Search

The stability and reliability of modern power systems, especially those with several renewable energy sources, strongly rely on load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) for frequency and voltage control under inconstant load demands. In this study, a new cascade tilt integral derivative-fractional order proportional tilt integral derivative (TID-FOPTID) controller is presented that is polished through the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for LFC of a multi-area power system with AVR in all control areas. The system integrates capacitive energy storage (CES) and deals with governor dead-band and generation rate constraint nonlinear effects in a thermal-hydro-gas three-area multi-source power system (TAMSPS). The analysis of results, due to the SSA-based TID-FOPTID controller compared to TID-FOTID and TID-FOTID + 1 shows a positive outcome. Integrating CES brings additional improvement in the system performance, the overshoot/undershoot, and settling time are minimized. Finally, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the suggested controller will be effective and reliable for enhancing the frequency stability of the complex power system with a high RES integration level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents a comprehensive review analysis of Multi-agent control methodologies for Integrated Building Energy Management Systems (IBEMSs), considering combinations of multi-diverse equipment such as Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning (HVAC), domestic hot water (DHW), lighting systems (LS), renewable energy sources (RES), energy storage systems (ESS) as well as electric vehicles (EVs), integrated at the building level. Grounded in the evaluation of key control methodologies—such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) and reinforcement learning (RL) along with their synergistic hybrid integration—the current study integrates a large number of impactful applications of the last decade and evaluates their contribution to the field of energy management in buildings. To this end, over seventy key scholarly papers from the 2014–2024 period have been integrated and analyzed to provide a holistic evaluation on different areas of interest, including the utilized algorithms, agent interactions, energy system types, building typologies, application types and simulation tools. Moreover, by analyzing the latest advancements in the field, a fruitful trend identification is conducted in the realm of multi-agent control for IBEMS frameworks, highlighting the most prominent solutions to achieve sustainability and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent global challenges of climate change, energy security, and environmental degradation highlight the need for sustainable energy solutions. Renewable energy sources (RES) present a viable pathway towards sustainability by mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and fostering economic resilience. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to propose an advanced Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach to evaluate various RES by integrating environmental, economic, technological, social acceptance, and resource availability criteria, to identify the most suitable RES for sustainable energy solutions. Methodology: The study employs a hybrid method combining Type-2 Neutrosophic Numbers (T2NN) with LOPCOW (Logarithmic Percentage Change Operator Weighting) and MAIRCA (Multi-Attributive Ideal-Real Comparative Assessment) to rank the suitability of different RES, including solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal energy. Findings: The case study results reveal wind energy as the top-ranked alternative, supported by consistent findings across comparative methods such as COPRAS, MABAC, EDAS, and TOPSIS. Sensitivity analysis further confirms the stability of the proposed model under various scenarios. Originality: The originality of this study lies in the integration of T2NN, LOPCOW, and MAIRCA to address the limitations of traditional MCDM approaches in handling uncertainty and imprecision in data. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed framework in providing a robust evaluation of RES, and its value lies in its potential to inform decision-making in the field of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current century, electrical networks have witnessed great developments and continuous increases in the demand for fossil fuels based energy, leading to an excessive rise in the total production cost (TPC), as well as the pollutant (toxic) gases emitted by thermal plants. Under this circumstances, energy supply from different resources became necessary, such as renewable energy sources (RES) as an alternative solution. This latter, however, characterized with uncertainty nature in its operation principle, especially when operator system wants to define the optimal contribution of each resource in an effort to ensure economic and enhanced reliability of grid. This paper presents an Enhanced version of Kepler optimization algorithm (EKOA) to solve the problem of stochastic optimal power flow (SOPF) in a most efficient way incorporating wind power generators and solar photovoltaic with different objective functions, the stochastic nature of wind speed and solar is modeled using Weibull and lognormal probability density functions respectively. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed EKOA, various case studies were carried out on two test systems IEEE 30-bus system and Algerian power system 114-bus, obtained results were evaluated in comparison with those obtained using the original KOA and other methods published in the literatures. Thus, shows the effectiveness and superiority of the efficient EKOA over other optimizers to solve complex problem. The incorporation of RES resulted in a significant 2.39% decrease in production cost, showcasing EKOA's efficiency with a $780/h, compared to KOA's $781/h, for IEEE 30-bus system. For the DZA 114-bus system revealed even more substantial reductions, with EKOA achieving an impressive 12.6% reduction, and KOA following closely with a 12.4% decrease in production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen production is expected to play a major role in the context of the shift towards sustainable energy stipulated in the Fit for 55 package. Green hydrogen and its derivatives have the capacity to act as effective energy storage vectors, while fuel cell-powered vehicles will foster net-zero emission mobility. This study evaluates the potential of green hydrogen production in Power-to-Gas (P2G) systems operated in former mining sites where sand and gravel aggregate has been extracted from lakes and rivers under wet conditions (below the water table). The potential of hydrogen production was assessed for the selected administrative unit in Poland, the West Pomerania province. Attention is given to the legal and organisational aspects of operating mining companies to identify the sites suitable for the installation of floating photovoltaic facilities by 2050. The method relies on the use of GIS tools, which utilise geospatial data to identify potential sites for investments. Basing on the geospatial model and considering technical and organisational constraints, the schedule was developed, showing the potential availability of the site over time. Knowing the surface area of the water reservoir, the installed power of the floating photovoltaic plant, and the production capacity of the power generation facility and electrolysers, the capacity of hydrogen production in the P2G system can be evaluated. It appears that by 2050 it should be feasible to produce green fuel in the P2G system to support a fleet of city buses for two of the largest urban agglomerations in the West Pomerania province. Simulations revealed that with a water coverage ratio increase and the planned growth of green hydrogen generation, it should be feasible to produce fuel for net-zero emission urban mobility systems to power 200 buses by 2030, 550 buses by 2040, and 900 buses by 2050 (for the bus models Maxi (40 seats) and Mega (60 seats)). The results of the research can significantly contribute to the development of projects focused on the production of green hydrogen in a decentralised system. The disclosure of potential and available locations over time can be compared with competitive solutions in terms of spatial planning, environmental and societal impact, and the economics of the undertaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In close connection with the issue of global security, the issue of ensuring energy resources has been put on the table of consumers and producers of various forms of energy, researchers, but especially politicians and social planners. Ensuring energy independence was put into question after the onset of the oil crisis in 1973, thus the various energy sources and their associated technologies are gradually being replaced by new technologies that integrate renewable energy sources, capable of taking over at an increased level of efficiency the energy requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate crisis mitigation roadmaps, policies and directives have increasingly declared that a key element for the facilitation of sustainable urban development is on-site decentralized renewable energy generation. A technology with enhanced capabilities, able of promoting the integration of renewable energy into buildings, for energy independent and resilient communities, is Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) systems. Ongoing research has potential yet displays a lack in unified methodology. This limits its influence on future decision-making in building and city planning levels. In this investigation, the often overlooked air-based PVT technology is put on the spotlight and their suitability for integration with energy systems of buildings is assessed. The aim of this study is to highlight vital performance and integration roadblocks in PVT research and offer suggestions for overcoming them. The methodology of reviewed literature is examined in detail with the goal of contributing to a unified approach for more impactful research.

Climate crisis mitigation roadmaps, policies and directives have increasingly declared that a key element for the facilitation of sustainable urban development is on-site decentralized renewable energy generation. A technology with enhanced capabilities, able of promoting the integration of renewable energy into buildings, for energy independent and resilient communities, is Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) systems. Ongoing research has potential yet displays a lack in unified methodology. This limits its influence on future decision-making in building and city planning levels. In this investigation, the often overlooked air-based PVT technology is put on the spotlight and their suitability for integration with energy systems of buildings is assessed. The aim of this study is to highlight vital performance and integration roadblocks in PVT research and offer suggestions for overcoming them. The methodology of reviewed literature is examined in detail with the goal of contributing to a unified approach for more impactful research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A risk-aware scheduling method of multienergy virtual power plant (MEVPP) is proposed to measure the uncertainty in MEVPP. First, a novel day-ahead uncertainty scenario generation method based on denoising diffusion probabilistic model is proposed, and historical data are employed to learn the error relationship between real power curves and predict power curves. The probability distribution of the prediction error which describes the day-ahead output power curve of renewable energy source is learned by parameter training. Subsequently, the effect of risk aversion on decision-making is investigated by implementing conditional value-at-risk in the optimization model, MEVPP operation mode under the carbon trading and green certificate trading mechanism is analyzed. Finally, the proposed scheme is implemented on a test MEVPP with carbon trading, and green certificate trading is addressed in detail through a numerical study. Moreover, the effects of the operator's risk-averse behavior on the MEVPP are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy production, supply and consumption are global issue with many economic, environmental and social implications. Mentioned issue is even more expressed in remote rural areas, in particular in developing countries, as are the countries of the Western Balkans (WB). Renewable energy sources (RES) could represent optimal energy alternative for sustainable performing of agricultural and other activities, as well as for improving the current state of living conditions in rural communities. The main goal of research is to mark the most suitable RES alternative (six alternatives) for wider implementation in rural space of WB. The applied methodology framework implies experts' opinion (engagement of eight experts) and the use of multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM), (specifically fuzzy-rough LMWA and fuzzy-rough CRADIS methods) under the predefined criteria (nine criteria). Derived results show that the implementation of the solar energy plants could play an optimal solution, while as the relatively unsuitable alternative could be marked the use of energy potential of watercourses. Gained final result, i.e. ranking order of the considered alternatives is additionally verified by the appliance of other MCDM methods, while the sensitivity analysis was also performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The most common effects of surface subsidence are flooding and waterlogging of the most depressed areas, and a change in the direction and intensity of surface water runoff. Stopping drainage would result in flooding of depressed areas on the surface and contamination of near-surface aquifers, which are also a source of drinking water. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out based on geodetic measurements carried out by surveying services in the vicinity of the analyzed watercourse. From the prepared database of functional scenarios for pumping stations, the optimal variant was selected based on a panel study of experts. Findings: The publication analyses the possibilities of reducing the costs of the functioning system of storm water drainage from drainless basin in the area of an abandoned mine. A technically feasible and economically viable design solution was presented. Research limitations/implications: Due to the limited area of available land, the pumping station modernization project envisages generating electricity only for own needs. When making investment decisions, all investment attractiveness factors indicated in the study should be taken into account. Practical implications: The process of draining drainless basins is energy-intensive. Reducing expenditure on the purchase of electricity will improve the security of energy supplies. The pumping station has some retention, but a longer shutdown time could lead to environmental problems. Removing the damage would require financial outlays and would take many years. Social implications: Planned energy supply security projects may have a positive impact on the local community and economy. The project in question will create new markets related to "green energy". Originality/value: The combination of drainage problems in drainless basin and the use of renewable energy sources to improve power supply security has not been the subject of scientific research so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KUL Journal of Legal Studies / Studia Prawnicze KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lubin / Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Featured Application: Featured Application: This research offers a practical methodology for designing biogas plants, improving renewable energy production, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This paper aims to enhance the efficiency of biogas plants for the production of electrical and thermal energy by optimizing substrate selection and digester heating techniques. The study presents a comprehensive project of a biogas plant, including all necessary installations and a detailed methodology for equipment selection. Specific substrates used include animal flour, corn silage, and molasses, each chosen for their high dry matter content and biogas production efficiency. The digester heating technique was analyzed to maintain optimal fermentation temperatures, ensuring a stable and efficient biogas production process. The projected daily biogas production is estimated to be 5688 m3. The analysis shows that maintaining a constant digester temperature significantly improves biogas yield. Seasonal variations in thermal energy requirements were identified, highlighting the need for effective insulation and heating mechanisms, particularly during colder months. Additionally, the implementation of advanced heating techniques demonstrated a reduction in overall energy consumption for maintaining the desired digester temperature. This research provides valuable insights for the design and operation of efficient biogas plants. By optimizing substrate mixtures and digester heating, the study contributes to sustainable energy production, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and enhanced biogas plant efficiency, supporting both environmental protection and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of renewable energy sources in power systems contributes to overloads of power lines in emergency situations. Lines made with relatively small cross-section cables, which in the past were designed for an operating temperature of 40 °C, are particularly exposed to overloads. Currently, they constitute the so-called "bottlenecks" in network capacity. This is manifested in the fact that when carrying out expert opinions aimed at examining the impact of a source on the network, computational analyses show overloads of its elements. This article proposes a methodology for eliminating these overloads. It involves the use of two methods at the same time, namely optimal network reconfiguration combined with minimisation of the total power curtailment in RE sources. The search for the optimal network configuration will also allow for minimising power curtailment in renewable energy sources, and thus reduce the costs of this type of operation. With such a tool, network operators will be able to achieve the effect of relieving the line load with the lowest possible cost of redistribution. Based on the IEEE 118 bus test network, calculations were performed that confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The operation of the proposed methodology is presented with the example of two selected network failure states. The novelty of the proposed solution lies in the simultaneous use of two methods of eliminating line overloads. This streamlines the entire process and improves its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increased demand for energy resources and the continuous increase in population, the use of RES from biomass and waste is becoming increasingly popular. The work analyzed existing approaches to solving global environmental and social problems through the use of landfill gas generated at municipal solid waste (SMW) landfills, as well as further reforming of biogas into biohydrogen. Waste monitoring was also carried out on the territory of LR and St. Petersburg. It was found that more than 12 million m3 of SMW of hazard classes 1–5 are formed annually in the region. It has been shown that the majority of waste is biodegradable organic matter (about 20%). To increase the biogas potential of SMW landfills during degassing and create additional economic benefits, a system for blowing and irrigation of landfill masses with the addition of a substrate from residual biomass of Chlorella microalgae was proposed. It is proposed to improve the scheme for sorting and using organic waste through selective collection and separation from the total mass of waste at the site of generation. A waste flow diagram has been developed taking into account the material balance of SMW in LR and St. Petersburg. Using this scheme will avoid contamination of other recycled SMW components. In addition, the work proposes a scheme for the further use of biomethane obtained at SMW landfills. Using reforming, it is proposed to purify the resulting gas to biohydrogen. The production of biohydrogen from biogas is cost-effective and can become an alternative to petroleum products. This technology could become a key element in the production of environmentally friendly fuels and the reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is widely considered as a "clean" source of energy in the conditions of the energy transition. The article proposes a model of automation of so-called "green" hydrogen production on the basis of a hydroelectric power plant. Hydrogen production by means of hydroelectric power plants is ensured by the presence of dips in the schedule of daily energy consumption, which ensures the use of plants' reserve capacities. Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using an electrolyzer and renewable energy. In order to optimize production, hardware sensors located in the electrolyzer and at the hydroelectric dam are integrated with each other to collect data, which entails the corresponding reengineering of the information system that supports the energy production process. Also on the basis of data analysis and application of machine learning methods the optimal level of hydrogen production will be found taking into account the available amount of energy from renewable energy sources. The result of the article is a set of model descriptions of the architecture of the hydrogen production system at a hydroelectric power plant in the period of power consumption failure, which can be realized through flexible management of reserve capacity based on the application of IoT and machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the fact that the energy sector producing both thermal and electrical energy has a contribution to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, the need to diversify energy production sources and equipment such as biomass power plants, installations that recover secondary fuel and thermal energy resources, solar installations and heat pumps is a major priority. The study carried out presents a solution for the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) for the production of electricity that will then be used both in the own thermal energy supply facilities, following that the surplus electricity will be used for the production of hot water that can be delivered in the district heating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the issues of the application of Renewable Energy Source (RES) technologies for power generation on the basis of wind re sources of Kazakhstan. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the technical and economic viability of establishing wind power plants for electricity production. Throughout the research process, we computed the production program based on the region’s wind resources and developed a financial model to assess the project’s feasibility. Our findings affirm the effectiveness of RES, particularly wind energy technologies, in Kazakhstan. We determined that the project becomes economically viable when the selling price without VAT exceeds 24,53 tenge per kWh. Thus, the project itself can be recommended for implementation when the price exceeds the threshold level.

Antarctic krill oil (KO) is known for its poor oxidative stability, especially in emulsion systems. In this experiment, a complex of scallop water-soluble protein-resveratrol (SWPs-RES) was mixed with KO to create high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with varying RES ratios. The addition of RES led to noticeable conformational changes in SWPs, including fluorescence bursts, alterations in secondary structure, and modifications in binding motifs. The SWPs-RES complex (1:0.2) demonstrated the most effective free radical scavenging activities (HO: 38.61%, DPPH: 72.49%, ABTS: 85.66%), while the SWPs-RES complex (1:0.025) exhibited the highest emulsifying capacity. Furthermore, HIPEs containing the SWPs-RES complex (1:0.2) displayed improved rheological properties, physical stability, and enhanced oxidative stability against lipid oxidation during storage and simulated in vitro digestion. This study lays a scientific foundation for the utilization of scallop protein and Antarctic krill oil in the food industry.

The study analyses the current state and prospects of hydrogen energy and its impact on macro- and microeconomic indicators both development in Russia and in the world as a whole. The article describes the most promising hydrogen production methods as the ne west renewable energy resource such as electrolysis, steam reforming of methane, coal gasification, and pyrolysis. The countries that have achieved the most significant results in scientific development and technological production of hydrogen for its further utilization have been highlighted. Based on the analysis of hydrogen energy development concepts adopted in developed countries (China, Japan, India, and European Union countries), a hydrogen energy development detailed forecast for each country highlighted in the article has been made. Special attention has been paid to the concept of hydrogen energy development in Russia, approved by M. V. Mishustin on August 5, 2021. Possible ways of hydrogen energy development in Russia have been analyzed. A detailed forecast of hydrogen energy development in the world up to 2030 based on the hydrogen raw materials import and export analysis results carried out by the leading countries of the world has been presented. The risks have been listed, as well as the requirements for problem solving in implementing projects to introduce hydrogen into the energy balance of Russia.

Renewable energy sources (RES) will play a key role in the transition to clean energy. Financial and socio-economic benefits determine the investment management in these energy sources. This article aims to indicate current energy policy goals, present socio-economic benefits resulting from renewable energy investments, and review further development directions in Poland. The research was carried out using desk research, case studies, and literature review methods to provide a broader economic context for RES investments. The scope of the research included both the Polish and the European Union contexts. The authors examined the Polish objectives of investment in renewable energy contained in strategic, planning, and other legal documents compared to EU targets, reviewed possible investments in renewable energy, and indicated wind farms and photovoltaic investments as the most effective ones from the point of view of further development which aims to meet the EU's goals by 2030. The authors also demonstrated a wide range of socio-economic benefits based on literature reviews, analysis of policy documents, and regulations regarding the energy sector, and examined a specific example of investment implementation and identified the ecosystem of beneficiaries and their benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid (MG) integrated with renewable energy sources (RES) has become increasingly popular, especially when the lack of resources and environmental pollution are serious. However, the uncertainty of RES is the major problem when operating MG. The hydrogen energy storage system (HESS) is a prominent solution for the RES uncertainty since it can store excess energy, supply when in shortage, help to regulate power consumption, and improve MG's flexibility. In this research, a bi-level optimization model for planning the microgrid is proposed. The upper layer of the optimization model aims to minimize the total operation cost of the MG, while the lower level focuses on minimizing the operation cost of the hydrogen energy storage system. The results demonstrate that the proposed bi-level model can help to reduce the operation cost of MG by 42.75% in comparison with typical single level optimization model. Additionally, the electricity generated by diesel generators has also decreased by 52.43%, resulting in a significant reduction in CO 2 emissions and contributing to environmental protection. • Green hydrogen can be effectively stored from surplus renewable energy. • HESS operation in Day-Ahead economic optimization scheduling model for MG with high penetration of RES. • A novel bi-level optimization model for optimal scheduling of MG with 42.75% reduction in operation cost. • The interaction between the distributed sources and the behavior of HESS are incorporated into the optimal scheduling. • The electricity generated by diesel generators decreases by 52.43%, which leads to the CO 2 emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main selling features of the hybrid power generating system, which is driving its growing popularity, is the integration of renewable energy sources into the conventional power grid. This integration is one of the main reasons behind the growing popularity of the hybrid power-generating system. These generations provide the necessary power during transient disturbances and steady-state demand to maintain the system within the voltage stability boundaries. This study will provide a hybrid energy system and conduct an in-depth investigation into the stability of the voltage. A solar photovoltaic array (SPVA), wind turbine (WT), and distribution generators (DGs) are the components of the hybrid energy system that has been described. This study aims to analyze the system and support the weakest regions. ETAP software will be utilized to model the IEEE 42 bus standard system, including the hybrid system that will be constructed. The entirety of the system will also be investigated and simulated for a variety of case studies. During this process, consideration will be given to the effect of adopting techniques, such as capacitor bank (Cb), SPVA, WT, DGs, and hybrid energy system (HES), which consist of all these components to maintain a high power margin for voltage stability. The results show that injecting a 5MW plus optimal Cb using HES on two of the five weakest regions (WRs) of the IEEE 42 bus system reduces the overall system losses and increases the power margin for all WRs, which increases voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an interconnected communication ecosystem for underwater devices in maritime environments. IoUT devices range from seabed sensors to ships and boats in oceans which help in diverse practical applications of underwater information ranging from marine transportation, navigation, and underwater exploration to disaster prevention with intelligent monitoring. There exist significant obstacles within the present architecture of the IoUT. This article proposes three distinct methodologies aimed at enhancing the robustness and reliability of the communication architecture for 5G and future networks. Firstly, the employment of the Deep Reinforcement Learning approach is advocated for the identification of anomalies and faulty sensors. Secondly, energy consumption is identified as a crucial factor for IoUT devices. To address this concern, the integration of renewable energy sources, namely oxygen rechargeable batteries, with nano-generators is employed. This integration allows for the replenishment of the batteries through the harnessing of kinetic energy from water. Thirdly, the process by which information can be efficiently transmitted from IoUT sensors located on the seabed to the final terrestrial network is delineated, with an emphasis on minimizing the number of hops required. Additionally, a case study is presented, focusing on the mitigation of interference within the IoUT. Lastly, the article delves into the various research challenges and unresolved matters that persist within the realm of IoUT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Green Deal, a cornerstone of the European Union's climate goals, sets out to achieve a substantial 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The EU's decarbonization strategies revolve around three pivotal avenues. First, there is a focus on enhancing energy efficiency and decreasing the energy intensity of economies. Second, concerted efforts are made to diminish the reliance on fossil fuels, particularly within industrial sectors. Lastly, there is a deliberate push to augment the share of renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption mix. These measures collectively aim to propel the decarbonization of EU economies, establishing EU member countries as global leaders in implementing these transformative processes. This manuscript seeks to evaluate the efficacy of three primary decarbonization strategies adopted by EU economies, namely the enhancement in energy efficiency, the promotion of renewable energy consumption and the reduction in fossil fuel consumption. The objective is to discern which strategies wield a decisive influence in achieving decarbonization goals across EU countries. The analysis encompasses all 27 member states of the European Union, spanning from 1990 to 2022, with data sourced from reputable outlets, including Eurostat, Our World in Data and the Energy Institute. Research findings underscore that, in the realm of decarbonization policies, statistically significant impacts on carbon dioxide emission reduction are attributable to the strategies of improving energy efficiency and augmenting the share of renewables in energy consumption across almost all EU countries. Conversely, the strategy with the least impact, embraced by a minority of EU member states, revolves around diminishing the share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption. This approach, while statistically less impactful, is intricately linked with transitioning the economies toward renewable energy sources, thus playing a contributory role in the broader decarbonization landscape. The uniqueness of this research lies not only in its discernment of overarching trends but also in its fervent advocacy for a comprehensive and adaptive approach to EU decarbonization policy. It underscores the enduring significance of prioritizing energy efficiency, endorsing the integration of renewable energy and acknowledging the distinctive dynamics inherent in diverse regions. The study accentuates the necessity for nuanced, region-specific strategies, challenging the conventional wisdom of a uniform approach to decarbonization. In doing so, it accentuates the critical importance of tailoring policies to the varied energy landscapes and transition strategies evident in different EU member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is one of the possible solutions to overcoming the non-programmability associated with these energy sources. The capabilities of BESSs to store a consistent amount of energy and to behave as a load by releasing it ensures an essential source of flexibility to the power system. Nevertheless, BESSs have some drawbacks that pose limitations to their utilization. Indeed, effectively managing the stored and released energy is crucial, considering the degradation of performance associated with these systems over time. The substantial capital expenditure (CAPEX) required to install these systems represents a current constraint, impeding their broader adoption. This work evaluates a techno-economic analysis of a 2MW/2MWh BESS providing multiple services, namely participating in capacity and balance markets. The analysis is based on a BESS model implemented in SIMULINK, adopting online data gathered from a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery facility. The model evaluates the auxiliary power consumption, state-of-charge (SoC), state of health (SoH), and the round-trip efficiency (RTE) of the overall system. The analysis is based on three price profiles: 2019 (Business-As-Usual), 2020 (COVID-19), and 2022 (Gas Crisis). Furthermore, this work conducts a case study to analyze the behavior of the BESS. It entails a sensitivity analysis, specifically evaluating the influence of CAPEX and upward bid price on the economic viability of the project. The results show a strong relation between the CAPEX variation and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in global temperature and the current energy context have brought the district heating system in Timișoara (partialy renovated) to the brink of collapse. Therefore, major investments and orientation towards the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) are required. The article analyzes, by exemplifying a case study, the integration of photovoltaic technologies at a heat point that supplies the buildings of the Faculty of Construction (CT) in Timișoara. The study was carried out with the help of Polysun software. The results obtained indicate a reduction in thermal and elctrical energy costs of 38.51% by installing a number of 1095 photovoltaic (PV) panels on the roof of 4 building bodies (ASPC, Deposit, CT and Metal). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A risk-aware scheduling method of multienergy virtual power plant (MEVPP) is proposed to measure the uncertainty in MEVPP. First, a novel day-ahead uncertainty scenario generation method based on denoising diffusion probabilistic model is proposed, and historical data are employed to learn the error relationship between real power curves and predict power curves. The probability distribution of the prediction error which describes the day-ahead output power curve of renewable energy source is learned by parameter training. Subsequently, the effect of risk aversion on decision-making is investigated by implementing conditional value-at-risk in the optimization model, MEVPP operation mode under the carbon trading and green certificate trading mechanism is analyzed. Finally, the proposed scheme is implemented on a test MEVPP with carbon trading, and green certificate trading is addressed in detail through a numerical study. Moreover, the effects of the operator’s risk-averse behavior on the MEVPP are investigated.

The global and European energy markets are changing profoundly before our eyes. The European Union (EU), wishing to achieve energy independence soon, including independence from fuel supplies, is turning its attention to renewable energy sources. It is no longer only important to achieve a high level of use of renewable energy sources, but also to maintain local energy security by supporting local energy production from renewable sources at the level of individual EU Member States. This is taking place in very different directions and through various support tools.

Northern coastal region of Arabian sea has an abundant wind potential available throughout the year which can be utilized for meeting the energy demands in this region. This study presents a techno-economic evaluation of a 100MW wind farm at Gwadar region of Pakistan which is ideally located at the shores of Arabian sea and holds great strategic and economic significance. Several feasibility studies have been undertaken on this location; however, this analysis is carried out using on-site wind data on an hourly basis as well as the most recent financial factors along with optimized wind farm design configuration. Empirical relationships are presented for analyzing the long-term economic feasibility of wind farm. Results indicate that annual energy production of 29,7859 MWh is possible with an optimized design of wind farm that will help to reduce 12,648 equivalent tons of CO2 emissions. Moreover, a positive net present value, levelized cost of electricity around 9.08 ¢/kWh, and payback period of approximately 4 years justify the economic viability of the proposed wind farm design at Gwadar region. This study will serve as a valuable reference for similar wind profile site locations in India and Iran. Moreover, this study presents long-term economic feasibility with site specific analysis which can provide prospects for investment in sustainable energy development and increase its utilization in developing countries.

The global energy crisis, which began in 2021 due to the extraordinary economic recovery after the pandemic and intensified after Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, has changed the conditions of energy management, paying more attention to energy efficiency. Natural gas prices have reached record levels and, consequently, so have electricity prices in some markets. Oil prices have reached their highest level since 2008. Higher energy prices have contributed to sharply increased inflation. Households are again becoming interested in buying coal as a source of heat. High energy and gas prices have pushed many families into poverty and forced some factories to cut production or even close. They have also slowed economic growth to the point where some countries are heading for a serious recession. Paradoxically, the negative effects of the energy crisis may accelerate the introduction of cleaner, sustainable, renewable energy such as wind and solar energy. The energy crisis is comparable to the oil crisis of the 1970s, when it contributed to significant advances in energy efficiency. The current crisis has highlighted the importance of investments in renewable energy resources and initiated the process of integrating regional markets, developing energy efficiency and promoting renewable energies. The aim of this article is to comprehensively explore the complex relationship between energy awareness, consumption patterns, and energy efficiency, with a focus on both individual consumers and industries, during the global energy crisis. This paper is based on a literature review, overarching policy documents, energy reports, and other secondary documents. The primary research method was the systematic literature review method, based on which the impact of the global energy crisis on energy efficiency was evaluated. This study emphasizes the diverse influences on energy awareness, ranging from economic factors to consumer preferences and environmental consciousness. The findings of the paper underscore the significant responsibility of industries in contributing to energy-saving efforts and the active role of consumers in the energy market. The responsibility of industries in contributing to energy efficiency is highlighted, with a call for a comprehensive approach that integrates energy-saving criteria into product development and corporate social responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of new investment in RES technology, there are two issues related to efficiency assessment. The first one is how to join technical, financial and economic efficiency assessments in one. An investment feasibility study is usually conducted through a financial analysis to obtain the internal rate of return and the net present value. However, a new RES investment is typically financially unprofitable unless the environmental and social aspects are included. The second one is a lack of required financial data. The new RES investment is often innovative and neither the owner nor other entities have financial data on the operating costs and expenditure for the last periods. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed two methods of efficiency assessment. The first one is based on the avoided costs theory. Furthermore, the second one belongs to heuristic methods and is based on the experts' assessment of different kinds of parameters. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficiency of the pilot project of VPPs using two recommended methods. This paper emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The actual technical and financial data for the period of six months from the pilot study were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of models and systems for increasing energy efficiency in the transport sector and development up to 2050 is of strategic importance for the Bulgarian economy. The role and impact of different electricity supply models are examined in detail, in particular the role of energy storage systems and their evolution in the transport sector. Models and scenarios are explored to investigate the impact of the deployment of energy storage systems as well as the contribution in the integration of variable renewable energy in the electricity system. Approaches are used to model hourly transport-energy costs based on five scenarios that represent possible solutions to provide the necessary energy supply in the sector in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to greenhouse gas emissions and the energy crisis, the conventional way of generation of electricity using fossil fuels is being substituted with Renewable Energy Sources (RES) like solar photovoltaics (SPV), fuel cells, wind, etc. The voltage produced by RES is very small in magnitude; therefore, the choice of DC–DC converter is critical for regulating and improving the output of RES to its maximum level. To meet the power requirement for the utility grid and electric vehicles (EV), the voltage must be enhanced. So far, various types of high-gain DC–DC boost converter (HG-BC) topologies have been suggested. An overview of HG-BC topologies for RES and EV applications is presented in this paper, which provides a unique, extensive, perceptive, and comparative analysis of HG-BC topologies. The mathematical modeling and operating principles of each converter topology have been analyzed and discussed. The boost factor (B) and component count for various HG-BC are thoroughly compared for a 0.5 duty cycle using the MATLAB/Simulink tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Decarbonization and the replacement of coal-fired power plants with solar and wind farms require adequately large energy storage facilities. This is especially important in countries such as Poland, which still do not have a nuclear power plant. Supercapacitors represent a new generation of energy storage. The paper demonstrates that the use of supercapacitors presents an opportunity to increase the share of solar and wind power plants in the energy market. Furthermore, there is no need to replace all coal plants (that are being gradually decommissioned) with nuclear ones. The paper underscores that any further decarbonization and increase in the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the Polish energy market necessitates the deployment of large energy storage facilities. Rechargeable batteries have a short lifespan, and their production results in significant greenhouse gas emissions. The widespread use of supercapacitors in a new generation of energy storage unveils new possibilities and bolsters decarbonization efforts. Based on an annual analysis of hourly electricity production from wind farms and PVs, a formula is proposed to calculate the capacity of energy storage necessary for the operation of the grid-powered national electricity, mainly from RES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Identification of the role of innovation in the activities of residential developers in Poland in the context of changes caused by the geopolitical crisis and EU legislative initiatives. Design/methodology/approach: The work will present the innovative activities of residential developers and the changes that are taking place in this area in connection with the outbreak of the war in Ukraine and the introduction of EU regulations regarding broadly understood sustainable development. The above assumption was based on the research conducted using the CATI method, which involves interviewing respondents by telephone using a computer. The study focused on developers implementing residential projects characterized by the construction of multi-story, multi-family buildings and was conducted in August 2020 and November 2022. Findings: The conducted analysis of the research results allowed for the diagnosis of a low level of innovation implementation by residential developers in Poland, technical and technological innovation as the dominant group in the innovation structure, clear problems with innovation project management, including risk management, and developers’ needs in developing innovative activities. Research limitations/implications: The article points to the need to introduce innovation in the housing market due to EU legislation and thus to develop a national system supporting the process of implementing innovation based primarily on public entities. Thus, the direction of future research on identifying the needs of developers in the development of innovation, especially in the context of the implemented EU legislation, was indicated. Originality/value: The article identifies the state of innovation development in the primary residential real estate market, showing the state in November 2022, indicating the need to intensify tasks related to the development of innovation in the context of the “Fit for 55” regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global and European energy markets are changing profoundly before our eyes. The European Union (EU), wishing to achieve energy independence soon, including independence from fuel supplies, is turning its attention to renewable energy sources. It is no longer only important to achieve a high level of use of renewable energy sources, but also to maintain local energy security by supporting local energy production from renewable sources at the level of individual EU Member States. This is taking place in very different directions and through various support tools. The sharing energy phenomenon also finds support today on the regulatory side in EU law. Amongst others, there is Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and Directive (EU) 2019/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market in electricity, which provide for forms of decentralised energy market and certain forms of community energy in the form of electricity prosumers and various types of energy communities. The basic research question addressed in this study is - how does the sharing energy phenomenon fit into the broader sharing economy phenomenon today? It also asks in what way does EU regulation currently support the development of the sharing energy phenomenon? The research area in this paper is narrowed down to EU law also includes references to Polish law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere resulting from the combustion of fuels in the energy production process and road traffic intensity are a key determinants of poor air quality in cities and the creation of an unfriendly environment for people to live in, which has a significant impact on their safety and health. The first step to reducing emissions is to reduce energy consumption. The ecological effect resulting from the thermal modernization of existing residential building stock was estimated. Nature-based solutions were proposed to compensate for the lost green areas in favor of gray infrastructure in the form of green roofs and walls. The possibility of improving environmental conditions by introducing this type of solutions into the urban tissue was assessed. Depending on the type of vegetation, one m2 of green cover is able to absorb an average of 2.3 kg of CO2 and 0.2 kg of particulate matter from the air per year. Renewable energy sources are an important element of green buildings. Heat pump may be the most advantageous solution in minimizing emissions combined with low operating costs. Obtaining energy from geothermal sources would be equally beneficial in terms of reducing emissions, but there are risks changes in groundwater levels or soil damage. Solar energy is one of the leading renewable energy sources, especially in hot water installations, where it is possible to reduce energy consumption by up to 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear power is one of the most profitable, reliable, and low-carbon energies, so it can be seen as a source of the future. The article makes a comparative study between renewable technologies (photovoltaic, wind and nuclear) addressing both classical high-power (LR) and small-scale systems (SMRs) located in electrical energy consumption centres. The study highlights the advantages of nuclear energy in terms of land use, agricultural production, impact on wildlife and finally the possibility of cogeneration. In addition to these advantages, SMRs can provide charging stations for electric vehicles, which are also a solution of the near future [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to enhance the efficiency of biogas plants for the production of electrical and thermal energy by optimizing substrate selection and digester heating techniques. The study presents a comprehensive project of a biogas plant, including all necessary installations and a detailed methodology for equipment selection. Specific substrates used include animal flour, corn silage, and molasses, each chosen for their high dry matter content and biogas production efficiency. The digester heating technique was analyzed to maintain optimal fermentation temperatures, ensuring a stable and efficient biogas production process. The projected daily biogas production is estimated to be 5688 m3. The analysis shows that maintaining a constant digester temperature significantly improves biogas yield. Seasonal variations in thermal energy requirements were identified, highlighting the need for effective insulation and heating mechanisms, particularly during colder months. Additionally, the implementation of advanced heating techniques demonstrated a reduction in overall energy consumption for maintaining the desired digester temperature. This research provides valuable insights for the design and operation of efficient biogas plants. By optimizing substrate mixtures and digester heating, the study contributes to sustainable energy production, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and enhanced biogas plant efficiency, supporting both environmental protection and economic development.

The increasing number of renewable energy sources in power systems contributes to overloads of power lines in emergency situations. Lines made with relatively small cross-section cables, which in the past were designed for an operating temperature of 40 °C, are particularly exposed to overloads. Currently, they constitute the so-called “bottlenecks” in network capacity. This is manifested in the fact that when carrying out expert opinions aimed at examining the impact of a source on the network, computational analyses show overloads of its elements. This article proposes a methodology for eliminating these overloads. It involves the use of two methods at the same time, namely optimal network reconfiguration combined with minimisation of the total power curtailment in RE sources. The search for the optimal network configuration will also allow for minimising power curtailment in renewable energy sources, and thus reduce the costs of this type of operation. With such a tool, network operators will be able to achieve the effect of relieving the line load with the lowest possible cost of redistribution. Based on the IEEE 118 bus test network, calculations were performed that confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The operation of the proposed methodology is presented with the example of two selected network failure states. The novelty of the proposed solution lies in the simultaneous use of two methods of eliminating line overloads. This streamlines the entire process and improves its effectiveness.