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Ophthalmological manifestations in COVID-19 infection are diverse, manifesting themselves in all anatomical structures of organ of vision, they occur both in the acute period of the disease and in the post-COVID period. Currently, the literature describes changes in the anterior segment of the eye more often, and also there are publications describing pathological changes in the posterior segment, and acute vascular pathology of the retina after COVID-19 infection in particular. It has been established that the comorbid background of the patient is of great importance in the development and the course of the disease. These findings are also confirmed by our two clinical observations of acute ocular vascular pathology after COVID-19. In the first case, retinovasculitis of the right eye complicated by thrombosis of the inferior temporal branch of the central retinal vein was described. The development of vascular pathology of the eye in this case was observed 1.5 months after the onset of the first symptoms of COVID-19 infection. The patient promptly turned to an ophthalmologist and was hospitalized to an eye hospital, where she received anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, angioprotective, antioxidant therapy. As a result of treatment — the improvement of condition, restoration of visual functions. In the second presented case, we observed the development of an acute ischemic circulatory disorder of the retina of the left eye (thrombosis of the central retinal vein) 2.5 months after the onset of the disease with a new coronavirus infection. The treatment in an ophthalmological hospital included: steroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, mydriatics, haemostatics, angioprotectors, antioxidants, anticoagulants, vitamins. On discharge from the hospital, there was a slight improvement, but after 2 months, the condition of the left eye worsened again. The pathology of the organ of vision proceeded with the development of complication — secondary neovascular glaucoma of a refractory nature with an outcome to subatrophy of the eyeball. It was facilitated by the comorbid background of the patient: hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia.Based on the results of the analysis of clinical observations, the specific features of ophthalmological changes, their severity and dynamics on the background of comorbidity and the received therapy were established. The relationship between COVID-19 infection and complications of the organ of vision has been shown.

A clinical case of retinovasculitis with coronavirus infection COVID-19 involving a female patient in the late stage of HIV infection is reported. The patient had no antiretroviral therapy. Clinical features of eye changes, their severity and dynamics influenced by the ophthalmic therapy were revealed. A relationship between the course of COVID-19 and the state of immunodeficiency causes by HIV was found. As a result of the long disease duration and the complications, the patient died.

Aim is to analyze the clinical and calibrometric changes in blood vessels in patients with idiopathic retinovasculitis. Material and research methods: 106 patients (212 eyes) were examined, including 86 patients (172 eyes) with retinal angiitis and 20 people (40 eyes) - the control group (CG). The average age of the patients was 22.0 ± 0.17. The following clinical forms of fundus pathology were revealed - angioretinopathy - 9.3%; neuroretinopathy - 74.4%; maculopathy - 26.2%; macular degeneration - 29.6%. Autofluorescence optical coherence tomography (OCT) of retinal vessels with calibrometry (Cirrus HD-OCT Carl Zeiss) was performed along with the generally accepted modern methods of studying refraction, visual field, fundus. Results: in angioretinopathy, there was no clear tendency towards the predominance of one or another change in caliber in the vascular arcades. While in neuroretinopathies there is a significant expansion of the arteries (up to 103.7 ± 0.05μm and 107.7 ± 0.05μm in 79% (50 patients, 100 eyes) and 64% (41 patients, 82 eyes) versus 80 ± 0.33 μm in CG (P <0.05). At the same time, varicose veins (BBB and HBV) were revealed up to 149 ± 0.59 μm in 65% (42 patients, 83 eyes) and 71.8% (46 patients, 92 eyes), versus 120 ± 0.45 μm in the CG ((P < 0.001). Dilatation in the arterio-venous system indicates an active process of aseptic inflammation in the vascular wall and microcirculation disorder. In maculopathy, expansion prevails both in the arterial and venous systems - in the VVA and NVA up to 110 ± 0.06 μm and 104 ± 0 .05μm at 100% (24 patients, 45 eyes) (P <0.01) and in 75% (20 patients, 34 eyes); in BBB and HBV - 142 ± 0.57 μm and 157 ± 0.58 μm in 50% (12 patients, 22 eyes) and in 75% (20 patients, 34 eyes), versus 80 ± 0.33 μm and 120 ± 0.45 μm in CG (P <0.01). With macular degeneration, there is a tendency for both arteries and veins to narrow. BBA and NVA narrowed to 70 ± 0.56 μm and 68.4 ± 0.47 μm in 33.3% (13 patients, 17 eyes) and in 27.7% (10 patients, 14 eyes), BBB and HBV - up to 97 ± 0.21μm and 86.7 ± 0.36μm in 44.4% (16 patients, 22 eyes) and 61.1% (23 patients, 31 eyes) versus 80 ± 0.33μm and 120 ± 0.45μm in CG (P <0.05, P <0.01). Conclusion: OCT of retinal vessels and calibrometry reflect the activity of the pathological process, as well as the nature and degree of microcirculatory disorders in idiopathic retinovasculitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case report of a rare bilateral non-necrotizing retinovasculitis in female patient after non-diagnosed mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (atypical pneumonia). The dynamics of the disease, diagnosis and monitoring results within 3 months after the onset of the disease are described. The performed treatment allowed to stop the infection with a significant improvement in visual functions. The results of undergoing survey helped to reconstruct the clinical course of disease. Lamellar macular hole resulting from disease may require surgery in the future.

Purpose: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the immunosuppressive therapy for severe forms of non-infections uveitis and retinovasculitis.Methods: 107 patients (62 males and 45 females aged 9 to 54 years) who received low dose methotrexate — 7.5-20 mg once a week (n=79) cyclosporine A 3.5-5.0 mg/kg/d (n=21) with prednisone or other antimetabolites and local corticosteroid therapy for severe forms of inflammatory eye diseases.Results: the efficacy of methotrexate as monotherapy was 51.8% of patients with chronic uveitis. Control of acute inflammation was achived in 71.1% patients, who received methotrexate in combination with prednisolone. Cyclosporine A was more effective in controlling inflammatory of the eye: remission of uveitis was achived in 85.7% in combination with glucocorticoids. No significant side effects have been noted.Conclusion: Methotrexate and cyclosporine A with low dose of prednisolone are well tolerated immunosuppressive agents andrather effective in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis and retinovasculitis that fails to respond to conventional steroid treatment.