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Shenghao Zhang,1,* Zhejianyi Gao,2,* Lina Feng,1,3 Mingquan Li1 1Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Orthopaedics, Fushun Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Fushun, Liaoning Province, 113008, People’s Republic of China; 3Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Multi-Targets Intervention and Disease Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, 271000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Lina Feng; Mingquan Li, Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15543120222 ; +86-15948000577, Email Fenglina0001@163.com; Limingquan0001@126.comAbstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by its insidious onset and progressive development, making it the most common form of dementia. Despite its prevalence, the exact causes and mechanisms responsible for AD remain unclear. Recent studies have highlighted that inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) plays a crucial role in both the initiation and progression of AD. Neuroinflammation, an immune response within the CNS triggered by glial cells in response to various stimuli, such as nerve injury, infection, toxins, or autoimmune reactions, has emerged as a significant factor alongside amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) commonly associated with AD. This article aims to provide an overview of the most recent research regarding the involvement of neuroinflammation in AD, with a particular focus on elucidating the specific mechanisms involving microglia and astrocytes. By exploring these intricate processes, a new theoretical framework can be established to further probe the impact of neuroinflammation on the development and progression of AD. Through a deeper understanding of these underlying mechanisms, potential targets for therapeutic interventions and novel treatment strategies can be identified in the ongoing battle against AD.Keywords: alzheimer’s disease, neuroinflammation, microglia, astrocyte, review

Li Chen,1,2 Xi-Le Peng,1,2 Zhi-Xuan Chen,1,2 Lu-Ming Qi,1,2 Ting-Ting Deng,2,3 Li-Na Xia1,2 1School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Regimen and Health Industry Development, State Administration of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Nursing, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Li-Na Xia, School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Email xialina@cdutcm.edu.cnBackground: Excessive salt consumption has been associated with detrimental health consequences, including hypertension, colitis, and autoimmune disorders. However, recent studies have proposed that high salt diet (HSD) can both stimulate the immune system, affecting the differentiation of immune cells, promoting or inhibiting cytokine secretion to fight cancer or elicit a more potent autoimmune response, and exerting an immunosuppressive effect to influence disease development, providing mechanistic insights into the direction of immune regulation in which HSD affects disease.Objective: This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects of HSD on various innate immune and adaptive cells, especially macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, in relation to disease development.Methods: We identified papers by electronically searching the Web of Science (WOS) database from inception through March 2023.Results: A growing number of animal experiments and in vitro cell culture studies have shown that HSD can regulate the differentiation and activation of a variety of immune cells, and promote or inhibit different cytokines to mediate the development of a variety of diseases, including nephropathy, hypertension, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and a number of autoimmune diseases. These findings provide a new mechanism for pathological changes in the direction of immune regulation and suggest that HSD is a predisposing factor for a variety of diseases, providing new mechanistic insights into dietary health modification.Conclusion: HSD mediates the development of multiple diseases by regulating the differentiation and activation of a variety of immune cells, and the underlying mechanisms may be related to gut microbes and their metabolites.Keywords: HSD, immune dysregulation, disease pathogenesis, mechanistic insights, review

Objective: To identify the most frequent cognitive and functional changes in elderly people after the acute phase of COVID-19. Method: Integrative literature review with a search for articles in the LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus databases, between June and July 2024. The selection was conducted independently by two reviewers and validated by a third reviewer. Original primary studies were included that involved participants with a majority or median age over 60 years, with post-COVID-19 cognitive and functional changes. Results: Heterogeneity was observed in the samples, with a wide range of clinical characteristics, the most prevalent being: dyspnea, fatigue, changes in sleep patterns, and cognitive deficit. Conclusion: The results contribute to a better assessment and conduct. They point to the need to create specific care protocols for elderly people with post-COVID-19 syndrome and to develop more appropriate and targeted interventions for the prevention, reduction, or minimization of persistent symptoms.

Objective: to map the recommendations for nursing care in non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents and young people. Methods: this is a systematic review using meta-aggregation to synthesize studies with qualitative data, as recommended by the JBI. The search was conducted in the LILACS and BDENF databases; MEDLINE; CINAHL; Web of Science; APA PsycInfo; EBSCOhost; Scopus Preview; Embase; and PubMed Central repository. Results: a total of 16 studies were included, and two synthesized findings were identified. The first identified the importance of relationships permeated by bonding and trust, free from stigmas involving the adolescent or young person as protagonists. The second finding highlighted the need for adequate nursing training, in addition to physical preparation of the different services to accommodate this population in situations of self-injury. Conclusion: care needs to be performed in a humanized manner, with the building of trust and in a welcoming environment. The focus should be on actions guided by the community and the interprofessional and intersectoral logic. Contributions to practice: the need for systematization of individualized care centered on the adolescent/young person and family is highlighted. Continuing education and mental health support from Nursing are recommended.

Objective: to analyze the evidence on applying the Risk Assessment Scale for the Development of Injuries Resulting from Surgical Positioning in the perioperative period. Methods: an integrative review was conducted by searching four health databases and gray literature. A reference manager was used to import the identified records and remove duplicate publications. The Rayyan web application was used to select primary studies. Data analysis and synthesis were carried out in descriptive form. Results: the sample consisted of 17 surveys. In 15, the authors applied the scale in health services to investigate the risk of developing injuries resulting from surgical positioning and the occurrence of injuries; for example, pressure injury. In one study, the scale was adopted to analyze the concurrent validity of the Munro scale and, in another, for the translation and validation of the scale in Turkey. Conclusion: the scale was applied mainly to assess the risk of injuries in different surgical environments. Contributions to practice: the evidence generated supports the use of the scale in health services and indicates the need to conduct more robust research.

Objective: To map the factors associated with breastfeeding adherence in infants with orofacial clefts. Method: Scoping review according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute, with a search carried out in March 2023 in the PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE, LILACS, ProQuest and BDTD databases. Results: A total of 31 documents were selected. Factors associated with adherence to breastfeeding included: anatomical complexity of the cleft, pre- and post-natal guidance/training, desire to breastfeed, previous experience, knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding, use of palatal obturators, use of feeding tube, social, family, and professional support, milking and offering by utensils and early performance of cheiloplasty. Conclusion: Although the complexity of the cleft is a factor that cannot be changed early on, the other variables that influence adherence to breastfeeding can be intervened upon. Thus, the support of all those involved in the breastfeeding process is fundamental for its optimization.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the literature and summarize the elements and characteristics of fatherhood involved during pregnancy. Method: Scoping review that used PRISMA-ScR guide to report this review. Searches were carried out in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, LILACS and Scopus. Google search engines and public health agency websites assisted in searches of gray literature and Rayyan in screening studies. Results: A total of 406 articles were identified, of which 16 made up the final sample. Five elements make up an involved fatherhood: feeling like a father, being a provider and protector, being a partner and participant in pregnancy, participating in prenatal appointments and feeling prepared to take care of a baby. Conclusion: Fathers want to be involved in prenatal care, but feel excluded from this process. Public policies that encourage paternal involvement and healthcare professional training to better welcome and promote paternal involvement are of paramount importance.

Huiying Yan,1 Lina Feng,2 Mingquan Li1 1Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Multi-Targets Intervention and Disease Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Lina Feng, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Yingsheng Road 2, Taian, Shandong Province, 271000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15543120222, Email fenglina0001@163.com Mingquan Li, The Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15948000577, Email Limingquan0001@126.comAbstract: Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent form of dementia among elderly individuals and is characterized by irreversible neurodegeneration. Despite extensive research, the exact causes of this complex disease remain unclear. Currently available drugs for Alzheimer’s disease treatment are limited in their effectiveness, often targeting a single aspect of the disease and causing significant adverse effects. Moreover, these medications are expensive, placing a heavy burden on patients’ families and society as a whole. Natural compounds and extracts offer several advantages, including the ability to target multiple pathways and exhibit high efficiency with minimal toxicity. These attributes make them promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In this paper, we provide a summary of the common natural products used in Chinese medicine for different pathogeneses of AD. Our aim is to offer new insights and ideas for the further development of natural products in Chinese medicine and the treatment of AD.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, β-amyloid deposition, tau-protein hyperphosphorylation, natural products, Chinese herbal medicine, review

The authors present a case report of an 11-month-old boy who underwent a swab collection for SARS-CoV-2 virus. During the procedure the end of tip got broken, and the cotton part was found in the child’s stomach and extracted endoscopically. To date, no similar cases involving children have been found in literature. The authors also reviewed literature for other complications during diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.

Purpose: Medical Professionals throughout the world prefer to use conventional stethoscope to listen to respiratory sounds. Listening to respiratory sounds through stethoscope is a subjective matter and proper diagnosis of the disease depends on skills and ability of the doctor. Computerized analysis of respiratory sounds can help doctors and researchers to characterize different abnormal respiratory patterns and make informed decision. Methods: This study includes previously reported work in different normal and abnormal respiratory sounds. Detailed characteristics of abnormal respiratory sounds are mentioned. In addition, Time-Amplitude characteristics of different respiratory sound plots are obtained using MATLAB and ICBHI Database. This study systematically discusses different approaches for respiratory sounds analysis like visual analysis of the time-amplitude signals, frequency analysis, spectral analysis using FFT, statistical analysis and, Machine Learning approach. List of relevant datasets are mentioned that can help researchers to do further analysis in this domain. Results: The careful observations and analysis shows the possibility of analyzing respiratory sounds by extracting suitable parameters and clinical applications for identification of diseases. Conclusion: Computer based respiratory sound analysis can help medical professionals in making informed decision this will help in early diagnosis and devise effective treatment plan for the patients.

Arcade Arakaza, Li Zou, Jianwen Zhu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, ChinaCorrespondence: Li Zou, Email xiehezouli@hust.edu.cnBackground: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is the most common obstetric complication in current obstetrics in which the placenta is fully or partially attached to the uterine myometrial layer at delivery. This is commonly due to the deficiency of the uterine interface between the uterine endometrial and myometrial layers leading to abnormal decidualization at the uterine scar area, which permits the abnormally placental anchoring villous and trophoblasts, deeply invade the myometrium. The prevalence of PAS is globally at rising trends every day in modern obstetrics originally due to the high increasing rate of cesarean sections, placenta previa, and assisted reproductive technology (ART). Thus, the early and precise diagnosis of PAS is imperative to prevent maternal intrapartum or postpartum bleeding complications.Objective: The main aim of this review is to debate the current challenges and controversies in the routine diagnosis of PAS diseases in obstetrics.Data Source: We retrospectively reviewed the recent articles on different methods of diagnosing PAS in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and other website databases.Results: Despite that, the standard ultrasound is a reliable and key tool for the diagnosis of PAS, the lack of ultrasound features does not exclude the diagnosis of PAS. Therefore, clinical assessment of risk factors, MRI tests, serological markers, and placental histopathological tests are also indispensable for the prediction of PAS. Previously, limited studies reached a high sensitivity rate of diagnosis PAS in appropriate cases, while many studies recommended the inclusion of different diagnosis methods to improve the diagnosis accuracy.Conclusion: A multidisciplinary squad with well-experienced obstetricians, radiologists, and histopathologists should be involved in the establishment of the early and conclusive diagnosis of PAS.Keywords: placenta accreta spectrum, PAS, diagnosis, challenges and controversies, obstetrics, review

Via the secretion of proteases, peptides and bicarbonate, the pancreas strongly impacts the microbiota environment in the small bowel. Inflammatory and malignant pancreatic diseases are associated with distinct changes in gut microbiota composition, mostly analyzed from fecal contents. Between April 2022 and March 2023 several papers have been published, adding to the body of knowledge on these changes, most of them observational studies on rather small groups of patients. However, significant differences in microbiota structure between patients with mild and severe courses of acute pancreatitis were observed, pointing even to a predictive role of microbiota composition at the admission of patients with acute pancreatitis during the course of the disease. During the development of chronic pancreatitis, significant alterations in gut microbiota composition in humans and in a mouse model were evident in published data. Furthermore, samples from pancreatic cancer tissue from long-term surviving patients harbor distinct microbiota compared to those surviving short-term. However, data derived from large and prospectively analyses of patients with pancreatic disease opening the window for gut microbiota directed therapies to influence the course of inflammatory or malignant pancreatic disease is still lacking.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to integrate evidence from studies on auditory perceptual and speech production effects in communication situations with face mask use. Methods: an integrative literature review, in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Embase databases. The guiding question was: what effects on communication (perceptual-auditory and speech production) occur with face mask use? Results: searches in electronic databases resulted in 1,478 studies and filtering resulted in 29 final studies. Conclusions: mask use has effects on communication, both in perception and speech production, factors that are also related to quality of life, stress and socio-emotional factors. These data can impact on indicators and alerts in favor of adopting strategies to manage mask use, involving speech production and perception when wearing a mask in health services.

The world energy mix has been confronted with significant challenges since the international circumstances became increasingly complicated. Oil shale is a typical alternative resource to traditional oil, therefore, it is of great significance to re-evaluate its exploitation and utilization status and research trend under the new background. Through the bibliometric analysis of 944 articles on oil shale published between 2012 and 2022 collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database, this research has carried out a review on the global publication and research trend in oil shale relevant studies. It then investigated and compared the research characteristics in three major countries that carry out oil shale related research, to identify the opportunities of oil shale development in different nations under the restriction of diversified factors. The results show that during the last ten years, research on oil shale has experienced a continuous growth in publication quantity and greatly contributed to the oil shale development with the production of highest cited studies. As for the regional characteristics, Estonia focuses on the comprehensive utilization of oil shale and stands out in its engagement in the environment protection, while China and the United States are still accumulating the applied technological research and fundamental science knowledge and conservatively develop the utilization of oil shale. Although different regions have developed different research priorities and strategies due to the differentiated resource reserve, technical condition and environmental pressure, the environment-friendly and efficient utilization of oil shale resource will be the future emphasis of the oil shale development.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis trend penelitian miskonsepsi kimia peserta didik pada tingkat SMA dan instrumen diagnosisnya. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Data penelitian diperoleh, dari 20 artikel yang diseleksi pada basis data Eric, Scopus, Google Schoolar, Crosccef yang terindikasi dari tahun 2015 hingga 2021. Artikel yang dipilih memiliki kesamaan topik terhadap analisis miskonsepsi. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa publikasi artikel miskonsepsi peserta didik di tingkat SMA enam tahun terakhir mengalami penurunan miskonsepsi, dan ditemukan lagi miskonsepsi yang lain, yang berarti penelitian miskonsepsi masih menjadi fokus penelitian saat ini dan masalah miskonsepsi kimia masih sering terjadi pada peserta didik SMA. Penyebab miskonsepsi kimia pada peserta didik mayoritas terjadi karena faktor internal berupa ketidaksesuaian prakonsepsi peserta didik dengan konsep ilmuwan. Pengembangan instrumen diagnostik yang digunakan tes Two-Tier, tes Three-Tier, tes Four-Tier, tes Five-Tier, Kuesioner dan soal pilihan ganda bersifat open –ended Jager, dan Essay Diagnostic Test of Chemistry merupakan metode untuk mendeteksi miskonsepsi kimia yang sering dikembangkan dalam penelitian. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa tidak ada perbedaan hasil tentang instrumen yang digunakan dan miskonsepsi yang ditemukan antar lintas negara

Hanan E Alyahyawi,1 Raed A Alharbi,1 Saleha Keder Alatawi,2 Waled AM Ahmed,3 Shaia SR Almalki1 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Optometry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Shaia SR Almalki, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966- 556556714, Email shalmalki@bu.edu.saAbstract: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is reported to have started in Wuhan City, Hebei Province, China. It has spread rapidly all over the world, including Saudi Arabia, having a severe health emergency. This new virus was named as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and now severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on previous practice and phylogenetic and taxonomic investigations. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus, Sarbecovirus subgenus, genome β. Throughout the COVID 19 pandemic, several strains of SARS-CoV-2 have been recognized around the world. The SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and in Saudi Arabia as well. The rate at which COVID-19 spread across borders and affected countries has highlighted the significance of health care systems to nations and global operations. This review focuses on the origin, epidemiology, pathophysiology, transmission, and the impact of this disease, while highlighting the knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 variants.Keywords: prevalence, incidence, COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, review

Background: Amygdalin has a wide range of pharmacological activities including analgesic and anti-asthmatic effects. In spite of several studies that have shown the cytotoxic effects of amygdalin on the different cancer cell lines, no general agreement has yet been reached on the anti-cancer aspect of amygdalin. Objectives: The review aims to focus on the pharmacological activities and toxicological effects of amygdalin and provide a reference and perspective for its further investigation. Methods: Electronic databases including the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and sciencedirect were searched up to identify eligible studies about of the pharmacological activities and toxicological effects of amygdalin and provide a reference and perspective for its further investigation. Generally, a total of 90 papers about in vitro/in vivo studies on amygdalin have been reviewed. Results: Pharmacological activities of amygdalin have been well documented over the years, however, in some cases; dose-dependent toxicity has been reported in the human body. Since the acute toxicity experiments of amygdalin has proved that the toxicity of oral administration route is far greater than the intravenous route. Thus, several in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to assess the amygdalin’s pharmacological value as the induction of apoptosis and anti-cancer drug. Conclusion: Amygdalin is known to have generally dose-dependent effects with positive or desirable effects at lower doses and undesirable effects generally above this level of intake in some in the treatment of some diseases, although there is substantial inter-individual variation.

Kavimani is one of the most admired twentieth century poets in the literary world after Bharathi and Bharathidasan. The evaluation of Kavimani Desikavinayakam Pillai has been done by Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar. Therefore, this review article is based on the book "An Evaluation of Kavimani's Tamil Work" by Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar. The book reveals the potential of two personalities. Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar's performance skills and Kavimani's Tamil works are clearly explained. Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar states that Kavimani's Tamil works are suitable for children education. Following Sundarar's "Thiruthonda Thogai" which explained the greatness of other poets, Kavimani also sung about the pride of the poets. So, he was considered as the one who cherished Tamil tradition. The poem which Kavimani wrote for Bharathiyar appraises the value of criticism so Kavimani is exaggerated as the poet who gave the poem as a criticism. He also states that Kavimani instills human values through nature. Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar considers Kavimani is a great philosopher and theologian. He appreciates Kavimani’s poem as it tends the reader to visualize what they read. He also compliments Kavimani as he presents his poem being fascinated by the nature. In this way, Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar has reviewed Kavimani's Tamil work with his descriptive, analytical, compilation, comparative and psychological critiques and he also had the ability to interpret the poet's vision in Tamil that is based on a number of factors such as being a reviewer, as well as being an elite scholar, with an in-depth knowledge of literature, the ability to penetrate aesthetic sense, the ability to see what is in literature, the multifaceted scholarship, and the neutrality of likes and dislikes. Hence, this article explores the critical views of Prof. N. Subbu Reddiar on the works and ideals of Kavimani Desikavinayakam Pillai.

ABSTRACT In this review, I summarise the circumstances leading to the collaboration between London and Örebro on the basic research performed to study potential mechanisms underlying the improved patency of saphenous veins harvested by the no-touch technique. Histological studies reveal various forms of vascular damage to saphenous vein grafts harvested in conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) whereas no-touch grafts retain a normal architecture. The perivascular fat that remains intact on no-touch saphenous vein grafts seems to play a particularly important role as the “protector” of all layers of the graft. In addition, the perivascular fat is a source of adipose cell-derived factors that may contribute to the success of the no-touch technique. While a number of trials have compared no-touch with conventional grafts following CABG, these have generally been limited to short follow-up periods, low patient numbers, and inadequate histological data. When handling no-touch saphenous vein at harvesting, there is no direct contact of the vein by surgical instruments, spasm does not occur, and high-pressure intraluminal distension is not required. While damage to both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells are evident at the microscopic and ultrastructural level in conventional saphenous vein grafts, their structure in no-touch grafts is preserved. Also, in no-touch veins, the vasa vasorum remains intact and transmural blood supply is maintained. This microvascular network is disrupted during conventional harvesting, a situation likely to stimulate processes involved in graft occlusion. The use of excess graft material for histology is to be encouraged for the assessment of vascular damage and even surgeon competence. If you don’t look, you don’t find.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting remains one of the best therapies for advanced coronary artery disease. The most used conduit remains the great saphenous vein, which is susceptible to short-term and long-term failure, the result of acute thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and late superimposed atheroma. In this review, we present the current findings related to the pathophysiology of vein graft failure. Methods: A search of three databases - MEDLINE®, Web of Science™, and Cochrane Library - was undertaken for the terms “pathophysiology”, “prevention”, and “treatment” plus the term “vein graft failure”. Results: The pathophysiology of saphenous graft failure can be classified in three distinct phases - acute thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and accelerated atherosclerosis. All these processes start with an underlying histological predisposition of the vein and at the time of harvesting and preparation for grafting. These mechanisms are a result of localized inflammatory and prothrombotic cascades that obey different causes, but ultimately result in the stenosis or occlusion of the vein graft. Conclusion: The interaction between the different parts of the pathophysiology of vein graft failure is extremely complex and variable. Recent improvements in surgical techniques and secondary pharmaceutical prevention like early aspirin administration and long-term statin treatment have significantly reduced early and late saphenous vein graft failure. However, this continues to be a fascinating area of research with the potential for further improvement for patients and health service provision.

Malware steals, encrypts, and damages data of the targeted machines for private, money, or fame purposes. The types of malware are root exploit, cryptojacking, Trojan, worms, viruses, spyware, ransomware, and adware. Among these types, root exploit is one of the most destructive malware types since it disguises and obscures all types of malware and provides a mechanism for other malware to carry out malicious acts invisibly. In the interest to review the progress of root exploit efforts globally, there is a need to inspect all publications that involve root exploit. Among all malware reviews previously, to date, there is still no trace of any bibliometric analysis that demonstrates the research impacts of root exploit and trends in bibliometric analysis. Hence, this paper adopts bibliometric analysis specifically on root exploit studies which evaluate: (1) Wordcloud; (2) WordTreeMap; (3) Three fields plot; (4) Thematic evolution; (5) Thematic maps; (6) Correspondence analysis (CA); (7) Dendrogram; and (8) Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). To conclude, our bibliometric discovers that; 1) Linux and Android become main interest in root exploit studies. 2) Types of root exploit in virtualization layer and studies to detect on this area are increasing. 3) USA and China have become the leaders in root exploit research. 4) Research studies are more towards memory forensics to detect root exploit, which is more promising. 5) Instead of researching new methods of root exploit in compromising victims, root exploit researchers were more focused on detecting root exploits.

Skin melanoma is potentially the most dangerous form among all tumor skin lesions. According to statistics, melanoma accounts for about 90% of deaths. The cause of high mortality of patients is early metastasis. At the same time, melanoma metastases can be localized in almost all organs and tissues. In addition to local and regional metastasis to the skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymph nodes, metastatic melanoma of distant organs is not uncommon, and this dramatically worsens the prognosis of the disease. High-quality instrumental diagnostics at various stages of patient management (from primary diagnosis to treatment control) allow to reduce mortality and increase the overall survival of patients. Positron emission tomography in combination with computed tomography (PET/CT) has been used in the last decade as a dominant imaging method for initial staging, control of treatment and detection of progression or recurrence of various types of cancer, including melanoma. It is of great practical importance for predicting survival outcomes, assessing the risk of disease progression, as well as the effectiveness of radiation and systemic therapy. It is PET/CT that allows to simultaneously evaluate the condition of all organs and tissues with minimal radiation load being more sensitive and specific imaging method in comparison with ultrasound, CT and magnetic resonance imaging. PET/CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose is the most effective method for early detection of asymptomatic melanoma recurrence. In addition to accurate setting the tumor process stage, this method is crucial to ensure adequate and effective treatment, which in turn will increase the life expectancy of this category of patients in the near future.

Objective: to map the evidence on web-based technologies and their applicability in outpatient and home care in pediatric urology. Methods: this is a scoping review, with searches conducted in six databases, with no time limit, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Results: 2,200 articles were obtained, with 19 publications eligible for the final sample. The most used web-based technologies were telehealth and telemedicine (47.3%), online intervention programs (21.0%), and mobile apps (15.8%), with a lower rate of use of serious games, social media, and urination videos (5.3%), mostly in the home setting. Conclusion: the mapping of technological evidence in outpatient and home care in pediatric urology allowed us to identify the types of technology and their applications focused on self-management of symptoms and self-efficacy, for monitoring and follow-up of urologic care. Contributions to practice: the synthesized evidence contributes to an expanded, qualified, and innovative professional practice with the pediatric population with urinary and bowel symptoms, characteristics related to advanced nursing practice, in addition to favoring early diagnosis and greater therapeutic adherence, particularly by supporting interventions tailored to the needs of the pediatric patient and his family.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze scientific evidence on moral courage and related factors among nursing undergraduate students. Method: the protocol of this scoping review was registered on Open Science Framework. A search was performed in five databases, according to the method provided by Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers, the mnemonic strategy Population, Concept and Context, and a specific checklist. Results: a total of 2,812 results were identified, but only nine studies were eligible and presented three thematic approaches: Moral courage from the perspective of nursing students; Moral courage and related factors; and The teaching of moral courage in the training of nursing students. The factors related to moral courage include moral distress, moral sensitivity, age, and having a previous degree in the health field. Final Considerations: few studies were found with a low evidence level. Most were performed in developed countries, indicating some gaps that need to be addressed in the future.

This scoping review aimed to synthesize the best available evidence of the associations between molecular and genetic markers of mitochondrial metabolism and fatigue in human adults. The research question guiding this review was, “Are there potential relationships between mitochondrial metabolism markers and fatigue?” The literature search used three terms (mitochondria; fatigue; energy metabolism), which yielded 263 manuscripts and 22 theses/dissertations. The studies included in the review had to meet three criteria: (1) Include adult participants (≥18 years of age); (2) Show a relationship between mitochondrial energy metabolism and fatigue; (3) Be published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Of the 17 articles included for a full-text review, some had a cross-sectional design (6/17, 35%), and more than half (12/17, 70%) were published between 2015 and 2020. The predominant population studied were patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (9/17, 53%). Most studies (15/17, 88%) assessed fatigue with validated instruments. Mitochondrial markers associated with fatigue are a) mitochondrial transport pathways and respiratory chain, b) mutations in mitochondrial DNA, and c) energy disorders in cells of the immune system, such as natural killer cells. Mitochondrial metabolic activities, such as the production and transport of ATP, are significant components that may help understand the etiology of fatigue. Future directions should include longitudinal study designs, characterization of fatigue phenotypes, and the identification of markers involved in production and transport pathways. The clinical relevance in this field can lead to interventions targeting mitochondrial markers to reduce or prevent fatigue.

Background: A previous review of literature on mathematical knowledge for teaching in Africa indicated that most studies were small, qualitative studies that did not apply existing measures. The present literature review explores trends in more recent research from 2014 to 2021. Aim: The aim of the literature review is to investigate trends in peer-reviewed journal articles on mathematical knowledge for teaching in Africa from 2014 to 2021. Setting: A literature review of research on mathematical knowledge for teaching in Africa between 2014–2021. Methods: After a three-step search and initial coding, 24 studies were included in the review. Studies were coded in terms of genre, type of study, research problem, sample size, instruments, level and experience of teachers, location of the study and frameworks applied. Results: As compared with the previous literature review, there was variation in sample size, genre of the studies, as well as in the level and experience of participating teachers, and this indicates a field in positive development. Yet, there is a significant geographical lack of balance, as most studies were conducted in South Africa. In addition, there is a predominance of studies that investigate what knowledge teachers have, and many studies provide a deficit view of teachers’ lack of knowledge. Conclusion: Based on the trends in the studies reviewed, a shift in focus from teachers and their (lack of) knowledge to the knowledge demands of teaching is suggested. Contribution: An emphasis on exploring what is involved in teaching mathematics in African contexts might provide a productive turn in research that would be of international interest and significance.

Classifying patients with low back pain into homogeneous and distinct categories by organizing similar manifestations among individuals can be helpful to attain better results for treatments. Providing homogenous categories of patients with low back pain would improve benefits produced by treatments. To gain a greater understanding of the proposed multi-stage process and validate diagnostic categories, the current research was designed to conduct a review about this process. We aimed to validate movement system impairment (MSI) based categories of people with chronic low back pain. MSI-based classification uses a standardized approach for classifying people with low back pain into 1 of 5 subgroups. For the present narrative review, computerized databases of EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed and Science Direct were searched for articles published between January 1990 and December 2018. For electronic searches, keywords and terms used were: “Reliability”, “Validity”, “Classification”, “low back pain" and “Human Movement System”. Fourteen full-text research reports that have been undertaken to add clinical, laboratory and outcome validity to MSI-based classification of low back pain were included in the review. Five studies were categorized as clinical validity studies which investigated the accuracy of examinations for patients with low back pain, 5 studies categorized as laboratory validity studies and 4 studies categorized as outcome validity studies which included randomized control trials. The results of this review revealed that novice users can learn the diagnosis algorithm of MSI-based categories of low back pain and by practicing, their inter-tester reliability and precision in applying the classification algorithm would be comparable to that of described for experienced expert raters. The laboratory-based tests, including 3D motion analysis, indicated that there are differences in movement patterns of the lumbar spine between low back pain subgroups. Also, for people with low back pain, classification-specific treatments based on the MSI model resulted in better outcomes. In conclusion, this review indicated the validity of the MSI classification system in people with chronic low back pain.

Hyperoside, also known as quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, belongs to the class of flavonol glycosides. Its aglycon is quercetin, and the sugar base is galactopyranoside. It is made of quercetin. The O atom at the 3 rd position of the element is connected to the sugar group by a β-glycosidic bond. Hyperoside, which is widely present in the planted objects, such as the fruits and whole plants of Hypericaceae, Rosaceae, Campanulaceae, Lamiaceae, and Berberis spp., has received extensive attention due to its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and other disease activities, as well as its protective effects on the cardiovascular system, nervous system, digestive system and immune system. While glycosides are a commonly researched topic, there are very few studies on the metabolic pathways, and its overuse and adverse reactions are rarely reported. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pharmacological research results of hyperoside, and a new perspective on the limitations of the existing research on metabolic pathways and toxicology. It provides new ideas for further research and clinical application of hyperoside.

John W Greiner, Y Maurice Morillon II, Jeffrey Schlom Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USACorrespondence: Jeffrey SchlomLaboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USATel +1 240-858-3463Fax +1 240-541-4558Email schlomj@mail.nih.govAbstract: NHS-IL12 is a novel immunocytokine designed for delivery of IL-12 to the tumor microenvironment (TME). NHS-IL12 consists of two molecules of IL-12 fused to a human IgG1 (NHS76) recognizing DNA/histone complexes, which are often exposed in the necrotic portions of tumors. Preclinical studies demonstrated the tumor-targeting ability and longer plasma half-life for NHS-IL12 when compared with recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12). NHS-IL12 outperformed rIL-12 in enhancing the proliferation and activation of immune as well as antigen-presenting cells, resulting in a more robust primary immune response. NHS-IL12 also reduced the number and function of suppressive myeloid cells (myeloid derived suppressor cells/macrophages) within the TME. In a murine bladder tumor model, NHS-IL12 administration led to a coordinated increase in host immunity with a reduction of immunosuppressive myeloid cells in the TME resulting in substantial reduction in tumor growth. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated increased overall anti-tumor efficacy when NHS-IL12 was combined with either immune-based therapeutics or chemotherapeutic approaches.Keywords: interleukin-12, NHS-IL12, immunotherapy, cancer, immuno-oncology, review

The administration of the new US president is intensively working out the main directions of its foreign policy and identifying new approaches to the key problems of nowadays. In the context of restoring US leadership in the world, Joe Biden team outlines its new agenda in relations with the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. The priority of the tasks set by the new US administration in this region is primarily due to the need to correct as soon as possible the problems that have largely arisen as a result of the voluntarist actions of former US president D. Trump. The aim of the article is to comprehensively study the formation of the Joe Biden administration’s foreign policy outlines towards the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf in conformity with the US foreign policy in the region determined by the national interests and the main principles of the new US president and his team. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by analysis of implementation by Joe Biden administration of main principles of its global policy concerning Arab countries of the Persian Gulf and understanding of its first achievements and problems. The study, using historical and political analysis, found that among the first steps to correct the US foreign policy towards the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, which would best combine democratic values with the restoration of US diplomatic leadership, the new US administration focused on the efforts to end the war in Yemen shortly and on the serious revision of the nature and content of the US-Saudi Arabia relations. Such further steps by the J. Biden administration as the temporary suspension of arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the annulment of the definition of the Hussites as a terrorist organization, the White House announcement to begin a review of US-Saudi relations, and the intention to release a report by US National Intelligence on the assassination of the journalist J. Hashoggi indicate the desire of J. Biden and his team to overcome the consequences of a number of individual actions of D. Trump in relations with this group of countries as soon as possible.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological and inflammatory disorder that affects the nervous system. The etiology of MS is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Lack of vitamin D, smoking, and Epstein barr virus can cause epigenetic changes. Several studies have found that Dysregulation in DNA methylation is related to abnormal immune responses and post-translation modifications of myelin proteins in the brain specimens of MS patients. Molecular mechanisms through environmental signals lead to gene expression changes include DNA methylation, post modification of nucleosomal histones and non-coding RNAs. Also, abnormal microRNA profiles have been reported in the brain tissues and peripheral immune blood cells of MS patients. Increased histone acetylation and citrullination of myelin basic protein are two epigenetic mechanisms that may intensify the disease course, in the progressive type. The activation of T cells by histone deacetylase (HDAC) may contribute to the pathogenesis of MS disease and increase the intensity of disease. Increased of HDAC transcripts can also be observed during immune cell activation. Th1 differentiation is produced by HDACs, and the inhibition of these enzymes reduces the production of IFN-γ. The expression of 364 miRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) has been reported in the patients with remitting and relapsing and increased miR-18b and miR-599 regulation in the relapsing course. Expression of miRNAs in astrocytes, microglia, and CD8+ T cells also increased. The role of epigenome in this disease can be deduced from epidemiological studies of the geographical location influence, a month of birth, nutritional status (food and vitamin D absorption), and smoking. Despite of the ever-increasing advances, the epigenetic mechanisms of MS are still unknown. Numerous studies are needed to treat and control the disease and discover new and effective drugs due to the complexity of multiple sclerosis and the importance of epigenetic changes in multiple signaling pathways and the molecular mechanisms of different types of MS.

Since low-back pain is increasing in ageing populations, current research efforts are focused on obtaining a better understanding of the pathophysiology of intervertebral disc degeneration and on developing new therapeutic strategies. This requires adequate and clinically relevant models of the disease process. Ex vivo models can provide insights into isolated aspects of the degenerative/regenerative processes involved; although, ultimately, in vivo models are needed for preclinical translational studies. Such models have been developed in numerous animal species with significant variations in size and disc physiology and their number is considerable. Importantly, the choice of the model has to be tailored to the aim of the study. Given the number of available options, it is important to have a good understanding of the various models of disc degeneration and to be fully aware of their advantages and limitations. After comparing the anatomy and histology of intervertebral discs in animals and humans, the present study provides an overview of the different models of in vivo disc degeneration. It also provides a comprehensive guide with suggested criteria to select the most appropriate animal model in a question-driven manner.

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a complication of diabetes that occurs in 40 - 60 million individuals worldwide and is associated with other chronic diseases. However, there are no review studies that present the state-of- the- art and technologies developed to circumvent this important health problem., Material and Methods: This review was conducted based on scientific papers and patents. The papers were retrieved from Lilacs, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, and the patents from INPI, ESPACENET, WIPO, and GOOGLE PATENTS. Thus, a sample consisting of 14 scientific articles and 667 patents was analyzed., Results: From the analysis of the data, we drew an overview of the development of biomedical technologies for DPN and detected the pioneering spirit of China, the USA, and Japan in the area, with a focus on the treatment of DPN. Based on this, we carried out a SWOT analysis to help direct future efforts in the area, which should focus primarily on developing technologies for prevention, early diagnosis, and, above all, cure of the disease to reduce the important impact of this disease in various sectors of society., Conclusion: This study finds a concentration of diabetic peripheral neuropathy products, especially therapeutic drugs, in high-income countries. It highlights the need for global collaboration and strategic focus on therapeutic adherence and preventive strategies to effectively manage DPN., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background. Coronavirus (COVID-19) contagion prevalence and the severity of its symptoms do not seem different for pregnant and postpartum women than the general population. Nevertheless, the possible traumatic experiences related to the spread of covid-19 show negative effects on women’s mental health during the childbearing and postnatal period. Although international reviews observed this phenomenon worldwide, an in-depth exploration of Italian pregnant and postpartum women’s wellbeing is needed, considering the specific phases of the virus spread and the restrictive measures imposed by Italian government throughout the last year. Aim. This research aims to identify and discuss existing studies on women’s antenatal and postnatal mental health during the first year of the pandemic in Italy. Method. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted, using the following databases: Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO (APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo; Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection; MEDLINE), Pubmed and other sources. Results. Eleven articles were included in the review and three meaning trajectories were identified: Pregnancy and postpartum continuum – from anxiety to depression and post-traumatic stress; Risk dimensions: previous psychopathologies and the lack of social support; Focus on others health before themselves. Conclusion. Findings suggest different vulnerable areas, such as a high fear for others health and the loss of the protective dimension of social support for pregnant and postpartum women’s wellbeing in Italy. This evidence might help to project useful and specific psychological screening and intervention programmes for perinatal clinic.

Therapeutic hypothermia and/or cooling therapy are suggested to have benefits in patients with acute traumatic brain injury, and several systematic reviews (SRs) have been performed to synthesize the evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The objective of this critical appraisal study was to assess the methodological quality of SRs that evaluated the use of therapeutic hypothermia and/or cooling therapy in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. A broad and sensitive search of the literature was performed in March 2019. Four major electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane Library) were considered. The study selection, data extraction and the appraisal of the methodological quality was carried out by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the included SRs was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews) tool. The search strategy retrieved 149 articles, and 16 SRs were included after the selection process. They were published between 2003 and 2018, and the number of included clinical trials varied from 0 to 37. The overall confidence in the results from included SRs was graded as critically low in 53.3%, low in 13.3%, moderate in 20%, high in 13.3%. In Conclusion, most of the included SRs had poor methodological quality and only two systematic reviews were judged as having high overall confidence in the results in accordance to AMSTAR-2. Decision makers should consider the overall quality of the synthesis when using or recommending hypothermia and/or cooling therapy for practice.

This is an exploratory study about the scientific impact of the Ra Ximhai scientific journal, using the number of citations as a metric. The Ra Ximhai scientific journal is a biannual publication in charge of the Intercultural Autonomous University of Sinaloa, which publishes it in both digital and print versions since 2005. A citation analysis was made with the goal of knowing the impact of its publications in the scientific community to date. We collected information on the amount of citations the scientific articles on Ra Ximhai have, using Hazarding’s Publish or Perish 6 software, which collected information from Google Scholar. We performed a total of 14 queries, one per year, since 2005 until 2018, obtaining a total of 935 documents, multidisciplinary scientific journals and book reviews. We got 5431 citations in total and the most cited article to date had 241 citations. We show some descriptive statistics and a Pareto’s analysis, which also shows that the most cited articles on the journal are the ones that have more than 8 citations. The specific bibliometric analysis of the Ra Ximhai scientific journal will give a framework to continue investigations on the topic, comparing the results with other scientific journals of similar themes and also as a diagnosis of the current situation of the journal.

In the current market conditions that have been formed there is a rather active increase in production volume scrop production. This is done in the face of significant structural changes in the agrarian sector, accompanied by the introduction of modern intensive technologies using new varieties and hybrids, often overseas selection. Such significant changes in crop production, in our opinion, are not accompanied by proper monitoring of changes in the agro-ecological state of soils. The analysis of changes of various components of the cycle of nutrient elements for arable land has been carried out, starting from 1990 till now. The changes that have taken place with the use of the main types of agrochemicals, in particular the introduction of nutrients with mineral and organic fertilizers, the use of meliorants for chemical melioration of acid soils, have been analyzed. The dynamics observed with the introduction of macronutrients with fertilizers during the years of independence was shown and how it affected the productivity of agriculture and the balance of nutrients and humus in arable soils. The analysis showed that in the mid-1990s and during the first decade of the current century a persistent deficiency of macronutrients for arable soils was formed due to a significant excess of alienation of nutrients with a commodity part of the harvest from the fields compared with the amount of nutrients introduced from fertilizers. There is an imbalance between individual types of macrofertilizers. About 70 % of all mineral fertilizers are nitrogen fertilizers. Gradual intensification of production in agriculture, which is accompanied by an increase in the yield of major crops, and hence an increase in the removal of nutrients, is not compensated for by the full extent of fertilization. An analysis of the current state, formed with the balance of nutrient elements and humus in agricultural practices, has shown that at present the formation of crops is largely due to the use of existing soil fertility potential. The dynamics of the basic agrochemical indicators, the content of humus shows that there is a gradual deterioration of the basic agro-ecological characteristics of arable soils. The imbalance in nutrients, organic matter in soils leads to increased soil degradation and, in the long run, calls into question the possibility of further increasing the production of crop production and also poses a serious threat to the sustainable development of the agrarian sector.

Objective: to analyze the evidences on therapies for the treatment of pressure ulcers. Methods: integrative review with articles published between 2014 and 2019 in SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS and CINAHL databases. The descriptors used were: pressure ulcer, therapeutics and nursing care. Results: twelve articles were found that met the study´s objectives. Data from the eligible studies were extracted using the data collection instrument. After this step, they were categorized and synthesized, in a descriptive way, and listed in four categories: professionals’ knowledge about therapies; adequate management of therapies; therapies with biophysical agents; and non-conventional therapies. Conclusion: the analyzed articles reflect on the use of some therapies and strategies to treat pressure ulcers. The various therapies addressed in the research on the treatment of these ulcers proved to be effective, however, they are insufficient to ensure their wide and safe use.

Objective: to identify health promotion actions to reduce maternal near misses. Methods: this is an integrative review of the literature. The search for the articles was carried out in the MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases, using the following combination: Near Miss, Healthcare AND Health promotion AND Maternal Welfare OR Maternal Health. Results: the 17 studies selected addressed the following recommendations on health promotion actions to decrease maternal near miss: enhancing prenatal care; access to reproductive planning; guidance and preparation for childbirth; education as an inclusion policy; continuing education for professionals and improvement of the regulation system. Conclusion: health promotion actions were evidenced in the study: carrying out effective prenatal care and actions related to management concerning professional training, adequate physical support in health units, and an organized and effective care network.

Objective: to analyze factors related to the loss of follow-up in pregnant women with syphilis. Methods: Integrative review developed in six databases. The PICo strategy was used to elaborate the guiding question and select the descriptors and keywords through Boolean operators. 20 articles were included in the final sample. Results: the factors related to the loss of follow-up in pregnant women with syphilis were: age; schooling; diagnosis and late onset of treatment; prenatal failure and low adherence of the partner to treatment. In addition, the lack of knowledge of professionals about the management of syphilis and the failures in counseling were found to be factors inherent to the loss of follow-up. Conclusion: pregnant women under 20, low schooling, stigma, fear, non-treatment of partnership, inadequate treatment and lack of professional training and guidance to pregnant women were associated with the loss of follow-up of pregnant women with syphilis.

Pulses form an important component of the human diet, provide animal feed, and replenish soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. However, pulse breeding is a time consuming process. Most of the traditional breeding programs take 10–15 years to release an improved cultivar. In the breeder's equation, a model of the expected change in a trait in response to selection, cycle time is the most powerful parameter for increasing genetic gain. Shuttle breeding, double haploids and in vitro culture are some of the methodologies that have been developed; however, they have not been able to be implemented efficiently in the breeding programs for pulses. In this context, speed breeding emerges as a technology that allows increased efficiency of the programs, reducing costs and the work required. The technique uses optimal light quality, light intensity, daylength and temperature control to accelerate photosynthesis and flowering, coupled with early seed harvest. It can be integrated with other breeding technologies, does not include transgenesis or gene editing, and is presented as a revolution to increase the efficiency of the programs. We present different advances in pulse breeding programs and propose a speed breeding system for pea (Pisum sativum L.) that includes hybridisations and advancing generations in a growth chamber. This review concludes by highlighting the opportunities and challenges to incorporating speed breeding into pulse breeding programs. Most of the traditional pulse breeding programs take 10–15 years to release an improved cultivar; therefore, cycle time is the most powerful parameter for increasing genetic gain. In this context, speed breeding emerges as a technology that allows increased efficiency of the programs, reducing costs and the work required. We present and review different advances in pulse breeding programs and propose a speed breeding system for pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the scientific evidence on the use of auriculotherapy to reduce chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults and the elderly. Methods: integrative literature review conducted in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, SciVerse Scopus and MEDLINE databases (via National Library of Medicine), in March 2019, with no time frame. Results: 14 original scientific articles were analyzed, 64.3% of which were classified with level of evidence 2. All productions show the benefit of auriculotherapy in reducing chronic musculoskeletal pain, especially in the lumbar spine (42.9%). The treatment was developed in one or more sessions, using semi-permanent needles (42.9%) and electro-auriculotherapy (21.4%). Conclusions: auriculotherapy was effective in reducing chronic musculoskeletal pain, showing itself as an alternative to be used for the promotion and recovery of individuals' health.

Objective: to identify risk factors for the occurrence of pressure ulcers in adult individuals with spinal cord injuries in neurological rehabilitation. Methods: integrative review of studies published in the bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences. Results: 308 studies were found, with six articles selected, based on pre-established inclusion criteria. The number of risk factors found was similar during and after neurological rehabilitation. Conclusion: the risk factors found for the occurrence of pressure ulcers during and after neurological rehabilitation, were related to sociodemographic conditions, the spinal cord injury itself, associated with clinical condition and behavior. With the exception of complete injury and a history of pressure ulcers, risk factors varied during and after rehabilitation stages.

Purpose. The place of research in the educational development of any nation cannot be downplayed. The adoption of a methodological approach is significant in achieving valid results and sustainability. However, there does not appear to be an agreement on the methodological approach to developing a competency model for research in technical and vocational education among researchers. This study was designed to analyze the different methods used by researchers to bring out their strengths towards ensuring the adoption of a uniform methodology. Results. Findings show that there was no consistent and uniform technique for researching competency models in technical education. The outcome of this study has shown that researchers favour the use of qualitative and quantitative methods separately. This may be due to the ease and their convenience usage in terms of energy, time and resources. Scientific novelty. The listing and review of current articles from 2018 to 2021 in the domain of competency in technical education is novel as it shows the strengths and weaknesses in the usage of different methods by researchers. Similarly, the result shows the rate of research outcomes on a regional basis and document types. Practical value. The study is going to change the horizon and focus of researchers toward the adoption of the mixed-method research design in the 21st century because of its immense benefits in generating valid research results. The study was able to reveal that the source of data in mixed-method design is always acceptable to experts and the results of the findings can be generalized.

Copyright of Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education (INUJFE) is the property of Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neuropathic pain (NP) is directly caused by an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. It is a serious type of chronic pain that is a burden to the economy and public health. Although recent studies have improved our understanding of NP, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Noncoding RNAs, including lncRNAs, circRNAs, and miRNAs, are involved in the pathological development of NP through many mechanisms. In addition, extensive evidence suggests that novel regulatory mechanisms among lncRNAs/circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs play a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of NP. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the regulatory relationship among lncRNAs/circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs and emphasize the important role of the lncRNA/circRNA–miRNA–mRNA axis in NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This overview outlines key issues in learning with an open learner model (OLM). Originally, learner models remained hidden, as their primary role was to enable a system to personalize the educational interaction. Opening the model in an understandable form provides additional methods of prompting reflection, planning, and other metacognitive activities that are important in learning. Learner-system discussion, editing or other interaction about the learner model can allow users to contribute more directly to the modeling process to increase its accuracy, while at the same time, further facilitating reflection as they justify their viewpoints to themselves and the system. Social learning can be supported by opening learner models to peers, helping learners to gauge their relative progress, and effectively seek collaborators. OLMs can also provide useful information to others supporting the learning process, such as teachers and parents. OLMs are set to take an increasing role as new learning technologies develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]