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This paper employs two scalar parameters to extend auxiliary function-based integral inequality into a new formulations, say a parametrised auxiliary function-based integral inequality. Using these formulations, the constituent signals are utilised more efficiently by exploiting the interaction between them to reduce conservatism. Numerical example for stability analysis of linear systems with time-varying delay shows the improved performance of the proposed new formulations in terms of maximum delay bounds and decision variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of directives in communicating the nature of the pandemic and reference to social experiences were promoted using images on social media platforms. The images or memes are used to create awareness and reinforce the criteria for safety during the pandemic. Previous studies on internet memes have concentrated on humor generation, speaker-hearer shared knowledge, neologism, and multimodality among others, with insufficient attention paid to the use of directives and references in such coronavirus-motivated memes. This paper, therefore, examines how directives and references are employed in conveying expected social responsibilities through coronavirus-motivated internet memes in Nigeria and other socio-cultural contexts. For data, one hundred coronavirus-motivated memes were purposively selected from Facebook, and eight representative memes were subjected to pragmatic analysis using aspects of Jacob Mey’s (2001. Pragmatics: An introduction, 2nd edn. USA: Blackwell Publishing) pragmatic acts theory to unearth insights from them. The paper observes that the various spheres of life that are relatable to an online audience help to express what the pandemic is about and enhance the meaning of the pandemic with the context of the use of the memes, giving clearer perspectives on the pandemic. Directives and references are useful tools for conveying social responsibilities to online audience.

A significant body of valuable data about the myxomycetes of Ukraine lies in a “grey zone”. This encompasses undigitised historical books and articles published in languages such as Polish, French or German, as well as proceedings from local conferences, articles featured in local scientific journals and annual reports submitted to public authorities by employees of protected areas, published in Ukrainian or Russian. Yet, due to their exclusive existence in print and often the Cyrillic alphabet, these publications remain neither findable nor accessible to a wider audience.The datasets presented here aim to summarise over 150 years of myxomycetes research in Ukraine. The majority of the data has been extracted from published literature sources spanning the years 1842 to 2023, with a minor supplement from unpublished herbarium specimens. The datasets include 5036 georeferenced occurrences, 339 taxa and 91 literature sources. Seventy-one of the used literature sources, mostly published before 2010, were uploaded to Zenodo and are available in open access.

Background/Objectives: Obesity is currently considered a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Gender- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) growth standards or references are particularly effective in monitoring the global obesity pandemic. This study aimed to report disparities in age-, gender- and ethnic-specific statistical estimates of overweight and obesity for 2–18 years aged Pakistani children and adolescents using the World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 references, the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and Pakistani references for BMI. Methods: The study used secondary data of 10,668 pediatric population, aged 2–18 years. Demographic information like age (years), gender, city and anthropometric examinations, i.e., height (cm) and weight (kg) were used in this study. The recommended age- and gender-specific BMI cut-offs of the WHO, CDC 2000 and the IOTF references were used to classify the children sampled as overweight and obese. For the Pakistani reference, overweight and obesity were defined as BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile and BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile, respectively. Cohen's κ statistic was used to assess the agreement between the international references and local study population references in the classification of overweight/obesity. Results: The statistical estimates (%) of the participants for overweight and obesity varied according to the reference used: WHO (7.4% and 2.2%), CDC (4.9% and 2.1%), IOTF (5.2% and 2.0%) and Pakistan (8.8% and 6.0%), respectively; suggesting higher levels of overweight and obesity prevalence when local study references are used. The Kappa statistic shows a moderate to excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.6) among three international references when classifying child overweight and obesity and poor agreement between local references and the WHO (0.45, 0.52), CDC (0.25, 0.50) and IOTF references (0.16, 0.31), for overweight and obesity, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the study showed a visible difference in the estimates of excess body weight after applying the WHO, CDC, IOTF and local BMI references to the study population. Based on the disparity results and poor agreement between international references and the local study reference, this study recommends using local BMI references in identifying children with overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing land registration systems have several issues like dual ownership, fraudulent or incomplete registries. The existing system also includes a lot of middle men which makes it prone to malicious acts and results in a vulnerable system. Keeping track of who owns which part of land is a big challenge. To overcome this problem blockchain technology is used. Use of blockchain will remove middle men, increase trust, efficiency of the system and reduce corruption. This paper highlights the issues related to the current system such as authenticity, centralization, reliability, transparency, etc and proposes a better method using ethereum blockchain and smart contracts to overcome this problem. Blockchain method provides identification of true ownership of land, authenticity and transparency in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the potential of ChatGPT in the search for reliable references. Results showed that the reliability of ChatGPT's references vary across different source types. For journal articles, they were all fabricated and not compliant with APA 7 format. Webpages did not match actual existing sites. However, for books, the generated references correctly corresponded to real, existing ones. In the case of journal websites, the links within the responses were functional. Although this exploration gained interesting insights, researchers are strongly recommended not to depend on ChatGPT for references due to accuracy issues and must undertake manual, scholarly searches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyze the cited references in 1.38 million papers by Russian (co-)authors indexed in the Web of Science database until May 2022. Similarly, to the established processes in the so-called Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy (RPYS), we study the distribution of the references across the cited years and seek to identify the peak years with the publications that attracted the most attention of Russian scholars. In this way, the historical roots of Russian science may be traced and we take a closer look at these most influential works. In addition, we investigate the evolution of the mean age of references and of their average number per paper over time and inspect the most frequently cited sources. The results show that the average number of references in Russian papers has been steadily increasing, but the mean age of references has been declining in the most recent years. Also, the foundations of Russian science seem to be physics of particles and electrochemistry and have recently become based more internationally than in the past. This study is the first of its kind and may help better understand the character of Russian research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), first developed as an alternative to ankle arthrodesis, has become an increasingly popular management option for end-stage ankle arthritis. Prior studies have shown commercial insurance payers base their coverage criteria on limited and low level of evidence research. This study aims to quantify and describe the evidence insurance companies use to support TAA coverage policies. Methods: The top 11 national commercial health insurance payers for TAA were identified. A google search was performed to identify payer coverage policies. Policy documents were examined and cited references were classified by type of reference as well as reviewed for level of evidence (LOE). Specific coverage criteria for each individual payer were then extracted. Criteria were compared to assess for similarities among commercial payers. Finally, all references cited by each payer were examined to determine whether they mentioned the specific payer criteria. Results: Six of the 11 payers had accessible coverage policies. The majority of cited references were primary journal articles (145, 60.9%) and the majority of references cited (179, 75.2%) were level III or level IV evidence. We found significant homogeneity in coverage criteria among payers. In addition, cited sources inconsistently mentioned specific payer coverage criteria. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that commercial insurance payers rely on the relatively low level of currently available scientific evidence when formulating coverage policies for TAA use and adopt criteria that have not been thoroughly analyzed in the literature. More high level of evidence research is needed to help clinicians and insurance companies further refine indications for TAA so that patients who might benefit from the procedure are adequately covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attracting prospective students could be difficult and expensive. Candidates, when choosing a future school for their studies, consider a great number of factors. Information from official university websites does not suffice to persuade. Word of mouth plays a significant role, among others. The aim of this paper is to present findings about important factors influencing the overall satisfaction of current students with university life as well as their willingness to share positive references. The study took place in the Czech Republic with students attending business schools at universities. Primary data was collected via an online questionnaire with students with bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate degrees (n = 274) and in-depth interviews (n = 10). Data was processed with regression analysis and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The main findings suggest that there is a close positive correlation between students’ satisfaction and the willingness to recommend the university. The quality of student life and the reputation of the school were identified as the most important factors influencing this satisfaction and willingness to recommend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alteridad: Revista de Educación is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study uncovers the internationalization of Chinese social sciences in knowledge sources through the quantitative analysis of foreign language references cited by China's domestically published social science papers. It's found that in the 20 years from 1998 to 2017, the number and proportion of international knowledge sources utilized in Chinese social sciences increased greatly, and the distribution of languages became more concentrated in English. For journals as major international knowledge sources, Chinese social scientists consistently preferred those indexed by Web of Science, and their citation pattern conforms to Garfield's Law of Concentration. Some of the disciplines continuously focused on international journals in their fields, but others increasingly utilized interdisciplinary knowledge. The strong demand of Chinese social scientists for journals with high impact was basically stable over 20 years, while older articles instead of recent ones were preferred generally and increasingly. On the basis of the above findings, this study further discloses that China's knowledge production in social sciences also experienced rapid internationalization like its knowledge utilization, and the association between international knowledge production and utilization is statistically significant at the discipline level and journal level. Finally, policy-related issues and enlightenments for social sciences in non-English speaking countries are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The responsible and sustainable agave-tequila production chain is fundamental for the social, environmental, and economic development of Mexico's agave regions. It is therefore relevant to develop new tools for large-scale automatic agave region monitoring. In this work, we present an Agave tequilana Weber azul crop segmentation and maturity classification using very high-resolution satellite imagery, which could be useful for this task. To achieve this, we solve real-world deep learning problems in the very specific context of agave crop segmentation such as a lack of data, low-quality labels, highly imbalanced data, and low model performance. The proposed strategies go beyond data augmentation and data transfer combining active learning and the creation of synthetic images with human supervision. As a result, the segmentation performance evaluated with the Intersection over Union (IoU) value increased from 0.72 to 0.90 in the test set. The authors also propose a method for classifying agave crop maturity with 95% accuracy. With the resulting accurate models, agave production forecasting can be available for large regions. In addition, some supply-demand problems such as excessive supplies of agave or, deforestation, could be detected early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the project “The ability to work with scientific documents as an opportunity for academic growthˮ, which took place at the University of Economics – Varna. The series of trainings conducted within the framework of the initiative and the results achieved are described. Readers' attitudes and needs were analyzed based on a survey conducted after the seminars. Guidelines for further development and encouragement of knowledge for working with scientific information are outlined [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography is a list of publications on a subject. Bibliographic studies provide researchers with great convenience by presenting the studies on the subject they are interested in in a collective manner. This study is a bibliography that presents the articles written on word groups together. In general, word groups are non-valued linguistic units formed by the combination of more than one word to match an entity, a concept, a situation, a movement. These units come together within certain rules and always complement each other, functioning as a single word in a sentence. Although there is no uniform classification of word groups, word groups are treated as "noun phrase, adjective phrase, adjective-verb group, noun-verb group, adverb-verb group, repetition group, preposition group, linking group, title group, compound noun group, interjection group, number group, compound verb group, and abbreviation group". The study consists of two main parts: introduction and bibliography. In the introductory part of the study, information about the concepts of syntax and word group is given and the classification studies in this field are mentioned. In the second part, the bibliographies of the articles written on word groups between 2002 and 2023 are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different technologies, such as artificial intelligence programs, can influence academic writing in different disciplines, including English language teaching (ELT). An artificial intelligence-based program, ChatGPT is one of such technologies, and it should be dealt with cautiously because according to the literature, it can produce academic writing which may be difficult for teachers to notice and may include unreal references. Its generating unreal references was studied in different disciplines, but little is known about the accuracy of the references it used in ELT-related academic texts. Therefore, the present study aimed to find out the accuracy of the references it used in ELT-related academic texts and the issue(s) in the references with incorrect information if any. It was designed as a convergent parallel mixed-methods study. The data were created through four academic essays that ChatGPT wrote about ELT. The quantitative data were descriptively analyzed, while the qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings of the present study indicated that though most of the references used by ChatGPT in four academic essays included correct information, ChatGPT might use references with incorrect information which resulted from giving incorrect information about the publication and creating unreal references. The findings were discussed according to both the literature and the implications of the study on ELT in terms of academic writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Obesity is currently considered a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Gender- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) growth standards or references are particularly effective in monitoring the global obesity pandemic. This study aimed to report disparities in age-, gender- and ethnic-specific statistical estimates of overweight and obesity for 2–18 years aged Pakistani children and adolescents using the World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 references, the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and Pakistani references for BMI. Methods: The study used secondary data of 10,668 pediatric population, aged 2–18 years. Demographic information like age (years), gender, city and anthropometric examinations, i.e., height (cm) and weight (kg) were used in this study. The recommended age- and gender-specific BMI cut-offs of the WHO, CDC 2000 and the IOTF references were used to classify the children sampled as overweight and obese. For the Pakistani reference, overweight and obesity were defined as BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile and BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile, respectively. Cohen’s κ statistic was used to assess the agreement between the international references and local study population references in the classification of overweight/obesity. Results: The statistical estimates (%) of the participants for overweight and obesity varied according to the reference used: WHO (7.4% and 2.2%), CDC (4.9% and 2.1%), IOTF (5.2% and 2.0%) and Pakistan (8.8% and 6.0%), respectively; suggesting higher levels of overweight and obesity prevalence when local study references are used. The Kappa statistic shows a moderate to excellent agreement (κ ≥ 0.6) among three international references when classifying child overweight and obesity and poor agreement between local references and the WHO (0.45, 0.52), CDC (0.25, 0.50) and IOTF references (0.16, 0.31), for overweight and obesity, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the study showed a visible difference in the estimates of excess body weight after applying the WHO, CDC, IOTF and local BMI references to the study population. Based on the disparity results and poor agreement between international references and the local study reference, this study recommends using local BMI references in identifying children with overweight and obesity.

The citation of articles in scientific production is an important indicator of quality, as demonstrated in the first moments of this document. This text defines effective citation as a way of assessing the topicality of the thesis on the basis of the references used. Subsequently, a study of the effective citation of scientific articles and the differences with the citation measures used so far in the doctoral theses of Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Matanzas, defended in the period 2017-2019, was carried out. In the study was used the documentary analysis method. The results obtained are organised in the form of tables and graphs that allow to illustrate the difficulties encountered in the theses. The main difficulty is the poor number of citations of scientific articles in the main databases of the world related to the subject of the thesis. Finally, the results obtained are contrasted with other researches and the little use of bibliography obtained from the main databases in the doctoral researches in Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Matanzas is evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature reviews are valuable for summarizing and evaluating the available evidence in various medical fields, including nephrology. However, identifying and exploring the potential sources requires focus and time devoted to literature searching for clinicians and researchers. ChatGPT is a novel artificial intelligence (AI) large language model (LLM) renowned for its exceptional ability to generate human-like responses across various tasks. However, whether ChatGPT can effectively assist medical professionals in identifying relevant literature is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ChatGPT in identifying references to literature reviews in nephrology. We keyed the prompt "Please provide the references in Vancouver style and their links in recent literature on... name of the topic" into ChatGPT-3.5 (03/23 Version). We selected all the results provided by ChatGPT and assessed them for existence, relevance, and author/link correctness. We recorded each resource's citations, authors, title, journal name, publication year, digital object identifier (DOI), and link. The relevance and correctness of each resource were verified by searching on Google Scholar. Of the total 610 references in the nephrology literature, only 378 (62%) of the references provided by ChatGPT existed, while 31% were fabricated, and 7% of citations were incomplete references. Notably, only 122 (20%) of references were authentic. Additionally, 256 (68%) of the links in the references were found to be incorrect, and the DOI was inaccurate in 206 (54%) of the references. Moreover, among those with a link provided, the link was correct in only 20% of cases, and 3% of the references were irrelevant. Notably, an analysis of specific topics in electrolyte, hemodialysis, and kidney stones found that >60% of the references were inaccurate or misleading, with less reliable authorship and links provided by ChatGPT. Based on our findings, the use of ChatGPT as a sole resource for identifying references to literature reviews in nephrology is not recommended. Future studies could explore ways to improve AI language models' performance in identifying relevant nephrology literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Arts & Languages is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Childhood obesity is a public health problem globally as well as in Poland. This paper aimed to provide age- and sex-specific waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio normative values for Polish children and adolescents aged 3 − 18 years for more precise monitoring of abdominal fat accumulation. The waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio references were constructed with the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method using data from two nationally representative health surveys: the OLA study and the OLAF study, the largest available paediatric surveys in Poland which provided measured height, weight, waist, hip and blood pressure for 22,370 children and adolescents aged 3 − 18 years. The predictive ability of newly established references for overweight/obesity as defined by the International Obesity Task Force criteria and elevated blood pressure was tested with receiver operating characteristic. Abdominal obesity cut-offs linked to adult cardiometabolic cut-offs were established. Reference values for waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio are presented, as well as waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio cut-off values linked to adult's cut-offs of cardiometabolic risk. The predictive value for overweight and obesity of population-based waist, hip and waist-to-height ratio references was outstanding–area under the receiver operating characteristic curve > 0.95 in both sexes, whereas with regard to the elevated blood pressure predictive ability was low—area under the receiver operating characteristic curve < 0.65. Conclusion: This paper presents the first waist, hip, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio references for Polish children and adolescents aged 3–18 years. The 90th and 95th percentile and cut-offs linked to adult thresholds for cardiometabolic risk are proposed as cut-offs for abdominal obesity. What is Known: • Waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio are used to assess abdominal obesity in children and adults. • In Poland, there is no abdominal obesity and hip circumference references for children and adolescents from 3 to 18 years of age. What is New: • Population-based references of central obesity indices and hip references for children and youth aged 3–18 years and cardiometabolic risk thresholds for children and adolescents linked to adult's cut-offs were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

he LaTeX programming language considered in this article is used to represent mathematical and other texts in scientific research. Many LaTeX packages provide advanced code-formatting features. Expanding the LaTeX programming language with macros automates the performance of a large number of tasks. In this research, the author programs in the LaTeX system when creating new macros. New macros created by the author improve adding references to everything that can be numbered and improve adding different types of footnotes in texts. Source codes of these new macros are given in this article. These macros can be embodied in a LaTeX style file, and they expand the capabilities of LaTeX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alhamd is the property of Urdu Research Journal, ALHAMD, Alhamd Islamic University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The citation of articles in scientific production is an important indicator of quality, as demonstrated in the first moments of this document. This text defines effective citation as a way of assessing the topicality of the thesis on the basis of the references used. Subsequently, a study of the effective citation of scientific articles and the differences with the citation measures used so far in the doctoral theses of Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Matanzas, defended in the period 2017-2019, was carried out. In the study was used the documentary analysis method. The results obtained are organised in the form of tables and graphs that allow to illustrate the difficulties encountered in the theses. The main difficulty is the poor number of citations of scientific articles in the main databases of the world related to the subject of the thesis. Finally, the results obtained are contrasted with other researches and the little use of bibliography obtained from the main databases in the doctoral researches in Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Matanzas is evidenced.

Background The Bergen Growth Study 2 (BGS2) aims to characterise somatic and endocrine changes in healthy Norwegian children using a novel methodology. Subjects and methods A cross-sectional sample of 1285 children aged 6–16 years was examined in 2016 using novel objective ultrasound assessments of breast developmental stages and testicular volume in addition to the traditional Tanner pubertal stages. Blood samples allowed for measurements of pubertal hormones, endocrine disruptive chemicals, and genetic analyses. Results Ultrasound staging of breast development in girls showed a high degree of agreement within and between observers, and ultrasound measurement of testicular volume in boys also showed small intra- and interobserver differences. The median age was 10.4 years for Tanner B2 (pubertal onset) and 12.7 years for menarche. Norwegian boys reached a pubertal testicular volume at a mean age of 11.7 years. Continuous reference curves for testicular volume and sex hormones were constructed using the LMS method. Conclusions Ultrasound-based assessments of puberty provided novel references for breast developmental stages and enabled the measurement of testicular volume on a continuous scale. Endocrine z-scores allowed for an intuitive interpretation of changing hormonal levels during puberty on a quantitative scale, which, in turn, provides opportunities for further analysis of pubertal development using machine-learning approaches.

Social determinants of health (SDH) have emerged as a major area of emphasis in medicine over the last 30 years. While increasing interest in SDH has led to a proliferation of literature on this topic, it is unclear whether the medical evidence base on SDH has assimilated contributions from other disciplines. We analyzed interdisciplinary contributions to the medical evidence base on SDH, using a bibliographic analysis of highly cited literature reviews. Medical review articles from 1990 to 2020 were queried using the Scopus database, with a keyword search in the title and abstract for "social determinants of health." The top 100 most highly cited articles were sampled for inclusion, and references in each review were screened to identify journal articles published in other disciplines. An initial Scopus search identified 502 eligible reviews. After reviewing the top 100 most highly cited articles, 40 articles published between 2000 and 2017 met our inclusion criteria. and received between 33 and 940 citations. These reviews included references to a median of 41 journal articles (interquartile range [IQR]: 25, 67), of which a median of 11 was from public health journals (IQR: 6, 18) and 4 were from other social science fields (IQR: 1, 11). On multivariable analysis, more recent reviews incorporated more sources from public health but not from other social science fields. Relevant SDH scholarship from sociology and related fields is not being integrated into the evidence base directed at clinician audiences and may be underutilized in shaping policy and practice in these areas. Highlights: Social determinants of health (SDH) are a multidisciplinary concept with relevancy and applications to clinical practice and health policy.The multidisciplinary evidence base on SDH is underrepresented in the most influential medical literature on this concept.Increased incorporation of the social science perspective on SDH and the formation of multidisciplinary research teams may enhance the study of this concept and further its utility in informing medical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the last century, there was a debate about whether cognitive psychology had superseded behavioral psychology and psychoanalysis, and the question was raised of whether the latter two might even be dead. The aim of this study was to investigate how these sub-disciplines have developed since then. The citation count, Journal Impact Factor (JIF), and Immediacy Index of four leading journals from each sub-discipline were abstracted for the years 1998, 2008, and 2018. Trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression analysis. The average number of times each sub-discipline's journals were cited increased between 1988 and 2018. The cognitive journals' JIF increased slightly, the behavioral journals' doubled, and the psychoanalytic journals' remained at the same level. The average annual percentage change for citations to the International Journal of Psychoanalysis showed that the number of citations statistically significantly increased over the years. This was also the case for the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Its JIF trend changed at one point: it decreased up through 2006, after which it increased. Citations to Cognitive Psychology also increased over time, while there was no evidence that its JIF changed. This shows that all three sub-disciplines are still alive and relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of x%Ag/ZnO (x: 0; 1; 2; 5; 10) nanostructures were successfully synthesized through the facile method. The material's structures were confirmed through X‐ray diffraction, while their morphology, elemental distribution, and components were analyzed using cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The optical properties of Ag/ZnO revealed a decrease in band gap from 3.2 eV to 2.83 eV and a significant reduction in photoluminescence intensity with increasing Ag nanoparticle loading on the surface of ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized Ag/ZnO flower‐like nanostructure was evaluated in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV‐Vis irradiation. The photocatalytic results indicated that decorating Ag nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO improved the photodegradation of MB. Interestingly, the 5%Ag/ZnO showed the highest effectiveness, achieving a 99% removal efficiency of MB for 60 minutes under UV‐Vis irradiation. Notably, the ultra performance liquid chromatography‐ tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC‐MS/MS) confirmed the structure of intermediates, while total organic carbon (TOC) removal was 47%. Moreover, the proposed mechanism for the charge transfer process was based on the results of radical scavenging experiments, which showed that superoxide was the dominant reactive species. Finally, the 5%Ag/ZnO was stable and reused at least five times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maintain information quality, Wikipedia articles are required to be based on reliable sources that readers can verify. However, assessing the reliability of sources is subjective and can vary depending on the language and topic. As a result, different language versions of Wikipedia may have their own criteria for determining the credibility of sources. Some Wikipedia references point to scientific sources that are generally considered more reliable than websites because they are subject to a rigorous peer review process and are published by reputable academic publishers. This means that the information presented in scientific sources has been thoroughly evaluated by experts in the relevant field, ensuring a higher degree of accuracy and credibility. In this study, we analyzed 325 million references from 60 million Wikipedia articles in 310 language versions to find scientific sources of information. Additionally, we divided the articles into different topics using three approaches: Wikipedia Projects, Wikidata and DBpedia. This allowed us to find and compare Sci score of each language version of Wikipedia and the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citation of articles in scientific production is an important indicator of quality, as demonstrated in the first moments of this document. This text defines effective citation as a way of assessing the topicality of the thesis on the basis of the references used. Subsequently, a study of the effective citation of scientific articles and the differences with the citation measures used so far in the doctoral theses of Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Matanzas, defended in the period 2017-2019, was carried out. In the study was used the documentary analysis method. The results obtained are organised in the form of tables and graphs that allow to illustrate the difficulties encountered in the theses. The main difficulty is the poor number of citations of scientific articles in the main databases of the world related to the subject of the thesis. Finally, the results obtained are contrasted with other researches and the little use of bibliography obtained from the main databases in the doctoral researches in Pedagogical Sciences of the University of Matanzas is evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In search of evidence for Wikipedia credibility, this study aims to compare and analyze articles’ references of Wikipedia and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. This research approach is quantitative and has been done using bibliometric methods and citation analysis. The statistical sample of the research were 5% of the SEP entries (84 from 1685) and their equals on Wikipedia. The samples were selected randomly and systematically, then their references were analyzed and compared. The findings showed that the frequency of SEP references was about 3.5 times more than Wikipedia. The overlap of two encyclopedia's references was 2.47% of the total references. The half-life of the SEP references was significantly longer than Wikipedia. In both encyclopedias, the main resources which were used included books, journals, and websites. Regarding language of references, most of the references of both encyclopedias was in English, and citations to other language resources in both encyclopedias were almost similar. The percentage of open access and inaccessible resources on Wikipedia was higher than the SEP, while the percentage of non-open access references in the SEP was higher than Wikipedia. Finally, a comparison of the citations received by the two encyclopedia articles’ references showed that the citations received by Wikipedia references were significantly higher than SEP. This article compares the similarity of two known encyclopedias through comparison of their entities' references. Despite the similarities in the referencing pattern of the two encyclopedias, their information content comes from different resources and comparison articles’ references of Wikipedia with SEP provide no evidence for Wikipedia's credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chatbots could save time, increase efficiency and reduce the workload of scientists. • ChatGPT could be helpful in preparing scientific immunological manuscripts. • ChatGPT answers to basic scientific questions sound polished and convincing. • In-depth scientific questions usually provide wrong answers and wrong citations. • Special training is required if chatbots are to be used as scientific support. Artificial intelligence (AI) has made great progress in recent years. The latest chatbot to make a splash is ChatGPT. To see if this type of AI could also be helpful in creating an immunological review article, I put a planned review on different classes of small RNAs during murine B cell development to the test. Although the general wording sounded very polished and convincing, ChatGPT encountered great difficulties when asked for details and references and made many incorrect statements, leading me to conclude that this kind of AI is not (yet?) suitable for assisting in the writing of scientific articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As natural resources of sand and fine material used in the concrete industry are becoming more scarce, crushed materials are being used to a greater extent. Shape and texture of machine crushed materials differ from aggregates naturally ground, layered and sorted under the course of millions of years. It is assumed that crushed aggregates are more angular and of less smooth texture than natural aggregates, which will affect the flow behaviour of a suspension containing crushed material. In the mix design process of cementitous suspensions, an adequate rheology of the micro mortar (all constituents in the concrete being able to pass a 0.125 mm sieve, including the cement) is crucial. In this paper, the shape of fine particles is linked to the micro mortar plastic viscosity of the filler suspension including cement. The plastic viscosity here serves as an important quality assessment of the filler, since the micro mortar workability features are vital for the final mix design quality of the concrete workability.

Background. The incidence of diseases associated with impaired transport and oxidation of fatty acids is from 1:5,000 to 1:9,000 newborns. High morbidity, risk of death in the absence of timely correction, non-specificity of clinical manifestations define the importance of their timely laboratory diagnosis based on the determination of free carnitine and acylcarnitines in the blood. Reference values for free carnitine and acylcarnitines vary in different populations. The aim. To determine the reference intervals of free carnitine and acylcarnitines in newborns of the Irkutsk region and to compare them with similar reference intervals in newborns in other countries. Methods. The analysis of 229 samples of drу blood spots of healthy newborn children of the Irkutsk region aged from 0 to 7 days was carried out. Analysis of acylcarnitine concentrations was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results. 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles (µmol/l) were calculateed for 13 acylcarnitines: C0 – [8.78; 38.08]; C2 – [3.55; 19.09]; C3 – [0.33; 1.96]; C4 – [0.08; 0.51]; C5 – [0.06; 0.44]; C5DC – [0.03; 0.17]; C6 – [0.01; 0.07]; C8 – [0.01; 0.07]; C10 – [0.02; 0.07]; C12 – [0.04; 0.51]; C14 – [0.07; 0.24]; C16 – [0.58; 3.25]; C18 – [0.35; 1.16]. Conclusion. Differences in acylcarnitine reference intervals were found: compared with other countries, the concentrations of reference intervals for C0, C2, C3, C5DC, C8, C10, C14, C16 and C18 were lower in our study, reference intervals for C5 and C12 were higher in our country.

Background: It is critical for orthopedic surgery residents and residency programs to have a current understanding of the content and resources utilized by the Orthopedic In-Training Examination (OITE) to continuously guide study and educational efforts. This study presents an updated analysis of the shoulder and elbow section of the OITE. Methods: All OITE questions, answers, and references from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed. The number of shoulder and elbow questions per year was recorded, and questions were analyzed for topic, imaging modalities, cognitive taxonomy, and references. We compared our data to the results of a previous study that analyzed shoulder and elbow OITE questions from 2002 to 2007 to examine trends and changes in this domain overtime. Results: There were 177 shoulder and elbow questions (126 shoulder, 71.2%; 51 elbow, 28.8%) of 1863 OITE questions (9.5%) over a 7-year period. The most commonly tested topics included degenerative joint disease/stiffness/arthroplasty (31.6%), anatomy/biomechanics (16.9%), instability/athletic injury (15.3%), trauma (14.7%), and rotator cuff (13.6%). Half of all questions involved clinical management decisions (49.7%). A total of 417 references were cited from 56 different sources, the most common of which were the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (23.3%), Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (20.4%), and Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume) (16%). The average time lag from article publication to OITE reference was 7.7 years. Compared with a prior analysis from 2002 to 2007, there was a significant increase in the number of shoulder and elbow questions on the OITE (5.5% to 9.5%; P < .001). Recent exams incorporated more complex multistep treatment questions (4.4% vs. 49.7%; P < .001) and fewer recall questions (42.2% vs. 22%; P < .001). There was a significant increase in the use of imaging modalities (53.3% vs. 79.1%; P < .001). No significant differences in the distribution of question topics were found. Conclusions: The percentage of shoulder and elbow questions on the OITE has nearly doubled over the past decade with greater emphasis on critical thinking (eg, clinical management decisions) over recall of facts. These findings should prompt educators to direct didactic efforts (eg, morning conferences and journal club) toward case-based learning to foster critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills.

The Bergen Growth Study 2 (BGS2) aims to characterise somatic and endocrine changes in healthy Norwegian children using a novel methodology. A cross-sectional sample of 1285 children aged 6–16 years was examined in 2016 using novel objective ultrasound assessments of breast developmental stages and testicular volume in addition to the traditional Tanner pubertal stages. Blood samples allowed for measurements of pubertal hormones, endocrine disruptive chemicals, and genetic analyses. Ultrasound staging of breast development in girls showed a high degree of agreement within and between observers, and ultrasound measurement of testicular volume in boys also showed small intra- and interobserver differences. The median age was 10.4 years for Tanner B2 (pubertal onset) and 12.7 years for menarche. Norwegian boys reached a pubertal testicular volume at a mean age of 11.7 years. Continuous reference curves for testicular volume and sex hormones were constructed using the LMS method. Ultrasound-based assessments of puberty provided novel references for breast developmental stages and enabled the measurement of testicular volume on a continuous scale. Endocrine z-scores allowed for an intuitive interpretation of changing hormonal levels during puberty on a quantitative scale, which, in turn, provides opportunities for further analysis of pubertal development using machine-learning approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze leading management journals of the Academy of Management (the Academy of Management Journal, the Academy of Management Review, the Academy of Management Learning and Education, and the Academy of Management Perspectives, as well as the Journal of Management), collecting and analyzing information on the managerial research assessment tool of impact factor (IF) during two time periods—from 1997 through 2005 and from 2006 through 2019. The authors capture the changing nature of journal strategies, examining the number of references, self-citations, and cross-citations. The study shows a general increase in the number of references used, as well as self-citations and cross-citations, resulting in a corresponding IF gain. The evidence suggests some limitations to adopting performance metrics in academia. Thus, academic managers, editors, and authors who focus on IF may be overestimating its impact, obscuring institutional attempts to measure academic research performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research describes the types and function of reference in a short story book written by Christine Lindop under the title The Bridge and Other Love Stories. This research applies discourse analysis, especially on the reference. The study used a qualitative descriptive approach. The data source of this research is a short story telling about the bridge and love stories that happened. The data of this research are words, phrases, and sentences contained in a short story. The results of this research show that the types of reference used in the short story include personal reference, demonstrative reference, definite article reference and comparative reference. Meanwhile, the function of reference is to risk word repetition, to show the close of scale, and to compare things or situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundGestational weight gain differs according to pre-pregnancy body mass index and is related to the risks of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Gestational weight gain charts for women in different pre-pregnancy body mass index groups enable identification of women and offspring at risk for adverse health outcomes. We aimed to construct gestational weight gain reference charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2 and 3 obese women and to compare these charts with those obtained in women with uncomplicated term pregnancies.MethodsWe used individual participant data from 218,216 pregnant women participating in 33 cohorts from Europe, North America, and Oceania. Of these women, 9065 (4.2%), 148,697 (68.1%), 42,678 (19.6%), 13,084 (6.0%), 3597 (1.6%), and 1095 (0.5%) were underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. A total of 138, 517 women from 26 cohorts had pregnancies with no hypertensive or diabetic disorders and with term deliveries of appropriate for gestational age at birth infants. Gestational weight gain charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grade 1, 2, and 3 obese women were derived by the Box-Cox t method using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape.ResultsWe observed that gestational weight gain strongly differed per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index group. The median (interquartile range) gestational weight gain at 40 weeks was 14.2 kg (11.4-17.4) for underweight women, 14.5 kg (11.5-17.7) for normal weight women, 13.9 kg (10.1-17.9) for overweight women, and 11.2 kg (7.0-15.7), 8.7 kg (4.3-13.4) and 6.3 kg (1.9-11.1) for grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. The rate of weight gain was lower in the first half than in the second half of pregnancy. No differences in the patterns of weight gain were observed between cohorts or countries. Similar weight gain patterns were observed in mothers without pregnancy complications.ConclusionsGestational weight gain patterns are strongly related to pre-pregnancy body mass index. The derived charts can be used to assess gestational weight gain in etiological research and as a monitoring tool for weight gain during pregnancy in clinical practice.