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With the widespread adoption of smartphones and the exponential growth of the mobile Internet, the Android platform has emerged as a highly popular choice. However, the platform’s open-source nature has also made it vulnerable to a surge in malware attacks. To address this pressing issue, this research paper introduces a robust malware detection system based on Smali-GRU (gated recurrent unit) network, aimed at enhancing the efficiency of malware detection on the Android platform. The proposed detection system employs a static analysis approach to extract Smali files from Android application packages (APKs). These extracted Smali files then undergo a series of pre-processing steps to extract pertinent features. To ensure compatibility with the GRU model, the preprocessed Smali files are fragmented into smaller segments. The paper explores and tests fragments of varying sizes to identify the optimal configuration that yields the most promising results. The study’s findings highlight that the proposed Smali-GRU model outperforms existing works that employ the same dataset and GRU model, resulting in an impressive accuracy of 98.29%. Furthermore, the robustness of the model is evaluated using a dataset of obfuscated malware. The results obtained highlight the efficacy and superiority of the proposed model in successfully detecting obfuscated malware in Android applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most ubiquitous plastics and can be depolymerized through biological and chemo-catalytic routes to its constituent monomers, terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG). TPA and EG can be re-synthesized into PET for closed-loop recycling or microbially converted into higher-value products for open-loop recycling. Here, we expand on our previous efforts engineering and applying Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for PET conversion by employing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) to improve TPA catabolism. Three P. putida strains with varying degrees of metabolic engineering for EG catabolism underwent an automation-enabled ALE campaign on TPA, a TPA and EG mixture, and glucose as a control. ALE increased the growth rate on TPA and TPA-EG mixtures by 4.1- and 3.5-fold, respectively, in approximately 350 generations. Evolved isolates were collected at the midpoints and endpoints of 39 independent ALE experiments, and growth rates were increased by 0.15 and 0.20 h−1 on TPA and a TPA-EG, respectively, in the best performing isolates. Whole-genome re-sequencing identified multiple converged mutations, including loss-of-function mutations to global regulators gacS, gacA, and turA along with large duplication and intergenic deletion events that impacted the heterologously-expressed tphAB II catabolic genes. Reverse engineering of these targets confirmed causality, and a strain with all three regulators deleted and second copies of tphAB II and tpaK displayed improved TPA utilization compared to the base strain. Taken together, an iterative strain engineering process involving heterologous pathway engineering, ALE, whole genome sequencing, and genome editing identified five genetic interventions that improve P. putida growth on TPA, aimed at developing enhanced whole-cell biocatalysts for PET upcycling. Graphical Abstract (created in part with BioRender.com). [Display omitted] • We evolved engineered strains of P. putida on terephthalate (TPA) and TPA-ethylene glycol (EG) mixtures. • Growth attributes and whole-genome sequences of evolved isolates were characterized. • Causal mutations were identified via convergence analysis and reverse engineering. • An optimal TPA utilization strain was developed by stacking mutations in a baseline strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the value of the use of software for the preoperative evaluation of cranial bone thickness in syndromic patients undergoing Le Fort III osteotomy. Four patients were evaluated preoperatively to determine whether they were eligible for distraction osteogenesis. Data from the computed tomography scans was evaluated using advanced reverse engineering tools to determine the temporal bone thickness. Three patients showed adequate values for the positioning of a rigid external distractor device (average thickness values >3.5 mm), while one patient showed insufficient bone thickness (average value <2.5 mm) and therefore underwent midface advancement according to the traditional technique. Adequate midface advancement was obtained in the three patients who underwent distraction osteogenesis. No complications related to the rigid external distractor were observed. A shorter skeletal advancement was obtained in the patient who underwent Le Fort III osteotomy according to the traditional technique. A cerebrospinal fluid fistula was observed after the removal of the plates, requiring surgical repair. Software evaluation of the cranial bone thickness is a useful tool in the surgical planning of Le Fort III osteotomy in patients affected by syndromic craniosynostosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering Artificial Intelligence systems as boundary objects, which are interdisciplinary objects sustained differently by diverse fields while providing shared discourses between them, this essay summarizes the approaches of examining bias in AI systems. It argues that examining each part related to the building and working of AI systems is essential for unpacking the political play and potential insert points of biases in them. It concentrates on the critical analysis of data and algorithms as two core parts of AI systems by operationalizing hermeneutic reverse engineering. Hermeneutic reverse engineering is a framework to unpack and understand different elements of a technocultural object and/or system that contribute to the construction of its meaning and contexts. It employs a speculative imagination of what other realities can be designed and includes cultural analysis to identify existing meanings and assumptions behind the technocultural object, identifying key elements of signification, and speculating possibilities of reassembling different meanings for the object. The main results obtained by this method on AI systems is using cultural consideration and technological imagination to unpack existing meanings created by AI and design innovative approaches for AI to exert alternate/ inclusive meanings. The research perspectives presented in this article include critical examination of biases and politics within different elements of AI systems, and the impact of these biases on different social groups. The paper proposes using the method of hermeneutic reverse engineering to investigate AI systems and speculate possible alternate and more accountable futures for AI systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusions\nImplications for Rehabilitation3D printing enables the production of customizable, cost-effective, and reproducible items, making it a promising approach for manufacturing assistive devices. This study aims to develop customized 3D-printed assistive devices using 3D blocks.A 3D scanner was used to scan the limbs and trunks where the devices would be worn. The study utilized 3D blocks capable of undergoing subdivision surfaces to match the scanned external appearance of limbs and trunks. The mass-spring model and Gauss-Newton method were applied to optimize the subdivision surfaces, ensuring a better fit for users’ hand shapes. Additionally, 3D blocks were used as design units for blending-based morphing, generating diverse 3D patterns.The proposed approach successfully enabled real-time manufacturing of customized external appearances for assistive devices. The resulting designs met usability, functionality, and aesthetic requirements. Usability testing, conducted using the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology, demonstrated high satisfaction scores, confirming the effectiveness of 3D blocks in customizing assistive devices.By integrating 3D scanning and printing technologies, this study highlights the feasibility of using reverse engineering to develop personalized assistive devices. The findings suggest that the proposed method enhances user satisfaction and provides a practical approach to assistive device customization.Customizable Assistive Devices: The study highlights the ability to produce 3D-printed assistive devices that are customizable to the precise external appearances of users’ limbs and trunks, enhancing comfort and usability.Cost-Effective Production: By using 3D blocks and advanced fitting methods, the production process becomes more time-efficient and cost-effective, making assistive devices more accessible.Enhanced Fit and Functionality: The use of the mass-spring model and Gauss-Newton method ensures a closer fit to the user’s limb shape, improving the functionality and comfort of the assistive devices.Diverse Design Capabilities: The blending-based morphing and diversified 3D pattern generation provide a wide range of design options, meeting various user demands for usability, functionality, and aesthetic preferences.Customizable Assistive Devices: The study highlights the ability to produce 3D-printed assistive devices that are customizable to the precise external appearances of users’ limbs and trunks, enhancing comfort and usability.Cost-Effective Production: By using 3D blocks and advanced fitting methods, the production process becomes more time-efficient and cost-effective, making assistive devices more accessible.Enhanced Fit and Functionality: The use of the mass-spring model and Gauss-Newton method ensures a closer fit to the user’s limb shape, improving the functionality and comfort of the assistive devices.Diverse Design Capabilities: The blending-based morphing and diversified 3D pattern generation provide a wide range of design options, meeting various user demands for usability, functionality, and aesthetic preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on full chip backside delayering of 10 nm node integrated circuits using a chemically assisted focused ion beam deprocessing technique. Topics include the substrate-side approach for exposing internal structures, the integration of water-assisted ion milling with Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy for precise endpoint detection, and the high-resolution imaging and analysis required for advanced semiconductor verification.

Protocol reverse engineering is crucial in normative verification, and malware behavior analysis and vulnerability discovery. However, uncovering the structural features of binary protocols concealed within dense data representations remains a significant challenge. Accurately identifying keyword segments associated with message types is a prerequisite for meaningful semantic analysis and protocol state machine reduction. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for inferring keywords from binary protocols based on probabilistic statistics. Our method in terms of Byte employs heuristic rules to filter offset positions that are clearly unrelated to message types. We further filter candidate Byte-offsets utilizing constraint relations and provide the probabilistic ranking of each offset as the keyword segment. To enhance the reliability of keyword segment inference, we utilize the Monte Carlo algorithm to assess the difference between message clustering with candidate Byte-offset and random message clustering, and reorder candidate offsets according to the results. Then we can observe optimal values from both orderings and present the ultimate inference results. Experimental results demonstrate that our method excels in the accuracy of keyword segments identification compared with previous techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of 3D scanning and reverse engineering techniques has revolutionized quality control practices across various industries. These technologies play a pivotal role in accurately assessing and documenting the dimensional and geometric attributes of manufactured components. Reverse engineering complements 3D scanning by enabling detailed analysis and reconstruction of complex geometries, facilitating defect identification and optimization of manufacturing processes. The synergy between these methodologies not only enhances the accuracy of dimensional inspections but also supports rapid prototyping and iterative design improvements. Moreover, the ability to compare scanned data against CAD models or historical records ensures conformity to design specifications and regulatory standards. In this paper, the dimensional inspection results of a part produced through a special process - plastic injection molding are presented. The part has been made from a blend of ABS and polyamide. Material plasticization occurs in the machine chamber at a temperature of 200 °C, with the injection process conducted at a pressure of 200 bars. The parts were manufactured using a multi-cavity mold and cooled together with the mold after molding. Post-cooling, the parts underwent dimensional inspection to assess compliance with technical requirements. The dimensional inspection results were presented in the form of color-coded deviation maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the multidisciplinary approach of additive manufacturing employing ergonomics and reverse engineering in prototyping for practical applications. Based on a practical example, a personalized prototype was developed with reduced overall weight, improved air circulation, and an ergonomic design. Virtual testing demonstrated a suitable level of overall comfort, with a "Comfort" index score of 30.3, a "Back" assessment score of 6.5, and a "Rump" assessment score of 30.1. The use of digital ergonomic testing also helped eliminate costs and reduce the time required for prototype development. The final prototype was produced using Multi Jet Fusion technology. The entire process, from prototyping to real production, confirmed the suitability of the developed methodological framework for ergonomic prototyping through the application of reverse engineering. This approach forms the central focus of the article. In conclusion, the overall findings and benefits of the methodology for both science and practice are presented in alignment with the prototyping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study describes the design and fabrication of three different facial prostheses (ocular, obturator, and auricular). The procedure is divided into three stages: Reverse Engineering (RE), CAD design, and CAM manufacture. A portable Three-Dimensional (3D) scanner is used to collect patient data during reverse engineering. CAD refers to the 3D reconstruction of a bespoke prosthesis, including anatomy and mold design, while CAM refers to the production of the prosthesis utilizing 3D printing technology. The defect is reconstructed by mirroring the healthy side and using it as a reference to cover it entirely. The rebuilt models are 3D printed in biocompatible materials for the eye and obturator, which were used on patients for trials with subsequent mould preparation which were 3D printed in non-biocompatible material. In addition, a comparison of moulds created using traditional CAD/CAM procedures for auricular prosthetics is also presented. Mirroring the healthy side has been proven to be the gold standard for designing prostheses and medical-grade silicon is the best poring material. Finally, the research work shows that RE for recording defective regions followed by its design and using 3D printing technology has been proven a useful technique for reducing time and increasing the quality of the final product. CAD allows for almost unlimited forms and sizes of digitized noses that may be tested on the patient's digitized face. Although it seems costly in terms of money, it does minimize the number of visits and chairside time for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of sports technology, smart wearable devices play a crucial role in athletic training and health management. Sports fatigue is a key factor affecting athletic performance. Using smart wearable devices to detect the onset of fatigue can optimize training, prevent excessive fatigue and resultant injury, and increase efficiency and safety. However, current wearable sensing devices are often uncomfortable and imprecise. Furthermore, stable methods for fatigue detection are not yet established. To address these challenges, this paper introduces 3D printing and deep learning to design a smart wearable sensing device to detect different states of sports fatigue. First, to meet the need for comfort and improved accuracy in data collection, we utilized reverse engineering and additive manufacturing technologies. Second, we designed a prototype based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to analyze the collected bioelectrical signals for the identification of sports fatigue states and the extraction of related indicators. Finally, we conducted a large number of numerical experiments. The results demonstrated that our prototype and related equipment could collect signals and mine information as well as identify indicators associated with sports fatigue in the signals, thereby improving accuracy in the classification of fatigue states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudouridine (Ψ) is an abundant RNA chemical modification that plays critical biological functions. Current Ψ detection methods are limited in identifying Ψs at base-resolution in U-rich sequence contexts, where Ψ occurs frequently. Here we report "Mut-Ψ-seq" that utilizes the classic N-cyclohexyl N′-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide (CMC) agent and an evolved reverse transcriptase ("RT-1306") for Ψ mapping at base-resolution. CMC selectively labels Ψs in RNA forming the CMC-Ψ adduct and we show that RT-1306 presents promoted read-through and mutation against the CMC-Ψ. We report a high-confidence list of Ψ sites in polyA-enriched RNAs from HEK-293T cells identified by orthogonal chemical treatments (CMC and bisulfite). The mutation signatures resolve the position of Ψ in UU-containing sequences, revealing diverse occurrence of Ψs in such sequences. This work provides methods and datasets for biological research of Ψ, and expands the toolkit for epitranscriptomic studies by combining the reverse transcriptase engineering and selective chemical labeling strategies. Mut-Ψ-seq deploys an evolved reverse transcriptase and the CMC chemistry to resolve the ambiguity for the occurrence of Ψ in UU sequence contexts and reports a high-confident list of Ψ sites in the human transcriptome by combining orthogonal chemistry methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating low-cost fused filament fabrication 3D printing as a foundation for learning 3D modelling is explored. This method blends traditional computer aided design (CAD) instruction with additive manufacturing possibilities. Experimental results demonstrate increased comprehension speed and reduced learning time. This hands-on approach empowers students by enabling direct engagement with the modelling process. Analogous to reverse engineering, the strategy instructs engineering students from final product to model creation, closing the gap between theory and practice. Incorporating 3D printing bridges this divide, enhancing understanding, creativity and problem-solving. The study underscores technology's influence on learning strategies, aligning with the surge of 3D printing in education. Results link advanced design technology usage to improved student performance, with 3D-printed materials yielding 45% higher grades and 30% faster task completion. This study advocates curricular advancement for design-focused careers through enhanced technology integration and favourable 3D printing model reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the harvesting process of Cerasus humilis, the fruits are susceptible to compression and impacts from the combing teeth, leading to internal damage to the pulp and rupture of the peel. This compromises the quality of the harvested fruits and subsequent processing, resulting in significant economic losses. To investigate the mechanical behavior of Cerasus humilis fruit, this study measured the geometric parameters as well as the mechanical properties (failure load, elastic modulus, compressive strength, and fracture energy) of the peel, pulp, and core in both the axial and radial directions. A geometric model of Cerasus humilis fruit was constructed using three-dimensional reverse engineering technology. The rupture process of the fruit under compressive loading was simulated and analyzed using Abaqus software (Version 2023). The damage mechanisms were investigated, and the accuracy and reliability of the finite element model were validated through compression experiments. The experimental results indicated that the mechanical properties of the peel of Cerasus humilis fruit exhibited no significant differences between the axial and radial directions, allowing it to be regarded as an isotropic material. In contrast, the mechanical properties of the pulp and core showed significant differences in both directions, demonstrating anisotropic characteristics. Additionally, the axial compressive strength of the Cerasus humilis fruit was higher than its radial compressive strength. The simulation results revealed that during axial compression, when the surface stress of the peel reached 0.08 MPa, the fruit completely fractured. The location and morphology of the cracks in the simulation were consistent with those observed in the experimental results. Furthermore, under different compression directions, the force–displacement curves obtained from actual compression tests closely aligned with those from the finite element simulations. The finite element model established in this study effectively simulates and predicts the cracking and internal damage behavior of Cerasus humilis fruit under compressive loads. This research provides a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for reducing mechanical damage during the harvesting process of Cerasus humilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning from data are critical across applications. However, in many applications, past data only gives partial information about the future. In "Contextual Inverse Optimization: Offline and Online Learning," Besbes, Fonseca, and Lobel study a general setting in which historical data are associated with observations of past optimal actions from experts in specific contexts but without the underlying rewards associated with these actions. To what extent can one "reverse engineer" the underlying decision-making process of experts and mimic them? The authors develop results that quantify the performance that is achievable given the data at hand in two types of settings: the offline setting in which data have already been collected and the online setting in which data are collected "on the fly." We study the problems of offline and online contextual optimization with feedback information, where instead of observing the loss, we observe, after the fact, the optimal action an oracle with full knowledge of the objective function would have taken. We aim to minimize regret, which is defined as the difference between our losses and the ones incurred by an all-knowing oracle. In the offline setting, the decision maker has information available from past periods and needs to make one decision, whereas in the online setting, the decision maker optimizes decisions dynamically over time based a new set of feasible actions and contextual functions in each period. For the offline setting, we characterize the optimal minimax policy, establishing the performance that can be achieved as a function of the underlying geometry of the information induced by the data. In the online setting, we leverage this geometric characterization to optimize the cumulative regret. We develop an algorithm that yields the first regret bound for this problem that is logarithmic in the time horizon. Finally, we show via simulation that our proposed algorithms outperform previous methods from the literature. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2021.0369. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aneurysm clip is widely used as the primary treatment of complex brain aneurysm, primarily in a haemorrhage stroke due to cerebral blood vessel blockages or ruptures, leading to severe neurological deficits. In some developing countries, such as Indonesia, open surgical clipping is sometimes unaffordable and causes a financial burden to the state. This study aims to reproduce the commercial aneurysm clip using metal forming to be more independent in providing medical equipment throughout the country. The metal forming employed rolling and bending techniques, utilizing a base and a jig system to press the Ti6Al4V wire into the desired shape of an R-shaped contour. Our investigation confirmed their structural integrity, fine-grain structure, and mechanical properties. The density of the aneurysm clip shows 4.3 g/cm3 after the forming process. The chemical composition of the aneurysm clip tested with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer revealed the presence of Ti, Al, and V elements. The fabricated clip exhibited a closing force of 1.689 N. It is about double the closing force exerted by the commercial aneurysm clip, 0.791 N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the clamping damage caused by robotic manipulators during the harvesting of blood oranges, this study investigated the mechanical response of blood oranges when in contact with curved surfaces of different curvatures. A three-dimensional model of a blood orange was established using reverse engineering technology, and its physical properties were measured. A peel-pulp composite finite element model was constructed to simulate the uniaxial static compression test and the contact process of blood oranges clamped by curved surfaces of varying curvatures. The results indicated that the maximum error in the uniaxial static compression test was 6.8%, confirming the accuracy of the model. In the simulations of the curved surface clamping tests, the stress at the contact point between the blood orange and the curved surface was highest, with the pulp being damaged before the peel. A comparison of the effects of different curved surfaces on the stress and deformation of the blood orange revealed that, under the same clamping force, the 46 mm radius curved surface resulted in lower stress and smaller deformation in the various parts of the blood orange compared to the other curvatures. When a clamping force of 40 N was applied, the bruise volumes caused by the 44, 46, 48, and 50 mm radius curved surfaces were 3897.11, 1193.93, 10553.72, and 21889.74 mm³, respectively. Therefore, the 46 mm radius curved surface posed the lowest risk of mechanical damage to the blood orange. This study provides a reference for the micromechanical research of citrus fruits and offers a basis for the design of end-effector harvesting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main benefits of using 3D printing in orthopedics is the ability to create custom solutions tailored to a patient's specific anatomical and functional needs. Conducting a reliable evaluation of the accuracy of the manufacture of anatomical structure models is essential. However, particular standards or procedures still need to be implemented to control the surface quality of anatomical models manufactured using additive manufacturing techniques. Models of pelvic parts made of polylactic acid (PLA) material were manufactured using the Material Extrusion (MEX) additive technique. Subsequently, guidelines were developed to reliably verify the geometric and surface roughness of the 3D printed models using Computer-Aided Inspection (CAI) systems. For this purpose, a measuring arm system (MCA-II) with a mounted laser head and Atos II Triple Scan was used. To inspect surface roughness parameters, procedures were developed for an Alicona InfiniteFocusG4 optical microscope. The results of the geometrical verification of the models are within the tolerance limits of ±0.22 mm to ±0.6 mm. In the case of surface roughness measurement, the highest values for the arithmetical mean height Sa were obtained on the side of the support material, while the smallest values were found along the applied layers. After the metrological control process, the models were used in the planning process for hip surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]