83 results on '"revenue sources"'
Search Results
2. CHANGING IN REVENUE MODELS IN VUCA ENVIRONMENT
- Author
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R. Radev and Y. Deyanov
- Subjects
revenue models ,segmentation strategy ,revenue sources ,revenue streams ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
The purpose of this report is to preset the changes that are being undertaken in the revenue models by companies in response to the conditions formed by VUCA environment. Depending on product variety, used distribution channels, pricing policy, and the speed of conversion of resources and costs into income (receipt), different revenue models are determined. Key concepts which are referred here directly to the revenue models are segmentation strategy, revenue sources, and revenue streams. The report presents the impact that a VUCA environment during the period of successive COVID waves had on the companies’ revenue models and their ability to generate profitable income. It also examines the actions companies undertook to exploit the opportunities and minimize threats in the short-term period and to face challenges in the medium and long term. The empirical results presented in the report are based on two studies carried out by SRC "Innovations and Competitiveness" (U2B) at UNWE in the period March 2020-March 2021.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A Framework for Identifying Effective Drivers on the Future of Revenue Sources of Universities in Iran
- Author
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Hamid Reza Tabesh mofrad, Seyed Hadi Arabi, Mohammad Reza Pourfakharan, and Mohammad Hasan Maleki
- Subjects
driver ,financing ,revenue sources ,universities future ,Information technology ,T58.5-58.64 ,Information theory ,Q350-390 - Abstract
Purpose: Universities and higher education institutions have moved towards diversifying their sources of income due to declining government budgets, economic pressures, intense competition, declining demand for graduate education, and international financial crises. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the most important drivers of the future of universities' revenue sources. Method: The present study is applied in terms of orientation and its methodology is quantitative multiple. The theoretical population of the research is the planning and programming managers of the major universities in the country and experts in the field of education financing. The sampling method was judgmental according to the skill of experts in the field of higher education financing. The sample size in this study was 10 people. Research drivers were obtained through a literature review and interviews with experts. Then, two questionnaires of expert evaluation and effectiveness evaluation were used to screen and analyze the effectiveness of the drivers. These questionnaires were analyzed by two techniques of fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy Dematel. Findings: 25 drivers were obtained through a literature review and interviews with experts. Among the factors of the study, 10 drivers had a defuzzy value greater than 0.6 and were selected for final analysis. The effectiveness of the remaining drivers was evaluated with fuzzy Dematel. According to the net effect index, the drivers of sanctions and external restrictions, the economic conditions of the society, the nature of the relationship between universities and industries and businesses in the society, and the policies of the Ministry of Science regarding student admission had the most impact. Conclusion: The practical suggestions of the research were presented according to the most effective drivers. In this regard, suggestions such as the resilience of universities, attention of universities to the production of wealth in society, directing graduate theses and research towards problem-oriented and attracting students based on the needs of industry and market, land use planning, and local requirements were presented.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. CHANGING IN REVENUE MODELS IN VUCA ENVIRONMENT.
- Author
-
Radev, R. and Deyanov, Y.
- Subjects
- *
COVID-19 pandemic , *BUSINESS revenue , *CONDITIONED response , *MARKETING channels , *PRICES , *ECOLOGY - Abstract
The purpose of this report is to preset the changes that are being undertaken in the revenue models by companies in response to the conditions formed by VUCA environment. Depending on product variety, used distribution channels, pricing policy, and the speed of conversion of resources and costs into income (receipt), different revenue models are determined. Key concepts which are referred here directly to the revenue models are segmentation strategy, revenue sources, and revenue streams. The report presents the impact that a VUCA environment during the period of successive COVID waves had on the companies' revenue models and their ability to generate profitable income. It also examines the actions companies undertook to exploit the opportunities and minimize threats in the short-term period and to face challenges in the medium and long term. The empirical results presented in the report are based on two studies carried out by SRC "Innovations and Competitiveness" (U2B) at UNWE in the period March 2020-March 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. ارائه چارچوبی برای شناسایی پیشران های موثر روی آینده منابع درآمدی دانشگاه ها در ایران
- Author
-
حمیدرضا تابش مفرد, سید هادی عربی, محمدرضا پورفخاران, and محمدحسن ملکی
- Abstract
Purpose: Universities and higher education institutions have moved towards diversifying their sources of income due to declining government budgets, economic pressures, intense competition, declining demand for graduate education, and international financial crises. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the most important drivers of the future of universities' revenue sources. Method: The present study is applied in terms of orientation and its methodology is quantitative multiple. The theoretical population of the research is the planning and programming managers of the major universities in the country and experts in the field of education financing. The sampling method was judgmental according to the skill of experts in the field of higher education financing. The sample size in this study was 10 people. Research drivers were obtained through a literature review and interviews with experts. Then, two questionnaires of expert evaluation and effectiveness evaluation were used to screen and analyze the effectiveness of the drivers. These questionnaires were analyzed by two techniques of fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy Dematel. Findings: 25 drivers were obtained through a literature review and interviews with experts. Among the factors of the study, 10 drivers had a defuzzy value greater than 0.6 and were selected for final analysis. The effectiveness of the remaining drivers was evaluated with fuzzy Dematel. According to the net effect index, the drivers of sanctions and external restrictions, the economic conditions of the society, the nature of the relationship between universities and industries and businesses in the society, and the policies of the Ministry of Science regarding student admission had the most impact. Conclusion: The practical suggestions of the research were presented according to the most effective drivers. In this regard, suggestions such as the resilience of universities, attention of universities to the production of wealth in society, directing graduate theses and research towards problem-oriented and attracting students based on the needs of industry and market, land use planning, and local requirements were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Revenue Sources Matter to Nonprofit Communication? An Examination of Museum Communication and Social Media Engagement.
- Author
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Suh, Jiwon
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL media , *ORGANIZATIONAL communication , *NONPROFIT organizations , *GOVERNMENT aid , *MUSEUM exhibits , *MUSEUMS - Abstract
Nonprofit organizations increasingly communicate with their stakeholders using a diverse range of communication channels, some of which involve social media. Although previous studies have found benefits to using social media for nonprofits, little is known empirically about nonprofits' entire usage of communication channels. It is particularly unclear when nonprofit organizations become capable of investing in their communication channels and what revenue sources affect organizational communication use. To investigate these questions this study examines the impacts of revenue source indicators on museum communication, including usage of traditional channels and social media. By collecting museum data from multiple sources, including official websites and their social media profiles, this study finds that Revenue Diversification (RD) has a positive impact on the number of communication channels utilized as well as on the number of Facebook posts and engagements. The government grants ratio and donations ratio do not have such relationships. The results suggest that financially stable nonprofit organizations may be more capable of adopting new communication media and proactively utilizing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Business Model Innovation in News Media: Fostering New Relationships to Stimulate Support from Readers
- Author
-
Giuliander Carpes da Silva and Gabriela Gruszynski Sanseverino
- Subjects
business models ,customer relationships ,digital journalism ,entrepreneurial journalism ,innovation ,news media ,revenue sources ,Communication. Mass media ,P87-96 - Abstract
Customer relationships are an important pillar of a business model (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010). For years, though, news media has not invested much effort into nurturing rich connections with their consumers and, consequently, neglected the promotion of a participatory culture that could bring benefits for all involved (Neuberger & Nuernbergk, 2010; Rosen, 2006). Vanishing advertising revenue and changing habits of news consumption on the Internet create a situation for changing that situation—especially when considering journalism as a service (Jarvis, 2014). Therefore, this article employs multiple case-study research to analyze and compare how four digital news natives from different countries (The Correspondent from the Netherlands, eldiario.es from Spain, Mediapart from France, and the Brazilian branch of The Intercept) are creating more meaningful connections with their audiences in order to sustain their businesses. We found out that all cases resort in varying degrees to the ideology of journalism, personification, transparency, impactful content, and community as motivations to attract members, while at the same time refraining from advertising becomes a guarantee of independence. Social media is losing ground, as companies use their own platforms and channels, such as emails, to develop routines that take member participation into account in different levels—from intermediate to maximal—though customization is still limited. The challenge for online-born news companies is to manage so many variables while taking into consideration feedback from their sustainable base of members.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SOURCES OF INCOME AND THE SPORTS SUCCESS OF THE CLUBS IN THE INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE.
- Author
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KELEŞ, Ali
- Subjects
ATHLETIC clubs ,SOCCER teams ,PROFESSIONAL sports ,INCOME ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Business Model Innovation in News Media: Fostering New Relationships to Stimulate Support from Readers.
- Author
-
Carpes da Silva, Giuliander and Gruszynski Sanseverino, Gabriela
- Subjects
PRESS ,INNOVATIONS in business ,BUSINESS models ,AFFLUENT consumers ,ONLINE journalism ,FAKE news - Abstract
Customer relationships are an important pillar of a business model (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010). For years, though, news media has not invested much effort into nurturing rich connections with their consumers and, consequently, neglected the promotion of a participatory culture that could bring benefits for all involved (Neuberger & Nuernbergk, 2010; Rosen, 2006). Vanishing advertising revenue and changing habits of news consumption on the Internet create a situation for changing that situation--especially when considering journalism as a service (Jarvis, 2014). Therefore, this article employs multiple case-study research to analyze and compare how four digital news natives from different countries (The Correspondent from the Netherlands, eldiario.es from Spain, Mediapart from France, and the Brazilian branch of The Intercept) are creating more meaningful connections with their audiences in order to sustain their businesses. We found out that all cases resort in varying degrees to the ideology of journalism, personification, transparency, impactful content, and community as motivations to attract members, while at the same time refraining from advertising becomes a guarantee of independence. Social media is losing ground, as companies use their own platforms and channels, such as emails, to develop routines that take member participation into account in different levels--from intermediate to maximal--though customization is still limited. The challenge for online-born news companies is to manage so many variables while taking into consideration feedback from their sustainable base of members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Contenido de marca en diarios españoles: concepto, organización y retos de los periodistas implicados.
- Author
-
Carvajal, Miguel and Barinagarrementeria, Iker
- Abstract
Copyright of Trípodos is the property of Universitat Ramon Llull, Facultat de Comunicacio Blanquerna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
11. THE INFLUENCE OF REVENUE SOURCES ON THE FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE AND INVESTMENT ACTIVITY OF COMMUNES AND CITIES WITH 'POWIAT' RIGHTS IN POLAND.
- Author
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Surówka, Krzysztof
- Subjects
PUBLIC finance ,LOCAL government ,PUBLIC spending ,INVESTMENTS ,COMMUNAL living - Abstract
Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Generating Discretionary Income in an Academic Department of Pathology
- Author
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Debra G.B. Leonard, Fred Sanfilippo, Susan McCarthy, David N. Bailey, Peter E. Jensen, and James M. Crawford
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Organizational culture ,Regular Article ,academic pathology department ,discretionary income ,Session (web analytics) ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,funds flow ,Indirect costs ,Academic department ,revenue sources ,Institution ,medicine ,Revenue ,RB1-214 ,Incentive program ,Salary ,Business ,uses ,media_common - Abstract
The 2021 Association of Pathology Chairs Annual Meeting included a chairs' session and a premeeting discussion-group webinar sponsored by the Senior Fellows Group (former chairs of academic departments of pathology who have remained active in the Association of Pathology Chairs) focused on generating discretionary income for departments. Discretionary income was defined as revenue that can be used by the department with few, if any, restrictions. Such income is particularly desirable given limitations on departmental budgets. Four discussion-group panelists presented the funds-flow model in their respective institutions and how they derived and used discretionary income. Discretionary income was obtained from both external sources (eg, philanthropy, indirect cost recovery, partnerships with outside entities, medical education courses, research laboratory agreements, clinical trials) and internal sources (eg, core facilities, institutional programmatic support, institutional incentive programs). Significant departmental variations were associated with differences in institutional financial structure and policies, revenue-generating capabilities of the department and individual faculty, practice plan policies, donor intentions, and geographic market forces. Most finances were dependent upon a robust funds-flow model. Uses of discretionary funds included salary support, recruitment expenses (including start-up packages), research equipment, space renovation, social events, support of academic programs, and travel. Panelists also discussed particular challenges of discretionary-fund generation and use during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Notably, each institution had its own unique methodology for generating discretionary income, and no obvious standard approach was identified. The 2 moderators emphasized the importance of identifying and understanding opportunities, issues, and institutional culture surrounding generation and use of discretionary funds.
- Published
- 2021
13. Getting the cash-cow directors on board—An alternative view on financing DMOs.
- Author
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Beritelli, Pietro and Laesser, Christian
- Abstract
Abstract: Research on the composition of the board of directors of DMOs as well as the governance of DMOs is of particular interest for destination management, because it helps understand the context of community-type tourist destinations. There is an increasing body of research on the composition and roles of DMO boards of directors as well as the duties and tasks of those individuals. However, to date, no study has addressed their influence on the financial revenues of the organization. A DMO's budget is not God-given but evolves along with the development of the organizations and the institutions in the destinations. Thus, we investigate to what extent directors on the boards affect the amount from different revenue sources. Using data from 44 Swiss local and regional DMOs, we perform seven distinct multiple regressions with the following revenue sources as dependent variables: (1) membership fees, (2) partnership platforms/initiatives, (3) commercial revenues, (4) overnight taxes, (5) regional and state subsidies, (6) municipal subsidies, and (7) tourism taxes. Four independent variables (1) stakeholders, (2) public agents, (3) leaders, and (4) networkers, positively and negatively affect the revenue sources. The results reveal two contrasting roles: while leaders and networkers likely increase the revenue sources, stakeholder representatives and public agents negatively affect the revenue sources. Additionally, the latter two functions strongly increase the size of the DMOs' boards. We conclude with a new perspective on how to understand DMO boards, their functions, and finally the organizations themselves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A collaborative approach to forecasting product-service systems (PSS).
- Author
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Coster, Rebecca
- Subjects
- *
COLLECTIVE action , *PREDICTION models , *COMMERCIAL products , *MANUFACTURING industries , *TELECOMMUNICATION ,REVENUE - Abstract
This paper examines the forecasting implications for product-service systems (PSS) applications in manufacturing firms. The approach taken is to identify the scope of operations for PSS applications by identifying all the activities associated with the service deployment in the telecom sector. The paper then develops a revenue model for manufacturing firms providing PSS applications. The revenue model identifies three generic revenue streams that provide the basis for discussion on the differences in forecasting approaches, including collaborative approaches based on PSS staff being geographically co-located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Opportunities, restrictions, and challenges for Web TV in China.
- Author
-
Xie, Shuang and Huang, Jing
- Subjects
STREAMING video & television ,PEER-to-peer architecture (Computer networks) ,STREAMING technology ,BUSINESS models - Abstract
China has the most active Web TV business in the world. This study concerns Web TV based on peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming technology in China. Adopting the tripartite model of accessibility, content strategies, and revenue sources (ACR), we analyzed the business model of China's Web TV business. In the process of analysis, we surveyed the current situation of Web TV and the leading players. We also touched upon the policy environment, the behavior of Chinese consumers, and challenges from other media. The major findings of this study included: (a) in terms of accessibility, P2P technology was an advantage. However, given the variety of content and the increasing number of Web TV suppliers, P2P technology probably could lead to problems. (b) With regard to content strategies, although having diverse and rich content resources, every Web TV player in China has to face the challenge of content overlap and uniformity in the industry, and private players without their own branded content also need to solve the problem of illegal use of foreign content. (c) The most visible problem in obtaining revenue sources is that Web TV players in China depend too much on advertising with little payment from users and other sources. We suggest it is urgent for Web TV players to cultivate and acquire paid users for the sake of long-term development. We also found that the three factors of accessibility, content strategies, and revenue sources of the Web TV business were closely linked with and influenced each other. The competition between private Web TV ventures and state-owned Web TV suppliers and the impact on China's Web TV industry should be a focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Determinants of financial health of US general aviation airports.
- Author
-
Guzhva, Vitaly S., Bazargan, Massoud, and Byers, David A.
- Subjects
- *
AIRPORTS , *AIR travel , *AERONAUTICS , *COMMERCIAL aeronautics , *FINANCIAL ratios , *FINANCIAL performance , *GROWTH rate , *CORPORATE growth ,REVENUE - Abstract
This survey-based study investigates the current financial environment of US general aviation airports. Due to a dearth of data and research on the financial performance of general aviation airports, the paper provides vital information regarding the critical needs and major revenue sources of such airports. The findings suggest that general aviation airports can be self-sustaining regardless of their location, runway length and other airport-specific characteristics. The attitudes of the airport manager towards the importance of financial self-sustainability, positive relationships with local communities, and utilisation of non-traditional and non-aviation revenue sources are found to be critical for the financial health of general aviation airports. In addition, the research provides estimates of the funding needs of US general aviation airports and evidence of the cumulative demand for T-hangars on a national basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Public Money and Private Providers: Funding Channels and National Patterns in Four Countries.
- Author
-
Salerno, Carlo
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *HIGHER education , *COMPARATIVE studies , *INSTRUCTIONAL systems , *PRIVATE schools , *EDUCATIONAL finance , *PUBLIC finance - Abstract
A rich body of literature has emerged that seeks to shed further light on how concepts like globalization and internationalization shape higher education systems and their institutions. This paper examines how the rise of private higher education in various national contexts has engendered global patterns of public financial support for private institutions and particularly the various ways in which public funding is channeled to such providers. A cross-national typology of public/private higher education sectors and a system-level ‘map’ of how public funding is directed to institutions are both used to explain why different patterns may emerge. This framework is then used to examine the policies and practices in four representative systems: England, Germany, New Zealand, and the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The available evidence suggests that in systems with weak or newly emerging private sectors, unclear regulations and concerns about quality implies that public funding tends to be channeled into private institutions indirectly (e.g. through tax-abatements and student financial aid). In systems where private institutions play a more substantial role, public funding is channeled to privates using a mix of indirect and direct mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Generating Discretionary Income in an Academic Department of Pathology.
- Author
-
Bailey DN, Crawford JM, Jensen PE, Leonard DGB, McCarthy S, and Sanfilippo F
- Abstract
The 2021 Association of Pathology Chairs Annual Meeting included a chairs' session and a premeeting discussion-group webinar sponsored by the Senior Fellows Group (former chairs of academic departments of pathology who have remained active in the Association of Pathology Chairs) focused on generating discretionary income for departments. Discretionary income was defined as revenue that can be used by the department with few, if any, restrictions. Such income is particularly desirable given limitations on departmental budgets. Four discussion-group panelists presented the funds-flow model in their respective institutions and how they derived and used discretionary income. Discretionary income was obtained from both external sources (eg, philanthropy, indirect cost recovery, partnerships with outside entities, medical education courses, research laboratory agreements, clinical trials) and internal sources (eg, core facilities, institutional programmatic support, institutional incentive programs). Significant departmental variations were associated with differences in institutional financial structure and policies, revenue-generating capabilities of the department and individual faculty, practice plan policies, donor intentions, and geographic market forces. Most finances were dependent upon a robust funds-flow model. Uses of discretionary funds included salary support, recruitment expenses (including start-up packages), research equipment, space renovation, social events, support of academic programs, and travel. Panelists also discussed particular challenges of discretionary-fund generation and use during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Notably, each institution had its own unique methodology for generating discretionary income, and no obvious standard approach was identified. The 2 moderators emphasized the importance of identifying and understanding opportunities, issues, and institutional culture surrounding generation and use of discretionary funds., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2021.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Financial Regulation and Government Revenue : The Effects of a Policy Change in Ethiopia
- Author
-
Limodio, Nicola and Strobbe, Francesco
- Subjects
RESERVE REQUIREMENTS ,INVESTMENT ,CAPITAL FLOWS ,VALUATION ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,BANKING SYSTEM ,BUDGET ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,DEPOSIT ,LIQUIDATION ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS ,PRIVATE LENDING ,EXTERNALITIES ,INTERNATIONAL BONDS ,GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ,PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS ,PRIVATE COMMERCIAL BANKS ,LENDING ,MACROECONOMICS ,CIT ,DOMESTIC CURRENCY ,INTERNATIONAL DEBT ,STOCK ,PERSONAL INCOME ,INTEREST ARREARS ,GOVERNMENTS ,DEBT OVERHANGS ,RETURNS ,BANK BALANCE SHEETS ,SOVEREIGN BONDS ,BALANCE SHEETS ,INVESTORS ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,BONDS ,DEBTOR ,RESERVES ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,BANK ,SOVEREIGN RATING ,LOANS ,CHECK ,FINANCIAL DEEPENING ,DOLLAR DEBT ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,INTEREST PAYMENT ,HOLDING ,SOVEREIGN DEBT ,BORROWERS ,DEPOSITS ,INDUSTRY ,MARKETS ,FINANCIAL REGULATION ,PROFIT ,AUCTION ,FINANCE ,SYSTEMIC RISK ,BANK DEPOSITS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,OPEN ECONOMY ,BANKING INDUSTRY ,RESERVE RATIOS ,BANKING ,BRANCH INFRASTRUCTURE ,LIABILITIES ,LABOR MARKET ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,BALANCE SHEET ,T-BILLS ,BANK HOLDING ,LIQUIDITY ,SERVICES ,DUMMY VARIABLE ,INTEREST RATES ,PUBLIC DEBT ,DEBT ,ARREARS ,BANKING SECTOR ,DEBT RESTRUCTURING ,MARKET ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,DEBT REDUCTION ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,DEBTS ,AUCTIONS ,ACCOUNT HOLDERS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CENTRAL BANK ,RETURN ,RESERVE REQUIREMENT ,DEPOSIT MOBILIZATION ,NATIONAL BANK ,PUBLIC DEBTS ,DOMESTIC DEBT ,DISBURSEMENTS ,BANKING REGULATION ,TREASURY BILLS ,LIABILITY COMPOSITION ,DEBT OUTSTANDING ,RETURNS ON EQUITY ,PRIVATE BANKS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,SOVEREIGN DEFAULT ,INTERNATIONAL DEBT CRISIS ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,TAXATION ,FINANCES ,INCOME TAX ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,BOND PRICE ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,RISK ,LIQUID CASH ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,DOMESTIC INTEREST RATES ,ASSET HOLDING ,VARIABLE COST ,DEBTOR REPORTING SYSTEM ,RESERVE ,LIABILITY ,EQUIPMENT ,INSURANCE ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,BOND ,GOVERNMENT BOND ,BANKS ,TREASURY ,GOVERNMENT SAVINGS ,LAND ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,LOCAL BANKS ,DEFAULT ,PROFITS ,LOAN ,DEBT CRISIS ,CREDIT ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,MONETARY FUND ,BANK BEHAVIOR ,LABOR ,REVENUE SOURCES ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,RETURN ON EQUITY ,INTEREST ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ,ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL ,TRANSPORT ,SAVINGS ,LIQUID ASSETS ,NET LOSS ,INTEREST RATE ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Financial regulation affects government revenue whenever it imposes both the mandatory quantity and price of government bonds. This paper studies a banking regulation adopted by the National Bank of Ethiopia in April 2011, which forces all private banks to purchase a fixed negative-yield government bond in proportion to private sector lending. Having access to monthly bank balance sheets, a survey of branch costs and public finances documentation, the effect of the policy on government revenue can be tracked. This is compared to three plausible revenue-generating alternatives: raising funds at competitive rates on international markets; distorting the private lending of the state-owned bank; and raising new deposits through additional branches of the state-owned bank. Three main results emerge: the government revenue gain is moderate (1.5-2.6 percent of the tax revenue); banks comply with the policy and amass more safe assets; banks' profit growth slows without turning negative (from 10 percent to 2 percent).
- Published
- 2016
20. Central America Urbanization Review : Making Cities Work for Central America
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
URBAN SERVICES ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,INVENTORY ,LOAN MATURITY ,PROJECTS ,INFLATION ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,NOW ACCOUNTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,DOWN PAYMENTS ,EMPLOYMENT ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CRITERIA ,LAND USE ,LENDING ,SAFETY NETS ,PERSONAL SAVINGS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,MANDATES ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,LENDER OF LAST RESORT ,URBANIZATION ,GOVERNMENTS ,SEWAGE ,BANK ,RISK FACTORS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,LOANS ,MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT ,LABOR COSTS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,URBAN HOUSING ,STRATEGIES ,EMERGING MARKETS ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,SUBSIDIES ,COST DIFFERENTIALS ,METROPOLITAN AREAS ,DEPOSITS ,INDUSTRY ,MARKETS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,FINANCE ,WAGES ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,FISCAL CONDITIONS ,ENTERPRISES ,MARKET VALUE ,UNFUNDED MANDATES ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,SERVICES ,PRIVATE HOUSING ,INTEREST RATES ,URBAN GROWTH ,INVESTMENT GRANTS ,LARGE CITIES ,PUBLIC DEBT ,DEBT ,GUARANTEES ,BANKING SECTOR ,COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,SAVING ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,PROPERTY ,MORTGAGE LENDING ,AUTONOMOUS REGIONS ,FINANCIAL RISK ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,AUTONOMY ,BUSINESS TAXES ,FACTORING ,DEVOLUTION ,LAND VALUE ,COLLATERALIZATION ,SOLID WASTE COLLECTION ,SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ,CAPITALS ,LAND SPECULATION ,BLOCK GRANTS ,RENTAL HOUSING ,DEFICITS ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PROPERTY TAXES ,CAPITAL ,MINISTRIES OF FINANCE ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,LOCAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,ACCOUNTING ,TAXATION ,CONSOLIDATION ,VALUE ,RISK ,ECONOMIES ,HOUSING PRICES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,GOVERNANCE ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,FINANCIAL CRISES ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,PROPERTY OWNERSHIP ,LEGAL PROVISIONS ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,INSURANCE ,REVENUE ,CAPITAL GRANTS ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ,MORTGAGE LOANS ,BANKS ,GRANTS ,LAND ,OPERATING INCOME ,CURRENT EXPENDITURES ,MIGRATION ,PUBLIC POLICY ,CREDIT ,EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,LEGISLATION ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,MICROFINANCE ,NEW ENTRANTS ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,CENTRAL BANKS ,LABOR ,REVENUE SOURCES ,SUBSIDIARY ,HOUSING ,URBAN CONGESTION ,INTEREST ,PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,WATER SUPPLY ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,SAVINGS ,DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS ,LAND DEVELOPMENT ,FUEL TAXES ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,TRAFFIC CONGESTION ,SUBSIDIARIES ,HOUSING PROVISION ,USER CHARGES ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,SAVINGS CONTRIBUTIONS - Abstract
Central America is undergoing an important transition, with urban populations increasingat accelerated speeds, bringing pressing challenges as well as opportunities to boost sustained,inclusive and resilient growth. Today, 59 percent of Central America's population lives in urban areas, but it is expected that within the next generation 7 out of 10 people will live in cities, equivalent to adding 700,000 new urban residents every year. At current rates of urbanization, the region’s urban population will double in size by 2050, welcoming over 25 million new urban dwellers, calling for better infrastructure, higher coverage and quality of urban services and greater employment opportunities. As larger numbers of people concentrate in urban areas, Central American governments at the national and local levels face both opportunities and challenges to ensure the prosperity of their country's present and future generations.
- Published
- 2016
21. Decentralization and Subnational Service Delivery in Iraq : Status and Way Forward
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PROVINCE ,FISCAL PROJECTIONS ,TAX RATES ,REVENUE FLUCTUATIONS ,CITIES ,TAX ,PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATIONS ,CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,POLICY OBJECTIVES ,FEDERAL LEGISLATION ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,PROVINCIAL BUDGET ,PROVINCIAL BANK ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,PROVINCIAL PAYROLL ,PROVINCES ,FEDERAL BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,SECTOR MINISTRIES ,POLICY MAKERS ,FEDERAL MINISTRY ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS ,EXPENDITURE ADJUSTMENTS ,FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,GOVERNORS ,REVENUE ALLOCATIONS ,PROVINCIAL INVESTMENT ,ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION ,PUBLIC BUDGET ,REVENUE SHARING ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,MINISTRIES ,FEDERAL LAW ,MUNICIPALITIES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,FISCAL TRANSFERS ,POVERTY ,FEDERAL FUNDS ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,REVENUE CONTRIBUTIONS ,PUBLIC ASSETS ,REVENUE SOURCE ,FISCAL CONSTRAINTS ,POLICY REFORMS ,TAX COLLECTION ,PROVINCIAL LEVEL ,FEDERAL BUDGET ,PROVINCIAL PAYROLLS ,CITY ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ,GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES ,DISTRICT ,BUDGET CYCLE ,POLICY PRIORITY ,FEDERAL INVESTMENT BUDGET ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,PROVINCIAL COUNCILS ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR ,REVENUE ESTIMATES ,REVENUE ALLOCATION ,TRANSFERS ,PROVINCIAL FINANCE ,MEDIUM-TERM ACTIONS ,DISTRICTS ,POLICY GOALS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL TRANSFERS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,LOCAL EXPENDITURE ,PUBLIC DEBT ,SUBNATIONAL AUTHORITY ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT MINISTRY ,CITY CENTERS ,CENTRAL CONTROL ,FISCAL TRANSFER ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,CENTRAL BUDGET ,FEDERAL LAWS ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT ,REVENUE SHORTFALLS ,CENTRAL MINISTRY ,POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ,FEDERAL INVESTMENT ,CENTRAL TREASURY ,CENTRAL MANAGEMENT ,REVENUE BASE ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS ,GOVERNOR ,PROVINCIAL COUNCIL ,FEDERAL MINISTRIES ,PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,FEDERAL REVENUES ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES ,REVENUE CAPACITY ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,CENTRAL AUTHORITIES ,COMMUNITY ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,MINISTRY OF LABOR ,SUBNATIONAL FINANCE ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,PROVINCIAL UNITS ,DISTRICT COUNCILS ,REVENUE ,LOCAL REVENUE ,REVENUE AUTHORITY ,SUBNATIONAL ENTITIES ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENT ,DISTRICT LEVELS ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,PROVINCIAL BUDGETS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,MEDIUM-TERM BUDGETING ,CURRENT EXPENDITURES ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ,TAX AUTHORITY ,FEDERALISM ,FISCAL STABILITY ,INEFFICIENCIES ,EFFICIENT USE ,EXPENDITURES ,MINISTRY ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,TAX PAYMENT ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,REVENUE COLLECTIONS ,CENTRALIZATION ,CENTRAL MINISTRIES ,REVENUE SOURCES ,SUBNATIONAL ,PROVINCIAL TREASURY ,MUNICIPALITY ,BUDGET PROCESS ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,SUBNATIONAL EXPENDITURE ,PROVINCIAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,TAX BASES ,REVENUES ,FEDERAL POWERS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,MINISTRY OF INTERIOR ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,POLICY CHANGES ,EXPENDITURE ,EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Since the Constitution (2005) provided for decentralizing powers and functions for the Governorates, the government of Iraq has enacted several legal, policy, and institutional reform initiatives, the intent of which is to shift political and administrative powers and responsibilities from the Central Government to the Governorates. The legal and policy framework for decentralization is yet to be followed through with efficient implementation. The Government of Iraq and the World Bank will like to assess the current status of decentralization and its implications for improving service delivery at the Governorate level. The objective of the assessment is to take stock of the current state of decentralization in Iraq with a view to identifying factors that contribute to weak service delivery performance at the governorate level. The assessment will also make recommendations for policy and process reforms that are deemed necessary to moving forward the decentralization process, thereby helping to improve service delivery performance by the Governorates. The assessment was carried out through a combination of desk reviews and field level consultations. This assessment provides a snapshot of the current status of the decentralization process. It identifies policy and process reform measures that are necessary to strengthen service delivery by the 15 Governorates of Iraq. Strengthening local accountability should be the key to strengthening the service delivery performance of the Governorates.
- Published
- 2016
22. Decentralization in Ethiopia--Who Benefits?
- Author
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Chaurey, Ritam and Mukim, Megha
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,TAX RATES ,INVESTMENT ,CITY MANAGER ,CITIES ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,ADMINISTRATIVE REGION ,VALUE ADDED ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,SUB-NATIONAL REGIONS ,REGIONAL REVENUE ,REGIONAL GOVERNMENT ,SPATIAL EQUITY ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,REGIONAL COUNCIL ,OUTCOMES ,MUNICIPALITIES ,SUB-NATIONAL ,URBANIZATION ,COMPETITIVENESS ,INCENTIVES ,GOODS ,SPATIAL INEQUALITY ,MACROECONOMIC SHOCKS ,CHECK ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,CITY ,TARIFF ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,METROPOLITAN AREAS ,REMITTANCE ,MARKETS ,CITY GOVERNMENTS ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,WAGES ,EXPORTER ,INFLUENCE ,URBAN MANAGEMENT ,TRADE ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,MARKET ,CITY MANAGEMENT ,FIRM PERFORMANCE ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,TAX RATE ,REGIONAL SCIENCE ,FUTURE RESEARCH ,TAX INCENTIVES ,MAYORS ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,FIXED ASSETS ,TAX BASE ,BUDGETS ,TAXATION ,PUBLIC ECONOMICS ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,TARIFFS ,GOVERNANCE ,REGIONS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,COMMUNITY ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,MAYOR ,REVENUE ,EQUITY ,TAXES ,CITY ADMINISTRATION ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,SERVICE CHARGES ,REGION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,FUTURE ,PROPRIETORSHIP ,LEGAL FRAMEWORKS ,REGIONAL CITY ,LABOR MARKETS ,REVENUE SOURCES ,URBAN GOVERNANCE ,INTEREST ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,INPUTS ,AGRARIAN ECONOMY ,REVENUES ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,REGIONAL POLICIES ,URBAN AREAS ,BUSINESS COMMUNITY ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,SPATIAL INEQUALITIES ,POLICY CHANGES ,TRANSACTION ,URBAN ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper shows that greater autonomy to cities in Ethiopia through a process of city proclamations, led to better economic outcomes at the city level, lowering regional spatial inequalities. In addition, the newly-empowered cities did not seem to misuse their new powers by favoring particular firms over others. We investigate the effect of a nation-wide introduction of VAT in Ethiopia – and show that the intended recipients of the reform, i.e. importing firms performed better (in terms of employment and sales) only after the VAT introduction in decentralized cities with greater autonomy than in non-decentralized cities. This is suggestive evidence that increasing administrative powers (or the mayor’s wedge) played an important role in making Ethiopian cities more competitive, and allowed mayor’s to transmit more efficiently the effect of national-level reforms.
- Published
- 2015
23. Tobacco and Alcohol Excise Taxes for Improving Public Health and Revenue Outcomes : Marrying Sin and Virtue?
- Author
-
Bird, Richard M.
- Subjects
TAX RATES ,ALCOHOL TAXATION ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,TAX ,CHILDREN ,TOBACCO TAXES ,FAMILIES ,TAX INCIDENCE ,INFLATION ,TAX RECEIPTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,IMPLEMENTATION ,EFFECTIVE TAX RATES ,SALES TAXES ,EVASION ,TAX STRUCTURES ,ALCOHOL TAXES ,GAMBLING ,GOVERNMENTS ,CRIME ,EARMARKED TAXES ,TAX LAW ,ADDED TAX ,ISOLATION ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,GOODS ,HEALTH ,SMOKING ,INTERVENTION ,AGED ,TRANSPARENCY ,USE TAXES ,PRODUCT TAXES ,SIN’ TAX ,TAX REFORM ,TOBACCO TAX ,FINANCE ,HEALTH SPENDING ,TAX REVENUE ,TAX POLICY ,HEALTH EFFECTS ,VALUE ADDED TAX ,TAX REDUCTION ,LOCAL FINANCE ,INDIRECT TAXATION ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,SOCIAL RESEARCH ,REGRESSIVE TAXES ,SERVICES ,SIN’ TAXES ,RISKS ,PER ,MARKET ,EXCISE TAXES ,MARKETING ,HEALTH PROMOTION ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,UNIFORM TAXES ,TAX RATE ,STRESS ,SOCIAL POLICY ,TAX SYSTEMS ,TAX CHANGES ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,TAX BASE ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM TAX ,TAXATION ,SIN TAX ,PUBLIC ECONOMICS ,HEALTH POLICY ,EARMARKED TAX ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,ADDICTION ,HEALTH CARE ,GOOD ,DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION ,REGULATION ,REVENUE ,NUTRITION ,ALCOHOLISM ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,SMOKERS ,PUBLIC REVENUES ,SPENDING ,EXERCISES ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,TAX INCREASES ,PSYCHOLOGY ,ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,PEOPLE ,PUBLIC ,MANAGEMENT ,KNOWLEDGE ,LABOR ,REVENUE SOURCES ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,TAX COMPETITION ,PASSIVE SMOKING ,LAWS ,TAX BASES ,SIN TAXES ,LEVY ,REVENUES ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,TAX POLICIES ,TAX BURDENS ,WEIGHT ,TAX EVASION ,EXCISE TAX ,TAX SYSTEM ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco have long been a dependable and significant revenue source in many countries. More recently, considerable attention has been paid to the way in which such taxes may also be used to attain public health objectives by reducing the consumption of products with adverse health and social impacts. Some have gone further and argued that explicitly earmarking excise taxes on alcohol and tobacco to finance public health expenditures—marrying sin and virtue as it were—will make increasing such taxes more politically acceptable and provide the funding needed to increase such expenditures, especially for the poor. The basic idea—tax “bads” and do “good” with the proceeds—is simple and appealing. But designing and implementing good “sin” taxes is a surprisingly complex task. Earmarking revenues from such taxes for health expenditures may also sound good and be a useful selling point for new taxes. However, such earmarking raises difficult issues with respect to budgetary rigidity and political accountability. This note explores these and other issues that lurk beneath the surface of the attractive concept of using increased sin excises on alcohol and tobacco to finance “virtuous” social spending on public health.
- Published
- 2015
24. Investment incentives and effective tax rates in the Philippines: a comparison with neighboring countries
- Author
-
Reza Baqir, Dennis P Botman, and Alexander Klemm
- Subjects
Finance ,business.industry ,Direct tax ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Monetary economics ,Development ,Tax reform ,Tax avoidance ,Tax rate ,Personal income ,Incentive ,Value-added tax ,Ad valorem tax ,Tax credit ,Accelerated depreciation ,Income tax ,Political Science and International Relations ,Government revenue ,Economics ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Corporate taxes ,Investment incentives ,Southeast Asia ,Revenue sources ,Philippines ,Tax reforms ,Effective tax rates, South-East Asia, Tax holidays, tax rates, tax incentives, tax rate, taxation ,business ,Corporate tax ,Indirect tax ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
We compare the general tax provisions and investment incentives in the Philippines to six other east-Asian economies-Malaysia, Indonesia, Lao, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. We calculate effective tax rates and find that general effective tax rates are relatively high in the Philippines, while investment incentives are comparable to those in neighboring countries. Tax holidays are most attractive for very profitable firms, creating redundancy, and for investment in short-lived assets. We also consider recently-proposed tax reforms that would replace tax holidays by a reduced corporate income tax rate or a low tax on gross receipts. The results suggest that this would result in stronger incentives to invest, while government revenue increases. Alternatively, replacing holidays with a general reduction in the corporate tax rate and offering accelerated depreciation will either not provide the same incentives or be very costly.
- Published
- 2010
25. Financing the Frontline in Papua New Guinea : An Analytical Review of Provincial Administrations' Rural Health Expenditure 2006-2012
- Author
-
Cairns, Alan and Hou, Xiaohui
- Subjects
PROVINCE ,PROVINCIAL LEVELS ,TAX ,PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATIONS ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,PROVINCIAL ‘TRANSFERS ,AUDITOR-GENERAL ,BUDGET ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,BASIC SERVICES ,MOBILE CLINICS ,ALLOCATION ,PROVINCIAL BUDGET ,HEALTH CENTERS ,PROGRAMS ,PROJECTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ,INFLATION ,DESIGN ,PROVINCES ,DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ,IMPLEMENTATION ,ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITIES ,ANNUAL BUDGET ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,OUTREACH WORK ,OUTCOMES ,PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL ,EX ANTE CONTROLS ,PERFORMANCE INFORMATION ,HEALTH INFORMATION ,WORKERS ,SUB-NATIONAL ,CENTRAL AGENCIES ,PERSONNEL EMOLUMENTS ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,OPERATIONAL EXPENDITURE ,AGGREGATE SPENDING ,ENTITLEMENTS ,HEALTH ,HEALTH EXPENDITURE ,GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING ,PROVINCIAL TREASURIES ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,PROVINCIAL PERFORMANCE ,PROVINCIAL LEVEL ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,PROVINCIAL EXPENDITURE ,RURAL COMMUNITY ,SERVICE DELIVERY FUNCTIONS ,DISTRICT ,EXPENDITURE DATA ,EXPENDITURE ANALYSIS ,COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,PATIENT ,FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ,HEALTH SPENDING ,SANITATION ,PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATORS ,TRANSFERS ,FISCAL YEAR ,PATIENTS ,RURAL AREAS ,SPENDING LEVELS ,COMMUNITY HEALTH ,DISTRICTS ,DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION ,MEDICAL SUPPLIES ,SERVICES ,COST ESTIMATES ,PRICE INDEX ,CLINICS ,HOSPITALS ,HEALTH SECTOR ,CENTRAL BUDGET ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT ,PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,DISTRICT HEADQUARTERS ,DISTRICT HEALTH ,PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ,SERVICE ,OPERATIONAL COSTS ,CHART OF ACCOUNTS ,PROGRAM STRUCTURE ,SANITATION SERVICES ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,CENTRAL COORDINATION ,NATIONAL AGENCY ,FACILITIES ,CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION ,APPROPRIATIONS ,VILLAGES ,VILLAGE ,IMMUNIZATION ,FAMILY PLANNING ,HEALTH WORKERS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,COMMUNITY ,FISCAL IMPACT ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,BUDGET MODEL ,HEALTH CARE ,REVENUE ,NUTRITION ,PROVINCIAL DISCRETION ,EQUITY ,PROJECT ,DISTRICT LEVELS ,NATIONAL POLICY ,TRAINING ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ,POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ,PROVISION OF WATER ,GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS ,COST ESTIMATE ,APPROPRIATION ,COST OF SERVICES ,KNOWLEDGE ,PROVINCIAL SUPPORT ,PROVINCIAL SPENDING ,STRATEGY ,LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT ,INTERNET ,REVENUE SOURCES ,FISCAL CAPACITY ,SUBNATIONAL ,PROVINCIAL TREASURY ,BUDGET PROCESS ,WORKSHOPS ,PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ,SUBNATIONAL EXPENDITURE ,COST OF SERVICE ,BIRTH ATTENDANTS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAM ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,HEALTH SERVICES ,DEFICIT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,PROVINCIAL CAPITAL ,HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ,COMMUNITIES ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Financing the Frontline updates the expenditure analysis carried out in Below the Glass Floor (2013) and tests whether the spending patterns emerging in 2009 and 2010 in Papua New Guinea have been sustained or improved in 2011 and 2012. The review also supports a better understanding of the issues that confront frontline service delivery — such as the ambiguity of roles and responsibilities in some rural health functions — and proposes next steps. Concurrently, the National Department of Health performance information on facilities (from the National Health Information System) has been reviewed. The integration of the expenditure analysis, the NHIS performance information and the findings from the Promoting Effective Public Expenditure facility surveys will provide a rich source of information to help sharpen understanding and shape solutions.
- Published
- 2015
26. A collaborative approach to forecasting product–service systems (PSS)
- Author
-
De Coster, Rebecca
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Rise of the Anatolian Tigers : Turkey Urbanization Review, Policy Brief
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC TRANSIT ,AIRPORT ,TRANSPORT STRATEGY ,CITIES ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,PERSONAL VEHICLES ,CITY TRANSPORT ,CROSSING ,CONGESTION ,ROAD ,TRANSPORT PLANNING ,PROJECTS ,RAIL NETWORK ,EXTERNALITIES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,CARS ,TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ,LAND USE ,POPULATION GROWTH ,EMISSIONS ,TAXIS ,CIT ,INVESTMENTS ,VEHICLE ,PRODUCTIVITY ,STREET LIGHTING ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,TRANSPORTATION NETWORK ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,URBAN SPRAWL ,URBANIZATION ,GOVERNMENTS ,RAILWAY ,STREETS ,ASSETS ,CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT ,MASS TRANSIT ,LABOR COSTS ,TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ,URBAN HOUSING ,TRANSPARENCY ,PRIVATE VEHICLES ,LIGHT RAIL ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,RIDERSHIP ,SUBSIDIES ,TRANSIT OPTIONS ,INDUSTRY ,TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,TAX REVENUE ,SANITATION ,POLLUTION ,PERSONAL VEHICLE ,TRANSFERS ,URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,BUSES ,ENTERPRISES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,CARBON EMISSIONS ,URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING ,TRANSPORT PROJECTS ,RAIL ,ROAD NETWORK ,PRIVATE HOUSING ,SERVICES ,PRICING ,URBAN MOBILITY ,URBAN GROWTH ,CONGESTION COSTS ,LARGE CITIES ,DEBT ,SPRAWL ,TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ,MOBILITY ,URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY ,RAIL NETWORKS ,PROPERTY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ,COSTS ,AUTONOMY ,WEALTH ,TRANSIT ,SOLID WASTE COLLECTION ,FUEL ,ACCESSIBILITY ,BRIDGE ,ACCIDENTS ,HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ,PROPERTY TAXES ,TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,ROADS ,TAXATION ,TREND ,TRANSIT SYSTEMS ,AIR ,MODAL SHARE ,POLICIES ,TRANSPORT PLAN ,LAND-USE PLANNING ,MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ,AIR POLLUTION ,VEHICLES ,PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMS ,FLEETS ,RAILWAY SYSTEM ,REVENUE ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,MUNICIPAL ,LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ,BANKS ,GRANTS ,LAND ,TRANSIT SYSTEM ,MIGRATION ,TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,LEGISLATION ,BUS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,AUTOMOBILES ,LABOR ,URBAN TRANSPORT ,REVENUE SOURCES ,ROAD DEVELOPMENT ,HOUSING ,MUNICIPAL REVENUE ,WATER SUPPLY ,MODE OF TRANSPORT ,SUBSIDY ,TRANSPORT ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,VEHICLE REPLACEMENT ,TRANSPORTATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC WORKS ,TRANSPORT POLICY ,POPULATION DENSITY ,URBANISM ,BUS STATION ,METROPOLITAN CITIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
Turkey’s demographic and economic transformation has been one of the world’s most dramatic, with urban growth and economic growth proceeding hand in hand. Distinguishing Turkey from many other developing countries has been the pace, scale, and geographical diversity of its spatial and economic transformation. Fast-growing secondary cities bring added challenges that define Turkey’s second-generation urban agenda. New and differentiated service standards will need to be established across both dense urban built-up areas and small villages and rural settlements within the newly-expanded metropolitan municipality administrative area. These developments make planning, connecting, and financing important policy principles for Turkey’s second-generation urban development agenda. This policy brief frames a second-generation urban development agenda to support Turkey’s transition from upper middle income to high income.
- Published
- 2015
28. Ethiopia Urbanization Review : Urban Institutions for a Middle-Income Ethiopia
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
URBAN SERVICES ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,INVENTORY ,BUDGET ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS ,PROJECTS ,INFLATION ,DOWN PAYMENTS ,CRITERIA ,MATURITIES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,EMPLOYMENT ,LAND USE ,PERSONAL SAVINGS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,MANDATES ,RURAL – URBAN MIGRATION ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,URBANIZATION ,GOVERNMENTS ,OWN SOURCE REVENUE ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ,BANK ,MORAL HAZARD ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,FULL COST PRICING ,LOANS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES ,MASS TRANSIT ,FISCAL CADASTERS ,URBAN HOUSING ,STRATEGIES ,EMERGING MARKETS ,COLLECTIONS ,SUBSIDIES ,TAX REFORM ,INDUSTRY ,MARKETS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,PROPERTY TAX REFORM ,FINANCE ,HOUSING DEMAND ,WAGES ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,TRANSFERS ,FISCAL YEAR ,CAPITAL BUDGETS ,OPERATING SURPLUS ,LEGAL PROVISION ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,ENTERPRISES ,MARKET VALUE ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,CIVIL SERVICE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,URBAN GOVERNMENTS ,INTEREST RATES ,PRIVATE HOUSING ,SERVICES ,PRICING ,URBAN GROWTH ,LARGE CITIES ,LAND PRICES ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FINANCE ,DEBT ,GUARANTEES ,SAVING ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,PROPERTY ,LAND SUPPLY ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,BUSINESS TAXES ,AUTONOMY ,FACTORING ,STATE PROPERTY ,LAND VALUE ,COLLATERALIZATION ,FINANCING SOURCES ,SOLID WASTE COLLECTION ,CITY SIZE ,SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ,CAPITALS ,LAND SPECULATION ,RURAL–URBAN MIGRATION ,BLOCK GRANTS ,RENTAL HOUSING ,TELEPHONE SERVICES ,WAGE RATES ,DEFICITS ,GRANT ALLOCATION ,CAPITAL ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGETS ,TAXATION ,COLLECTION SERVICES ,CONSOLIDATION ,VALUE ,RISK ,LAND PRICING ,ECONOMIES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,GOVERNANCE ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,PENALTIES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,INSURANCE ,REVENUE ,CAPITAL GRANTS ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,MORTGAGE LOANS ,BANKS ,LAND ,GRANTS ,MIGRATION ,BORROWING ,LOTTERIES ,CREDIT ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE ,LEGISLATION ,FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS ,ComputerApplications_MISCELLANEOUS ,NEW ENTRANTS ,IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES ,LABOR ,LABOR MARKETS ,REVENUE SOURCES ,HOUSING ,INTEREST ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,WATER SUPPLY ,WATER USE ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,SAVINGS ,DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS ,CAPITAL BASE ,ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION ,LAND DEVELOPMENT ,HEALTH SERVICES ,NET LOSSES ,PIT ,HOUSING PROVISION ,USER CHARGES ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,OPERATING COSTS - Abstract
The urban population in Ethiopia is increasing rapidly. If managed proactively, urban population growth presents a huge opportunity to shift the structure and location of economic activity from rural agriculture to the larger and more diversified urban industrial and service sectors. If not managed proactively, rapid urban population growth may pose a demographic challenge as cities struggle to provide jobs, infrastructure and services, and housing. The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. Making urbanization a national priority will accelerate Ethiopia’s progress towards reaching middle-income status. The government has already taken steps to make evidence-based, informed decisions for well-managed urban growth, and this report aims to contribute to those efforts.
- Published
- 2015
29. Partnerships in Mobile Financial Services : Factors for Success
- Author
-
Flaming, Mark, Mitha, Aiaze, Hanouch, Michel, Zetterli, Peter, and Bull, Greta
- Subjects
MANAGERS ,CORPORATIONS ,MASS MARKET ,MOBILE TRANSACTIONS ,BANKING SERVICE ,STATE BANK ,WARRANTS ,DISTRIBUTION COMPANY ,MOBILE BANKING ,CORPORATION ,BANKING SYSTEM ,PAYMENT SERVICE ,PARTNERSHIP ,CAPABILITY ,CUSTOMER BASE ,ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT ,COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES ,DEPOSIT ,BRANCH NETWORK ,ACCRUAL ,INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES ,MOBILE NETWORK ,TRANSACTION VOLUMES ,BANKING SECTORS ,RETENTION ,REGULATORY ENVIRONMENTS ,IMPLEMENTATIONS ,BANK CUSTOMERS ,INCOME ,REGULATORY APPROACHES ,STAKEHOLDERS ,E-MONEY ,INVESTING ,REVENUE SHARING ,INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS ,COMPANY ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,PAYMENT TRANSACTIONS ,SERVICES TO CLIENTS ,BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS ,MARKET INSTRUMENTS ,USERS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,RETAIL BANKS ,MAJORITY SHAREHOLDER ,REGULATORY REGIMES ,BANK ACCOUNTS ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ,NPL ,HOLDING ,RAPID EXPANSION ,LIMITED ,REGULATORY AUTHORITIES ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS ,MOBILE PHONES ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,INTEROPERABILITY ,PAYMENT SERVICES ,VALUE CHAIN ,BRANCH INFRASTRUCTURE ,MOBILE COMMUNICATION ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,MENU ,CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE ,OPERATIONAL RISKS ,MOBILE NETWORKS ,COMMUNICATION NETWORK ,SERVICE COMPANIES ,TRANSACTION SERVICES ,MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ,CLIENT BASE ,DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS ,BANKING SECTOR ,DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ,CORPORATE CUSTOMERS ,MOBILE APPLICATION ,NON-PERFORMING LOAN ,PAYMENTS SERVICES ,PHONES ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,MARKETING ,PAYROLL SERVICES ,ATM ACCESS ,CENTRAL BANK ,INVESTIGATION ,PROPRIETARY ,DEPOSIT MOBILIZATION ,NATIONAL BANK ,CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS ,FINANCIAL SERVICE ,FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS ,INNOVATION ,LOAN PORTFOLIO ,CUSTOMER ACQUISITION ,TRANSACTION VOLUME ,CORPORATE CLIENTS ,DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ,DISBURSEMENTS ,B2B ,ATM CARD ,BANK ACCOUNT ,BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS ,SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTORS ,PORTFOLIO ,PAYMENTS SERVICE ,FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDER ,RISK SHARING ,RESULT ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,CUSTOMER INFORMATION ,DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS ,CONFLICT OF INTEREST ,REMITTANCES ,MERCHANT BANK ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,BUSINESS CASE ,USES ,USER ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,NETWORKS ,BANKING REGULATIONS ,DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,BUSINESS MODEL ,LICENSE ,CELL PHONES ,INSURANCE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,CORE BUSINESS ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,BANKING SERVICES ,CONTACT INFORMATION ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,BUSINESS MODELS ,EQUITY CONTRACTS ,CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP ,REGULATOR ,PARTNER BANKS ,ACCESS TO BANK ,BANKS ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,PAYMENT PROCESSOR ,UNION ,MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS ,PUBLIC POLICY ,REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS ,MOBILE PHONE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,NONPERFORMING LOANS ,MARKET SHARE ,MICROFINANCE ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,REVENUE SOURCES ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,REGULATORS ,SUBSIDIARY ,PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS ,STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN ,RESULTS ,TELECOM ,PARTNER BANK ,LOCAL BANK ,PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT ,BANKING CORPORATION ,BUSINESSES ,ONLINE PAYMENTS ,BUSINESS OBJECTIVES ,LOAN REPAYMENTS ,FINANCIAL CAPITAL ,LOCAL BUSINESS ,SAVINGS ,INDIVIDUALS ,FINANCIAL STRENGTH ,FAIR PRICE ,CORE BUSINESSES ,LEVEL PLAYING FIELD ,FUNCTIONALITY ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
This paper is organized as follows: section one briefly presents the structure of MFS implementations and in particular the four key roles which must be fulfilled. Section two describes the case study implementations and the partnership arrangements between the key actors. Section three describes the importance of aligning competitive forces, economic motivation and partner roles. Section four presents key lessons related to the four underlying businesses of an MFS implementation, distinguishing between the direct and indirect revenue that can accrue to the core businesses of the partner organizations. It also presents key lessons related to the distribution of this revenue between partners.
- Published
- 2015
30. Public Money and private providers
- Author
-
C.S. Salerno
- Subjects
Typology ,Revenue sources ,Economic growth ,Higher education ,Resource use ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,METIS-222595 ,Funding Mechanism ,Private sector ,Education ,Comparative studies ,Globalization ,Internationalization ,State (polity) ,Economics ,Quality (business) ,Funding mechanisms ,business ,Private higher education ,media_common - Abstract
A rich body of literature has emerged that seeks to shed further light on how concepts like globalization and internationalization shape higher education systems and their institutions. This paper examines how the rise of private higher education in various national contexts has engendered global patterns of public financial support for private institutions and particularly the various ways in which public funding is channeled to such providers. A cross-national typology of public/private higher education sectors and a system-level ‘map’ of how public funding is directed to institutions are both used to explain why different patterns may emerge. This framework is then used to examine the policies and practices in four representative systems: England, Germany, New Zealand, and the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. The available evidence suggests that in systems with weak or newly emerging private sectors, unclear regulations and concerns about quality implies that public funding tends to be channeled into private institutions indirectly (e.g. through tax-abatements and student financial aid). In systems where private institutions play a more substantial role, public funding is channeled to privates using a mix of indirect and direct mechanisms.
- Published
- 2004
31. Handshake, No. 15 (October 2014)
- Author
-
World Bank Group
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,HIGHWAY PROJECT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,URBAN RAIL ,WORLD TRADE ,CONVENTION ,COMMUTER RAIL ,CROSSING ,RAILWAYS ,ROADWAY CAPACITY ,ROAD ,TRIPS ,INFLATION ,SPEEDS ,ROUTES ,EMPLOYMENT ,CARS ,GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,PSP ,INCOME ,TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,URBANIZATION ,PASSENGER ,HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAILWAY ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,PROJECT SELECTION ,TRAMWAYS ,SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS ,IFC ,FREIGHT SERVICES ,NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ,TOLL ,MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT ,TRANSPARENCY ,UNPAVED ROADS ,EMERGING MARKETS ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,PATRONAGE ,PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ,HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ,RAILROAD ,EXPLOITATION ,LAND ACQUISITION ,ROAD PROJECTS ,MINISTRIES OF TRANSPORT ,ROAD DEATHS ,PASSENGER RAIL ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAIL ,TRANSPORT PROJECTS ,BUDGET SURPLUS ,TRUE ,VOLUME OF TRAFFIC ,AIRPORTS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,PAVING ,RAIL TRANSPORT ,URBAN TRANSPORTATION ,ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMS ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP ,RAPID RAIL ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,ALLIANCE ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,ACCIDENTS ,ROADWAY ,NEGOTIATION ,TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY ,TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,ROADS ,TOLL REVENUES ,RAIL DEVELOPMENT ,SHARING ,TOLL ROAD ,AIR ,PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ,TRANSPORT SERVICE ,ROAD REHABILITATION ,ROAD USER ,TRAFFIC INJURIES ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,GRADE ,SAFETY LEGISLATION ,TRAMS ,JOURNEY ,TOLLS ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,STREETCARS ,INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSIT SYSTEM ,RAIL LINKS ,ROAD TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,NET PRESENT VALUE ,FREIGHT ,DRIVER BEHAVIOR ,REVENUE SOURCES ,HIGHWAY NETWORK ,SUBSIDIARY ,NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,TOLL BOOTHS ,STATE HIGHWAYS ,TRUCKS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,NET BENEFITS ,TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ,SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,BORDER CROSSINGS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,FOREIGN TRADE ,CONCESSIONS ,PASSENGERS ,ROUTES FOR FREIGHT ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ,INVESTMENT IN ROADS ,INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TURNPIKES ,FRONTIER ,DRIVERS ,INTERCHANGES ,TUNNELS ,PILOT PROJECTS ,VEHICLE FLEET ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODE ,UNDERGROUND ,VEHICLE ,WHEELS ,CONSTRUCTION ,TRANSPORT MODE ,TRANSPORT OPERATORS ,FEASIBILITY STUDIES ,ARBITRATION ,PROJECT MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORTS ,RAIL TRAFFIC ,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,LIGHT RAIL ,RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE ,ROAD CONCESSIONS ,FREIGHT RAIL ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE ,INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS ,RECONSTRUCTION ,ROAD SAFETY ,SPEED ,ROAD TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,BUSES ,SURVEYING ,TRAINS ,ROAD NETWORK ,MASS RAPID TRANSIT ,TRANSPORT POLICIES ,FRAMEWORK ,MOBILITY ,RETURN ON INVESTMENT ,FREIGHT TRAFFIC ,BARRIERS TO TRADE ,RAIL PROJECT ,TRAFFIC SURVEYS ,HIGHWAYS ,METRO RAIL ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LANES ,ROAD NETWORKS ,RAIL LINES ,BRIDGE ,KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,ROAD CAPACITY ,ROUTE ,HIGHWAY CORRIDOR ,ROAD SECTOR ,PASSENGER TRAINS ,ACCOUNTING ,TRAVEL TIME ,GLOBAL TRADE ,TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ,BOUNDARIES ,POLICY FORMULATION ,HIGHWAY ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP RATES ,PENALTIES ,TUNNEL ,VEHICLES ,INSURANCE ,BRIDGES ,ROAD LINKS ,INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT UNION ,IRU ,PUBLIC POLICY ,TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,PASSENGER TRAFFIC ,BUS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD TRAFFIC ,RAIL LINK ,ISO ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,COMMUTING ,MARKET RISK ,RAILWAY STATIONS ,TRANSPORT FACILITIES ,RAIL CONNECTION ,BORDER CROSSING ,TRAFFIC SAFETY ,TERRAIN ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,SAVINGS ,MEETING ,PUBLIC WORKS ,TRANSPORT POLICY ,ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK ,PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS - Abstract
This issue includes the following headings: finding the right broadband public-private partnership (PPP): whats key for emerging economies?; reform has its rewards: telecom takes off in Myanmar; e-gov excellence: models from Colombia, Ghana, India, and Portugal; know what you know: creating a government technology strategy; and closing the gap: Facebook and intel connect the unconnected.
- Published
- 2014
32. Sudan State-Level Public Expenditure Review : Meeting the Challenges of Poverty Reduction and Basic Service Delivery, Volume 2. Background Papers
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
EXPENDITURES ON HEALTH ,REVENUE PERFORMANCE ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,TAX ,CENTRAL TRANSFERS ,WASTE ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,TOTAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,CHILDREN ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,EMERGENCY FUND ,FAMILIES ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,FISCAL BALANCE ,DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,IMPLEMENTATION ,FEDERAL SPENDING ,SUB- NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,FEDERAL MINISTRY ,GOVERNORS ,INTERMEDIARIES ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,FISCAL SPACE ,CITY TRANSPORTATION ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,MINISTRIES ,WORKERS ,SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,SUB-NATIONAL ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,FISCAL TRANSFERS ,POVERTY ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,MEDICINES ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,VACCINATION ,HEALTH ,STATE GOVERNMENT ,REVENUE SOURCE ,TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,INTERVENTION ,POLICY REFORMS ,TAX COLLECTION ,FEDERAL FUNDING ,SECONDARY SCHOOLS ,FEDERAL TRANSFERS ,CITY ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,STATE MINISTRY ,COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT ,TAX REVENUE ,TAX POLICY ,TRANSFERS ,QUALITY CONTROL ,STATE EXPENDITURES ,TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,SUB- NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,COMMUNITY HEALTH ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,MORTALITY ,FISCAL ADJUSTMENT ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL TRANSFERS ,MACROECONOMIC IMBALANCES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,RISKS ,CLINICS ,INTERVIEW ,CENTRAL CONTROL ,SUB-NATIONAL ENTITIES ,TAX BASIS ,HOSPITALS ,CENTRAL BUDGET ,EFFICIENCY IN SERVICE DELIVERY ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENT SYSTEM ,MARKETING ,BUDGET DEFICIT ,PREGNANT WOMEN ,TAX REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,REVENUE SHORTFALLS ,STRESS ,POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION ,SURGERY ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,TAX SYSTEMS ,STATE ENTERPRISES ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,TAX INCENTIVES ,FEDERAL GRANTS ,TOTAL EXPENDITURE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,REVENUE BASE ,MINISTRIES OF FINANCE ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,TAXPAYERS ,TAX BASE ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS ,TOTAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,TAXATION ,STATE MINISTRIES ,MINISTRY OF HEALTH ,EXPENDITURE NEED ,MINISTRIES OF HEALTH ,HEALTH POLICY ,REDISTRIBUTIVE IMPACT ,STATE BUDGET ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,FEDERAL REVENUE ,REVENUE CAPACITY ,HEALTH INDICATORS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,COMMUNITY ,MINISTRIES OF EDUCATION ,HEALTH CARE ,REVENUE-GENERATING CAPACITY ,STATE EXPENDITURE ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,STATE GOVERNORS ,REGISTRATION ,REVENUE ,LOCAL REVENUE ,EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,TAXES ,EQUITY ,REVENUE PER CAPITA ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENT ,REVENUE MANAGEMENT ,FISCAL PERFORMANCE ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL SYSTEMS ,MIGRATION ,SECTOR EXPENDITURES ,OUTSTANDING DEBT ,EXERCISES ,FEDERALISM ,PRIMARY SCHOOLS ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,SUB- NATIONAL ,MINISTRY ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,REDISTRIBUTION ,KNOWLEDGE ,STRATEGY ,LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT ,REVENUE SOURCES ,COMPOSITION OF EXPENDITURES ,FEDERAL TRANSFER ,FEDERAL TRANSFERS TO STATES ,MUNICIPALITY ,BUDGET PROCESS ,PRISONS ,WORKSHOPS ,PRIMARY HEALTH CARE ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,BIRTH ATTENDANTS ,FEDERAL EXPENDITURE ,LAWS ,TAX SHARING ,REVENUES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,HEALTH SERVICES ,FISCAL FEDERALISM ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,OBSERVATION ,TAX POLICIES ,MEDICAL SPECIALISTS ,DISABILITIES ,WEIGHT ,POVERTY RATE ,SOCIAL SUPPORT ,EXPENDITURE ,EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Sudan has the potential to become a dynamic economy and a bread basket for the Arab world and East-Central Africa. However, resource endowment is not sufficient to bring about sustainable growth and prosperity. Sudans macroeconomic conditions remain weak since the secession of South Sudan in 2011, despite some improvements. The repercussions of the secession of South Sudan present enormous challenges for Sudan with respect to managing the macro-fiscal adjustment and promoting a structural re-orientation of the economy. The signing in March 2013 of the implementation matrix of the agreement between Sudan and South Sudan provides some fresh financial relief to Sudan and creates a great opportunity for further policy reforms to address the post-secession challenges. Sudans growth strategy should involve policies aimed at improving the investment climate and broadening private sector-led growth, and diversifying the economy toward non-oil sectors such as agriculture, industry, export, and local trade.
- Published
- 2014
33. Handshake, No. 12 (January 2014)
- Author
-
International Finance Corporation
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,HIGHWAY PROJECT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,URBAN RAIL ,WORLD TRADE ,CONVENTION ,COMMUTER RAIL ,CROSSING ,RAILWAYS ,ROADWAY CAPACITY ,ROAD ,TRIPS ,INFLATION ,SPEEDS ,ROUTES ,EMPLOYMENT ,CARS ,GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,PSP ,INCOME ,TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,URBANIZATION ,PASSENGER ,HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAILWAY ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,PROJECT SELECTION ,TRAMWAYS ,SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS ,IFC ,FREIGHT SERVICES ,NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ,TOLL ,MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT ,TRANSPARENCY ,UNPAVED ROADS ,EMERGING MARKETS ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,PATRONAGE ,PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ,HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ,RAILROAD ,EXPLOITATION ,LAND ACQUISITION ,ROAD PROJECTS ,MINISTRIES OF TRANSPORT ,ROAD DEATHS ,PASSENGER RAIL ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAIL ,TRANSPORT PROJECTS ,BUDGET SURPLUS ,TRUE ,VOLUME OF TRAFFIC ,AIRPORTS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,PAVING ,RAIL TRANSPORT ,URBAN TRANSPORTATION ,ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMS ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP ,RAPID RAIL ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,ALLIANCE ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,ACCIDENTS ,ROADWAY ,NEGOTIATION ,TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY ,TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,ROADS ,TOLL REVENUES ,RAIL DEVELOPMENT ,SHARING ,TOLL ROAD ,AIR ,PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ,TRANSPORT SERVICE ,ROAD REHABILITATION ,ROAD USER ,TRAFFIC INJURIES ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,GRADE ,SAFETY LEGISLATION ,TRAMS ,JOURNEY ,TOLLS ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,STREETCARS ,INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSIT SYSTEM ,RAIL LINKS ,ROAD TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,NET PRESENT VALUE ,FREIGHT ,DRIVER BEHAVIOR ,REVENUE SOURCES ,HIGHWAY NETWORK ,SUBSIDIARY ,NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,TOLL BOOTHS ,STATE HIGHWAYS ,TRUCKS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,NET BENEFITS ,TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ,SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,BORDER CROSSINGS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,FOREIGN TRADE ,CONCESSIONS ,PASSENGERS ,ROUTES FOR FREIGHT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ,INVESTMENT IN ROADS ,INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TURNPIKES ,FRONTIER ,DRIVERS ,INTERCHANGES ,TUNNELS ,PILOT PROJECTS ,VEHICLE FLEET ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODE ,UNDERGROUND ,VEHICLE ,WHEELS ,CONSTRUCTION ,TRANSPORT MODE ,TRANSPORT OPERATORS ,FEASIBILITY STUDIES ,ARBITRATION ,PROJECT MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORTS ,RAIL TRAFFIC ,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,LIGHT RAIL ,RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE ,ROAD CONCESSIONS ,FREIGHT RAIL ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE ,INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS ,RECONSTRUCTION ,ROAD SAFETY ,SPEED ,ROAD TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,BUSES ,SURVEYING ,TRAINS ,ROAD NETWORK ,MASS RAPID TRANSIT ,TRANSPORT POLICIES ,FRAMEWORK ,MOBILITY ,RETURN ON INVESTMENT ,FREIGHT TRAFFIC ,BARRIERS TO TRADE ,RAIL PROJECT ,TRAFFIC SURVEYS ,HIGHWAYS ,METRO RAIL ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LANES ,ROAD NETWORKS ,RAIL LINES ,BRIDGE ,KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,ROAD CAPACITY ,ROUTE ,HIGHWAY CORRIDOR ,ROAD SECTOR ,PASSENGER TRAINS ,ACCOUNTING ,TRAVEL TIME ,GLOBAL TRADE ,TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ,BOUNDARIES ,POLICY FORMULATION ,HIGHWAY ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP RATES ,PENALTIES ,TUNNEL ,VEHICLES ,INSURANCE ,BRIDGES ,ROAD LINKS ,INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT UNION ,IRU ,PUBLIC POLICY ,TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,PASSENGER TRAFFIC ,BUS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD TRAFFIC ,RAIL LINK ,ISO ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,COMMUTING ,MARKET RISK ,RAILWAY STATIONS ,TRANSPORT FACILITIES ,RAIL CONNECTION ,BORDER CROSSING ,TRAFFIC SAFETY ,TERRAIN ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,SAVINGS ,MEETING ,PUBLIC WORKS ,TRANSPORT POLICY ,ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK ,PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS - Abstract
This issue of the Handshake, IFCs quarterly journal on public-private partnerships, contains the following topics of interest: weighing the options: burn or bury?; waste and climate: supporting governments; community engagement: integrating Indias informal sector; an interview with the director of the documentary Trashed; and bonus: podcast with 2013 CNN hero on community cleanups.
- Published
- 2014
34. Handshake, No. 11 (October 2013)
- Author
-
International Finance Corporation
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,HIGHWAY PROJECT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ,URBAN RAIL ,WORLD TRADE ,CONVENTION ,COMMUTER RAIL ,CROSSING ,RAILWAYS ,ROADWAY CAPACITY ,ROAD ,TRIPS ,INFLATION ,SPEEDS ,ROUTES ,EMPLOYMENT ,CARS ,GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,PSP ,INCOME ,TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,URBANIZATION ,PASSENGER ,HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAILWAY ,INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,PROJECT SELECTION ,TRAMWAYS ,SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS ,IFC ,FREIGHT SERVICES ,NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ,TOLL ,MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT ,TRANSPARENCY ,UNPAVED ROADS ,EMERGING MARKETS ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,PATRONAGE ,PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES ,HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ,RAILROAD ,EXPLOITATION ,LAND ACQUISITION ,ROAD PROJECTS ,MINISTRIES OF TRANSPORT ,ROAD DEATHS ,PASSENGER RAIL ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAIL ,TRANSPORT PROJECTS ,BUDGET SURPLUS ,TRUE ,VOLUME OF TRAFFIC ,AIRPORTS ,NEGOTIATIONS ,PAVING ,RAIL TRANSPORT ,URBAN TRANSPORTATION ,ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMS ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP ,RAPID RAIL ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,ALLIANCE ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,ACCIDENTS ,ROADWAY ,NEGOTIATION ,TRANSPORT EFFICIENCY ,TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,ROADS ,TOLL REVENUES ,RAIL DEVELOPMENT ,SHARING ,TOLL ROAD ,AIR ,PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ,TRANSPORT SERVICE ,ROAD REHABILITATION ,ROAD USER ,TRAFFIC INJURIES ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,GRADE ,SAFETY LEGISLATION ,TRAMS ,JOURNEY ,TOLLS ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,STREETCARS ,INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSIT SYSTEM ,RAIL LINKS ,ROAD TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,NET PRESENT VALUE ,FREIGHT ,DRIVER BEHAVIOR ,REVENUE SOURCES ,HIGHWAY NETWORK ,SUBSIDIARY ,NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,TOLL BOOTHS ,STATE HIGHWAYS ,TRUCKS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,NET BENEFITS ,TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ,SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,BORDER CROSSINGS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,FOREIGN TRADE ,CONCESSIONS ,PASSENGERS ,ROUTES FOR FREIGHT ,INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ,INVESTMENT IN ROADS ,INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,TURNPIKES ,FRONTIER ,DRIVERS ,INTERCHANGES ,TUNNELS ,PILOT PROJECTS ,VEHICLE FLEET ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT MODE ,UNDERGROUND ,VEHICLE ,WHEELS ,CONSTRUCTION ,TRANSPORT MODE ,TRANSPORT OPERATORS ,FEASIBILITY STUDIES ,ARBITRATION ,PROJECT MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORTS ,RAIL TRAFFIC ,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,LIGHT RAIL ,RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE ,ROAD CONCESSIONS ,FREIGHT RAIL ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES ,INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE ,INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS ,RECONSTRUCTION ,ROAD SAFETY ,SPEED ,ROAD TRANSPORT FACILITATION ,BUSES ,SURVEYING ,TRAINS ,ROAD NETWORK ,MASS RAPID TRANSIT ,TRANSPORT POLICIES ,FRAMEWORK ,MOBILITY ,RETURN ON INVESTMENT ,FREIGHT TRAFFIC ,BARRIERS TO TRADE ,RAIL PROJECT ,TRAFFIC SURVEYS ,HIGHWAYS ,METRO RAIL ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LANES ,ROAD NETWORKS ,RAIL LINES ,BRIDGE ,KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,ROAD CAPACITY ,ROUTE ,HIGHWAY CORRIDOR ,ROAD SECTOR ,PASSENGER TRAINS ,ACCOUNTING ,TRAVEL TIME ,GLOBAL TRADE ,TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ,BOUNDARIES ,POLICY FORMULATION ,HIGHWAY ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP RATES ,PENALTIES ,TUNNEL ,VEHICLES ,INSURANCE ,BRIDGES ,ROAD LINKS ,INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT UNION ,IRU ,PUBLIC POLICY ,TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,PASSENGER TRAFFIC ,BUS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,ROAD TRAFFIC ,RAIL LINK ,ISO ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,COMMUTING ,MARKET RISK ,RAILWAY STATIONS ,TRANSPORT FACILITIES ,RAIL CONNECTION ,BORDER CROSSING ,TRAFFIC SAFETY ,TERRAIN ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,SAVINGS ,MEETING ,PUBLIC WORKS ,TRANSPORT POLICY ,ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK ,PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS - Abstract
This issue includes the following headings: donors: aid versus trade; investment: seeking strong partners; power: hydro heats up; water: sanitation solutions; and first person: African Development Bank President
- Published
- 2013
35. Devolution without Disruption : Pathways to a Successful New Kenya
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
URBAN SERVICES ,INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,CITIES ,SOCIAL WELFARE ,TAX ,PUBLIC SERVANTS ,PUBLIC FUNDING ,EMPLOYMENT ,POLICY MAKERS ,PUBLIC SERVICE MANAGEMENT ,FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,FISCAL TRANSPARENCY ,GOVERNORS ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,MUNICIPALITIES ,CROWDING OUT ,URBANIZATION ,INTEGRITY ,ASSETS ,PROCUREMENT ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,TAX COLLECTION ,VIOLENCE ,CONSTITUENCIES ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,NATIONAL LAWS ,PATRONAGE ,WAGES ,CONSTITUENT ,DECISION MAKING ,CIVIL SERVICE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS ,NATIONAL BUDGET ,URBAN GROWTH ,URBAN MANAGEMENT ,CASH MANAGEMENT ,PROVISIONS ,MINISTER ,PARLIAMENT ,LOCAL LEVEL ,ALLEGIANCE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,DISCRETION ,AUTONOMY ,SURCHARGES ,COUNTY EXECUTIVES ,DEVOLUTION ,ELECTRICITY ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,CAPITALS ,PUBLIC SERVICE EMPLOYMENT ,GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY ,EXPENDITURE RESPONSIBILITIES ,PROPERTY TAXES ,COUNTY GOVERNMENTS ,NATIONAL TAXES ,GOVERNOR ,ROADS ,ACCOUNTING ,TAXATION ,CAPITAL PROJECTS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,LOCAL AUTONOMY ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,PENALTIES ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS ,CAPITAL GRANTS ,SANCTION ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,PARLIAMENTARY VOTES ,MUNICIPAL ,TREASURY ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,BORROWING ,CABINET ,LEGISLATION ,ELECTIONS ,PUBLIC ,LOCAL AUTHORITIES ,EQUALIZATION ,ABUSE ,REVENUE SOURCES ,MUNICIPALITY ,BUDGET PROCESS ,HOUSING ,LOCAL SPENDING ,NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE ,CORRUPTION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,POLITICIANS ,PUBLIC EMPLOYEES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,NATIONAL LAW ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,ELECTION ,HEALTH SERVICES ,FISCAL FEDERALISM ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,URBAN AREAS ,LEADERSHIP ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY ,ACCOUNTABILITY - Abstract
Government of Australia Kenya's new constitution marks a critical juncture in the nation's history. It is widely perceived, by Kenyans from all walks of life, as a new beginning. Indeed, many feel that post- independence Kenya has been characterized by centralization of political and economic power in the hands of a few, resulting in an uneven and unfair distribution of resources and corresponding access to social services; the opposite of an inclusive state. Born of the political opportunity created by the 2008 post-election violence, the constitution finally adopted, after almost a decade of unsuccessful reform attempts, presages far-reaching changes. Its vision encompasses a dramatic transformation of the Kenyan state through new accountable and transparent institutions, inclusive approaches to government and a firm focus on equitable service delivery for all Kenyans through the newly established county governments. Devolution is at the heart of the new constitution and a key vehicle for addressing spatial inequities. A more decentralized government makes eminent sense, given Kenya's diversity and experience with political use of central power. Decentralization has been increasingly seen and adopted worldwide as a guarantee against discretionary use of power by central elites as well as a way to enhance the efficiency of social service provision, by allowing for a closer match between public policies and the desires and needs of local constituencies. Kenya's constitution entrenches devolved government by guaranteeing a minimum unconditional transfer to counties under the new dispensation. The devolution train has already left the station: the challenge is to make sure it arrives at destination, safely and on time. The politics of devolution explain the high intensity of hopes and expectations that have been pinned to it. It also means there are high risks if they are disappointed. There are great opportunities and enormous challenges waiting for Kenya, in a critical election year, which will determine the fate of the country, politically and economically for years to come. This report takes a snapshot look at the critical issues facing Kenya's policy makers today. It does not argue for or against devolution (a decision that belongs solely to Kenyans), but presents suggestions and recommendations on how best to navigate the tough choices ahead. It's main focus in on helping Kenya manage a delicate transition.
- Published
- 2012
36. Sustainability of Transport Projects : Toolkit
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,TRANSPORT STRATEGY ,NATIONAL TRANSPORT ,INVENTORY ,DESCRIPTION ,CITY TRANSPORT ,ROAD MANAGEMENT ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,OPERATIONAL RISK ,ROAD ,TRANSPORT PLANNING ,EMPLOYMENT ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,RUNWAY ,HABITAT ,TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT ,ACQUISITION COSTS ,VEHICLE ,DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,MUNICIPALITIES ,TRANSPORT MODES ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,LOCAL PARTICIPATION ,DEVELOPMENT ISSUES ,PRIORITIES ,INTERVENTIONS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,VEHICLE TYPES ,ENGINEERS ,RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE ,SUSTAINABILITY ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,GAPS ,RURAL AREAS ,ROAD PROJECTS ,ROAD SAFETY ,BUSES ,BICYCLE NETWORK ,CARBON EMISSIONS ,INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,RAIL ,TRANSPORT PROJECTS ,SUPERVISION ,URBAN MOBILITY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,TRANSPORT APPRAISAL ,AIRPORTS ,CULVERTS ,FREIGHT TRAFFIC ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,BUS SYSTEMS ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,TRANSIT ,TRANSPORT SAFETY ,ACCESSIBILITY ,BRIDGE ,MODES OF TRANSPORT ,NOISE ,DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,AID ,BUS LANES ,DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,ROAD SECTOR ,ROADS ,DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ,AIR ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS ,HIGHWAY ,TRANSPORT RESEARCH ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,ROAD INVESTMENT ,HEAVY TRUCKS ,VEHICLES ,TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT ,TRANSPORT RESEARCH LABORATORY ,BANKS ,TRANSPORT DEMAND ,RESETTLEMENT ,RURAL ROADS ,TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,TRANSPORT INVESTMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,LEGISLATION ,IMPROVED ACCESSIBILITY ,AID AGENCIES ,DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION ,FREIGHT ,COMMUNITY GROUPS ,REVENUE SOURCES ,URBAN TRANSPORT ,SIDEWALKS ,STATE HIGHWAYS ,URBAN BUS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,LOCAL LAWS ,TRANSPORT ,SAVINGS ,ADB ,COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ,SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,GENDER ,COMMUNITIES ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS - Abstract
This report is the output of the finalize toolkit phase (phase three) for the project sustainability toolkit for transport projects. The overall objective, as defined in the terms of reference, is 'to make development projects more sustainable by reducing the risk of failure of projects attaining their long-term development goals and enhance the prospects for their sustained impact on development ensuring that there is local commitment to longer-term buy-in'. The main deliverable of the project is a project sustainability toolkit, of which this report outlines the final version. This toolkit helps to gauge the potential for the project to be sustainable into the long-term and provide advice to help overcome common barriers to the successful development and implementation of projects. The guidance covers the expected opportunities and constraints related to sustainability. The toolkit is intended to reduce the risk of project failure in terms of sustainable development and enable recipient country clients to incorporate core sustainability principles into transport projects at every stage of project planning, design and delivery. This will improve the prospects for longer-term sustainability and will enhance the long-term impacts of development projects. Task Team Leaders (TTL's) will benefit from additional evidence that supports investments intended to consolidate long-term development, and borrowers will benefit from projects with improved and demonstrable longer-term beneficial impact. The toolkit provides general advice for transport sector investments and is not modally specific. Information on the sub-components of the key sustainability principles has not been included since it was considered that this did not add value or further understanding of the issues.
- Published
- 2012
37. Avoiding the Fiscal Pitfalls of Subnational Regulation : How to Optimize Local Regulatory Fees to Encourage Growth
- Author
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International Finance Corporation, World Bank, and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
- Subjects
FISCAL REFORMS ,INVESTMENT ,CITIES ,PROPERTY TAX ADMINISTRATION ,LAND USE CONTROL ,INFLATION ,CRITERIA ,EMPLOYMENT ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS ,TAX INSTRUMENTS ,INVESTMENTS ,TAX COLLECTORS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,TAXES ON PROPERTY ,REGISTRATION FEES ,PERSONAL INCOME ,POLICY PROCESS ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,TAX REFORMS ,TRANSACTIONS ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISE ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ,TAX ADMINISTRATION CAPACITY ,POLICY REFORMS ,INTERESTS ,TRANSPARENCY ,STRATEGIES ,CITY ,LOCAL REVENUE SOURCES ,LAND TAXES ,MARKETS ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,REVENUE STRUCTURE ,SUBNATIONAL AUTHORITIES ,TRANSFERS ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,DEREGULATION ,LOCAL FINANCE ,DISTRICTS ,UNFUNDED MANDATES ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,SUBNATIONAL REFORM ,INCOME TAXES ,SMALL BUSINESS ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,STAMP DUTY ,PER ,FISCAL TRANSFER ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,REVENUE LOSS ,BUSINESS TAXES ,TAX RATE ,REFORM PROGRAMS ,TAX SYSTEMS ,PROPERTIES ,FISCAL AUTONOMY ,TAX REGIMES ,NET REVENUE ,PORTFOLIO ,BUDGET CONSTRAINT ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS ,PROPERTY TRANSFERS ,REVENUE NEEDS ,TAX BASE ,GOVERNOR ,BUDGETS ,TAXATION ,CONSOLIDATION ,RISK ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,PROPERTY TRANSFER TAXES ,FEDERAL TAXES ,STAMP DUTIES ,DECENTRALIZATION ,COMMUNITY ,FISCAL IMPACT ,GOOD ,REGULATION ,REVENUE ,CURRENCY ,TAX BURDEN ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENT ,BANKS ,PUBLIC DOMAIN ,EBF ,REGULATORY SYSTEM ,TAX REVENUES ,MINISTRY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,IMMOVABLE PROPERTY ,FUTURE ,PUBLIC ,GOVERNMENT REGULATION ,LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT ,PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY ,REVENUE SOURCES ,SUBNATIONAL ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,CONTRACTS ,REVENUE ADEQUACY ,VALUATION SYSTEMS ,HOUSING ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,SUBNATIONAL EXPENDITURE ,POLICY ANALYSIS ,FEDERAL STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT ,BUDGETING ,PUBLIC GOODS ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,FISCAL FEDERALISM ,SMALL TOWN ,LOCAL TAXES ,NOTARIES ,STATE GOVERNMENTS ,USER CHARGES ,TAX SYSTEM ,PROVINCE ,REVENUE PERFORMANCE ,TAX RATES ,VALUATION ,TAX ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,BUDGET ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS ,PROJECTS ,REVENUE GROWTH ,BAD DEBT ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE SYSTEM ,LAND USE ,SALES TAXES ,BENEFICIARIES ,MANDATES ,FEDERAL LAW ,PROPERTY TAX RECORDS ,TRANSITION COUNTRIES ,TOWNS ,LICENSES ,FISCAL TRANSFERS ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,OPTIONS ,GUARANTEE ,BANK ,LOANS ,POLICY DECISIONS ,STATE GOVERNMENT ,REVENUE SOURCE ,FISCAL CONSTRAINTS ,TAX COLLECTION ,PROVINCIAL LEVEL ,DISTRICT ,REGISTRATION FEE ,FISCAL NEUTRALITY ,TAX REFORM ,INDUSTRY ,TAX STRUCTURE ,PROPERTY TAX REFORM ,FINANCE ,DISTRICT REVENUES ,TAX REVENUE ,FISCAL FRAMEWORK ,CAPITAL GAINS ,LEVIES ,MARKET VALUE ,TOWN ,SEWERAGE SERVICES ,AFFILIATES ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,LARGE CITIES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY ,PROVISIONS ,REGULATORY AUTHORITY ,SAVING ,TAX ASSESSMENTS ,COMPETITIVE MARKETS ,EXCISE TAXES ,REVENUE SHORTFALLS ,AUTONOMY ,GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ,FEES ,SURCHARGES ,LAND VALUE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,MAYORS ,CADASTRES ,DEFICITS ,PROPERTY TAXES ,LOCAL FINANCES ,TAXPAYERS ,VALUE ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,NUISANCE TAXES ,TARIFFS ,CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION ,GOVERNANCE ,LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICES ,BUSINESS LICENSES ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,VILLAGE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,GOVERNMENT FINANCES ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,MAYOR ,INSURANCE ,LOCAL REVENUE ,TURNOVER ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,REVENUE AUTHORITY ,TAXES ,TRANSITION ECONOMIES ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ,TREASURY ,LAND ,PUBLIC REVENUES ,CITY ADMINISTRATION ,FISCAL REFORM ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,PROFITS ,EXPENDITURES ,LEGISLATION ,UTILITIES ,REVENUE COLLECTIONS ,MANAGEMENT ,MUNICIPALITY ,INTEREST ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LEVY ,LOCAL BUSINESS ,SAVINGS ,TAX BASES ,TAX EXPENDITURE ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,CHECKS ,SHARE ,SMALL TOWNS ,TAX BURDENS ,EXPENDITURE ,GROUP INVESTMENT ,TAX CODE ,REGULATORY SYSTEMS - Abstract
Facility for Investment Climate Advisory Services (FIAS) Since investment climate reforms in developing countries started gaining traction in the 1990s, most efforts have focused on issues at the national level, achieving varying degrees of success for reasons that are relatively well understood. This handbook provides an overview of efforts and achievements in subnational investment climate reforms. It is organized as follows. Chapter 2 reviews a number of countries experiences with subnational reforms, noting both success stories and disappointments and pointing toward lessons learned. Chapter 3 sets out the basic principles of subnational revenue, including business taxation. Chapter 4 describes sound licensing practices for subnational governments, including establishing licensing fees. Chapter 5 provides recommendations for subnational reform projects where both the regulatory authority and taxation require attention, which is the most common situation. Finally, the Appendix offers nine case studies covering subnational reform efforts in the following countries: Canada (British Columbia), The Russian Federation, China, Kenya, Tanzania, Peru (Lima), The Balkans (Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), Tajikistan, and Zambia.
- Published
- 2011
38. Tax Reform in Vietnam : Toward a More Efficient and Equitable System
- Author
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Shukla, Gangadha Prasad, Pham, Duc Minh, Engelschalk, Michael, Le, Tuan Minh, Shukla, Gangadha Prasad, Pham, Duc Minh, Engelschalk, Michael, and Le, Tuan Minh
- Subjects
BUDGET DEFICITS ,CITIES ,TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM ,WORLD TRADE ,POLICY REFORM ,CONSUMPTION TAX ,INFLATION ,TAX EXEMPTION ,TAX REVENUE SHARING ,CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTIONS ,POLICY MAKERS ,FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,TAX INSTRUMENTS ,E-COMMERCE ,PROVINCIAL REVENUES ,FUND INFORMATION ,PERSONAL INCOME ,SUB-NATIONAL ,TURNOVER TAXES ,TAX TREATMENT ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,TAX REFORMS ,BONDS ,ADDED TAX ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURE ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,TRANSPARENCY ,TAX FORMS ,PAYMENT METHODS ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,BUDGET CYCLE ,LAND TAXES ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,REVENUE STRUCTURE ,TAX POLICY ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,TAX OFFICES ,IRREGULAR INCOMES ,TAX EXPENDITURES ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,TAXPAYER SERVICE ,REFORM PROGRAM ,SMALL BUSINESS ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICE ,BUSINESS CLIMATE ,CASH FLOW ,TAX RATE ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,FIXED ASSETS ,TAX ASSIGNMENT ,TAX REGIMES ,TAX REGIME ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS ,TAX BASE ,CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT ,TAXATION ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,PROPERTY TAX ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,STAMP DUTIES ,DECENTRALIZATION ,EXCHANGE RATE ,PERSONAL INCOME TAXES ,TAX BURDEN ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENT ,COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION ,EXCHANGE SYSTEM ,POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ,TARIFF REVENUE ,EFFICIENT USE ,TAX REVENUES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,IMMOVABLE PROPERTY ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,REDISTRIBUTION ,TAX LAWS ,INCOME GROUPS ,REVENUE SOURCES ,SUBNATIONAL ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,ISSUANCE ,REAL ESTATE ,REVENUE ADEQUACY ,BUDGET PROCESS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,COMPLIANCE COST ,TRADING ,TRADE TAXES ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,FOREIGN COMPANIES ,LAND VALUE TAXATION ,TAX POLICIES ,MARKET ECONOMY ,TAX EVASION ,EXCISE TAX ,TAX SYSTEM ,TRANSACTION ,BORDER TAX ,TAX COMPLIANCE ,TAX RATES ,VALUATION ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,TAX ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,TREATIES ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,EFFICIENT ALLOCATION ,TAX INCIDENCE ,COMMODITY ,PROVINCES ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,EFFECTIVE TAX RATES ,BENEFICIARIES ,INSTRUMENT ,ESTIMATED TAX ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,TAX STRUCTURES ,GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP ,TAXPAYER ,INCENTIVE STRUCTURE ,TAX LAW ,CONFIDENTIALITY ,TAX AUTONOMY ,LAND TAX ,TAX COLLECTION ,PROVINCIAL LEVEL ,PAYMENT SYSTEM ,BENEFICIARY ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,DISTRICT ,REGISTRATION FEE ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,TAX REDUCTIONS ,TAX REFORM ,TAX STRUCTURE ,PROPERTY TAX REFORM ,EXPORTERS ,TAX REVENUE ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,TRADE DEFICIT ,BUDGET PERFORMANCE ,CAPITAL GAINS ,MIDDLE-INCOME ECONOMY ,LEVIES ,TAX ACCOUNTING ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,TAX OFFICIALS ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,LAND PARCELS ,DEBT ,AGRICULTURAL TAX ,INVESTMENT RESOURCE ,TRANSFER TAX ,BUSINESS TAX ,EXCISE TAXES ,EXPENDITURE PER CAPITA ,TAXATION OF BUSINESS ,FIXED ASSET ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,RETURN ,GOVERNMENT BUDGETS ,DIVIDENDS ,FREE TRADE ,LAND VALUE ,RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TAX BRACKETS ,TAX CHANGES ,PROVINCIAL REVENUE ,TAX INCENTIVES ,HARMONIZATION ,PROPERTY TAXES ,TURNOVER TAX ,TAXPAYERS ,STATE BUDGET ,USE TAX ,DEDUCTIONS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,DISTRICT LEVEL ,OUTPUT ,COST OF COLLECTION ,OIL PRICES ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,TURNOVER ,REVENUE AUTHORITY ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,TAXPAYER SERVICES ,HOUSEHOLD BUSINESSES ,REVENUE FORECASTING ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,PERSONAL INCOME TAX ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICES ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,GROWTH RATE ,MONETARY FUND ,LEVEL OF COMMITMENT ,WORLD ECONOMY ,INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES ,DEBT COLLECTION ,JOB CREATION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,TRADING ACTIVITIES ,PROGRESSIVE TAX ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATION ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,AGRICULTURAL TAXES ,TAX POLICY REFORMS ,TAX SHARING ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,TAX REGULATIONS ,EXPENDITURE ,EXPORT TAXES ,HUMAN RESOURCE - Abstract
In 2010, after two decades of rapid economic growth, Vietnam passed the threshold to become a lower-middle-income economy. Sustained market-oriented reforms combined with intensive efforts to integrate into the world economy are among the key drivers of this achievement. The reform of tax policy and administration has been a vital part of this transition. This is leading to a fundamental change in the composition of taxpayers, from large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign-invested companies to a myriad of small and medium private enterprises. Economic transition is also leading to an equally important change in the sources of government revenue, away from cross-border trade-related taxes and revenue collection from crude oil toward a greater share of domestic tax revenue, in particular taxation of business profits, labor income, and capital gains on land. However, completing the transition to a market economy will require changes going beyond tax collection and administration procedures, and will involve changes to the tax instruments themselves. At the end of this process, Vietnam should have a set of taxes that is simple and transparent, secures a stable flow of revenues for the government, encourages an efficient allocation of resources, and does not risk constituting a source of inequality or unfairness. The purpose of the series of studies in this volume is to shed light on the issues Vietnam will be facing in the process of reforming its tax policy and administration. The studies are also expected to lead to concrete policy recommendations contributing to the preparation of key policies and legislative documents to ensure the achievement of the state budget revenue target and other tax administration reform targets in the SEDP 2011-2015. It is expected that the individual studies in this series will become useful inputs into the debate surrounding the issuance of new laws and regulations. It is also hoped that the volume will support the reform momentum in the tax policy area, leading to increased efficiency, transparency, and equity.
- Published
- 2011
39. Cameroon Economic Update, July 2011, Issue No. 2 : Towards Better Service Delivery
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
TAX RATES ,CITIES ,VALUATION ,CENTRAL TRANSFERS ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,HARD BUDGET CONSTRAINT ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,LENDING AGENCY ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,INFLATION ,EQUAL ACCESS ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,STOCKS ,POLICY MAKERS ,CAPITAL SPENDING ,GOVERNORS ,MINISTRY OF ECONOMY ,BOND ISSUES ,RISK OF DEBT ,BENEFICIARIES ,BAILOUT ,MUNICIPALITIES ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,SUB-NATIONAL ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,HARD BUDGET ,CAPITA TRANSFERS ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,RESERVES ,TAX EFFORT ,LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ,SUB-NATIONAL LIABILITIES ,LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,LOCAL OWN-SOURCE ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,LOCAL COUNCILS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,EXPENDITURE DATA ,LIQUIDITY POSITION ,HOLDING ,DEPOSITS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,FINANCIAL MEANS ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCING ,LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT ,CADASTRE ,PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS ,DISTRICTS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,GOVERNMENT FINANCING ,LIQUIDITY ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,PUBLIC DEBT ,ARREARS ,INCOME LEVELS ,CORPORATE INCOME ,TAX COMMISSION ,CENTRAL BUDGET ,DEBT OBLIGATIONS ,EQUALITY ,LIQUID SECONDARY MARKET ,ACCESS TO FINANCE ,CENTRAL BANK ,COUPON ,COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,CAPITAL MARKET ,LEVEL OF TRANSFERS ,LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICE ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,GOVERNANCE ISSUES ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,MAYORS ,TREASURY BILLS ,CENTRAL SPENDING ,TOTAL EXPENDITURE ,MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION ,LOCAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,CENTRAL TAX ,REVENUE BASE ,BUDGET CONSTRAINT ,TAXPAYERS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,REVENUE ASSIGNMENTS ,REVENUE NEEDS ,TAXATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,INCOME TAX ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,LOCAL MARKETS ,BUDGETARY ALLOCATION ,PROPERTY TAX ,ALLOCATION OF FUNDS ,ENDOWMENTS ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,LOCAL POPULATIONS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,STABILIZATION FUNCTION ,EQUIPMENT ,INSURANCE ,DEBT RELIEF ,CAPITAL GRANTS ,LOCAL REVENUE ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,BOND ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,FISCAL PERFORMANCE ,GOVERNMENT BOND ,TREASURY ,SYSTEM OF EQUALIZATION ,COUNTRY DEBT ,LOCAL BUDGETS ,SERVICE PROVISION ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,BORROWING ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,LOCAL BUDGET ,LOCAL OFFICIALS ,ACCESS TO CREDIT ,EFFICIENT USE ,EXPENDITURES ,DEBT MANAGEMENT ,LOCAL OWN-SOURCE REVENUES ,UTILITIES ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,DEBT STOCKS ,MONETARY FUND ,REVENUE SOURCES ,ISSUANCE ,MUNICIPALITY ,BUDGET PROCESS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEBT ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL ,BIASES ,BUDGETING ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAM ,SHARE OF INVESTMENT ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,FISCAL FEDERALISM ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,BOND ISSUE ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
These economic updates analyze the trends and constraints in Cameroon's economic development. Each issue, produced bi-annually, provides an update of recent economic developments as well as a special focus on a selected topical issue. The economic updates aim to share knowledge and stimulate debate among those interested in improving the economic management of Cameroon and unleashing its enormous potential. The notes thereby offer another voice on economic issues in Cameroon, and an additional platform for engagement, learning and change. The latest information confirms the expected recovery in economic activity in Cameroon. The upturn in the global economy and measures taken by the authorities to stimulate domestic production, real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in 2010 is estimated to have reached 3.2 percent (compared to 2 percent in 2009). As expected, most of this recovery was driven by the tertiary sector, which accounted for more than half of the estimated growth. The sector benefitted from a pick-up in timber-related transport and continued strong activities in mobile telephony stemming from a greater use of fiber optic, promotional campaigns during the Soccer World Cup, and the roll-out of new products. The recovery in the primary sector, with an estimated growth rate of about 4 percent in 2010, was led by a strong expansion in the timber sector, as well as in food crops. The non-oil secondary sector, meanwhile, is also estimated to have grown by about 4 percent, driven by a continued pick-up in construction activities and a rebound in food processing. Cameroon is a relatively small and mature oil producer, where oil production is declining. Depleting reserves, aging equipment, and more recently postponements of some development projects and investments because of the financial crisis explain this profile. The contribution of this sector to GDP growth has been mostly negative in recent years and oil production is estimated to have contracted by a further 12 percent in 2010 (to 23.2 million barrels).
- Published
- 2011
40. Who Governs Rural Russia? : Preliminary Outcomes of the 2006 Decentralization Reform
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,VALUATION ,ELECTED OFFICIALS ,FEDERAL LEGISLATION ,DECISION-MAKING ,DESCRIPTION ,REGIONAL GOVERNMENT ,PUBLIC SUPPORT ,REGISTRY OFFICE ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION ,health care economics and organizations ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,BENEFICIARIES ,INCOME ,INSTRUMENT ,PRODUCTIVITY ,ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,LOCAL CAPACITY ,MUNICIPALITIES ,POLITICAL POWER ,LOCALITIES ,CONSTITUTION ,REGISTRATION SYSTEM ,FEMALE ,PENSION ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,LEGAL SUPPORT ,DISTRICT GOVERNMENT ,RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ,GOVERNMENT GRANTS ,INHABITANTS ,LOCAL PARTICIPATION ,REVOLUTION ,OCCUPATION ,FORMAL SYSTEM ,INTERVENTION ,SETTLEMENT ,REPRESENTATIVES ,TAX COLLECTION ,BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS ,TRANSPARENCY ,LOCAL COUNCILS ,education ,DEMOCRACY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,ENACTMENT ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,WAGES ,SHOPS ,RURAL AREAS ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE ,ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,LOCAL TAX ,DISTRICTS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,VOTING ,CONSTITUENCY ,LARGE CITIES ,INCOME LEVELS ,COUNTRYSIDE ,LOCAL BUSINESSES ,GOVERNMENT MANDATES ,LOCAL LEVEL ,PERSONAL PROPERTY ,PUBLIC OPINION ,DEMOCRATIC REFORMS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION ,GOVERNMENT REFORM ,SOCIAL POLICY ,URBAN POPULATION ,ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS ,AUDITS ,FISCAL AUTONOMY ,TAX ASSIGNMENT ,DECREE ,CITIZENSHIP ,DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE ,GRANT ALLOCATION ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PROPERTY TAXES ,CITIZENS ,PARTY AFFILIATION ,ACCOUNTING ,TAXATION ,FINANCES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,SUBVENTIONS ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,BUSINESS LICENSES ,VILLAGES ,GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE ,LOCAL AUTONOMY ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,FISCAL POLICY ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS ,YOUTH ,EQUIPMENT ,GOVERNMENT LEVELS ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,HOUSEHOLDS ,TURNOVER ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT ,LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ,LOCAL BUDGETS ,MIGRATION ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL SOLIDARITY ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,EXECUTION ,LOCAL OFFICIALS ,TAX REVENUES ,ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES ,LEGISLATION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,TAX PAYMENT ,UTILITIES ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC ,GOVERNMENT SERVICES ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,EQUALIZATION ,ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS ,FISCAL CAPACITY ,REVENUE SOURCES ,FINANCIAL AUTONOMY ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,HOUSING ,RURAL SETTLEMENTS ,FORMAL PAYMENT ,PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ,CORRUPTION ,BUDGETING ,LIBRARIES ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,LAWS ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT ,SMALL TOWNS ,DECENTRALIZATION REFORM ,GENDER ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXPENDITURE ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
The objectives of the study are to: a) increase understanding of the effects and effectiveness of the implementation of the local government reform launched in 2006; and b) assess the impact of a World Bank-supported intervention that aimed to enhance effectiveness of the reforms by increasing local capacity and local participation. In line with these objectives, the study assessed the perceived effects and effectiveness of the implementation of the local government reform in selected provinces. The study also constitutes a baseline to allow for on-going assessment of progress and to inform corrective policy actions. The instruments and methods created during the study may be used in future assessments of the dynamics of local governance reform. These effects are reviewed in section two. The study also carried out a rigorous evaluation of the impact of an operational intervention carried out with World Bank support in the three regions of the study. This grant-funded project was aimed at increasing the effectiveness of participation of rural citizens in public life and increasing the capacity of local administrations to operate in the new legal and fiscal environment created by the decentralization reform. The summary of the impact evaluation can be found in section three.
- Published
- 2011
41. Financing Environmental Services in Developing Countries
- Author
-
Sander, Klas and Cranford, Matthew
- Subjects
PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,POLLUTION CONTROL ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,DISCOUNT RATES ,SOURCE OF FUNDS ,CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTS ,EXTERNALITIES ,DEBT INVESTMENT ,TRADABLE PERMITS ,FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,EMISSIONS ,NATURAL CAPITAL ,CREDIT ANALYSIS ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,DONOR SUPPORT ,PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ,RETURNS ,BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ,ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ,MORAL HAZARD ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,CREDIT ENHANCEMENT ,DEVELOPMENT BANKS ,PRICE FLOOR ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,WELFARE GAINS ,FOREST MANAGEMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ,RISK MITIGATION ,FIXED INCOME ,SWAPS ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES ,SOURCES OF FINANCE ,DISBURSEMENT ,INTERNATIONAL DEBATE ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,ENDANGERED SPECIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ,PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCING ,USER FEES ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ,AUCTIONS ,SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY ,PUBLIC GOOD ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,PRIVATE FINANCING ,CONSERVATION FINANCE ,MICROCREDIT ,PRIORITY LENDING ,CARBON ,ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ,ECONOMIC SYSTEM ,GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ,PORTFOLIO ,GOVERNMENT FUNDING ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,START-UP ,USE VALUE ,ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ,FISCAL POLICY ,AIR POLLUTION ,NET PROFIT ,OPPORTUNITY COSTS ,CURRENCY ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,BOND ,ECONOMIC VALUE ,CARBON TAXES ,BORROWING ,LOAN ,FINANCIAL EXPERTISE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PRIVATE SECTOR FINANCE ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC ,MICROFINANCE ,ECONOMIC DECISION ,ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES ,POLICY INSTRUMENTS ,REDUCING EMISSIONS ,REPAYMENT ,REVENUE SOURCES ,INVESTMENT FUNDS ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,ECONOMICS ,CAPITALIZATION ,FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ,TRADING ,WATER USE ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,FINANCIAL STRUCTURE ,ADVERSE SELECTION ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,FINANCIAL FLOWS ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,INITIAL INVESTMENT ,TRANSACTION ,MARKET ACCESS ,ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION ,INVESTMENT INCOME ,SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT ,TAX ,MICRO-LENDING ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,FINANCIAL TRANSFERS ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ,NON-USE VALUES ,TRUST FUND ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,CREDIT EXTENSION ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,PROVISIONING ,INSTRUMENT ,INVESTING ,CASH INFLOWS ,SEED FUNDING ,PLEDGES ,AUDITING ,RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ,PERPETUITY ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,FUNDING SOURCE ,BENEFICIARY ,ECOLOGY ,INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY ,DEVELOPMENT FINANCE ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,DECISION MAKING ,MARKET MECHANISMS ,DEBT INSTRUMENTS ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,FACILITATION ,ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION ,ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ,PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM ,MFIS ,WEALTH CREATION ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,FINANCIAL PRODUCTS ,AUTONOMY ,ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ,FINANCING SOURCES ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,ECONOMIC INCENTIVES ,EVALUATION CRITERIA ,ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ,MINISTRIES OF FINANCE ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,FINANCE MINISTRIES ,FINANCES ,ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS ,WETLANDS ,MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,CURRENCY RISK ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,PRIVATE INVESTORS ,DIFFERENTIAL TAXATION ,INSURANCE ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,LANDOWNER ,INVESTMENT STRATEGY ,TREASURY ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,PUBLIC REVENUES ,FISCAL REFORM ,MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ,CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ,FINANCIAL COSTS ,UTILITIES ,SUSTAINABLE USE ,CONTRACT DESIGN ,MONETARY FUND ,PRIVATE FINANCE ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,FORESTRY ,DERIVATIVE ,ENERGY EFFICIENCY ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LEVY ,SAVINGS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,GROUP LENDING ,DEFORESTATION ,FISHERIES ,EXPENDITURE ,ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS - Abstract
Current international financing (primarily ODA) for environmental services in developing countries is very roughly estimated to be upwards of $21 billion annually (not including climate change financing), but additional resources on the order of tens, if not hundreds, of billions of dollars are needed. In 2009, environmental ODA was estimated at $18 billion with a few billion more delivered through philanthropic and market-based financing channels. Although there are only a few studies of the additional financing needed, and those are relatively narrow in scope, the estimates that are available clearly indicate that significantly higher levels of finance still need to be reached. Additionally, the impacts of environmental finance on environmental sustainability and development objectives are poorly understood. Systematic reviews of previous experience, and standardized monitoring in the future, would support the countries and projects monitored, while also providing important lessons for the broader development and environment communities.
- Published
- 2010
42. Implementing a Government-wide Monitoring and Evaluation System in South Africa
- Author
-
Engela, Ronette and Ajam, Tania
- Subjects
END USERS ,ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES ,AUDITOR-GENERAL ,ANNUAL PERFORMANCE ,CAPABILITY ,PERFORMANCE AGREEMENTS ,VERIFICATION ,QUALITY ASSURANCE ,ANNUAL BUDGET ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,PERFORMANCE INFORMATION ,MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,CENTRAL AGENCIES ,REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ,TURNOVER RATES ,MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,INFORMATION FLOWS ,REFORM AGENDA ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REFORM ,EXPENDITURE DATA ,BASIC ,BASIC SERVICE ,ENTRY POINTS ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,EXPENDITURE PROGRAM ,PUBLIC INSTITUTION ,REFORM PROCESSES ,ANNUAL REPORTS ,BUDGET ALLOCATION ,BUSINESS PROCESSES ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,COMPONENTS ,FISCAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ,COPYRIGHT ,PERFORMANCE DATA ,MINISTER ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,NATIONAL PRIORITIES ,DATA REQUIREMENTS ,TURNAROUND TIME ,AUDITOR ,PUBLIC AGENCIES ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES ,ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE ,ANNUAL REPORTING ,PERFORMANCE REPORTING ,BEST-PRACTICE ,QUALITY OF SERVICE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,BUDGET STRUCTURE ,RESULT ,CREDIBLE EVIDENCE ,OUTPUT MEASURES ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE ,IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,NETWORKS ,JUSTICE ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HEALTH CARE ,PERFORMANCE AUDITING ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,COLLECTED REVENUES ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,WEBSITE ,MEMBER COUNTRIES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,TARGETS ,IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES ,REVENUE SOURCES ,USE PERFORMANCE INFORMATION ,EXTERNAL CONSULTANTS ,PUBLIC AUDIT ,PERFORMANCE MEASURES ,RESULTS ,CITIZEN SURVEYS ,CORRUPTION ,POLITICIANS ,PROGRAM PERFORMANCE ,PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ,CREATION OF POLICIES ,PERFORMANCE TARGETS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,ANNUAL REPORT ,LEADERSHIP ,SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,TRANSACTION ,SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,REFORM STRATEGIES ,INVENTORY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BASIC SERVICES ,PROGRAMS ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,OUTCOME INDICATORS ,CRIME ,LEGAL BASIS ,ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,INTEGRITY ,INVESTIGATIONS ,ASSETS ,INFORMATION SHARING ,METADATA ,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ,INFORMATION SERVICES ,USERS ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,SANCTIONS ,CAPACITY-BUILDING ,FACSIMILE ,DEMOCRACY ,APPLICATION OF INFORMATION ,HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ,MEDIA ,SANITATION ,EVALUATION METHODOLOGY ,STRATEGIC PLANS ,INSTITUTION ,PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ,CIVIL SERVICE ,DELIVERY TIMES ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCESS ,OUTCOME MEASURES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,PUBLIC ENTITIES ,MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,TELEPHONE ,INNOVATION ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,MINISTERS ,ELECTRICITY ,BUDGET DECISION ,DATA SOURCES ,ACTION PLAN ,HARMONIZATION ,ACCOUNTING ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,APPROPRIATIONS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,BUDGET REFORMS ,USES ,STRATEGIC POLICY ,USER ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,ANNUAL BUDGETS ,PERFORMANCE CULTURE ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,CUSTOM ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,DATA QUALITY ,PERFORMANCE BUDGETING ,PROTOCOLS ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,CIVIL SERVANT ,PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ,DATA MANAGEMENT ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,PERFORMANCE MONITORING ,ACCOUNTABILITY RELATIONSHIPS ,DATA MINING ,REGISTERS ,INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES ,ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ,MATERIAL ,BASELINE DATA ,PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,FINANCE MANAGEMENT ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PUBLIC WORKS ,DATABASE INFORMATION ,PUBLIC SECTOR EFFICIENCY ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION DECISIONS ,COMMUNITIES ,DATA COLLECTION ,ETHICS ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,FUNCTIONALITY ,TRAINING COURSES - Abstract
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an extremely complex, multidisciplinary and skill intensive endeavor. Government-wide M&E is even more so because it requires detailed knowledge across and within sectors, as well as of interactions among planning, budgeting, and implementation functions in the public sector. The situation is complicated even further when the machinery of government is decentralized, with powers and functions distributed across three spheres of government. This paper outlines the process of implementing a government-wide monitoring and evaluation (GWM&E) system in South Africa. The first section sketches the context that created the impetus for establishing such a system. This context is clearly shaping the evolution of the system and influencing its longer-term sustainability. The second section outlines the various stages of conceptualizing and implementing the GWM&E system, which is currently very much a 'work in progress.' The third section reviews international experiences for lessons learned, which may also be germane to the South African context, noting similarities and differences in approach. Some of the critical implementation factors relate to the role of political leadership and championing of M&E, incentives for promoting usage of M&E findings, dealing with information and data constraints, capacity building, "ownership" of the M&E system by line ministries and other agencies, and managing the challenges of change. The fourth section examines a range of challenges and difficulties encountered in South Africa. The final section reflects on lessons distilled from the South African experience to date.
- Published
- 2010
43. Towards a Palestinian State : Reforms for Fiscal Strengthening
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW ,PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ,LABOR FORCE SURVEY ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,MUNICIPAL FINANCE ,TAX ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BUDGETARY DEFICITS ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,BASIC SERVICES ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ,FAMILIES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ,TRUST FUND ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ,JOB OPPORTUNITIES ,EXTERNAL FINANCING ,EMPLOYMENT ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,BEST PRACTICE ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS ,FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,INVESTOR CONFIDENCE ,NEW COMPANY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,BENEFICIARIES ,INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,DONOR SUPPORT ,FISCAL BURDEN ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,PENSION ,TECHNICAL SUPPORT ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,AUDITING ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,STREETS ,ASSETS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL SYSTEMS ,FEE COLLECTION ,SETTLEMENT ,ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ,TAX COLLECTION ,TRANSPARENCY ,FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,BANK ACCOUNTS ,LOCAL COUNCILS ,PENSIONS ,REVENUE COLLECTION ,SOLVENCY ,FUNDING SOURCE ,BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS ,CONSULTING SERVICES ,DEPOSITS ,MUNICIPAL SERVICES ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,WAGES ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,PUBLIC PROPERTY ,RETIREMENT ,SAFETY NET ,CIVIL SERVICE ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,DONOR FUNDING ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,ARREARS ,TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ,BANKING SECTOR ,CASH MANAGEMENT ,PROVISIONS ,USER FEES ,MINISTER ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,PENSION REFORM ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,BALANCED BUDGETS ,DEBTS ,ACCOUNTABILITIES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,AUTONOMY ,LOSS OF REVENUES ,PUBLIC FINANCE MANAGEMENT ,COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL ,GOVERNMENT REFORM ,AUDITOR ,LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION ,REFORM PROGRAMS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,SOLID WASTE COLLECTION ,ELECTRICITY ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,FISCAL AUTONOMY ,DEFICITS ,PROPERTY TAXES ,ROADS ,ACCOUNTING ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,CONSOLIDATION ,EMERGENCY SITUATION ,ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PROPERTY TAX ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,BUSINESS LICENSES ,VILLAGE ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS ,DECENTRALIZATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ,POLICE ,FISCAL POLICY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,HOUSEHOLDS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,SOFT BUDGET CONSTRAINT ,RECURRENT DEFICIT ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ,ACCESS TO RESOURCES ,BANKS ,TREASURY ,PENSION SYSTEMS ,UNION ,BORROWING ,LOCAL BANKS ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,PENSION REFORMS ,PUBLIC MARKETS ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,CREDIT FACILITIES ,LEGISLATION ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,FINANCING COSTS ,PUBLIC SECTOR WAGES ,UTILITIES ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC ,NEW ENTRANTS ,FINANCIAL POLICIES ,MONETARY FUND ,LIMITED ACCESS ,FISCAL POLICIES ,REVENUE SOURCES ,REAL ESTATE ,HOUSING ,PUBLIC MARKET ,FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ,JOB CREATION ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,WATER SUPPLY ,BUDGETING ,FINANCIAL HEALTH ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,REFUGEE ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,BIDDING ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,LAWS ,LOCAL BUSINESS ,PENSION SYSTEM ,CASH TRANSFER ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC WORKS ,CASH TRANSFERS ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,CHECKS ,REFUGEES ,RECURRENT BUDGET DEFICIT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ELECTRICITY SERVICES ,OPERATING COSTS - Abstract
The thirteenth government of the Palestinian Authority (PA) presented in August 2009 a program entitled Palestine: ending the occupation, establishing the state (hereafter referred to as the program) that lays out the vision, foundational principles, and national goals for the future Palestinian state, as well as institution-building and sector priorities. This report will therefore begin by discussing recent trends in the economic restrictions imposed by the Government of Israel (GoI) on West Bank and Gaza (WB&G). The next section will focus on an analysis of economic and fiscal developments, highlighting the fact that WB&G experienced in 2009 a third consecutive year of economic growth and rising per capita GDP, driven by large inflows of external assistance and a relatively stable security situation. Despite the growth, however, the recurrent deficit rose from roughly US$1.3 billion in 2008 to US$1.6 billion on a commitment basis in 2009, mostly as a result of emergency spending in Gaza in the aftermath of Israel s military operation (operation cast lead, December 27, 2008, January 18, 2009) as well as arrears brought forward from 2008 and recognized as commitments in 2009. Given this finding, the discussion in remainder of the report is particularly relevant, focusing on the reform areas of fiscal strengthening and improved public financial management and the important role played by local governments in this regard.
- Published
- 2010
44. Mali; Third Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility and Request for a Modification of Performance Criteria: Staff Report; Joint IMF/IDA Debt Sustainability Analysis; Press Release; and Statement by the Executive Director for Mali
- Author
-
null International Monetary Fund
- Subjects
History ,Economic indicators ,Extended Credit Facility ,Fiscal consolidation ,Budgetary policy ,Announcements ,Debt sustainability analysis ,Staff Reports ,Revenue sources ,Performance criteria modifications ,Privatization ,Fiscal policy ,Fiscal reforms ,Mali ,Mining sector ,debt, budget, fiscal balance, deficit, balance of payments ,Computer Science Applications ,Education - Abstract
This paper discusses key findings of the Third Review Under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) for Mali. Implementation of the ECF-supported program has been challenged by the global financial crisis and the ensuing global slowdown. The new program aims to continue prudent fiscal policies and complementary reforms. The 2008 food and oil crisis challenged program implementation, but performance was broadly satisfactory. On the basis of the authorities’ satisfactory record, IMF staff recommends completion of the Third Review of the current ECF arrangement.
- Published
- 2010
45. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Ghana Country Study
- Author
-
Kavalsky, Basil and Hartmann, Arntraud
- Subjects
BUDGET FRAMEWORK ,STRUCTURAL REFORM ,BANK POLICY ,EXPENDITURES ON HEALTH ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,EDUCATION BUDGET ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,AUDITOR-GENERAL ,BUDGETARY SYSTEMS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TRADE UNIONS ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,ANNUAL PERFORMANCE ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,HEALTH CENTERS ,PUBLIC FUNDING ,RESOURCE LEVELS ,TRUST FUND ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PROGRAMS ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,PROGRAM OUTCOMES ,PUBLIC SECTOR SPENDING ,CIVIL LIBERTIES ,SECTOR MINISTRIES ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,BANK LENDING ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,HEALTH PROGRAMS ,BENEFICIARIES ,SOCIAL EXPENDITURES ,INSTRUMENT ,PUBLIC BUDGET ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,ASSESSMENT PROCESS ,GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP ,EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET ,OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY ,TRANCHES ,DONOR ASSISTANCE ,EXPENDITURE CONTROLS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,EDUCATION SPENDING ,HEALTH FINANCING SYSTEM ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,REFORM AGENDA ,TRANSPARENCY ,REFORM PROCESS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POVERTY REDUCING ,POVERTY-REDUCING EXPENDITURE ,BANK PORTFOLIO ,LIVING STANDARDS ,BUDGET CYCLE ,BORROWER ,BORROWING CAPACITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,TRANCHE ,FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ,SANITATION ,PUBLIC EDUCATION ,QUALITY CONTROL ,CAPITATION GRANT ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,HEALTH INSURANCE FUND ,CIVIL SERVICE ,BUDGET SUPPORT OPERATIONS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,EDUCATION SERVICES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,DISBURSEMENT ,DONOR FUNDING ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,AUDIT SYSTEMS ,DEVOLUTION OF RESPONSIBILITIES ,TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR ,HEALTH SECTOR ,PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM ,FUNGIBLE ,LENDING INSTRUMENTS ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTS ,BUDGETARY REFORMS ,MACRO-STABILITY ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,DISBURSEMENTS ,CAPITAL MARKET ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,BUDGETARY EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,SECTORAL POLICIES ,TOTAL EXPENDITURE ,ACCESS TO SAFE WATER ,DONOR COORDINATION ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,DONOR INFLOWS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION ,ACCOUNTING ,CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,BUDGET SUPPORT ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,BUDGET OUTCOMES ,DECENTRALIZATION ,FINANCE MINISTRY ,HEALTH CARE ,EXTRA BUDGETARY FUNDS ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,DEBT RELIEF ,DONOR FUNDS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,BUDGETARY MANAGEMENT ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,REALLOCATIONS ,SERVICE PROVISION ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,FISCAL IMBALANCES ,LOAN ,EDUCATION POLICIES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,HEALTH FINANCING ,SECTOR BUDGET ,EDUCATION EXPENDITURES ,ANNUAL REVIEWS ,CONDITIONALITY ,PUBLIC SCHOOLS ,MONETARY FUND ,COMPOSITION OF EXPENDITURES ,REVENUE SOURCES ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,BUDGET PROCESS ,PERFORMANCE MEASURES ,PROGRAM BUDGETS ,SOCIAL BENEFITS ,HEALTH EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,BUDGETARY RESOURCES ,DECENTRALIZATION PROGRAM ,OUTCOME MEASURE ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,FISCAL PROBLEMS ,ACHIEVEMENT OF OUTCOMES ,BUDGETING ,STRATEGIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,FISCAL POSITION ,PERFORMANCE REVIEW ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,MONITOR PERFORMANCE ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,BUDGET DISCUSSIONS ,PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT REFORM ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HEALTH SERVICES ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXPENDITURE ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
The Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC) instrument was put to use at an opportune juncture in 2003 when, after a period of economic crisis, macroeconomic stability had been restored to Ghana and a reform process had been mapped out. The Bank used this instrument to signal strong support to the Government for the reform process, which was at risk of being derailed in the run up to the 2004 elections. The PRSC was perceived as a clear departure from previous adjustment lending, which was characterized by acrimonious negotiation of conditions. Following independence from Britain some 50 years ago, Ghana experienced rapid economic growth, spurred by commodity exports and industrialization linked to import-substitution policies. But by the early 1980s, standards of living had declined sharply, and Ghana had joined the ranks of other low-income African countries. Ghana's economic reform program, launched in 1983, marked a notable change in policy direction and a shift from a state-controlled economy to a more market-driven system. Ghana made progress in regaining macroeconomic stability and achieved its Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative completion point by 2004. Even so, progress was uneven, and the economy remained vulnerable. Ghana was among Africa's top 10 performers in the 2008 doing business report, and its ranking on corruption indicators is the best of low-income African countries. A recent national survey found that 75 percent of households regard corruption as a serious national problem, and 80 believe it has worsened in recent years.
- Published
- 2010
46. Sudan Investment Climate Assessment
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
CUSTOMS ,CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ,GLOBAL MARKET ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,VALUE ADDED ,LABOR COMPETITIVENESS ,EMPLOYMENT ,RISK AVOIDANCE ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,INCOME ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,COMPETITIVENESS ,REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,FRAUD ,OPPORTUNISTIC BEHAVIOR ,BUSINESS CLIMATES ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ,LABOR COSTS ,SKILLED WORKERS ,AVERAGE PRODUCTIVITY ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,ETHNIC GROUPS ,CURRENCY APPRECIATION ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,STATE OWNED BANKS ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,TRADE BARRIERS ,BANKING INDUSTRY ,DEFLATORS ,PUBLIC ENTERPRISES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,LIQUIDITY ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,PUBLIC DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,WHITE COLLAR WORKERS ,WORKING CAPITAL ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,BUSINESS REGISTRATION ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,CASH FLOW ,ABSENTEEISM ,MERCHANTS ,WEALTH ,ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGIES ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,STATE ENTERPRISES ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,GDP ,CARBON ,DISTRIBUTION SERVICES ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,FREE PRESS ,NETWORK CONNECTIONS ,TAXATION ,OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES ,RESULT ,INFORMATION GAP ,EXPORTS ,OUTPUTS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,DECENTRALIZATION ,NETWORKS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FISCAL POLICY ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,SAFETY ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ,EQUIPMENT ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,DAYS OF INVENTORIES ,BANKS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,OIL SECTOR ,PRIVATIZATION ,ECONOMISTS ,INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS ,FAIR COMPETITION ,MARKET INFORMATION ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,MARKET SHARE ,UNDERESTIMATES ,MICROFINANCE ,MARKET FAILURES ,GLOBALIZATION ,REVENUE SOURCES ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMICS ,RESULTS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ,PUBLIC GOODS ,BUSINESSES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,INSPECTIONS ,ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY ,TRANSACTION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,PRODUCERS ,LABOR ORGANIZATION ,BANKING SYSTEM ,INVENTORY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BOOK VALUE ,HANDICRAFTS ,ECONOMIC COMPLEMENTARITIES ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,INTERNATIONALIZATION ,MANDATES ,PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ,BUYERS ,CROWDING OUT ,LICENSES ,OIL ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY ,TECHNICAL SUPPORT ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,USERS ,EXPORT MARKET ,ENTERPRISE SECTOR ,INVENTORIES ,FARMS ,WAGES ,GROWTH STRATEGY ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,DEBT ,ENTERPRISE SURVEYS ,BANKING SECTOR ,COUNTRY COMPARISONS ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,MARKETING ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AUTONOMY ,CENTRAL BANK ,AGRICULTURE ,INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ,INNOVATION ,ELECTRICITY ,CONNECTIVITY ,DEFICITS ,MANUFACTURING ,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY ,ACCOUNTING ,FACTOR MARKETS ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,PRODUCT MARKETS ,EXPORT BASE ,HIGH WAGES ,USES ,SUPPLIERS ,ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ,OIL PRICES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,LAND DEGRADATION ,INSURANCE ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,ECONOMIC POWER ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ,MIGRATION ,BUSINESS FORMATION ,COMMERCE ,COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS ,EXPENDITURES ,GROWTH RATE ,LEGISLATION ,SUPPLY CHAINS ,LABOR UNIONS ,PROPRIETORSHIP ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,MARKET DEMAND ,EXPORT SECTORS ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,DAYS OF INVENTORY ,LABOR FORCE ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,SAVINGS ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,VALUE CHAINS ,INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS ,MARKET SHARES ,DEFORESTATION ,PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ,LEVEL PLAYING FIELD ,OPERATING ENVIRONMENT - Abstract
This report on Sudan's Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) provides a baseline assessment of challenges to productivity, diversification and inclusion. Chapter 1 describes some of the questions underlying the three issues of competitiveness, diversification and broad-based growth. Chapter 2 analyzes firm performance and competitiveness. Chapter 3 discusses markets and trust. Chapter 4 describes the role of the financial sector. Chapter 5 analyses the informal sector. Chapter 6 discusses the conflict-affected private sector development. Chapter 7 discusses regional inclusion, and Chapter 8 makes some preliminary conclusions and recommendations.
- Published
- 2009
47. Serbia Financial Sector Assessment Program Update : Deposit Insurance
- Author
-
International Monetary Fund and World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC INFORMATION ,BANK REHABILITATION ,BANKING SYSTEM ,OPERATING EXPENSES ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE SCHEME ,LEGAL OWNERSHIP ,ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ,DEPOSIT ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,LIQUIDATION ,INDEMNIFICATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,RISK ASSESSMENT CAPACITY ,DEPOSITORS OF BANKS ,RISK ASSESSMENT ,ESTATE ,INSURANCE AGENCIES ,COVERAGE LIMIT ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,EFFECTIVE DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ASSESSMENT ,LONDON CLUB ,MANDATES ,BLANKET GUARANTEES ,INVESTING ,DOMESTIC CURRENCY ,CLOSED BANKS ,GUARANTEE FOR DEPOSITORS ,BANK LIABILITIES ,DEPOSITS OF BANKS ,FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY ,SOURCE OF INFORMATION ,CATEGORIES OF DEPOSITS ,OPEN BANKS ,BONDS ,RESERVES ,SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY ,DEPOSITS OF BANK ,LEGAL ACTIONS ,MORAL HAZARD ,EXCLUSION OF DEPOSITS ,INFORMATION SHARING ,LIQUIDATOR ,GOOD FAITH ,AUDITORS ,CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ,GOVERNANCE STANDARDS ,WITHDRAWAL ,SETTLEMENT ,COVERAGE RATIO ,DEPOSITOR ,EXCHANGE COMMISSION ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,BANKING CRISIS ,TRANSPARENCY ,INSURABLE DEPOSIT ,LAW ON DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,LEVEL OF COVERAGE ,ORDER OF PRIORITY ,DEPOSIT GUARANTEE ,DEPOSITS ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE FUND ,CREDITORS ,EXCESSIVE RISK ,CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ,LINE OF CREDIT ,MANDATE ,LEVEL OF DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,EXCESSIVE RISK TAKING ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,LEVIES ,GRANT FUNDING ,LIMITED COVERAGE ,LEGAL RIGHT ,FOREIGN BANKS ,GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE SCHEMES ,LIQUIDITY ,SMALL BUSINESS ,DEBT ,BANKING SECTOR STABILITY ,BANKING SECTOR ,CLOSED BANK ,FAILURE RESOLUTION ,NEGOTIATIONS ,CLAIM ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE SYSTEMS ,BANK CLOSURE ,SYSTEMIC CRISES ,PRUDENTIAL REGULATIONS ,SOURCES OF FUNDS ,INSURED DEPOSITORS ,RISK LEVEL ,SOPHISTICATED DEPOSITORS ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE SYSTEM DESIGN ,COVERAGE LIMITS ,JURISDICTIONS ,NATIONAL BANK ,BANK FAILURE ,OBJECTIVES FOR DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,ENTREPRENEURS ,BANK BANKRUPTCY ,GOVERNMENT SUPPORT ,DEPOSITORS OF BANK ,EMPLOYEE ,OPERATIONAL INDEPENDENCE ,CREDIBILITY ,FINANCIAL SAFETY ,EXCLUSION ,LEGAL PROTECTION ,PRIVATE BANKS ,FINANCIAL SAFETY NET ,BANKRUPTCY ,INSURED DEPOSITS ,LEVEL OF DEPOSIT ,LINES OF CREDIT ,ACCOUNTING ,LEGAL SYSTEM ,OBLIGATIONS TO DEPOSITORS ,COST OF DEPOSIT INSURANCE ,MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,BORROWINGS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,LIABILITY ,PRUDENTIAL REGULATION ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,BANK FAILURES ,EQUIPMENT ,EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS ,HOUSEHOLDS ,CRIMINAL LIABILITY ,FUNDING SOURCES ,COVERAGE LEVEL ,LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ,BORROWING ,BANK BRANCHES ,PUBLIC POLICY ,RISK LEVELS ,LIQUIDATION OF BANKS ,LOAN ,BANKRUPTCY ADMINISTRATION ,SUPERVISORY BOARD ,LEGISLATION ,SECURITIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,DEPOSIT GUARANTEE SCHEMES ,FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,GOVERNMENT GRANT ,LEVEL OF RISK ,MONETARY FUND ,ASSOCIATION OF DEPOSIT INSURERS ,CENTRAL BANKS ,REVENUE SOURCES ,DEPOSIT INSURER ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,BLANKET GUARANTEE ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE AGENCY ,ACCURATE INFORMATION ,LAWS ,BANK ASSETS ,LEVY ,SYSTEMIC CRISIS ,DEPOSITORS ,LIQUID ASSETS ,ELIGIBLE DEPOSITS ,DEPOSIT INSURANCE SYSTEM ,EXCLUSIONS ,INSURED BANKS ,OPERATING COSTS - Abstract
This note focuses on the deposit insurance scheme. An analysis of the Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA) is provided to the extent that it is relevant to the management of the deposit insurance scheme and no detail analysis of the other functions performed by the DIA, e.g. bank resolution, is included. Policy recommendations on the bank resolution are included in the Aide Memoire. DIA revenue sources are volatile and Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) related revenues are used to subsidize non-DIF related activities. The legal framework is ambiguous as to whether DIF resources can be used to cover running costs of the DIA. To improve transparency and ensure sustainability of the DIF, the legal framework should be amended to clarify the use of DIF resources and cap use for operating costs. The authorities should develop a medium term strategy for the DIA, including a funding strategy for non-DIF related activities
- Published
- 2009
48. Kiribati; 2009 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Kiribati
- Author
-
null International Monetary Fund
- Subjects
History ,Civil service ,Article IV consultation reports ,Budget deficits ,Financial sector ,External shocks ,Economic growth ,Economic indicators ,Fiscal policy ,Kiribati ,Revenue sources ,Public information ,Public sector ,Private sector ,Staff Reports ,debt, deficit, budget, article ,Computer Science Applications ,Education - Abstract
This 2009 Article IV Consultation highlights that inflation in Kiribati increased to about 19 percent by end-2008, largely reflecting higher food prices. The current account deficit was broadly unchanged in 2008. Structural reforms are under way, although the pace has been limited by capacity constraints. Executive Directors have welcomed the recent improvement in economic activity. They have also welcomed the planned review and reform of public enterprises as critical to promoting private sector development, and to boosting the growth potential.
- Published
- 2009
49. A Primeron Fiscal Analysis in Oil-Producing Countries
- Author
-
Paulo A Medas and Daria V Zakharova
- Subjects
Fiscal policy ,Commodity price fluctuations ,Cross country analysis ,Oil producing countries ,Oil revenues ,Revenue sources ,Nonoil sector ,resource revenue, oil prices, fiscal sustainability, fiscal indicators, oil reserves - Abstract
This paper proposes an integrated approach to fiscal policy analysis in oil producing countries (OPCs) geared towards addressing their unique and complex policy challenges. First, an accurate assessment of the fiscal stance in OPCs can be obscured by large and volatile oil revenue flows. Second, uncertain and volatile oil revenue flows can complicate the management of macroeconomic policies in these countries. Third, given the exhaustibility of oil reserves, OPCs need to address longer-term sustainability and intergenerational equity issues. The use of non-oil fiscal indicators, stress tests, medium-term frameworks, and permanent oil income models can greatly aid in addressing these challenges.
- Published
- 2009
50. A Handbook for Tax Simplification
- Author
-
International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and World Bank
- Subjects
TAX PROVISIONS ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,TAX LIABILITIES ,POLICY REFORM ,INFLATION ,TAX PURPOSES ,COST OF FUNDS ,EXPROPRIATION ,POLICY MAKERS ,TAX COMPLIANCE COSTS ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,TAX INSTRUMENTS ,FISCAL SPACE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ,PERSONAL INCOME ,SUB-NATIONAL ,JUSTICE SYSTEM ,DEMOCRACIES ,TAX REFORMS ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,ADDED TAX ,MEDIUM ENTERPRISE ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,POLL TAX ,SMALL ENTERPRISE ,PROGRESSIVE TAXATION ,EXCHANGE COMMISSION ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,ESTATE TAX ,TAX AVOIDANCE ,CORPORATE INVESTMENT ,TAX LIABILITY ,INCOMES ,INTERNAL REVENUE ,HOLDING ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ,TAX POLICY ,SMALL BUSINESSES ,TAX OFFICES ,TAX EXPENDITURES ,TAXATION REVENUES ,TAX CODES ,INDIRECT TAXATION ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,BARRIER ,CORPORATE INCOME TAX ,EXPORT ,AVAILABILITY OF CREDIT ,CAPITAL OWNERS ,LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS ,FUNGIBLE ,CASH FLOW ,STATUTORY TAX ,BUSINESS TAXES ,INTERNAL AUDITS ,TAX RATE ,TAX SYSTEMS ,TAX OBLIGATION ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,COLLECTION PROCESS ,TAX REGIMES ,POLITICAL UNREST ,BANKRUPTCY ,TAX OBLIGATIONS ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,TAX BASE ,LENDERS ,POLITICAL SYSTEM ,LEGAL SYSTEM ,TAXATION ,TAX EVADERS ,TAX PAYMENTS ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,STAMP DUTIES ,EFFICIENCY OF TAXATION ,FISCAL POLICY ,POLL TAXES ,TAXABLE INCOME ,JUDGMENT ,TAX BURDEN ,TAX PROCEDURES ,TRANSFER PRICING ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,TAX REVENUES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,TAX INCREASES ,BANK CREDIT ,TAX COLLECTION PROCESS ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,SECURITIES ,REDISTRIBUTION ,TAX LAWS ,EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES ,TAX ON CONSUMPTION ,REVENUE SOURCES ,SUBNATIONAL ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY ,COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE CENTER ,COMPLIANCE COST ,HYPOTHECATION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,CREDIT MARKETS ,TRADE TAXES ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,TAXABLE ACTIVITIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,TAX POLICIES ,POTENTIAL INVESTORS ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,TAX EVASION ,TAX SYSTEM ,TRANSACTION ,INTERNATIONAL TAX LAWS ,TAX COMPLIANCE ,TAX ,INVENTORY ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,TREATIES ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,JUDICIAL PROCESSES ,FINANCE CORPORATION ,BUSINESS RISK ,EASE OF DOING BUSINESS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,EFFECTIVE TAX RATES ,CORPORATION TAX ,INSTRUMENT ,ESTIMATED TAX ,TAX AUTHORITIES ,CAPITAL GAIN ,CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,TAX STRUCTURES ,POLITICAL POWER ,TAX RETURN ,TAXPAYER ,LONG-TERM CAPITAL ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,POLITICAL ECONOMIES ,TAX LAW ,POLICY DECISIONS ,TAX SIMPLIFICATION ,SETTLEMENT ,TAX COLLECTION ,FEDERAL BUDGET ,PAYMENT SYSTEM ,MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,WITHHOLDING TAXES ,DEMOCRACY ,TAX REFORM ,TAX STRUCTURE ,COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEM ,INFORMAL ECONOMY ,TAX REVENUE ,LAND HOLDINGS ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,VALUE ADDED TAX ,LEVIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,TAX STATUTES ,TAX OFFICIALS ,SALES TAX ,INEFFICIENT STATE ,DEBT ,TAX RETURNS ,APARTHEID ,INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT ,BUSINESS TAX ,COMPETITIVE MARKETS ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,CAPITAL LOSS ,JURISDICTIONS ,RENTS ,FREE TRADE ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE ,TAX CHANGES ,CDS ,ELECTRONIC CASH ,TAX INCENTIVES ,FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ,PROPERTY TAXES ,TURNOVER TAX ,TAXPAYERS ,FLAT TAX ,ACCOUNTING ,TAX COST ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,USE TAX ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,DEDUCTIONS ,OUTPUT ,COST OF COLLECTION ,RATE OF RETURN ,TURNOVER ,REVENUE AUTHORITY ,SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,TREASURY ,TAX ASSESSMENT ,DOUBLE TAXATION ,PERSONAL INCOME TAX ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,TAX AUTHORITY ,TAX PAYMENT ,TAX RULINGS ,TAX LEGISLATION ,TAX HAVENS ,PUBLIC POLICIES ,TAX PREPARERS ,MONETARY FUND ,ACCOUNTANT ,TAX RULES ,JOB CREATION ,COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE ,PROGRESSIVE TAX ,CASH FLOWS ,LEVY ,SAVINGS ,TAX BASES ,TAX EXPENDITURE ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,CHECKS ,TAX BURDENS ,TAX CODE ,TAX CONCESSIONS - Abstract
The purpose of this handbook is to provide policy makers with a framework to assess a tax system in its entirety, measure its various parameters and how it is administered, and defines best practices for tax policy and administration that will yield a tax system that is simple and predictable and does not create an undue burden on private enterprise. This handbook is primarily designed for policy makers and tax practitioners. The goal is to analyze the impact of income tax, the value added tax (VAT), and other local taxes that are imposed on business. This handbook does not analyze the effects of trade and labor taxes such as social security. The administration of the customs duty is unique and has been addressed extensively in the literature on customs modernization. Labor taxes primarily imposed on salaried individuals are not covered by this handbook, even though their incidence affects business. VAT has been included even though it is a tax on consumption because the administrative burden to comply with it is primarily on business.
- Published
- 2009
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