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Mercury is a global pollutant that poses significant risks to human health and the environment. Natural sources of mercury include volcanic eruptions, while anthropogenic sources include industrial processes, artisanal and small-scale gold mining, and fossil fuel combustion. Contamination can arise through various pathways, such as atmospheric deposition, water and soil contamination, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in food chains. Various remediation strategies, including phytoremediation, bioremediation, chemical oxidation/reduction, and adsorption, have been developed to address mercury pollution, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The effectiveness of remediation techniques depends on the nature and extent of contamination and site-specific conditions. This review discusses the challenges associated with mercury pollution and remediation, including the need for effective monitoring and management strategies. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of mercury contamination and the range of remediation techniques available to mitigate its adverse impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination due to urban and industrial activities has caused significant land degradation and changes in the geotechnical properties of soils. Among many contaminants, hydrocarbons pose severe threats not only from an engineering point of view but are also hazardous to the environment. This review article critically analyzes the essential aspects of different hydrocarbon types as a contamination source in various soil types and their implications in the geotechnical design. The modifications of geotechnical properties require an in-depth investigation, especially at the micro-scale, by assessing the soil particle interaction with hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon compounds possess the ability to alter the morphological characteristics of soil particles, which, in turn, influences the shear mobilization in soils. Furthermore, several remediation techniques, such as biological, chemical, physical, or thermal treatment methods, are available to solidify, remove or immobilize hydrocarbons. However, limitations exist due to the applicability of some techniques. Taking these considerations into account, the primary purpose of this paper is to create a consensus about how hydrocarbons interact with different soils, what are the triggers of these interactions, which geotechnical properties are mostly affected, which remediation techniques will be more effective, and how quickly the method can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear isotopes, distinct atoms characterized by varying neutron counts, have profoundly influenced a myriad of sectors, spanning from medical diagnostics and therapeutic interventions to energy production and defense strategies. Their multifaceted applications have been celebrated for catalyzing revolutionary breakthroughs, yet these advancements simultaneously introduce intricate challenges that warrant thorough investigation. These challenges encompass safety protocols, potential environmental detriments, and the complex geopolitical landscape surrounding nuclear proliferation and disarmament. This comprehensive review embarks on a deep exploration of nuclear isotopes, elucidating their nuanced classifications, wide-ranging applications, intricate governing policies, and the multifaceted impacts of their unintended emissions or leaks. Furthermore, the study meticulously examines the cutting-edge remediation techniques currently employed to counteract nuclear contamination while projecting future innovations in this domain. By weaving together historical context, current applications, and forward-looking perspectives, this review offers a panoramic view of the nuclear isotope landscape. In conclusion, the significance of nuclear isotopes cannot be understated. As we stand at the crossroads of technological advancement and ethical responsibility, this review underscores the paramount importance of harnessing nuclear isotopes' potential in a manner that prioritizes safety, sustainability, and the greater good of humanity.

Globally, human activity and fast modernization have an impact on the ecological and economic aspects. These factors have led to the generation of complex wastewater consisting of recalcitrant toxic and carcinogenic contaminants. The inaccuracy of the traditional treatment techniques using traditional adsorbents to lower the concentration of pollutants below desired standards has paved the way for technological advancements in the synthesis method and operating conditions. Hence, this has become highly imperative to utilize effective and advanced remediation strategies for the removal of pollutants. Several remediation strategies were put forth and were effective because of their unique characteristics such as their affordability, adaptability, and simplicity of use. The present review article organizes the scattered available information on potential and abundant biomass-derived low-cost adsorbents for the effective removal of toxic contaminants. It has been discovered that biomass-derived adsorbents are extremely effective, alternative, and carbon–neutral offering a new perspective on the modular adsorption process.

Indoor radon surveying and remediation were implemented in a single-family home affected by high levels of indoor radon in the Celleno municipality (central Italy) with the aim of identifying the contribution of radon sources, evaluating the factors affecting radon entry into the building, and reducing radon risk. Average radon levels were relatively low at the ground floor (286 ± 202 Bq m−3) and first floor (167 ± 84 Bq m−3) in autumn when the temperature was still warm and the windows were open, but increased up to 2776 ± 1768 Bq m−3 and 970 ± 202 Bq m−3 in the first half of December, when the heating system was on and the windows were closed. The inner walls of the pilot room at the ground floor, semi buried on one side, were then treated with a waterproof product (a silane terminated polymer) and the average radon was halved (1475 ± 1092 Bq m−3) in the following month, which was still characterised by winter conditions. Radon entry in the room was identified and sealed with the same product, and a radon accumulation space behind a NE-SW oriented wall was naturally ventilated, reducing radon below the reference level in April with northerly winds conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil decontamination and restoration continue to be a key environmental concern around the globe. The degradation of soil resources due to the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has a substantial influence on agricultural production, food security, and human well-being, and as a result, urgent action is required. PTEs pollution is not a threat to the agroecosystems but also a serious concern to human health; thereby, it needs to be addressed timely and effectively. Hence, the development of improved and cost-effective procedures to remove PTEs from polluted soils is imperative. With this context in mind, current review is designed to distinctly envisage the PTEs removal potential by the single and binary applications of biochar (BC) and nanomaterials (NMs).2 Recently, BC, a product of high-temperature biomass pyrolysis with high specific surface area, porosity, and distinctive physical and chemical properties has become one of the most used and economic adsorbent materials. Also, biochar's application has generated interest in a variety of fields and environments as a modern approach against the era of urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. Likewise, several NMs including metals and their oxides, carbon materials, zeolites, and bimetallic-based NMs have been documented as having the potential to remediate PTEs-polluted environments. However, both techniques have their own set of advantages and disadvantages, therefore combining them can be a more effective strategy to address the growing concern over the rapid accumulation and release of PTEs into the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony (Sb) is a serious toxic and non-essential metalloid for animals, humans, and plants. The rapid increase in anthropogenic inputs from mining and industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and shoot activity increased the Sb concentration in the environment, which has become a serious concern across the globe. Hence, remediation of Sb-contaminated soils needs serious attention to provide safe and healthy foods to humans. Different techniques, including biochar (BC), compost, manures, plant additives, phyto-hormones, nano-particles (NPs), organic acids (OA), silicon (Si), microbial remediation techniques, and phytoremediation are being used globally to remediate the Sb polluted soils. In the present review, we described sources of soil Sb pollution, the environmental impact of antimony pollution, the multi-faceted nature of antimony pollution, recent progress in remediation techniques, and recommendations for the remediation of soil Sb-pollution. We also discussed the success stories and potential of different practices to remediate Sb-polluted soils. In particular, we discussed the various mechanisms, including bio-sorption, bio-accumulation, complexation, and electrostatic attraction, that can reduce the toxicity of Sb by converting Sb-V into Sb-III. Additionally, we also identified the research gaps that need to be filled in future studies. Therefore, the current review will help to develop appropriate and innovative strategies to limit Sb bioavailability and toxicity and sustainably manage Sb polluted soils hence reducing the toxic effects of Sb on the environment and human health.

The continuous production and widespread applications of synthetic plastics and their waste present immense environmental challenges and damage living systems. Microplastics (MPs) have become of great concern in various ecosystems due to their high stability and decomposition into smaller fragments such as nano-plastics (NPs). Nevertheless, MPs and NPs can be removed from the environment using several physical, chemical, and microbiological methods. This study presents a comprehensive narrative literature review, which aims to explore the various types of MPs and NPs, their sources, fate, toxicity, and impact on human health and environment. To achieve this aim, the study employed a comprehensive literature review methodology. In addition, it summarizes various methods of sample collection and analysis techniques. Remediation strategies for MPs and NPs removal are assessed and compared. Furthermore, it highlights interlinkages between the sustainable development goals (SDGs)—specifically SDG 14—and plastic pollution. Overall, priority for research and development in the field of MPs and NPs impacts on ecological ecosystems is a must as this will enable the development of scientific polices driven by global collaboration and governance which in turn will develop tools and methodologies that measure the impacts and risk of plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and water pollution is of significant concern worldwide because of the consequences of environmental degradation and harmful effects on human health. Water bodies are very much polluted by various organic and inorganic pollutants by different human activities, including industrial wastes. Environmental pollution remains high because of urbanization‐induced industrial developments and human lifestyle. It accumulates pollutants in the environment including plants and living organisms. Even mothers' milk is poisoned because of the uncontrolled, widespread increase in pollution. The discharge levels of organic hydrophobic contaminants in the water and soil are increasing rapidly. This severe pollution must be remediated to upgrade the environment and ensure the safety of human beings. It is vital to eradicate soil and water pollution to guarantee sufficient food and water. Different techniques available to remove the pollutants vary according to the type of pollutants. Hydrophobic contaminants are more dangerous than heavy metals and other pollutants; they cannot be easily removed, requiring special care. Hydrophobic organoxenobiotics released in the environment pose severe contamination in soil and water. Therefore, developing efficient and cost‐effective processes is necessary to remove hydrophobic contaminants from soil and water. With nanoparticle‐mediated remediation techniques, the green‐synthesized nanoparticles exhibit improved performance. This review consolidates reports on the remediation techniques of hydrophobic contaminants, focusing on green‐synthesized remediation agents. The very limited works on green synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles, particularly polyurethane‐based materials for organic contaminants removal demand more attention in this area. Practitioner Points: Consolidated the effects of hydrophobic organic and plastic contaminants on environment degradation.Summarized the advantages of green synthesized polymer nanoparticles for efficient removal of hydrophobic contaminants.Discussed the different sources of pollution and remediation techniques referring 112 research works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are among the natural resources that have a global contribution. They hold the mainstream of terrestrial biodiversity and constitute roughly one-third of the surface of the globe. This expresses the significance of forests in protecting all aspects of human survival. Recent microplastic (MP) pollution in forest ecosystems has had a substantial harmful influence on the atmosphere and people worldwide. Due to the limited research and minimal responsiveness about the repercussions of microplastics (MPs) on the forest ecosystem as a whole, little knowledge has been shared yet. Here we reviewed the unfavorable impacts of MPs on the forest environment including soil biota, wildlife, and birds. The efforts to eliminate MP contamination in the forest ecosystem are outlined in this assessment. Several microplastic remediation techniques have been utilized in the degradation or elimination of MPs in water and soil. This study will be highly efficient for forest conservationists, environmentalists, and policymakers to comprehend the underlying mechanism of MP contaminants in forest ecosystems so that it could reduce the risks to human life, wild flora, and fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution from heavy metals is one of the significant environmental concerns facing the world today. Human activities, such as mining, farming, and manufacturing plant operations, can allow them access to the environment. Heavy metals polluting soil can harm crops, change the food chain, and endanger human health. Thus, the overarching goal for humans and the environment should be the avoidance of soil contamination by heavy metals. Heavy metals persistently present in the soil can be absorbed by plant tissues, enter the biosphere, and accumulate in the trophic levels of the food chain. The removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil can be accomplished using various physical, synthetic, and natural remediation techniques (both in situ and ex situ). The most controllable (affordable and eco-friendly) method among these is phytoremediation. The removal of heavy metal defilements can be accomplished using phytoremediation techniques, including phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytofiltration. The bioavailability of heavy metals in soil and the biomass of plants are the two main factors affecting how effectively phytoremediation works. The focus in phytoremediation and phytomining is on new metal hyperaccumulators with high efficiency. Subsequently, this study comprehensively examines different frameworks and biotechnological techniques available for eliminating heavy metals according to environmental guidelines, underscoring the difficulties and limitations of phytoremediation and its potential application in the clean-up of other harmful pollutants. Additionally, we share in-depth experience of safe removing the plants used in phytoremediation—a factor frequently overlooked when choosing plants to remove heavy metals in contaminated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground pollution of soils and sediments is a major yet overlooked health issue, because pollutants are often trapped into inaccessible and complex porous media, and may re-enter ecosystems days to hundred of years later. In particular, removing the organic liquid pollutants completely from porous media is almost impossible, especially in low-permeability zones. Here, we review the migration and remediation techniques of organic liquid pollutants in the subsurface, with focus on low-permeability zones. We discussed migration mechanisms in the vadose and saturation zones. Remediation techniques include electrokinetic remediation, bioremediation, and the use of polymers and foam. Electrokinetic remediation is well suited for ultralow-permeability areas such as silts and clays. Microbial remediation is environmentally friendly with minimal disturbance in soil systems, yet underground conditions may limit bacterial growth. Polymers reduce pollutant mobility and improve the stability of the displacement front. Nanoparticles modify the viscosity of polymer solution, improve the sweep efficiency and reduce interfacial tension reduction. Foams may solve the problems caused by bypass and preferential flows of surfactants in the high-permeability region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The heavy metals in MSWI fly ash pose significant contamination threats to soil and water. • Different immobilization methods demonstrated their potential to enhance heavy metal containment. • Optimization of these methods and development of policies for safe MSWI fly ash management is necessary. • Future research demands focusing on immobilization methods to ensure long-term environmental safety and sustainability. The incineration of municipal and industrial solid waste generates substantial amounts of fly ash, a residue containing hazardous heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). These heavy metals pose severe environmental and health risks because of their toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation. Moreover, leaching from fly ash leads to the contamination of soil and water, resulting in adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Therefore, addressing the environmental challenges associated with leaching of heavy metals from incineration fly ash is critical. Different immobilization methods (physical, biological, and thermal) have shown significant potential for the immobilization of heavy metals, which leads to a reduction in their leachability and enhanced long-term environmental safety. This review article explores and highlights the treatment methods employed to immobilize heavy metals in incineration fly ash, and compares their advantages and limitations. This study presents an in-depth analysis of different immobilization techniques, their mechanisms, and the environmental implications of these methods. Additionally, this review highlights recent advancements in the field, shedding light on emerging technologies and future research directions for effective heavy metal immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail transport is a vital asset for U.S. Army distribution networks for movements of oversized and overweight vehicles and munitions. As the rail infrastructure ages on military installations, the reliability of these rail systems is a critical concern to support military power projection requirements. The Engineering Research and Development Center (ERDC) evaluates over 1500 miles of Army track approximately every four years. Many Army installations have significant problems with fouled ballast. These installations have few resources to remediate fouled ballast, and/or may not be aware of remediation techniques. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a list of remediation techniques for installations to implement with efforts to reduce fouled ballast and improve track maintenance.

Pollution from heavy metals is one of the significant environmental concerns facing the world today. Human activities, such as mining, farming, and manufacturing plant operations, can allow them access to the environment. Heavy metals polluting soil can harm crops, change the food chain, and endanger human health. Thus, the overarching goal for humans and the environment should be the avoidance of soil contamination by heavy metals. Heavy metals persistently present in the soil can be absorbed by plant tissues, enter the biosphere, and accumulate in the trophic levels of the food chain. The removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil can be accomplished using various physical, synthetic, and natural remediation techniques (both in situ and ex situ). The most controllable (affordable and eco-friendly) method among these is phytoremediation. The removal of heavy metal defilements can be accomplished using phytoremediation techniques, including phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytofiltration. The bioavailability of heavy metals in soil and the biomass of plants are the two main factors affecting how effectively phytoremediation works. The focus in phytoremediation and phytomining is on new metal hyperaccumulators with high efficiency. Subsequently, this study comprehensively examines different frameworks and biotechnological techniques available for eliminating heavy metals according to environmental guidelines, underscoring the difficulties and limitations of phytoremediation and its potential application in the clean-up of other harmful pollutants. Additionally, we share in-depth experience of safe removing the plants used in phytoremediation—a factor frequently overlooked when choosing plants to remove heavy metals in contaminated conditions.

Researchers are increasingly concerned about antimony (Sb) in ecosystems and the environment. Sb primarily enters the environment through anthropogenic (urbanization, industries, coal mining, cars, and biosolid wastes) and geological (natural and chemical weathering of parent material, leaching, and wet deposition) processes. Sb is a hazardous metal that can potentially harm human health. However, no comprehensive information is available on its sources, how it behaves in soil, and its bioaccumulation. Thus, this study reviews more than 160 peer-reviewed studies examining Sb's origins, geochemical distribution and speciation in soil, biogeochemical mechanisms regulating Sb mobilization, bioavailability, and plant phytotoxicity. In addition, Sb exposure effects plant physio-morphological and biochemical attributes were investigated. The toxicity of Sb has a pronounced impact on various aspects of plant life, including a reduction in seed germination and impeding plant growth and development, resulting from restricted essential nutrient uptake, oxidative damages, disruption of photosynthetic system, and amino acid and protein synthesis. Various widely employed methods for Sb remediation, such as organic manure and compost, coal fly ash, biochar, phytoremediation, microbial-based bioremediation, micronutrients, clay minerals, and nanoremediation, are reviewed with a critical assessment of their effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and suitability for use in agricultural soils. This review shows how plants deal with Sb stress, providing insights into lowering Sb levels in the environment and lessening risks to ecosystems and human health along the food chain. Examining different methods like bioaccumulation, bio-sorption, electrostatic attraction, and complexation actively works to reduce toxicity in contaminated agricultural soil caused by Sb. In the end, the exploration of recent advancements in genetics and molecular biology techniques are highlighted, which offers valuable insights into combating Sb toxicity. In conclusion, the findings of this comprehensive review should help develop innovative and useful strategies for minimizing Sb absorption and contamination and thus successfully managing Sb-polluted soil and plants to reduce environmental and public health risks. [Display omitted] • This review examines antimony (Sb) entry into soil, its distribution, and chemical forms. • This describes influence of Sb exposure on plant physiology, biochemistry and growth. • The effectiveness and cost efficiency of Sb remediation strategies have been discussed. • Advances in genetic and molecular techniques to combat Sb toxicity are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic metal which naturally exists in environment in small proportion but continuously increasing due to anthropogenic activities. The rapid increase in population is putting pressure on urbanization, agriculture and industrialization which have resulted in gradual increase in Cd level. It is released from industries as an impurity and pollutes soil, water and air in different ways. High solubility in water increases its mobility in the soil ecosystem. The use of sludge and chemical sprays on crops increase the Cd contamination besides some other heavy metals. Through nutrient cycling, it is taken up from the soil to plants and finally becomes the part of human body which warrants serious health concerns. Cadmium causes mild to severe effects on plants, animals and environmental health. Humans are exposed to cadmium through food, water intake, inhalation (cigarette) and dermal contact which then produces heart disease, kidney failure, lung cancer, orthopedic disease, nervous system failure, low immunity level, mental retardation and growth retardation. Different environmental friendly and low cost biological remedies are used nowadays to control Cd toxicity such as phytoremediation phytostabilisation, rhizofilteration, phytoextraction. This review paper has summarized the impact of Cd on soil, plants and humans and strategies to remove or minimize its toxicity by applying some low cost and environmental friendly techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous marine oil spill incidents and their environmental catastrophe have raised the concern of the research community and environmental agencies on the topic of the offshore crude oil spill. The oil transport through oil tankers and pipelines has further aggravated the risk of the oil spill. This has led to the necessity to develop an effective, environment-friendly, versatile oil spill clean-up strategy. The current review article analyses various nanotechnology-based methods for marine oil spill clean-up, focusing on their recovery rate, reusability and cost. The authors weighed the three primary factors recovery, reusability and cost distinctively for the analysis based on their significance in various contexts. The findings and analysis suggest that magnetic nanomaterials and nano-sorbent have been the most effective nanotechnology-based marine oil spill remediation techniques, with the magnetic paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires standing out with a recovery rate of over 99%. The chitosan-silica hybrid nano-sorbent and multi-wall carbon nanotubes are also promising options with high recovery rates of up to 95-98% and the ability to be reused multiple times. Although the photocatalytic biodegradation approach and the nano-dispersion method do not offer benefits for recovery or reusability, they can nevertheless help lessen the negative ecological effects of marine oil spills. Therefore, careful evaluation and selection of the most appropriate method for each marine oil spill situation is crucial. The current review article provides valuable insights into the current state of nanotechnology-based marine oil spill clean-up methods and their potential applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Yangon river has been facing with a problem of high rate of sedimentation as the reasons of deforestation, riverbank erosion, and flooding. A hundred million tons of sediments has been being dredged over 50 yr to maintain Yangon river waterway. Sediments daily produced from dredging work are directly dumped at a designated disposal area about 200 m far from dredging site to flash out these sediments by strong river flow. It may increase disposal-related turbidity disturbing sediment-settling into riverbed, and perhaps have a tendency to re-accumulate these materials into original dredging site because of the complex river flow at dredging site, known as inner bar area, where is close to a confluence of rivers and creek. This paper examines how to minimize the dredged amount at inner bar area by means of beneficial use. Therefore, sediment characteristics are needed to analyze because fine-grained sediments can easily attach pollutants giving an adverse effect to marine environment. Sediment samples from three different locations around inner bar area were collected with hand corer by diver, and analyzed U.S EPA methods: 10 129, 10 067, and 8000 for organic matters, inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometer for heavy metals, gas chromatography with mass spectrometer for persistent organic pollutants, and laser diffraction particle size analyzer. 14% of sand, 32% of silt, and 54% of clay were determined. The water contents in samples were 40.73%, 40.28%, and 31.40%. Lower values of harmful pollutants in samples than international standards were found. Therefore, sediments from inner bar may be supposed non-contaminated ones giving a better quality applied for beneficial use. Thus, without additional pollution-control treatments, appropriate technologies such as particle separation and dewatering techniques are described to produce commercial products, and to apply for engineering uses and environment enhancement as a sustainable practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal rejuvenation is responsible for industrialization, urbanization and numerous anthropogenic activities, which involves the vast application of heavy metals. Mostly heavy metals are released to our environment during the processing and disposal of heavy metal containing products. Environmental pollution caused by the heavy metal increases attention worldwide because of their toxicity in plant, animal and human beings and their lack of biodegradability. Once metals are contaminating the environment, they may persist for long time depending on the nature of metal. The remediation process for heavy metal contaminated sites may be in-situ or ex-situ, On-site or off-site and biological, physical and chemical. Also these techniques used in combination with each other for more economical and efficient remediation of a heavy metal contaminated ecosystem. Biological remediation in biotransformation of heavy metals into non-hazardous form is well-documented, and considerate the molecular mechanism of metal accumulation has frequent biotechnological implications for bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites. In view of this, the present review investigates the several remediation technologies used for the recovery of metal-contaminated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global community has become increasingly concerned about the serious issue of heavy metal arsenic contamination in the environment due to its toxicity, volatility, and bioaccumulation. Arsenic exists in different states in flue gas, water, and soil environments, presenting complex challenges for researchers studying its transformation and migration behavior. This complexity also leads to differences in the development of arsenic removal technologies for different phases. This paper delves into various remediation techniques for controlling arsenic contamination in flue gas and water, while also summarizing the factors that influence the transformation and separation of arsenic, as well as the characteristics of various remediation technologies. [Display omitted] • The removal techniques of arsenic from high temperature flue gas were reviewed. • The latest research progress of arsenic removal from wastewater was introduced. • The speciation transformation during arsenic removal was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates our hypothesis that how effect of arsenic stress on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) can be alleviated through the use of waste materials such as steel slag (SS) and corncob biochar (BC). Different growth variables, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and glyoxylase enzyme activities were assessed. When okra was exposed to As, there was a noticeable decrease in seedling length, biomass, relative water content, various biochemical attributes, however, electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation in okra were enhanced. The supplementation of SS and BC—either individually or in combination—improved the growth parameters and reduced oxidative stress markers. Application of SS and BC also lowered As accumulation in roots and shoots of okra mitigating adverse effects of As exposure. Additionally, the activities of antioxidant and glyoxalase enzyme increased when SS and BC were present, concurrently reducing methylglyoxal content. Arsenic-induced stress led to oxidative damage, an enhancement in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, induced the synthesis of thiol and phytochelatins in roots and shoots. These may play a vital function in alleviating oxidative stress induced by As. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were significantly enhanced in As-treated plants. These enhancement were further amplified when SS and BC were amended to As-treated okra. Therefore, synergistic application of SS and BC effectively protects okra against oxidative stress induced by As by increasing both antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems. Both SS, an industrial byproduct, and BC, generated from agricultural waste, are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, safe, and non-toxic materials which can be used for crop production in As contaminated soil. [Display omitted] • Steel slag and corncob biochar enhanced growth of okra plants under arsenic stress. • ROS scavenging mechanism was strengthened by osmolytes accumulation. • Total acid soluble thiol and phytochelatin contents were enhanced in okra roots and shoots under arsenic stress. • Steel slag and corncob biochar declined arsenic-incited oxidative damage by boosting antioxidant and glyoxalase system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper seeks to identify the most environmental friendly way of conducting a refurbishment of Broendby Strand, with focus on PCB remediation. The actual identification is conducted by comparing four remediation techniques using urban metabolism fused with life cycle assessment (UM-LCA) in combination with information relating to cost and efficiency of the compared techniques. The methodological goal of our paper is to test UM-LCA as a decision support tool and discuss application of the method in relation to large refurbishment projects. Methods: To assess the environmental performance of PCB-remediation techniques, the UM-LCA method was applied. By combining UM and LCA methodologies, the total environmental impact potentials of the remediation techniques were calculated. To build an inventory for each technique, we contacted and interviewed experts and studied existing literature, cases, and projects in order to compile information on practical details of the techniques. To process the collected inventory data, we used the simplified product system modeling software Quantis Suite 2.0 (QS2.0). In order to validate the results from the simplified software, we carried out the exact same analysis using a more complex tool—OpenLCA 1.5. Based on the assessment results, we compared the remediation techniques and identified the techniques with the smallest and largest environmental impact potentials. Results and discussion: The results obtained are presented, and the technique with the smallest impact identified. A comparison between the two software tools applied is made, and differences between the two are discussed in detail. Further discussed is how possible inventory errors affect the results and if any assumptions should be considered as critical for the final results. Furthermore, are the remediation efficiencies of each technique and the cost of each method considered and compared. Finally, UM-LCA's ability to work as a tool for decision support is discussed and possible ways of implementing the method in sustainable decision-making is considered. Conclusions: In this study, it is found that the most environmental friendly PCB-remediation technique is thermal desorption, whereas the technique with the largest environmental impact potential is sand blasting, due to the environmental impacts induced in relation to disposal of the building waste. It is concluded that the UM-LCA method can be applied as a tool for decision support, and if economic aspects are incorporated, the UM-LCA approach could be an essential approach for designing sustainable buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil heavy metal pollution has become a worldwide environmental issue that has attracted considerable public attention, largely from the increasing concern for the security of agricultural products. Heavy metals refer to some metals and metalloids possessing biological toxicity, such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, and chromium. These elements enter the soil agro-ecosystem through natural processes derived from parent materials, and through anthropogenic activities. Heavy metal pollution poses a great threat to the health and well-being of organisms and human beings due to potential accumulation risk through the food chain. Remediation using chemical, physical, and biological methods has been adopted to solve the problem. Phytoremediation has proven to be a promising alternative to conventional approaches as it is cost effective, environmentally friendly, and aesthetically pleasing. To date, based on the natural ability of extraction, approximately 500 taxa have been identified as hyperaccumulators of one or more metals. In addition, further research integrating biotechnological approaches with comprehensive multidisciplinary research is needed to improve plant tolerance and reduce the accumulation of toxic metals in soils. This review discusses harmful effects, sources of heavy metals, and the remediation technologies for soil contaminated by heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sources and fate of micro and nano plastic pollutants in Aquatic systems. • Nano-plastics are consumed as food by a variety of aquatic creatures, including zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, fish, bivalves, and large marine mammals. • Discussed about potential remediation methods for micro and nano plastics in ecosystem. • This review will serve as a roadmap for the future control and remediation of micro and nano-plastics. The rapid proliferation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in our environment presents a formidable hazard to both biotic and abiotic components. These pollutants originate from various sources, including commercial production and the breakdown of larger plastic particles. Widespread contamination of the human body, agroecosystems, and animals occurs through ingestion, entry into the food chain, and inhalation. Consequently, the imperative to devise innovative methods for MPs and NPs remediation has become increasingly apparent. This review explores the current landscape of strategies proposed to mitigate the escalating threats associated with plastic waste. Among the array of methods in use, microbial remediation emerges as a promising avenue for the decomposition and reclamation of MPs and NPs. In response to the growing concern, numerous nations have already implemented or are in the process of adopting regulations to curtail MPs and NPs in aquatic habitats. This paper aims to address this gap by delving into the environmental fate, behaviour, transport, ecotoxicity, and management of MPs and NPs particles within the context of nanoscience, microbial ecology, and remediation technologies. Key findings of this review encompass the intricate interdependencies between MPs and NPs and their ecosystems. The ecological impact, from fate to ecotoxicity, is scrutinized in light of the burgeoning environmental imperative. As a result, this review not only provides an encompassing understanding of the ecological ramifications of MPs and NPs but also highlights the pressing need for further research, innovation, and informed interventions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony (Sb) is a serious toxic and non-essential metalloid for animals, humans, and plants. The rapid increase in anthropogenic inputs from mining and industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and shoot activity increased the Sb concentration in the environment, which has become a serious concern across the globe. Hence, remediation of Sb-contaminated soils needs serious attention to provide safe and healthy foods to humans. Different techniques, including biochar (BC), compost, manures, plant additives, phyto-hormones, nano-particles (NPs), organic acids (OA), silicon (Si), microbial remediation techniques, and phytoremediation are being used globally to remediate the Sb polluted soils. In the present review, we described sources of soil Sb pollution, the environmental impact of antimony pollution, the multi-faceted nature of antimony pollution, recent progress in remediation techniques, and recommendations for the remediation of soil Sb-pollution. We also discussed the success stories and potential of different practices to remediate Sb-polluted soils. In particular, we discussed the various mechanisms, including bio-sorption, bio-accumulation, complexation, and electrostatic attraction, that can reduce the toxicity of Sb by converting Sb-V into Sb-III. Additionally, we also identified the research gaps that need to be filled in future studies. Therefore, the current review will help to develop appropriate and innovative strategies to limit Sb bioavailability and toxicity and sustainably manage Sb polluted soils hence reducing the toxic effects of Sb on the environment and human health. • This review reports sources of Sb entry into soil and its distribution and speciation in soil. • The various strategies used to remediate Sb polluted soils are summarized. • How biochar, compost, plant additives, organic acids, silicon, nano-particles and microbes can reduce Sb toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their widespread occurrence and detrimental effects on human health and the environment, endocrine-disrupting hazardous chemicals (EDHCs) have become a significant concern. Therefore, numerous physicochemical and biological remediation techniques have been developed to eliminate EDHCs from various environmental matrices. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art remediation techniques for eliminating EDHCs. The physicochemical methods include adsorption, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, and advanced oxidation processes. The biological methods include biodegradation, phytoremediation, and microbial fuel cells. Each technique's effectiveness, advantages, limitations, and factors affecting their performance are discussed. The review also highlights recent developments and future perspectives in EDHCs remediation. This review provides valuable insights into selecting and optimizing remediation techniques for EDHCs in different environmental matrices. • Comprehensive overview of EDHCs remediation techniques. • Physico-chemical and biological approaches discussed. • Effectiveness, advantages, and limitations highlighted. • Future perspectives in EDHCs remediation presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil contamination with persistent and potentially (eco)toxic heavy metal(loid)s is ubiquitous around the globe. Concentration of these heavy metal(loid)s in soil has increased drastically over the last three decades, thus posing risk to the environment and human health. Some technologies have long been in use to remediate the hazardous heavy metal(loid)s. Conventional remediation methods for heavy metal(loid)s are generally based on physical, chemical and biological approaches, which may be used in combination with one another to clean-up heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils to an acceptable and safe level. This review summarizes the soil contamination by heavy metal(loid)s at a global scale, accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in vegetables to toxic levels and their regulatory guidelines in soil. In this review, we also elucidate and compare the pool of available technologies that are currently being applied for remediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils, as well as the economic aspect of soil remediation for different techniques. This review article includes an assessment of the contemporary status of technology deployment and recommendations for future remediation research. Finally, the molecular and genetic basis of heavy metal(loid) (hyper)accumulation and tolerance in microbes and plants is also discussed. It is proposed that for effective and economic remediation of soil, a better understanding of remediation procedures and the various options available at the different stages of remediation is highly necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are compounds used since 1940 in various formulations in the industrial and consumer sectors due to their high chemical and thermal stability. In recent years, PFASs have caused global concern due to their presence in different water and soil matrices, which threatens the environment and human health. These compounds have been reported to be linked to the development of serious human diseases, including but not limited to cancer. For this reason, PFASs have been considered as persistent organic compounds (COPs) and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Therefore, this work aims to present the advances in remediation of PFASs-contaminated soil and water by addressing the current literature. The performance and characteristics of each technique were addressed deeply in this work. The reviewed literature found that PFASs elimination studies in soil and water were carried out at a laboratory and pilot-scale in some cases. It was found that ball milling, chemical oxidation and thermal desorption are the most efficient techniques for the removal of PFASs in soils, however, phyto-microbial remediation is under study, which claims to be a promising technique. For the remediation of PFASs-contaminated water, the processes of electrocoagulation, membrane filtration, ozofractionation, catalysis, oxidation reactions - reduction, thermolysis and destructive treatments with plasma have presented the best results. It is noteworthy that hybrid treatments have also proved to be efficient techniques in the removal of these contaminants from soil and water matrices. Therefore, the improvisation and implication of existing techniques on a field-scale are greatly warranted to corroborate the yields obtained on a pilot- and laboratory-scale. [Display omitted] • The global presence of PFASs in water and soils was summarized. • The risks and diseases in humans linked to PFASs were reviewed. • Removal efficiencies of different remediation techniques were compared. • There is limited removal information for short-chain PFASs. • Innovative, effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly techniques are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil heavy metal pollution is the driving force to various health problems as well as reprehensible soil quality. Landfill leachates are one of the focal sources of soil and underground water pollution. A total number of 120 soil samples were taken from three different soil horizons and tested for heavy metal content, and their physical and chemical properties were measured. Approximately, 1,500 m3of leachates were released into the main local stream and pour to an area of 800 ha used for agriculture practices and olive cultivation. The designated area is located in the municipality of Thermi, Prefecture of Thessaloniki, Greece. Total extractable concentrations of seven different heavy metals were detected using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AS, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni)—and were elucidated to be slightly above the average of the universal allowable concentrations. Inverse distance weighting interpolator was implemented, and weighted linear combination was used to assess the overall pollution risk. Different multivariate analyses were implemented to point out the relationship between the experimented heavy metals. The risk of having soil heavy metal pollution at Tagarades is incontestable; nevertheless, the underground water of Tagarades in the meantime is not under jeopardy but the underground water pollution threat constantly exists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]