinic in Germany. Correlation analyses and Mann-Whitney U were used to examine the relationship between RTs and SIMS scores and to assess the potential impact of covariates such as demographics, medical history, and vocational challenges on RTs. Therefore, dichotomized groups based on each potential covariate were compared. Results: Significantly longer RTs and larger RTSDs were found in participants who scored above the SIMS cut-off. Current treatment with psychopharmacological medication, diagnosis of depression, and age had no significant influence on the RT measures. However, work-related problems had a significant impact on RTSDs. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between longer and more inconsistent RTs and indicators of exaggerated or feigned symptom report on the SIMS in psychosomatic rehabilitation inpatients. Findings from this study provide a basis for future research developing a new RT-based PVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology highlights the critical importance of enhancing the reliability of these vehicles. Due to the need to test the reliability of AVs, since 2014, the California Department of Motor Vehicles has permitted autonomous vehicle manufacturers to establish an AV Testing program, enabling them to test automated systems on the transportation network. With this, studies on the reliability of AVs have increased rapidly. The most emphasized issues regarding the reliability of AVs have been disengagements, accidents, and reaction times. In this study, disengagements and reaction times are categorized and explained in detail according to the data type, company, period, and statistical method. The data used in the studies cover the years 20142020. When examining studies on the reliability of AVs, until 2018, inferences were generally made using real data and descriptive statistics, particularly with methods such as correlation analysis and calculation of disengagements per mile, which investigates the relationship between distance traveled and disengagements. However, since 2018, machine learning has gained importance in evaluating AV reliability. It has been observed that regression, classification, and decision trees were frequently used during this period. Techniques such as deep transfer learning, text mining, and natural language processing also stand out. Furthermore, Software Reliability Growth Models are used to measure software reliability, playing an essential role in evaluating, analyzing, and improving the performance and reliability of AVs. This study aims to reveal the development and diversity of the statistical methods used to determine AV reliability. Additionally, this study aims to guide and provide insights to researchers in the field about the statistical approaches they can utilize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are attracting research interest because of their unique optical properties that result from the quantum confinement effect. ZnSe QDs, which are II–VI semiconductors, offer a wide direct bandgap (2.7 eV), making them promising for applications such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and biomedical labeling. In the present work, colloidal ZnSe (QDs) were synthesized by the hot-injection method with a Zn:Se ratio of 1:1. The optical properties of ZnSe QDs obtained at different reaction times were investigated by spectrophotometric UV–vis absorption and emission measurements. The as-synthesized ZnSe QDs exhibit blue excitonic emission, and no defect emission was detected. Transmission electron micrographs indicated that the QDs have a spherical morphology with dimensions ranging from 3.69 to 4.53 nm. In particular, the Brus model was applied to demonstrate a correlation between the QD sizes and the optical bandgaps obtained from Tauc plots.

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are attracting research interest because of their unique optical properties that result from the quantum confinement effect. ZnSe QDs, which are II–VI semiconductors, offer a wide direct bandgap (2.7 eV), making them promising for applications such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and biomedical labeling. In the present work, colloidal ZnSe (QDs) were synthesized by the hot-injection method with a Zn:Se ratio of 1:1. The optical properties of ZnSe QDs obtained at different reaction times were investigated by spectrophotometric UV–vis absorption and emission measurements. The as-synthesized ZnSe QDs exhibit blue excitonic emission, and no defect emission was detected. Transmission electron micrographs indicated that the QDs have a spherical morphology with dimensions ranging from 3.69 to 4.53 nm. In particular, the Brus model was applied to demonstrate a correlation between the QD sizes and the optical bandgaps obtained from Tauc plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sought to capture implicit attitudes toward violence by administering response latency measures. We then examined their associations with explicit (e.g., assessed with self‐report) attitudes toward violence and self‐reported violent behavior in a combined sample of males from a Canadian university and males from the general community (N = 251; 156 students and 95 community members). To date, there have been mixed findings regarding these associations; some of this inconsistency may be due to the difficulty in accurately conceptualizing and assessing implicit attitudes toward violence. Therefore, we administered three response latency measures to assess this construct: a violence evaluation implicit association test (VE‐IAT), a personalized VE‐IAT (P‐VE‐IAT), and a violence evaluation relational responding task, along with three self‐report measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and three self‐report measures of violent behavior. More positive implicit attitudes toward violence were related to more positive explicit attitudes toward violence (for VE‐IAT and P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 to 0.22), greater likelihood of violence (for VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 and for P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.16), and greater propensity for violence (for the VE‐IAT; r = 0.16). All measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and violent behavior were moderately to strongly associated with one another (r = 0.42 to 0.81). Furthermore, implicit attitudes toward violence explained additional variance in some violent outcomes above explicit attitudes alone. Our findings suggest that scores on certain reaction time measures are important for understanding likelihood and propensity for violence, especially when combined with explicit attitude measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empathy, or Einfühlung as it was originally coined, first entered the psychological lexicon when it was used to describe the embodiment of artistic emotive qualities. Based on the empirical aesthetics literature, we explored this construct in the framework of visual attention in conjunction with analyses of aesthetic engagement and interest. A visual search paradigm was employed to examine the preattentive prioritization of components of emotive visual artworks between individuals scoring high or low on a validated questionnaire of empathy. Reaction times were significantly faster across all artworks, and several specific locations were responded to faster by highly empathic individuals. High empathy was associated with an enriched aesthetic experience, indexed by aesthetic interest and emotional engagement, to the most emotive artwork of the set. Qualitative measures provided further insights into the qualities of the artworks that may account for the differences reported here. The findings further contribute to understanding the myriad of psychological variables that influence our experience of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emotional conflict task measures emotional conflict resolution and adaptation, but some studies are unable to find resolution or adaptation effects using this task. We examined boundary conditions and replicability of the emotional conflict resolution and adaptation effects through secondary data analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis of studies in the field. In our data, we were unable to fully replicate the emotional conflict resolution or adaptation effects and found that most studies using this task (n= 94) do not report analysis of emotional conflict resolution, with only 28% (n= 26) studies doing so. Our meta-analysis suggests that studies reporting emotional conflict resolution and adaptation analyses overall report significant but small effects, suggesting the effect is difficult to consistently replicate. Our meta-analysis revealed that controlling for contingency learning may impact the ability of studies to identify conflict resolution. These findings have implications for assessment and interpretation of the emotional conflict task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Previous studies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic indicated that wearing a medical-style mask affects whether a stranger’s face is judged as more trustworthy, socially desirable, or likely to be ill. However, given political controversies around mask use, these effects might vary by political orientation. In a pre-registered online experiment, we measured evaluations of trustworthiness, social desirability and perceived illness in masked and unmasked faces by 1241 British and US participants. We included questions on political orientation, along with the implicit online-VAAST approach/avoid task to test reaction times to masked/unmasked faces. There was a medium-sized effect of masks on trustworthiness and a significant interaction with political orientation, in that conservatives found masked faces less trustworthy than did liberals. Participants were quicker to approach masked than unmasked faces, but conservatives were relatively slower than liberals. The effects on trustworthiness suggest that differential moralization of novel social norms can affect how their adherents are evaluated in terms of their suitability for social interactions. Furthermore, the congruence between implicit and explicit methods implies that such differences can have deep-seated effects on reactions.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Differences in reaction times (RT) in cognitive tasks have been consistently observed between ADHD and typical participants. Instead of estimating means and standard deviations, fitting non-symmetrical distributions like the ex-Gaussian, characterized by three parameters (µ, σ, and τ), account for the whole RT distributions. A meta-analysis is performed with all the available literature using ex-Gaussian distributions for comparisons between individuals with ADHD and controls. Results show that τ and σ are generally greater for ADHD samples, while µ tends to be larger for typical groups but only for younger ages. Differences in τ are also moderated by ADHD subtypes. τ and σ show, respectively, quadratic and linear relationships with inter-stimulus intervals from Continuous Performance Test and Go/No Go tasks. Furthermore, tasks and cognitive domains influence the three parameters. Interpretations of ex-Gaussian parameters and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. Fitting ex-Gaussian distributions to RT data is a useful way to explore differences between individuals with ADHD and healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to limitations in the resources available for carrying out reaction time (RT) experiments, researchers often have to choose between testing relatively few participants with relatively many trials each or testing relatively many participants with relatively few trials each. To compare the experimental power that would be obtained under each of these options, I simulated virtual experiments using subsets of participants and trials from eight large real RT datasets examining 19 experimental effects. The simulations compared designs using the first N T trials from N P randomly selected participants, holding constant the total number of trials across all participants, N P × N T . The [ N P , N T ] combination maximizing the power to detect each effect depended on how the mean and variability of that effect changed with practice. For most effects, power was greater in designs having many participants with few trials each rather than the reverse, suggesting that researchers should usually try to recruit large numbers of participants for short experimental sessions. In some cases, power for a fixed total number of trials across all participants was maximized by having as few as two trials per participant in each condition. Where researchers can make plausible predictions about how their effects will change over the course of a session, they can use those predictions to increase their experimental power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Lindbladian Dynamics Generates Inter-system Connectedness in Psychological Phenomena" explores the concept of inter-system connectedness in various psychological phenomena. The author proposes that this connectedness is brought about through a Lindbladian operator, which leads to the exclusion of many possibilities. The article also discusses the emergence of consciousness resulting from neural activity and proposes a dual Hilbert-space formulation of mental activities. The author acknowledges similarities and differences with Khrennikov's treatise on the subject. The article provides a quantum mechanical description of cognitive processes and offers a semi-quantitative explanation of experimental data on memory recall. The text discusses the idea that a "virgin" brain is initially composed of randomly connected neurons, but experiences and external stimuli organize these neurons into orderly states. This model is supported by observations on retinal ganglion cells in salamanders and monkeys. The text also explores the applicability of physics to bodily activities and the transitions between mental states. It discusses Shepard's recall tests and proposes a Gaussian criterion for the time-distance relationship in identification-discrimination experiments. The text discusses Lindbladian dynamics in psychological phenomena, specifically in relation to diffusion processes and decision-making. It proposes that as the occupation probability in a diffusion process exceeds certain critical values, recognition and discrimination occur in consciousness. The text also introduces the concept of a time-dependent diffusion parameter and discusses the relationship between the dual Hilbert space model and the works of A. Y. Khrennikov. Additionally, [Extracted from the article]

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychopathologies among adolescents. Their diagnostic criteria include both fear and anxiety symptomatology, although according to the literature, we can find evidence for some distinction between these two emotions. The present study contribute to this distinction, exploring the effects of trait fear and trait anxiety on behavioral and neural correlates. Thirty-two participants (aged 11–16 years) performed two experimental tasks of salient target detection, including visual stimuli that were manipulated to become salient, while reaction times and EEG were recorded. Results of both tasks revealed differential effects of trait fear and trait anxiety assessed through the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised and the Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 on reaction times and ERP components amplitudes. Specifically, higher symptoms from Separation Anxiety Disorder increased early neural visual processing and decreased reaction times for more salient stimuli. Also, trait fear reduced later neural visual processing of salient stimuli. These findings may provide a significant contribution to guiding psychological interventions, especially with adolescents presenting higher levels of anxiety-related symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful communication between highly automated vehicles and vulnerable road users will be crucial in the future. In addition to the technical requirements of the communication system, the projected content is also essential to ensure successful communication. For this purpose, previous studies have investigated the necessary technical requirements for near-field projections. However, the impact of the presentation content, whether symbol- or text-based, on the technological domain, has yet to be investigated. Therefore, a psychophysical subject study investigated the necessary detection probability for symbol- and text-based projection in the near-field of a vehicle. The visibility of symbol- and text-based projections were analyzed by the subject's detection rate of the tested projection in an ambient lighting scenario of 20 lx at two different distances. Additionally, the corresponding reaction time of the subjects was measured. The results of the subject study showed that, contrarily, an arbitrary increase does not reduce the reaction time and thus saturates at a level of 650 ms before the 90% detection threshold for both projection contents. The observed detection contrast indicates that symbol-based projections need approximately 25% less contrast level than text-based projections to reach a 90% detection rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: WBV and heat stress are important hazardous agents, which can affect the people's cognitive function. The present study aimted to explore the effect of co-exposure to heat stress and WBV on auditory-visual attention and reaction time in a laboratory setting. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on 32 consenting male students chosen from the university in accordance with the inclusion criteria. The participants were required to complete the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in order to determine their state of health. The Ishihara color blind test was performed afterward. Heat stress exposure was exerted at a WBGT index of 22, 29, and 34 °C, with 22 °C as the control condition. WBV was applied at 0.53, 0.81, and 1.12 m/s2, as well as a no WBV exposure condition (the control), making a total of 12 different exposure modes. The reaction times and auditory-visual attention of the subjects were measured via the IVA test. Further, the individuals' heart rate was recorded by a digital heart rate monitor. Results: Elevation of WBV acceleration and WBGT from 29°C to 34°C independently caused a significant reduction in auditory-visual attention, as well as a significant rise in reaction times. Coexposure to WBV and heat stress significantly affected auditory-visual attention and reaction time (p<0.001). Conclusions: According to the results, WBV and heat stress are two influential factors on cognitive performance which can reduce concentration and attention devoted to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is good evidence supporting the positive effect of planning strategies like implementation intentions on the relationship between intention and behavior, there is less evidence on the moderating role of individual differences in planning capacity on this effect. This study aimed to examine the role of individual differences in planfulness on the effect of planning strategies on the intention-behavior gap. Specifically, this study investigated the influence of planfulness on the effectiveness of implementation intentions on goal-directed behavior using an experimental design. Undergraduate university students (N = 142) with high and low levels of planfulness based on a priori scores on a planfulness measure were randomized to either a planning (implementation intention) or familiarization (control) condition prior to completing a computerized go no-go task. We predicted that individuals reporting low levels of planfulness would be more effective in executing goal-directed behavior when prompted to form an implementation intention compared to individuals who do not receive a prompt. Additionally, we predicted that individuals reporting high planfulness would be equally effective in enacting goal-directed behaviour regardless of whether they formed an implementation intention. The results revealed no main or interaction effects of implementation intention manipulation and planfulness on task reaction times. The current results do not provide support for the moderating effect of planfulness on the implementation effect. The findings of this study were inconsistent with previous literature. This research has implications for the effectiveness of implementation intentions, as well as opportunities for further replication in a novel research area.

Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: “Stationary Vehicle Warning—Broken-Down Vehicle” and “Dangerous Situation—Electronic Emergency Brake Lights”. Volkswagen’s warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). However, it is important that it is known that there was a warning, which is why the occurrence of V2X warnings should also be saved in the EDR in the future.

AIM: The primary purpose of our study was to understand the damage in the peripheral nerves of patients with diabetes and to determine the change in patients’ reaction rates and perceptions by the age groups, duration of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c values, and compare these with those of the healthy individuals.METHODS: This study was carried out at the Baskent University Hospital Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic. A total of 64 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and 64 healthy controls were included in the study. Finger tapping, visual, and auditory reaction time tests were performed on the subjects, respectively. The subjects’ fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels, and the duration of their diabetes were recorded. Analyses were performed using the SPSS version 25. Differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value is

Simple Summary: In this study, we investigated how inhibiting the motor cortex via Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) affects decision-making and awareness of such choices. We employed low-frequency TMS to temporarily inhibit brain activity. During inhibition, participants were asked to select a preference between side-by-side images of everyday items. We discovered that stimulation affected which side people favored when choosing between pictures. The time to make a decision remained the same, as did their explanation for their choices. That is, explanations as to preferred choice almost always had a 'reason' behind them. This indicated that choices can be unconsciously influenced below the level of awareness. This study helps us understand the degree to which the unconscious influences our eventual conscious rationalizations. Understanding the intricate dynamics between conscious choice and neural processes is crucial for unraveling the complexity of human decision-making. This study investigates the effects of inhibitory Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) on choice bias, shedding light on the malleability of cognitive-motor functions involved in decisions. While reaction times remained unaffected, inhibitory TMS to either the left or right motor cortex led to a significant bias in screen side preference during a choice task. These findings suggest that our cognitive-motor processes underlying decision-making can be unconsciously influenced by TMS. Furthermore, analysis of choice attribution categories revealed individual variability, emphasizing the complex nature of the decision-making process. These insights contribute to the ongoing exploration of the neural mechanisms governing human choice. As the neural basis of free will continues to captivate scientific inquiry, this research advances our understanding of the intricate relationship between neural circuits and conscious intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

> Context • Reliably differentiating between memories of events that happened and those that did not (commonly referred to as "false memories" in the literature) is essential for both personal and societal well-being, yet studies increasingly show that this is nearly impossible to achieve. > Problem • Significant support for this conclusion comes from the research using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, which has been limited in terms of behavioral and phenomenological measures employed, particularly concerning recall memory (as opposed to recognition memory). > Method • We used a combination of disciplined first-person methodology and behavioral measures to explore the process of recall in the DRM paradigm. Participants were interrupted during word recall and underwent phenomenological interviews about their recall processes. Reaction times and performance accuracy were measured for each recalled word. > Results • We identified a diverse selection of categories pertaining to the phenomenology of recall, describing the mechanisms of attention, structural and processual characteristics, mood and motivation, and other experiences indirectly related to recall. These categories were used to construct the phenomenological indicators of accurate and inaccurate recall. The most coherent accurate recall indicators were related to the experience of strong certainty or the emergence of a word matching the critical lure during encoding as a word that should be avoided during recall. The most coherent inaccurate recall indicators were linked to a deliberate, inferential type of recall or an automatic and fluid recall. Preliminary joint analysis of phenomenological and behavioral data indicated support for the most coherent inaccurate recall indicators, showing varying reaction times associated with different indicators and noticeable differences in the serial position of recalled words corresponding to the indicators. > Implications • This study sheds light on the complexity of recall in the DRM paradigm, highlighting the need for a phenomenologically driven mixed-methods approach in a quest to better understand the nature of both accurate and inaccurate memories. > Constructivist content • The research design for this study draws heavily on Varela's neurophenomenological framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the reactions of Czech native speakers to cues asking them to supply inflectional forms of nouns and verbs that are either canonical (non-variant), overabundant, or supposedly defective, to see what distinguishing characteristics these three conditions have for production. We find that respondents handle defective material differently from other conditions, producing different sorts of forms at different frequencies, and taking significantly longer to do so. Overabundant cells pattern at the individual level like canonical inflectional cells, but collectively display a significantly more varied and less focused spread of forms produced than our canonical cells. The individual dimension of uncertainty in production is thus limited to defective cells, but the collective dimension of uncertainty is evident between all three conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The exposure to some environmental sounds has detrimental effects on health and might affect the performance in cognitive tasks. In this study, we analyze the effect of the neighborhood noises of a baby crying and dogs barking on the autonomic response and cognitive function. Materials and methods: Twenty participants were exposed, in separate sessions, to white noise, a baby crying, a small dog barking, and a large dog barking. During each session, heart rate, skin conductance, reaction times, spatial memory, and mathematical processing measures were taken throughout time. Results: The sounds of a baby crying and dogs barking led to significantly higher heart rates and skin conductance levels as opposed to exposure to white noise. Results were not as consistent with exposure to barking as they were to the baby. Exposure to the baby crying and dogs barking led to faster reaction times, possibly due to a facilitation by the autonomic system activation. No significant effects on spatial memory were found. Conversely, participants performed worse and slower in a mathematical task when exposed to the dog and baby sounds, than when exposed to control noise. Conclusion: Exposure to the sound of crying babies and dogs barking leads to increased sympathetic response and decreased cognitive ability, as compared to exposure to control sounds. Special attention should be paid to the mitigation of exposure to these types of noises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the potential effects of high-frequency (10 Hz) repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) of the bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) (30-sessions; 2-sessions/day) on improving lexical processing in one participant with mild – Alzheimer's disease (hereafter dementia of the Alzheimer type-DAT). Increased accuracy and faster reaction times (RTs) were reported in a lexical-decision task (LDT) up to 2-months post-intervention. The current findings indicate that high-frequency stimulation of the DLPFC might be a potential therapeutic tool to improve lexical processing in mild-DAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. We examine the impact of orthographic depth focusing on English and Italian—two languages with quite different orthographies. Materials and Methods. We review a set of studies comparing English and Italian readers on time measures, in particular, reaction times (RTs). An advantage of using time measures is the availability of processing models that provide a useful interpretative framework (i.e., rate and amount model, RAM; difference engine model, DEM). The data indicate that English children are generally less accurate but not slower than Italian children; furthermore, they are more variable than Italian readers, a tendency confirmed with different paradigms (e.g., rapid serial visual presentation) and age groups (i. e., young adults). While data from Italian children fit very closely with the predictions of the RAM and DEM, those of English children showed several deviations from these models. Thus, we examined whether differences in strategy (or a response criterion) might explain such deviations. In a lexical decision study based on the diffusion model, English young adults showed a more lenient criterion, i. e., they needed less evidence to decide on the lexical quality of the stimulus. Drawing on the multiple read-out model (MROM), we propose that the irregularity of the English orthography may favor reference on the Σ criterion (based on general evidence), while the regular Italian orthography may favor reliance on the M criterion (based on evidence for a specific word). Results. Overall, we put forward two working hypotheses to interpret the overall pattern of experimental findings. First, the characteristics of the English orthography (possibly emphasized by the teaching method used) foster a global, lexical, approach to recognizing words. Second, not all children can effectively rely on such global processing, and this may be the main source of large individual differences in the English sample. Conclusion. Understanding the source of these individual differences still represents a challenging task for future research.

A cochlear implant (CI) is a neurotechnological device that restores total sensorineural hearing loss. It contains a sophisticated speech processor that analyzes and transforms the acoustic input. It distributes its time-enveloped spectral content to the auditory nerve as electrical pulsed stimulation trains of selected frequency channels on a multi-contact electrode that is surgically inserted in the cochlear duct. This remarkable brain interface enables the deaf to regain hearing and understand speech. However, tuning of the large (>50) number of parameters of the speech processor, so-called "device fitting," is a tedious and complex process, which is mainly carried out in the clinic through 'one-size-fits-all' procedures. Current fitting typically relies on limited and often subjective data that must be collected in limited time. Despite the success of the CI as a hearing-restoration device, variability in speech-recognition scores among users is still very large, and mostly unexplained. The major factors that underly this variability incorporate three levels: (i) variability in auditory-system malfunction of CI-users, (ii) variability in the selectivity of electrode-to-auditory nerve (EL-AN) activation, and (iii) lack of objective perceptual measures to optimize the fitting. We argue that variability in speech recognition can only be alleviated by using objective patient-specific data for an individualized fitting procedure, which incorporates knowledge from all three levels. In this paper, we propose a series of experiments, aimed at collecting a large amount of objective (i.e., quantitative, reproducible, and reliable) data that characterize the three processing levels of the user's auditory system. Machine-learning algorithms that process these data will eventually enable the clinician to derive reliable and personalized characteristics of the user's auditory system, the quality of EL-AN signal transfer, and predictions of the perceptual effects of changes in the current fitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altitude hypoxia can impair sensory and cognitive functions, from causing slowed responses to sensory hallucinations. In a field study, we tested 12 expeditioners at varied altitudes (low: 1696 m; high: 4556 m) with a simple auditory detection task and a dichotic listening paradigm in which a voice was presented, lateralized, within a binaural white noise stream. Slower reaction times and a reduced right ear advantage might be expected at high (vs. low) altitude, due to hypoxia. The participants' performances on both tasks did not differ between conditions, revealing that these functions are resistant to short-term hypoxia in young healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two main approaches to how statistical patterns are extracted from sequences: The transitional probability approach proposes that statistical learning occurs through the computation of probabilities between items in a sequence. The chunking approach, including models such as PARSER and TRACX, proposes that units are extracted as chunks. Importantly, the chunking approach suggests that the extraction of full units weakens the processing of subunits while the transitional probability approach suggests that both units and subunits should strengthen. Previous findings using sequentially organized, auditory stimuli or spatially organized, visual stimuli support the chunking approach. However, one limitation of prior studies is that most assessed learning with the two‐alternative forced‐choice task. In contrast, this pre‐registered experiment examined the two theoretical approaches in sequentially organized, visual stimuli using an online self‐paced task—arguably providing a more sensitive index of learning as it occurs—and a secondary offline familiarity judgment task. During the self‐paced task, abstract shapes were covertly organized into eight triplets (ABC) where one in every eight was altered (BCA) from the canonical structure in a way that disrupted the full unit while preserving a subunit (BC). Results from the offline familiarity judgment task revealed that the altered triplets were perceived as highly familiar, suggesting the learned representations were relatively flexible. More importantly, results from the online self‐paced task demonstrated that processing for subunits, but not unit‐initial stimuli, was impeded in the altered triplet. The pattern of results is in line with the chunking approach to statistical learning and, more specifically, the TRACX model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A cochlear implant (CI) is a neurotechnological device that restores total sensorineural hearing loss. It contains a sophisticated speech processor that analyzes and transforms the acoustic input. It distributes its time-enveloped spectral content to the auditory nerve as electrical pulsed stimulation trains of selected frequency channels on a multi-contact electrode that is surgically inserted in the cochlear duct. This remarkable brain interface enables the deaf to regain hearing and understand speech. However, tuning of the large (>50) number of parameters of the speech processor, so-called “device fitting,” is a tedious and complex process, which is mainly carried out in the clinic through ‘one-size-fits-all’ procedures. Current fitting typically relies on limited and often subjective data that must be collected in limited time. Despite the success of the CI as a hearing-restoration device, variability in speech-recognition scores among users is still very large, and mostly unexplained. The major factors that underly this variability incorporate three levels: (i) variability in auditory-system malfunction of CI-users, (ii) variability in the selectivity of electrode-to-auditory nerve (EL-AN) activation, and (iii) lack of objective perceptual measures to optimize the fitting. We argue that variability in speech recognition can only be alleviated by using objective patient-specific data for an individualized fitting procedure, which incorporates knowledge from all three levels. In this paper, we propose a series of experiments, aimed at collecting a large amount of objective (i.e., quantitative, reproducible, and reliable) data that characterize the three processing levels of the user’s auditory system. Machine-learning algorithms that process these data will eventually enable the clinician to derive reliable and personalized characteristics of the user’s auditory system, the quality of EL-AN signal transfer, and predictions of the perceptual effects of changes in the current fitting.

Successful communication between highly automated vehicles and vulnerable road users will be crucial in the future. In addition to the technical requirements of the communication system, the projected content is also essential to ensure successful communication. For this purpose, previous studies have investigated the necessary technical requirements for near-field projections. However, the impact of the presentation content, whether symbol- or text-based, on the technological domain, has yet to be investigated. Therefore, a psychophysical subject study investigated the necessary detection probability for symbol- and text-based projection in the near-field of a vehicle. The visibility of symbol- and text-based projections were analyzed by the subject’s detection rate of the tested projection in an ambient lighting scenario of 20 lx at two different distances. Additionally, the corresponding reaction time of the subjects was measured. The results of the subject study showed that, contrarily, an arbitrary increase does not reduce the reaction time and thus saturates at a level of 650 ms before the 90% detection threshold for both projection contents. The observed detection contrast indicates that symbol-based projections need approximately 25% less contrast level than text-based projections to reach a 90% detection rate.

Abstract Health misinformation is a problem on social media, and more understanding is needed about how users cognitively process it. In this study, participants’ accuracy in determining whether 60 health claims were true (e.g., “Vaccines prevent disease outbreaks”) or false (e.g., “Vaccines cause disease outbreaks”) was assessed. The 60 claims were related to three domains of health risk behavior (i.e., smoking, alcohol and vaccines). Claims were presented as Tweets or as simple text statements. We employed mouse tracking to measure reaction times, whether processing happens in discrete stages, and response uncertainty. We also examined whether health literacy was a moderating variable. The results indicate that information in statements and tweets is evaluated incrementally most of the time, but with overrides happening on some trials. Adequate health literacy scorers were equally certain when responding to tweets and statements, but they were more accurate when responding to tweets. Inadequate scorers were more confident on statements than on tweets but equally accurate on both. These results have important implications for understanding the underlying cognition needed to combat health misinformation online.

In rock climbing, an appropriate motor preparation to a given climbing hold(s) is crucial for a fluent climbing. We investigated the influence of visual-tactile information in motor preparation of climbing, particularly the effect of the number of the holds and the tactile input of an actual hold was examined. Reaction times (RTs) under the priming paradigm were compared for climbers and non-climbers. Participants were asked to respond to a visual target (left or right arrow) after the presentation of a picture of a single climbing hold (Single-Prime condition: SP) or two holds (Double-Prime condition: DP). Before commencing each trial block, the participants were also asked to touch or watch an actual hold (touch /no-touch condition). The response based on the congruity between the orientation of the hold and that of the arrow was categorised as either congruent or incongruent. An ANOVA performed on the RTs showed the congruency effect, but this was observed only in the non-climbers. An additional analysis revealed a marginally significant climbing experience-related interaction. In the high-experienced climbers, the RTs in the touch condition were slower than those in the no-touch condition but this was only in the SP condition. In the no-touch condition, the RTs of DP were slower than those of SP. These results therefore suggest that the motor preparation is mediated by visual and tactile inputs of a given hold. The time needed for motor preparation, particularly in highly experienced climbers, may be modulated by the representational complexity of climbing movements through tactile information. Highlight The number of the holds visually presented affected the motor preparation. The tactile input of the climbing hold modulated the motor preparation only in the highly experienced climbers. Our findings imply that climbing-specific context (i.e. combination of the given holds) and experience (i.e. action competency) are involved in the motor preparation of climbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction times (RTs) are an essential metric used for understanding the link between brain and behaviour. As research is reaffirming the tight coupling between neuronal and behavioural RTs, thorough statistical modelling of RT data is thus essential to enrich current theories and motivate novel findings. A statistical distribution is proposed herein that is able to model the complete RT's distribution, including location, scale and shape: the generalised-exponential-Gaussian (GEG) distribution. The GEG distribution enables shifting the attention from traditional means and standard deviations to the entire RT distribution. The mathematical properties of the GEG distribution are presented and investigated via simulations. Additionally, the GEG distribution is featured via four real-life data sets. Finally, we discuss how the proposed distribution can be used for regression analyses via generalised additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that empathic pain observation can lead to motor facilitation in the form of faster reaction times. However, it is unclear whether participants are focusing on the others' pain or simply focusing on their own discomfort/distress (from watching the videos) during the task. This is an important issue as self- vs other-oriented focusing plays a key role in empathic processing. To address this issue, we combined empathic pain observation with the automatic imitation task (AIT). Previous work has shown that AIT effects are smaller after experiencing pain, which has been interpreted as the result of the experience of pain leading to a self-oriented focus. If empathic pain observation similarly leads to a self-oriented focus, then we should expect similar AIT results after pain observation (smaller AIT effects); however, if it instead leads to an other-oriented focus, then we should see the opposite (larger AIT effects). Although we found initial evidence for the latter hypothesis (Experiment 1), subsequent failed replications suggests that we do not have sufficient evidence to claim that pain observation influences automatic imitation one way or the other (Experiment 2 and 3). We discuss some possible reasons for finding null results in these experiments and suggest future avenues of research to better elucidate this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have been carried out in various languages to explore the role of the main psycholinguistic variables in word naming, mainly in nouns. However, reading of verbs has not been explored to the same extent, despite the differences that have been found between the processing of nouns and verbs. To reduce this research gap, we present here SpaVerb-WN, a megastudy of word naming in Spanish, with response times (RT) for 4562 verbs. RT were obtained from at least 20 healthy adult participants in a reading-aloud task. Several research questions on the role of syllable frequency, word length, neighbourhood, frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), and the novel variable 'motor content' in verb naming were also examined. Linear mixed-effects model analyses indicated that (1) RT increase in with increasing word length and with decreasing neighbourhood size, (2) syllable frequency does not show a significant effect on RT, (3) AoA mediates the effect of motor content, with a positive slope of motor content at low AoA scores and a negative slope at high AoA scores, and (4) there is an interaction between word frequency and AoA, in which the AoA effect for low-frequency verbs gradually decreases as frequency increases. The results are discussed in relation to existing evidence and in the context of the consistency of the spelling–sound mappings in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at analyzing young tennis players through an evaluation of the simple reaction times (RTsS) and complex reaction times (RTsC) using the SensoBuzz console, equipped with a chronometer, connected to a release button, three push buttons and two conductance platforms. The SensoBuzz console was used for a first evaluation of the simple and complex reaction times of the young tennis players and a subsequent verification, after three months of training. Following the first measurement, the subjects trained weekly with the help of the SensoBuzz application installed on the coach's device (tennis coach and/or physical trainer) diversifying the workouts on reaction times. After three months of training, the results showed shorter reaction times following the training with the SensoBuzz application compared with training without the SensoBuzz application. More specifically, we observed an effect on simple reaction times when comparing players' training once per week and players training six times per week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove that for a set of ten univariate stochastic orders including the usual order, a univariate stochastic order preserves either both, one or none of additivity and multiplication properties over the vector space of real-valued random variables. Then, classifying participant's quickness in a mental chronometry trial to "weakly faster" and "strongly faster", we use the above results for the usual stochastic order to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for a participant to be strongly faster than the other in terms of the fitted Wald, Exponentially modified Wald(ExW), and Exponentially modified Gaussian(ExG) distributional parameters. This research field remains uncultivated for other univariate stochastic orders and in several directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a previous study (Craig & Lipp, 2018) into the effects of multiple social category cues (face race and face sex) on facial emotion recognition indicate that face sex dominates face race, and moreover, participant sex differences contribute little to the observed effects. Here, I modelled the same dataset () using the ex-Gaussian, a distribution that is 1) well suited to RT data and 2) separates slow from relatively fast influences. Corroborating recent results (Tipples, 2022) current results show larger effects of face sex (for the faces of White individuals) for female participants. Further novel interaction effects were revealed. For example, results support a different time course for the influence of face sex on expression for the faces of Black compared to White individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visuospatial attention is strongly lateralized, with the right hemisphere commonly exhibiting stronger activation and connectivity patterns than the left hemisphere during attentive processes. However, whether such asymmetry influences inter‐hemispheric information transfer and behavioral performance is not known. Here we used a region of interest (ROI) and network‐based approach to determine steady‐state fMRI functional connectivity (FC) in the whole cerebral cortex during a leftward/rightward covert visuospatial attention task. We found that the global FC topology between either ROIs or networks was independent on the attended side. The side of attention significantly modulated FC strength between brain networks, with leftward attention primarily involving the connections of the right visual network with dorsal and ventral attention networks in both the left and right hemisphere. High hemispheric functional segregation significantly correlated with faster target detection response times (i.e., better performance). Our findings suggest that the dominance of the right hemisphere in visuospatial attention is associated with an hemispheric functional segregation that is beneficial for behavioral performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract words (e.g., freedom) compose a significant part of speech. Despite this, learning them is complicated. Abstract concepts collect more heterogeneous exemplars and are more detached from sensory modalities than concrete concepts. Recent views propose that, because of their complexity, other people are pivotal for abstract concepts’ acquisition and use, e.g., to explain their meaning. We tested this hypothesis using a combined behavioral and thermal imaging paradigm. Twenty-one Italian children (10\F, mean age: 6 years) determined whether acoustic stimuli (concrete and abstract words; non-words) were or not correct Italian words (lexical decision). Concrete terms yielded faster responses than abstract ones: for the first time, this effect appears with response times in very young children. More crucially, the higher increase in temperature of the nasal tip (i.e., typically associated with parasympathetic dominance of the neurovegetative response) suggests that, with abstract concepts, children might be more socially and cognitively engaged.

Health misinformation is a problem on social media, and more understanding is needed about how users cognitively process it. In this study, participants' accuracy in determining whether 60 health claims were true (e.g., "Vaccines prevent disease outbreaks") or false (e.g., "Vaccines cause disease outbreaks") was assessed. The 60 claims were related to three domains of health risk behavior (i.e., smoking, alcohol and vaccines). Claims were presented as Tweets or as simple text statements. We employed mouse tracking to measure reaction times, whether processing happens in discrete stages, and response uncertainty. We also examined whether health literacy was a moderating variable. The results indicate that information in statements and tweets is evaluated incrementally most of the time, but with overrides happening on some trials. Adequate health literacy scorers were equally certain when responding to tweets and statements, but they were more accurate when responding to tweets. Inadequate scorers were more confident on statements than on tweets but equally accurate on both. These results have important implications for understanding the underlying cognition needed to combat health misinformation online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ability to cross biological barriers, encapsulate and efficiently deliver drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics, and protect the loaded cargos from degradation, different soft polymer and lipid nanoparticles (including liposomes, cubosomes, and hexosomes) have received considerable interest in the last three decades as versatile platforms for drug delivery applications and for the design of vaccines. Hard nanocrystals (including gold nanoparticles and quantum dots) are also attractive for use in various biomedical applications. Here, microfluidics provides unique opportunities for the continuous synthesis of these hard and soft nanomaterials with controllable shapes and sizes, and their in situ characterization through manipulation of the flow conditions and coupling to synchrotron small-angle X-ray (SAXS), wide-angle scattering (WAXS), or neutron (SANS) scattering techniques, respectively. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic devices are attractive not only for the continuous production of monodispersed nanomaterials, but also for improving our understanding of the involved nucleation and growth mechanisms during the formation of hard nanocrystals under confined geometry conditions. They allow further gaining insight into the involved dynamic structural transitions, mechanisms, and kinetics during the generation of self-assembled nanostructures (including drug nanocarriers) at different reaction times (ranging from fractions of seconds to minutes). This review provides an overview of recently developed 2D and 3D microfluidic platforms for the continuous production of nanomaterials, and their simultaneous use in in situ characterization investigations through coupling to nanostructural characterization techniques (e.g., SAXS, WAXS, and SANS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]