Search

The plant Allium ampeloprasum, belonging to the Liliaceae family, is an important source of antioxidant compounds. In this study, the anti -radical and antioxidant activities, as well as the determination of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of this plant, were investigated. In this laboratory study, the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Allium ampeloprasum were prepared by adding 50 grams of the plant and mixing it in a 1:5 ratio with distilled water or ethanol. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined by spectrophotometry, and the antioxidant activity of the plant at different concentrations was measured using the Cuprac method, DPPH free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and one -way analysis of variance. Based on the results, the total phenolic content in the aqueous extract was 86.9859 and 23.4 micrograms of gallic acid per milliliter in the alcoholic extract. The total flavonoid content was 42.81 in the aqueous extract and 345.54 micrograms of quercetin per milliliter in the alcoholic extract. Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity in the aqueous extract was 0.2362 and 0.3876 in the alcoholic extract, and the Cuprac method reported 0.0747 in the aqueous extract and 0.1992 in the alcoholic extract. The ferric reducing antioxidant power was 0.1041 in the aqueous extract and 0.0248 in the alcoholic extract, while the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 73.18 in the aqueous extract and 72.95 in the alcoholic extract. According to the study results, Allium ampeloprasum is a good source of antioxidant compounds, and its consumption can reduce oxidative damages in the body and improve health. Moreover, after extraction and purification, it can be used in pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Carissa carandas (Apocynaceae), a renowned Ayurvedic plant, called as Karamarda in Sanskrit, and its fruits are reported to possess significant anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, antipyretic, and cardiotonic activities. The present investigation aimed for preliminary phytochemical, chromatographic studies and antioxidant activity of C. carandas fruits aqueous extract. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical studies, total flavonoid, and phenolic contents were established according to standard methods. Further, the aqueous extract was screened against free radicals, such as diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical and nitric oxide radical. Further, its radical scavenging power was confirmed by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant activity) and reducing power assay. Results: C. carandas fruits aqueous extract showed significant antioxidant properties in nitric oxide (IC50-70 μg/ml), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity (IC50-800 μg/ml), and results are comparable with standard samples. Increasing concentration of fruit aqueous extract showed considerable reducing power and total antioxidant activity. The observed total phenols (50 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (12 mg RE/g) present in aqueous extract is accountable for its antioxidant potential. High-performance thin-layer chromatography screening revealed that the aqueous extract is having different phytoconstituents with different Rf (Retention Factor) values and established the fingerprint profile for the identification of C. carandas fruits. Conclusion: The current phytochemical and chromatographic analysis can be considered reference standards for future studies on C. carandas fruits. Further study is required for the isolation of bioactive natural antioxidant from C. carandas fruits.

Background and Aims: Traditional indigenous system of medicine employed many Chenopodium species to treat a wide range of ailments. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the species Chenopodium album and Chenopodium pumilio. Methods: Phenolics and flavonoid content were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques. The antioxidant activity of Chenopodium extracts was evaluated by assaying ferric reducing antioxidant power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum reducing power, ferrous ion chelating activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, deoxyribose degradation activity, and β-carotene bleaching activity. Results: In C. album and C. pumilio, total phenolic concentration was 17.5–23.8 and 13.3–25.3 mg tannic acid equivalent/g, respectively, and flavonoid content was 0.21–0.85 mg and 0.10–0.89 mg quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. Thus, C. pumilio had a higher content of phenolics and flavonoids than C. album. However, comparison of extracts in different solvents showed that ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited higher phenolics and flavonoid content than other solvent systems. The antioxidant capability of the species, determined by antioxidant assays, varied with the species evaluated and the solvents used for extraction. Remarkably, the correlation coefficient of different antioxidant assays with the phenolics and flavonoid content in both species showed discrepancy. Conclusion: Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Chenopodium species studied had higher phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity than methanolic and acetonic extracts. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the studied species provide a potential source of antioxidants for drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophora exigua (SE) was sequentially extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The obtained extracts were tested for antioxidant activity. Among them, the fractionated ethyl acetate extract (SE-EA) showed the highest potential in free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing properties. The chemical analysis identified sophoraflavanone G as one of the active ingredients in SE-EA. According to SE-EA solubility, SE-EA liposomes were developed using a sonication-assisted thin film method. Cholesterol and phospholipids were used as the main compositions of the liposomes. The obtained liposomes were spherical with different nano-size ranges, size distribution, and zeta potential depending on SEEA and total lipid concentrations. SE-EA liposomes were slightly bigger than their empty liposomes. All liposomes exhibited a phospholipid crystalline structure. Cholesterol and SE-EA existed in the liposomes as an amorphous state. SE-EA liposomes with high total lipid content exhibited high entrapment efficiency and sustained release behavior. Whereas liposomes with low total lipid content showed low entrapment efficiency and fast-release behavior. All SE-EA liposomes showed stronger antioxidant activity than the non-entrapped SE-EA. In conclusion, SE-EA is a natural source of potent antioxidants. The developed SE-EA liposomes are a promising pharmaceutical formulation to efficiently deliver the active ingredients of SE-EA and are suitable for further study in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As known, dates are packed with antioxidants and bioactive compounds and provide various health benefits, as evidenced by their varying nitrite levels. Algerian dates, on the other hand, have not been thoroughly investigated for their bioactive compounds and overall antioxidant capacity. This research aims to tap into this potential by meticulously measuring total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in three popular Algerian varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Ksiba, Hamraya, and Deglet Nour, and the determination of their antioxidant activity using (scavenging assays of 2,2- diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity. The analysis showed that the three varieties of date fruits are rich in total phenolics with an amount ranging between 71±51 and 7975±389 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE).100 g-1 of dry weight (DW), the flavonoid amount ranged from 31±3 to 767±4 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) 100 g-1 DW and condensed tannins between 6± 2 and 653 ±64 mg of catechin equivalent (CE) 100 g-1 dry DW. The antiradical activity was quite promising and ranged between 0.5 and 24 µg AAE mg-1 extract for DPPH and between 2 and 113 µg AAE mg-1 extract for ABTS, while the reducing power and total antioxidant capacity values ranged from 16 to 154 μg ascorbic acid (AAE) mg-1 and 39 to 68 μg AAE mg-1 extract respectively. The results of this study show that Algerian date fruit can be regarded as a potential natural source of antioxidants, with ethyl acetate serving as the best extractant solvent, resulting in higher polyphenol content and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the content and quality characteristics of three types of apple pectin (WSP, NSP, CSP) treated by different drying methods. Methods: Apple pectin was dried by hot air drying (60, 75, 90 ℃), vacuum freeze dryingn (−50 ℃) and natural drying. The effects of different drying methods on the browning degree of apple and the pectin content, protein content, total sugar content, antioxidant capacity and pectin structure of three types of apples were studied. Results: The browning degree of apple slices was the smallest under hot air drying at 60 ℃. The content of three different types of pectin was different. The content of WSP was the most, ranging from 58.06% to 77.09%, followed by NSP, ranging from 30.57% to 54.98%, and the content of CSP was the least, ranging from 14.64% to 27.06%. Among them, the content of three types of pectin after hot air drying at 60 ℃ was the most. The total sugar content of WSP, CSP and NSP was 34.56%~6.92%, 11.02%~4.04% and 15.46%~8.75%, respectively. The total sugar content of WSP dried at 75 ℃ was the highest. The total sugar content of NSP and CSP under hot air drying at 90 ℃ was also the highest. The protein content of three different types of pectin was different. The range of WSP, NSP and CSP was 2.92%~5.73%, 1.39%~4.27% and 1.50%~5.40%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that there was little difference in the structure of apple pectin under different drying conditions. The drying method had a significant effect on the antioxidant capacity of pectin. The antioxidant capacity of WSP and NSP ranged from 91.27% to 78.54% and 8.15% to 2.14%, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of CSP was very weak. Among them, the antioxidant capacity of WSP and NSP under 90 ℃ hot air drying was the strongest, which was 91.27% and 8.15%, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of WSP and NSP under freeze drying was the weakest, which was 78.54% and 2.14%, respectively. Conclusion: After apples were treated by different drying methods, the contents and properties of three different types of pectin in apples were different. The apple pectin dried at 60 ℃ was the best, and the apple pectin content, total sugar content, protein content and antioxidant capacity were 50.69%, 15.27%, 3.61% and 31.33%, respectively. This study would provide theoretical support for the extraction process of apple pectin and the antioxidant capacity of different types of pectin, and also provide some reference value for further study on the effect of different drying methods on pectin drying.

AbstractFor the first time, methanolic leaf extract of the hydrophyte Persicaria senegalensis L. was evaluated for its ability to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesis. The effect of stirring time and plant extract concentrations was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for characterization of AgNPs. XRD confirmed the AgNPs formation with crystallite size in the range 23–71 nm. The crystallite size increased with increasing both stirring time and plant extract concentration. Antioxidants, including secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and phenols are substances that inhibit oxidative damage to the cell organisms by scavenging the free radicals and thus reducing the hazard of diseases. The scavenging and antioxidant activities of the plant leaf extract and AgNPs were evaluated and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plant leaf extract and AgNPs was 52.41 and 10.13 µg AA equivalent/mg DW, respectively. Total phenolics (TPs) and total flavonoids (TFs), revealed high contents equal to 154.83 µg gallic acid equivalent and 100.05 µg quercetin equivalent/mg DW plant extract, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Different types of milk are used in the production of milk kefir, but little information is available on the release of potentially antioxidant exopolysaccharides (EPS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the microbial dynamics and EPS release are dependent on the milk substrate. In our study, the inoculated microbial consortium was driven differently by each type of milk (cow, ewe, and goat). This was evident in the sugar consumption, organic acid production, free amino release, and EPS production. The amount and the composition of the secreted EPS varied depending on the milk type, with implications for the structure and functional properties of the EPS. The low EPS yield in ewe's milk was associated with a higher lactic acid production and thus with the use of carbon sources oriented towards energy production. Depending on the milk used as substrate, the EPS showed different monosaccharide and FT-IR profiles, microstructures, and surface morphologies. These differences affected the antiradical properties and reducing power of the EPS. In particular, EPS extracted from cow's milk had a higher antioxidant activity than other milk types, and the antioxidant activity was concentration dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of tilapia hydrolysate glycated with glucose, fructose, or xylose at 90 °C for 12 h, and following in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion were investigated. Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) band between 1,800 and 1,400 cm−1 confirmed the structural modifications of hydrolysate under glycations. Glycation drastically increased ATBS·+ and ONOO- scavenging activities (p

The results of seasonal variation of total polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC) and phenolic acid (TPAC) accumulation and antioxidant activity of Artemisia balchanorum Krasch. × Artemisia taurica Willd. genotypes from the Kherson Oblast of Ukraine represented in this study. The total polyphenol content was identified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and ranged from 20.51 to 132.52 mg GAE/g (gallic acid equivalent). The flavonoid content conducted with aluminum chloride reagent ranged from 8.16 to 70.77 mg QE/g (quercetin equivalent) and phenolic acid content determined with Arnova reagent ranged from 6.26 to 38.67 mg CAE/g (caffeic acid equivalent) depending on genotype and stage of growth. The antioxidant activity of investigated genotypes determined by the DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method (FRSA) varied from 4.68 to 10.38 mg TE/g (Trolox equivalent), molybdenum-reducing power of extracts detected by the phosphomolybdenum method (MRP) and was from 41.43 to 209.93 mg TE/g depending on genotype. The total polyphenol content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity by the phosphomolybdenum method increased from spring vegetation to flowering. The accumulation of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity by the DPPH method was uneven and depended on genotype and stage of growth. It was found a weak correlation between FRSA and TPC (r = 0.189), TFC (r = 0.211), and TPAC (r = 0.111) for genotypes. A strong correlation was found between MRP and TPC (r = 0.703), and TFC (r = 0.657). A moderate correlation was detected between MRP and TPAC (r = 0.481) for genotypes. The obtained data can be used for further breeding work to get genotypes with high antioxidant activity.

The medicinal traits of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. have been used in traditional and folklore medicinal system, however, scientific evaluation of such medicinal plants have not been much explored yet. Different solvent extracts of the whole plant of C. macrophylla from the Himalayan region are the key subject of interest to evaluate and exhibit their antioxidant properties concerning its phytochemical composition. The different polarity extracts of C. macrophylla were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus and both of their GC-MS profile outlined their individual components. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and reducing power activity. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the hexane extract, accounting for 63.56% of the total extract composition with tetratetracontane (9.78%), as the prominent compound. A sum of 26 compounds making up 79.74% of the total methanolic extract composition was identified and the major compound was a diterpenoid, trachylobane (31.87%). The methanolic extract exerted potent antioxidant properties when compared, in vitro, to hexane extract as it showed better IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activity (91.97 ± 0.33 µg/ml), metal chelating activity (10.90 ± 1.40 µg/ml) and reducing power activity (56.72 ± 0.67 µg/ml). The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract was also comparable to standards. Therefore, the methanolic extract exhibited better results as compared to hexane extract and had comparable potential with standards in vitro, if further explored might be utilized as an antioxidant agent in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

The use of carbon monoxide (CO) as a valuable feedstock for producing various platform chemicals through biorefinery processes has attracted considerable research interest. Acetate is an intermediate chemical synthesized from CO and CO2 through acetogenesis via the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Acetate can further serve as a substrate for chain elongation into a higher volatile fatty acid (VFA) when sufficient reducing power is provided. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) is used widely as a reducing agent in environmental remediation applications. This study established that the externally provided reducing power from ZVI oxidation increased the acetate production (approximately 13 times) from CO and the further synthesis of VFA. The effect of ZVI on CO/CO2 conversion was evaluated by quantifying the formation of acetate and butyrate. The carbon and electron balance provide information on the mechanism of C1 gas conversion and chain elongation. These findings highlight a useful intermediate production under the reducing power-limited bioprocesses, such as C1 gas bioconversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to determine the antioxidant properties of leaves extracts of 24 Acanthaceae species: Asystasia guttata, Ballochia amoena, Barleria aculeata, B. orbicularis, B. parviflora, B. prionitis, B. ventricosa, Blepharis cayaniense, B. maderaspatensis, Crossandra, johanninae, Dicliptera effusa, D. paniculata, D. verticillata, Ecbolium gymnostachyum, Hypoestes pubescens, H. triflora, Justicia caerulea, J. heterocarpa, J. odora, Megalochalmyas violacea, Phaulopsis imbricata, Trichocalyx orbicular, Ruellia grandiflora and R. paulayana. The radical scavenging activities of 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total phenolic compounds of species were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Blepharis cayaniense has the highest phenolic compounds (995.5 mg of gallic acid per g of sample) while Hypoestes pubescens, and Ruellia paulayana (10 mg/mL gallic acid equivalent) have the lowest concentration of phenolic acid but less radical scavenging activities (DPPH) and reducing ferric power. Only Trichocalyx orbiculatus has the highest concentration in phenolic content, radical-scavenging activities, and reducing power. Interestingly, the antioxidant activities of different Acanthaceae species exhibit unique medicinal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of milk are used in the production of milk kefir, but little information is available on the release of potentially antioxidant exopolysaccharides (EPS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the microbial dynamics and EPS release are dependent on the milk substrate. In our study, the inoculated microbial consortium was driven differently by each type of milk (cow, ewe, and goat). This was evident in the sugar consumption, organic acid production, free amino release, and EPS production. The amount and the composition of the secreted EPS varied depending on the milk type, with implications for the structure and functional properties of the EPS. The low EPS yield in ewe’s milk was associated with a higher lactic acid production and thus with the use of carbon sources oriented towards energy production. Depending on the milk used as substrate, the EPS showed different monosaccharide and FT-IR profiles, microstructures, and surface morphologies. These differences affected the antiradical properties and reducing power of the EPS. In particular, EPS extracted from cow’s milk had a higher antioxidant activity than other milk types, and the antioxidant activity was concentration dependent.

In this study, we focused on evaluating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and tyrosinase-inhibiting properties of leaf and twig essential oils from Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana. Additionally, we determined the major components associated with these effects. The findings revealed that α-pinene (36.4%) and limonene (23.6%) were the dominant components in the leaf essential oil, while α-pinene (36.2%), ferruginol (22.5%), and limonene (13.1%) were the major constituents in the twig essential oil. However, when comparing the biological activities of the 2 essential oils, the twig essential oil demonstrated excellent inhibitory effects against skin pathogens, as well as strong antioxidant and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities, in contrast to the leaf essential oil. The twig essential oil also exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against 5 skin pathogenic strains, with the strongest inhibitory effect being that against Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis, and Candida albicans, which was accompanied by an inhibition zone of 46 to 48 mm, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μg/mL, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 250 μg/mL. The inhibitory activity of the twig essential oil against lipid peroxidation was found to be potent, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 216 ± 1.9 μg/mL. It also exhibited strong scavenging activity against free radicals, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC50 = 121.6 ± 0.5 μg/mL) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (IC50 = 136.8 ± 1.6 μg/mL) cation radicals. In addition, it exhibited a high cupric ion reducing–antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), with the A0.50 value determined to be 186.28 ± 0.5 μg/mL. It also exhibited adequate activity in terms of inhibiting in vitro tyrosinase activity, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 168.5 ± 0.6 μg/mL. Further analysis revealed that ferruginol was the active component responsible for the antimicrobial, antioxidative, and tyrosinase-inhibiting activities observed in twig oil. These findings suggest that the twig oil is a promising candidate for further research because of its favorable antimicrobial, antioxidative, and tyrosinase-inhibiting activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant activity of whole plant of Henckelia humboldtiana. Qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol and ethanol extracts of Henckelia humboldtiana revealed the presence of alkaloids, catechins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides and xanthoproteins. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. Antioxidant activity have been tested using various antioxidant model systems viz. DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide, ABTS and reducing power. Ethanol extract of H. humboldtiana is found to possess higher DPPH, superoxide and ABTS radical scavenging activity while methanol extracts is found to possess higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Ethanol extract of whole plant of Henckelia humboldtiana shows the highest reducing ability. This study indicates the significant free radical scavenging potential of Henckelia humboldtiana whole plant. This is the first report on the antioxidant property of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal traits of Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. have been used in traditional and folklore medicinal system, however, scientific evaluation of such medicinal plants have not been much explored yet. Different solvent extracts of the whole plant of C. macrophylla from the Himalayan region are the key subject of interest to evaluate and exhibit their antioxidant properties concerning its phytochemical composition. The different polarity extracts of C. macrophylla were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus and both of their GC-MS profile outlined their individual components. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and reducing power activity. Thirty-two compounds were identified in the hexane extract, accounting for 63.56% of the total extract composition with tetratetracontane (9.78%), as the prominent compound. A sum of 26 compounds making up 79.74% of the total methanolic extract composition was identified and the major compound was a diterpenoid, trachylobane (31.87%). The methanolic extract exerted potent antioxidant properties when compared, in vitro, to hexane extract as it showed better IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activity (91.97 ± 0.33 µg/ml), metal chelating activity (10.90 ± 1.40 µg/ml) and reducing power activity (56.72 ± 0.67 µg/ml). The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract was also comparable to standards. Therefore, the methanolic extract exhibited better results as compared to hexane extract and had comparable potential with standards in vitro, if further explored might be utilized as an antioxidant agent in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to decreasing the use of nitrite in Pasterma (sausage in Iraq) in traditional condition, beetroot and milk thistle was used with (75% veal meat and 25% pelvic and kidney fat),the treatment were divide (T1): (0.075 ppm milk thistle with 0.075 ppm beetroot), (T2): (0.075 ppm nitrite with 0.075 ppm milk thistle powder),(T3): (0.075 ppm nitrite with 0.075ppm beetroot powder), (T4):Addition of the synthetic antioxidant Betalyted Hydroxy Anisole (0.01%) BHA. The physical properties resulted in cooking loos, WHC, T3the treatment excelled (8.17)%and 39.12% respectively, Fat oxidation measurements (TBA 3.02 Malone Didehyde/kg, and peroxide value 0.56 mEq/kg fat) inT3 sample show significant differences the best value,the result are consistent with the measurements reducing power assay and DPPH – assay it was better in T3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this present work, methanol extracts of the leaves and flowers of Salvia officinalis Linn. (MES) and Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (MER) were examined for their potential anti-aging and antioxidant properties using in vitro methods. Materials and Methods: Several in vitro methods and techniques, such as estimation of reducing power, DPPH radical assay, ABTS decolorising assay, total antioxidant activity, superoxide radical (O2 • -), metal chelating activity, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and assay of scavenging of nitric oxide were employed to appraise the scavenging of free radicals and antioxidant action of MES and MER. The anti-aging activity of the extracts was evaluated using the enzyme inhibition assays involving elastase inhibitory assay, collagenase inhibitory assay, and hyaluronidase inhibitory activity models. Using the elastase inhibitory assay, collagenase inhibitory assay, and hyaluronidase inhibitory assay models, the mechanistic antiaging potential of the extracts (MES and MER) had been appraised. Results: Because of their lower IC50 values, the extracts (MES and MER) showed significant antioxidant activity. It was discovered that they had poor metal chelating activity. By inhibiting elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase activity, both extracts showed significant anti-aging properties. Conclusion: The conclusions of this present research work thus imply that both the plant extracts possess the potential to act as antioxidant and may be used in herbal treatment for both normal and photoaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined two propolis samples from the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. The various hues of the propolis samples were a result of their distinct botanical origins and geographic locations. The results of physicochemical analysis (moisture, soluble and insoluble solids content, pH, conductivity, ash content, wax, total phenolic content, flavonoids content, protein, DPPH and reducing power) used to classify the sample according to its botanical/geographic origin. The physicochemical properties of propolis from an Apis mellifera L. hive in Pantnagar were as follows: average moisture content (8.51±0.04%), average insoluble substance (42.06±0.35%), soluble substance (56.36±0.12%), pH (4.18± 0.021), EC (1.67±0.003 ms/cm), ash percentage (1.82 ±0.005%), amount of wax (6±0.17 %)), total phenol content (19.02±0.58 mg/ml), flavonoid content (65.23±0.42 mg/ml) and protein content (1.12±0.002 mg/g) were detected especially in the Pantnagar propolis sample indicating that it holds good antioxidant properties in comparison to Pauri district sample. It appears that total phenolic and flavonoid compositions have a significant impact on the antioxidant activity of propolis extracts. There was a strong correlation between phenolics, flavonoids, DPPH, protein and reducing power, suggesting that in addition to the total phenolic content, flavonoid and protein concentrations are excellent indicators of the antioxidant potential of propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ginger species (Zingiberaceae family) have attract a lot of scientific attention because of their perceived beneficial effects on health. Despite this, for the numerous species of the family, scientific reports are quite scarce and warrant further analyses. The most of until now analyzed ginger species are allochthonous in the Philippines. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves and rhizomes of Etlingera dostseiana Naive, Demayo & Alejandro, a Philippine endemic ginger species. Data recorded for total phenolic content (mg GAE/g dried sample) revealed that the leaves (15.44 ± 0.80) have a greater amount of phenolics than the rhizomes (0.59 ± 0.03). The total antioxidant activity (mg AAE/g dried sample) was also observed to be higher in leaves (14.24 ± 0.25) than in the rhizomes (0.91 ± 0.04), as well as the reducing power (mg GRPE/g dried sample) - 10.33 ± 1.13 in leaves versus 0.21 ± 0.06 in rhizomes. Based on the correlation analysis, a perfect positive linear relationship was observed among the total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, and reducing power (r=1, p

Introduction: Secondary metabolites from plants have been found to play an important role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the chemical components of Annona muricata leaf chloroform fraction (CFAm) and its in vitro antioxidant properties, as well as inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic activities. Methods: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was engaged in the identification of phytochemical constituents. Antioxidant activities such as DPPH free radical scavenging ability, reducing power capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, singlet oxygen scavenging capacity, as well as α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition were carried out using standard in vitro methods. Results: GC-MS analysis of CFAm revealed the presence of 23 phytochemicals, out of which 5 compounds had the highest % compositions (i.e., octadecanoic acid (20.35%), 2-propanone, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) (12.04%), isocomene (22.60%), 9, 12, 15 octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (28. 98%), and quercetin, 5TMS derivative (18.28%)). Also, CFAm demonstrated a significant (P

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the functional properties of citrus juices. Citrus fruits and juices were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The ‘Pamelo’ excelled in terms of average fruit weight (451.83 ± 7.1 g), fruit volume (543.33 ± 9.1 cm3) and rag percentage (68.64 ± 1.1%). ‘Valencia late’ (48.67 ± 0.3%), ‘Flame’ (48.38 ± 1.3%) and ‘Kinnow’ (35.95 ± 4.9%) were good in juice %. The juice was subjected to sonication treatment at 15°C for 5 min keeping pulse duration 5 s on and 5 s off (70% amplitude level and 20 kHz frequency). Total phenol, flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power increased in fruit juices as a result of sonication. The total phenolic contents in the juices of all citrus cultivars ranged from 223.49 ± 4.5 to 590.47 ± 5.5 µg gallic acid equivalent/g and increased from 315.18 ± 6.1 to 645.44 ± 7.1 µg GAE/g after ultrasonic processing. The DPPH values of juices of all citrus cultivars ranged from 791.54 to 1251.93 µmol equivalent of trolox/mL and increased from 1001.54 to 1336.77 µmol equivalent of trolox/mL after applying ultrasound. The sonication is highly feasible for practical use in the industry for the production of citrus fruit juices with improved quality in terms of nutrients.

Studies have shown an inverse correlation between age-related illnesses like coronary heart disease and cancer and fruit and vegetable intake. Given the probable health benefits of natural antioxidants from plants, research on them has increased. Verbascum L is a large genus of Scrophulariaceae family and 323 species distributed worldwide. Since Verbascum L. species are plants that are grown in many regions of Turkiye and are used in folk medicine, it is important to evaluate the biological activity of these species. In this study antioxidant properties of Verbascum speciosum Schrad. were investigated. The antioxidant capacities of water and ethanolbased extracts obtained from air parts were evaluated with Fe3+ reducing, CUPRAC, FRAP, DPPH•, and ABTS•+ scavenging antioxidant methods. Extracts were also examined to determine their AChE, a-glycosidase and a-amylase enzyme inhibitions. This investigation could be a basis for further phytochemical investigations of Verbascum speciosum Schrad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the most studied Etlingera species of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) in the Philippines were Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K.Schum.) R.M.Sm. and E. philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm. However, little is known about the biochemical analyses of these species to support their potential as ethnomedicinal plants in the country. Thus, this study was carried out to describe the morphology and determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts of the two Etlingera species. Data revealed that the two species are correctly identified and their full description, updated distribution, phenology, and habitat and ecology are provided in this paper. The two species are recognizable in both vegetative and reproductive parts. E. fimbriobracteata has reddish color towards the base of the pseudo stem, bright yellow flowers incurved upon maturity, and green sterile bracts that form reddish upon maturity, whereas E. philippinensis has mandarin to deep red inflorescence and has a long outward labellum. The total phenolic content (TPC) expressed as milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram dried sample (mg GAE/g dried sample) revealed the highest phenolics in the leaves (13.20 ± 0.35 in E. fimbriobracteata and 7.21 ± 0.33 in E. philippinensis) than rhizomes (1.44 ± 0.04 in E. fimbriobracteata and 0.46 ± 0.30 in E. philippinensis). Further, total antioxidant activity (TAA) expressed as milligram ascorbic acid equivalent per gram dried sample (mg AAE/g dried sample) was also observed highest in leaves (12.69 ± 0.36 in E. fimbriobracteata and 7.22 ± 0.26 in E. philippinensis) compared to the rhizomes (1.82 ± 0.01 in E. fimbriobracteata and 1.38 ± 0.07 in E. philippinensis). The reducing power (RP) expressed as milligram gallic RP equivalent per gram dried sample (mg GPRE/g dried sample) also revealed higher for the leaves (10.16 ± 2.18 in E. fimbriobracteata and 7.53 ± 0.80 in E. philippinensis) than rhizomes (0.97 ± 0.18 in E. fimbriobracteata and 0.09 ± 0.09 in E. philippinensis). The high contents of phenolic compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity of extracts from the two species. Based on the correlation analysis, a perfect positive linear relationship was observed among the TPC, TAA, and RP (r = 1, p < 0.001). These imply that E. fimbriobracteata and E. philippinensis could potentially be used as new sources of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of various ozonation durations (i.e., 15, 30, and 60 min) on selected properties of gum arabic with 0.5% concentration (db), corn starch (S) and corn starch-gum arabic dispersion (GAS) were investigated. Ozonation generally caused significant decrease in viscosity of samples (P < 0.05), providing potential ease of use in industry. Peak temperature of GAS was increased after 60 min ozonation (P < 0.05), as measured by differential scanning calorimeter. The pH values decreased after for each ozonation period (15, 30 and 60 min) (pH 5.0 to pH 2.50), due to possible hydroxyl oxidation by ozonation, which was linked to increased formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups. It was observed that ozonation resulted in increased water solubility index whereas a decrease was observed in water adsorption index. Ozonation increased the quantity of reducing sugars (19.3%), phenolic compound concentrations (24.0%) and radical scavenging activity (48.0%) compared to control samples after 60 min ozonation. This study suggests that ozonation could be used to oxidize GAS dispersions by an environment friendly approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications. The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction (MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content, iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, pH, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid (FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield (34.25 ± 0.0%, 28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content (0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense (0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g mL1), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro- and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long- and medium-chain triglycerides (LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids (EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelidium spinosum is edible red seaweed with high economic values and potential pharmacological activities. This research aimed to evaluate phytochemicals, total phenolic content, reducing sugar content, and antioxidant properties of Gelidium spinosum methanol-aqueous extracts. Maceration with different solvent ratios of methanol-water was employed to afford various crude extracts. The standard procedures of preliminary phytoconstituents determination were employed to screen the presence of various phytochemicals. Phenolic and reducing sugar contents were determined using Folin-Cioucalteu and 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid methods. The antioxidant activities of seaweed extracts were determined through DPPH and reducing power assays. The 100% methanol extract of G. spinosum was found to be rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, proteins, reducing sugar, saponins, steroids and tannins. The aqueous extract of G. spinosum contained flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins at a moderate level. The total phenolic content range was 6.43 to 49.78 mg EGA/g extract. The highest reducing sugar content was shown by 100% methanol extract (1278.20 ± 21.25 mg GE/g extract). The highest antioxidant activities were found in 100% methanol extract for reducing power assay, and 75% methanol extract of G. spinosum for DPPH method. There was a positive correlation between reducing sugar, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. Results further confirmed the potential use of red seaweed in various ailments, however, should further be confirmed through more appropriate similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordyceps neovolkiana DL0004 is a group of insect parasitic fungi collected at an altitude of 1650 m above sea level at the top of Langbiang Mountain, Lam Dong province, Vietnam. C. neovolkiana DL0004 has been used in traditional medicine and possesses numerous biological effects such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, antioxidant properties. In this research, the fungi biomass and fruiting body of C. neovolkiana DL0004 were cultured and examined for their antioxidant properties using test methods such as reducing power, scavenging 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, neutralizing 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazonline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) free radical, and inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO). The results showed that all 7 extracts of the biomass were more active than the fruiting bodies of C. neovolkiana DL0004. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of C. neovolkiana DL0004 biomass showed DPPH, ABTS, and XO free radical scavenging with IC50 values (the concentration of the sample required to inhibit 50% of radical) of 107.01 µg/ml, 111.91 µg/ml, and 106.2248 µg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the reducing power of the EtOAc from C. neovolkiana DL0004 biomass was 0.184 at 1000 µg/ml. From the obtained results, the biomass EtOAc fraction extract of C. neovolkiana DL0004 was demonstrated to contain antioxidant compounds with potential applications in the production of functional foods.

Background. "Hairy" roots can be used for production of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, which have antioxidant and reducing properties. It seems promising to use the process of silver nanoparticles formation as a method of determining the level of reducing power. This approach allows simul­taneously to obtain nanoparticles with different biological activity and evaluate the reducing potential of dif­ferent plants. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the dependence of optical properties (ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectra) of solutions of silver nanoparticles obtained using wormwood "hairy" root extracts on the content of flavonoids as compounds with reducing activity. Methods. Four Artemisia tilesii “hairy” root lines from the collection of the Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering NAS of Ukraine were grown for five weeks in liquid 1/2 MS medium with 20 g/l sucrose. "Hairy" roots were homogenized in 70% ethanol, the extracts were centrifuged, total flavonoid content was determined, and extracts were used for the silver nanoparticles preparation via reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 from AgNO3. UV-Vis spectra at 300–600 nm range were recorded right after colloid solution preparation, in five, and in nine days. Results. Total flavonoid content varied from 4.01 ± 0.39 to 15.37 ± 1.08 mg RE/g FW. The UV-Vis spectra curves of absorption increased with the course of time, mostly from day 0 to day 5. At this period, absorption at 370–500 nm wavelength increased almost twofold. The peak absorption of all samples was detected at 440 nm, and the maximum values at the wavelength of 440 nm correlated with the content of flavonoids. This correlation did not change over time. Conclusions. The optical properties of silver nanoparticles colloid solutions obtained using A. tilesii "hairy" root extracts correlated with the total flavonoid content of the samples. Even though the absorbance of the colloid solutions increased with time, those increases correlated with flavonoid content as well. The determination of the optical properties of AgNPs colloid solution can be used as a convenient way of quickly comparing the reducing ability of extracts both right after the formation of a colloidal solution and after some time of its storage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone on digestive enzymes related to obesity, including sucrase, α-amylase, and lipase. The in vitro antioxidant activities of three concentrations of 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone (100, 300, and 500 µg/ml) were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating assays. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of lipase, α-amylase, and sucrase enzyme activities by 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone was determined using a specific assay for each enzyme. 2,4,4’-Trihydroxychalcone has been shown to have antioxidant properties and inhibits sucrase, α-amylase and lipase activities. These findings suggest that 2,4,4’-trihydroxychalcone demonstrated an antioxidant activity and can effectively inhibit the key enzymes related to obesity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biostimulants are formulations that are experiencing great success from the perspective of sustainable agriculture. In this work, we evaluated the effect derived from the application of a biostimulant based on algae and yeast extracts (Expando®) on the agronomic yield and nutraceutical profile of two different cultivars ("Sugar Time" and "West Rose") of Prunus persica (peach). Although, at the agronomic level, significant effects on production yields were not recorded, the biostimulant was able to reduce the ripening time, increase the fruit size, and make the number of harvestable fruits homogeneous. From a nutraceutical point of view, our determinations via spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) and chromatographic (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis showed that the biostimulant was able to boost the content of bioactive compounds in both the pulp (5.0 L/ha: +17%; 4.0 L/ha: +12%; 2.5 L/ha: +11%) and skin (4.0 L/ha: +38%; 2.5 L/ha: +15%). These changes seem to follow a dose-dependent effect, also producing attractive effects on the antioxidant properties of the fruits harvested from the treated trees. In conclusion, the biostimulant investigated in this work proved to be able to produce more marketable fruit in a shorter time, both from a pomological and a functional point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous exploration of medicinal plants for bioactive constituents is essential since the availability and activities of these compounds speaks volume of their possible medicinal benefits. This study evaluated the proximate composition, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of Triumfetta rhomboidea leaf extract. Extraction of aqueous (AETR) and ethanol (EETR) extract were performed by maceration. Proximate composition of pulverized leaf sample was performed following Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standards. Antioxidant capacity of extracts were evaluated by determining the total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) scavenging ability, reducing power (RP) and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Results of proximate analysis revealed 11.01 % moisture content, 3.38 % ash content, 15.15 % crude fiber, 7.34 % crude fat, 61.09 % carbohydrate content, 17.18 % protein content and 379.14 kJ energy value. The total phenol content in aqueous and ethanol extracts were 20.36 ± 0.27 and 12.66 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g, respectively. Total flavonoid was 18.18 ± 1.02 mg QE/g for aqueous and 22.27 ± 0.26 mg QE/g for ethanol extracts with antioxidant capacity of 16.34 ± 4.92 mg AAE/100 g and 48.16 ± 8.50 mg AAE/100 g, respectively. AETR demonstrated highest Fe (II) reducing ability with IC50 of 0.33 ± 0.04 and 0.36 ± 0.04 mg/mL for FRAP and RP activities. This study has demonstrated that T. rhomboidea leave possess biologically active constituents and could presumably perform free radical scavenging activities in reactive oxygen species related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heads and bones of hybrid groupers are potential precursors for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides. The aim of this study was to isolate the dual-action peptides from the Alcalase-treated head and bone hydrolysate of hybrid groupers followed by identification of the novel peptides. The stability of these peptides against stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) was also determined. Fraction HB-IV (less than 1 kDa) obtained from ultrafiltration showed the strongest ACE-inhibition ability (IC50: 0.28 mg/mL), which was comparable to the potency of the commercial supplement, PeptACE (IC50: 0.22 mg/mL). This fraction also demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal-chelating activities. However, further fractionation of HB-IV by a series of chromatography resulted in peptide fractions of reduced ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The hydroxyl radical scavenging and reduction potential of HB-IV were enhanced, whereas ACE-inhibitory and metal-chelating activities were reduced following SGID. A total of 145 peptide sequences were identified from HB-IV, of which 137 peptides were novel to the BIOPEP database. The results suggested that the bioactive peptides isolated from the heads and bones of hybrid groupers could be used as functional foods/ingredients with potential ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background NADPH is used as a reductant in various biosynthetic reactions. Cell-free bio-systems have gained considerable attention owing to their high energy utilization and time efficiency. Efforts have been made to continuously supply reducing power to the reaction mixture in a cyclical manner. The thylakoid membrane (TM) is a promising molecular energy generator, producing NADPH under light. Thus, TM sustainability is of major relevance for its in vitro utilization. Results Over 70% of TMs prepared from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 existed in a sealed vesicular structure, with the F1 complex of ATP synthase facing outward (right-side-out), producing NADPH and ATP under light. The NADPH generation activity of TM increased approximately two-fold with the addition of carbonyl cyanide-p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) or removal of the F1 complex using EDTA. Thus, the uncoupling of proton translocation from the electron transport chain or proton leakage through the Fo complex resulted in greater NADPH generation. Biosilicified TM retained more than 80% of its NADPH generation activity after a week at 30°C in the dark. However, activity declined sharply to below 30% after two days in light. The introduction of engineered water-forming NADPH oxidase (Noxm) to keep the electron transport chain of TM working resulted in the improved sustainability of NADPH generation activity in a ratio (Noxm to TM)-dependent manner, which correlated with the decrease of singlet oxygen generation. Removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by catalase further highlighted the sustainable NADPH generation activity of up to 80% in two days under light. Conclusion Reducing power generated by light energy has to be consumed for TM sustainability. Otherwise, TM can generate singlet oxygen, causing oxidative damage. Thus, TMs should be kept in the dark when not in use. Although NADPH generation activity by TM can be extended via silica encapsulation, further removal of hydrogen peroxide results in an improvement of TM sustainability. Therefore, as long as ROS formation by TM in light is properly handled, it can be used as a promising source of reducing power for in vitro biochemical reactions. Graphical Abstract

Free radicals or highly reactive oxygen species are capable of inducing oxidative damage to the human body Plants containing phenolic compounds have potent antioxidant capacity. The present study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae), a plant widely used as natural remedy for digestive disorders in folk medicine. Total polyphenol contents were determined using Folin Ciocalteu's reagent; flavonoids were quantified employing the AlCl3 Method. EAE extract showed the highest polyphenolic and flavonoids contents (358.37±2.28 GAE/g of dry extract and 105.44±3.48 QE/g of dry extract) respectively. The EAE had the highest antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. EAE and ME extracts exhibited the highest reducing power. EAE possess an IC50 close to BHT (0.074 mg/ml) as reference drug All extracts exhibited antioxidant activity in the linoleic acid emulsion system (76.81% -86.93 %). EAE showed an inhibition ratio of (86.93 %) close to that of BHT (94.9±1.52 %). These findings provide evidence that Myrtus communis L. berries are a potential source of antioxidant which have many benefits towards human health.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) contains high levels of phenolic compounds with pharmacologically interesting activities. Prior research has not sufficiently investigated obtaining these compounds through in vitro culture by using metabolic elicitation and quantifying polyphenols in undifferentiated cell biomass samples in this species. In vitro calli obtained from staminodes and petals were elicited with 0.01 and 0.1 mg L−1 salicylic acid (SA). Secondary metabolites were determined in the calli and their culture medium, from the immature and mature flowers, leaves, and fruits of field-grown plants. The most abundant compounds were free amino acids, alkaloids, reducing carbohydrates, phenols, pyrocatecholic tannins, and flavonoids. Resins, triterpenes, steroids, saponins, coumarins, and quinones were absent in the calli. A high concentration of total polyphenols (58.4 µg g−1) was obtained from staminode-derived calli elicited with 0.1 mg L−1 SA. With these conditions, the total polyphenol content was 40.22 µg g−1 greater than that in the control. In general, SA also stimulated the reducing power activity; a better value (5.87 µmol mL−1 Fe2+) was obtained in callus extracts from petals with salicylic acid (0.1 mg L−1). This research was based on a full factorial study design with two levels, a method that allows the desired information to be obtained at the lowest possible cost.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect of 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone on digestive enzymes related to obesity, including sucrase, α-amylase, and lipase. The in vitro antioxidant activities of three concentrations of 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone (100, 300, and 500 µg/ml) were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating assays. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of lipase, α-amylase, and sucrase enzyme activities by 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone was determined using a specific assay for each enzyme. 2,4,4'-Trihydroxychalcone has been shown to have antioxidant properties and inhibits sucrase, α-amylase and lipase activities. These findings suggest that 2,4,4′-trihydroxychalcone demonstrated an antioxidant activity and can effectively inhibit the key enzymes related to obesity.

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lentil is a valuable protein-rich crop, the health-promoting value of which can be further enhanced by its protein hydrolysis. In the present study, lentil flour was treated with pancreatin and the antioxidant capacity of the obtained hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH, 4–20%) was determined and compared with that of flour. The molecular weight (MW) distribution of the lentil proteins and their products of hydrolysis was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE--HPLC) was deployed to show the profile of low MW compounds of the hydrolysates. Additionally, total phenolic contents were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent. The hydrolysates had higher antiradical activity against DPPH•, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) measured by the assay with ABTS•+, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ability to bind Fe2+ compared to lentil flour. Between the hydrolysates, the highest DPPH• scavenging activity (EC50 of 0.298 mg/mL), TEAC (98.6 µmol Trolox/g), FRAP (109.2 μmol Fe2+/g), antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble compounds (ACL) determined by photoluminescence method (4.32 µmol Trolox/g), and Fe2+ chelating activity (80% at hydrolysate concentration of 0.3 mg/mL) were found for those with low DH (4–8%), which contained some subunits of proteins, polypeptides, and peptides with a wide MW range (0.556–66.0 kDa). The total phenolic content increased with increasing DH. In conclusion, the antioxidant capacity of lentil flour can be significantly improved by the limited hydrolysis of its proteins with pancreatin, as a result of the release of polypeptides and peptides with a wide range of MW. Thus modified lentil flour may be addressed and explored in future research as a functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have been a vital source of natural antioxidants since ancient times. Plants growing under various abiotic stress conditions often produce more defensive secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids during adaptation to the environment. Many of these secondary metabolites are known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study tested seven plants sourced from the mountaintop areas (above 1000 m elevation) of Mount Lewis National Park (falls under the Wet Tropics of Queensland), Australia, for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Of the seven studied plants, hydroethanolic extracts of six plants (Leptospermum wooroonooran, Ceratopetalum hylandii, Linospadix apetiolatus, Garcinia brassii, Litsea granitica, and Polyscias willmottii) showed high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent (25–1000 μg/mL) manner. At the highest concentration of 1 mg/mL, the DPPH free radical scavenged percentage varied between 75.4% and 92.3%. Only the species Alyxia orophila was inactive in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Pseudo-IC50 values of the extracts' ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) based on dose-response curves showed a significant positive correlation with total phenolic content. Five out of the seven plants, namely G. brassii, C. hylandii, L. apetiolatus, L. wooroonooran, and A. orophila, showed inhibitory effects on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukins (IL)-23 in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) assay. The results of this study demonstrate the value of tropical mountaintop plants in the biodiscovery of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory lead compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are rich sources of therapeutic compounds that often lack the side effects commonly found in synthetic chemicals. Researchers have effectively synthesized pharmaceuticals from natural sources, taking inspiration from traditional medicine, in their pursuit of modern drugs. This study aims to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid content of Solanum virginianum seeds using different solvent extracts, enzymatic assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity, reducing power, and superoxide activity. Our phytochemical screening identified active compounds, such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The methanol extract notably possesses higher levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content in comparison to the other extracts. The results highlight the superior antioxidant activity of methanol-extracted leaves, demonstrated by their exceptional IC 50 values, which surpass the established standard. In this study, molecular docking techniques were used to assess the binding affinity and to predict the binding conformation of the compounds. Quercetin 3-O beta-d-galactopyranoside displayed a binding energy of -8.35 kcal/mol with several important amino acid residues, PHE222, TRP440, ILE184, LEU192, VAL221, LEU218, SER185, and ALA188. Kaempferol 3-O-beta-l-glucopyranoside exhibited a binding energy of -8.33 kcal/mol, interacting with specific amino acid residues including ALA 441, VAL318, VAL322, MET307, ILI409, GLY442, and PHE439. The results indicate that the methanol extract has a distinct composition of biologically active constituents compared to the other extracts. Overall, seeds exhibit promise as natural antioxidants and potential agents for combating cancer. This study highlights the significance of utilizing the therapeutic capabilities of natural compounds and enhancing our comprehension of their pharmacological characteristics., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species of the Megalocytivirus genus that infects a number of marine and freshwater fishes, causing huge economic losses in aquaculture. The ISKNV infection leads to increase of reducing power in cells. As the antibiotic neomycin can promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal cells, in the current study, the potential therapeutic effect of neomycin on ISKNV infection was explored. We showed that neomycin could decrease the reducing power in cultured MFF-1 cells and inhibit ISKNV infection by antagonizing the shift of the cellular redox balance toward reduction. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that neomycin treatment significantly suppresses ISKNV infection in mandarin fish. Expression of the major capsid protein (MCP) and the proportion of infected cells in tissues were down-regulated after neomycin treatment. Furthermore, neomycin showed complex effects on expression of a set of antiviral related genes of the host. Taking together, the current study suggested that the viral-induced redox imbalance in the infected cells could be used as a target for suppressing ISKNV infection. Neomycin can be potentially utilized for therapeutic treatment of Megalocytivirus diseases by antagonizing intracellular redox changes. • The improvement of reducing power in cells is important for Megalocytivirus replication. • The anti- Megalocytivirus effect can be achieved by antagonizing intracellular redox imbalance. • Neomycin inhibits ISKNV infection in vitro and in vivo. • Immersion with neomycin increases survival rate of ISKNV-infected mandarin fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]