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Les personnes atteintes de psychose présentent un risque de suicide jusqu'à 20 fois plus élevé que celui de la population générale. Les mécanismes sous-jacents à l'association entre la psychose et le suicide demeurent toutefois mal compris. Cette revue narrative vise à décrire les mécanismes explorés dans la littérature pour expliquer cette association. Une revue narrative a été conduite dans Pubmed et Google Scholar en utilisant des mots-clés relatifs à la psychose et au suicide. Les références des articles pertinents ont été consultées. Quatre hypothèses ont été explorées : (1) lien de causalité allant de la psychose à la suicidalité, (2) lien de causalité allant de la suicidalité à la psychose ou lien bidirectionnel, (3) facteurs de risque communs aux deux problématiques, (4) lien indirect entre les problématiques. Globalement, les résultats soutiennent que la psychose augmente le risque suicidaire avec certains facteurs qui semblent particulièrement importants, notamment les hallucinations auditives, les capacités cognitives, les évènements traumatiques, la détresse psychologique, les symptômes dépressifs et la consommation de substances. Des évidences plus récentes semblent également suggérer une association bidirectionnelle entre la psychose et le risque suicidaire. Chaque hypothèse a été explorée et soutenue par quelques études. Les résultats suggèrent que les mécanismes expliquant l'association entre la psychose et le suicide sont potentiellement multiples et multifactoriels. La revue narrative souligne l'importance de considérer les facteurs identifiés dans l'évaluation du risque suicidaire et la prévention chez les personnes atteintes de psychose. Persons with psychosis are up to 20 times more likely to die by suicide than the general population. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the association between psychosis and suicide remain poorly understood. This narrative review aimed to describe the mechanisms that have been explored in the literature to explain this association. A narrative review was conducted in Pubmed and Google Scholar in January 2024 using keywords related to psychosis and suicide. The keywords used for psychosis were: "psychosis", "psychotic", "psychotic symptoms", "psychotic experiences", "psychotic-like experiences", "delusions", "hallucinations"; and for suicide: "suicid*". Additional keywords were used in Google Scholar to refine the search: "association" OR "mechanisms" OR "pathways" OR "risk factors". References of selected articles were consulted. The results of the studies have been organized according to the four hypothesized mechanisms explored in the literature. The four hypotheses explored in the literature were: (1) causal link from psychosis to suicidality, (2) causal link from suicidality to psychosis or bidirectional link, (3) shared risk factors for psychosis and suicidality, (4) indirect link between psychosis and suicidality. In general, studies show that across the continuum of psychosis (from psychotic experiences to schizophrenia spectrum disorders), psychosis symptoms, especially auditory hallucinations and delusions, increase the risk of suicide thoughts and behaviors. Certain factors emerged as being particularly important in understanding the association between psychosis and suicide, whether as confounders or mediators, such as cognitive skills, traumatic events, psychological distress, depressive symptoms and substance use disorder. Recent evidence seems to support the existence of a bidirectional association between psychosis and suicide risk. Each hypothesis has been explored and supported by at least a few studies, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying the association between psychosis and suicide are potentially multiple and multifactorial. Identifying persons at risk of psychosis among those presenting suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as implementing early suicide prevention strategies among persons with psychosis symptoms, could respectively contribute to delaying/preventing the frank onset of a mental health disorder and reduce the risk of suicide. Further, suicide risk assessment and prevention in individuals with psychosis should take into account factors that have emerged as being important in the association between these two phenomena. In order to improve our understanding of the association between psychosis and suicide risk, several recommendations have been made for future research, such as considering the developmental stage and the stage of illness to assess potential mechanisms, and considering additional potential mediators (e.g., stigma, treatment compliance, social support, functioning and symptom severity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriation is a form of migration and temporary exile, characterized by a voluntary departure abroad and frequent back and forth with the country of origin. Globalization and international mobility over the past 50 years have resulted in an increase in the number of expatriates worldwide. Even when choosing to move abroad, some expatriates encounter difficulties that lead to illness and recourse to psychotherapy. This article offers a synthesis of the results of a review of the literature on the subjective experiences of expatriates. Our review of the literature aims to better understand the experience of expatriation, and the crises some expatriates go through during their stay abroad. Clinical practice treating expatriates is a complex situation, occurring in a specific context. However, expatriation has only recently become the subject of clinical psychological research. Economics and the sciences of sociology, demography, and work psychology, appear to have been the first to study this phenomenon. The objective was then to understand why some expatriates ended their expatriation prematurely. In the clinical psychology field, the paradigms of cultural adaptation and acculturation have been widely invoked as reasons for determining expatriate suitability and for establishing recommendations of preparation programs. If we recognize the adaptive dimension, we move away from these concepts to promote the subjective experience of the expatriate. To date, we have only found one publication on expatriation which specifically examines the consequences of expatriation for the family. It highlights a need for research that takes into account the variability of expatriation contexts and individual pathways. We therefore conducted a literature review on the subjective experience of the expatriate. A broad search on EBSCO and Google Scholar was conducted in English and French, successively using the key words EXPATRITION, EXPATRIATE, EXPATRIE. This first search phase led us to limit the scope of our research to the subjective experience of the expatriate. In order to gather existing data, we used the PRISMA method. Of the 423 publications extracted from different search engines, we selected and analyzed 25 papers published between 1992 and 2022. Expatriation appears to be a complex subjective experience, which can reveal a state of crisis in its dimension of upheaval, but also with the potential of creating new order. The literature highlights the articulation of latent reasons for departure and the accompanying crises that some expatriates may experience because of a wish to escape from an original environment, the desire to break with the family, and a search for oneself. Separation from the original environment and exposure to a foreign environment can cause archaic anxieties to resurface and summon the ability to be alone. The narcissistic and identity crisis generated is manifested by schizophrenic phenomena (rejection of the foreigner or the country of origin), relational disorders, and depressive disorders. At the same time, the experience can open up a transitional space conducive to the emergence of the Self, to the re-appropriation of poorly introjected objects, and open up an evolution of the bonds of filiation and affiliation. If the stay abroad can lead to narcissistic and identity disorders, it appears in the literature as a rite of passage allowing for maturation phenomena. As part of this doctoral research, we further explore the nature of the crisis, and how psychotherapy can provide support during the transformation process involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco is a recognized risk factor for chronic wounds. This review explores the effect of smoking cessation on wound healing. Method: This is a systematic review of interventional and cohort studies evaluating the association between smoking cessation and chronic wound healing. Researches were conducted on PubMed, Scopus and CINHAL Complete until March 2023. Two researchers independently assessed the studies and their methodological quality. Result: A single retrospective cohort study investigating the influence of smoking on pressure sore healing in spinal cord injured patients was selected. Patients who stopped smoking had a greater reduction in the number and total volume of wounds than smokers. Conclusion: The current literature does not allow us to establish precisely the quantitative impact of smoking cessation on the healing time of chronic wounds. Given the physiopathology and existing data on acute wounds, further studies are needed to formulate precise recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans les Aventures de Tintin , Hergé n'a pas manqué de tisser psychologie et psychiatrie dans la trame de fond de son récit. Étant donné la richesse de ses planches en matière de santé et de maladie mentales, nous proposons une revue systématique des albums ainsi que de la littérature médicale aboutissant à une lecture de la sémiologie et de la phénoménologie psychiatriques dans l'œuvre d'Hergé. Les thèmes les plus récurrents sont les délires et les psychoses, les troubles de la personnalité ainsi que les troubles liés à l'usage de l'alcool et d'autres substances psychoactives. Par la suite, nous avons procédé à une analyse de l'évolution de la représentation des asiles et des hôpitaux psychiatriques, des psychiatres et du « fou » au fil des albums. Finalement, nous nous sommes attardés sur l'analyse psychanalytique des « Aventures de Tintin », entreprise par Serge Tisseron, à la recherche d'un secret familial qu'il eut l'impression de déceler en parcourant l'œuvre d'Hergé. Hergé's "Adventures of Tintin" is a renowned Belgian comic book series. The twenty-four albums are rich in psychological and psychiatric elements, intricately woven into a smartly written and complex storyline. These elements have, however, seldom been studied systematically from a psychiatric point of view. In the current paper, we propose a systematic review of the series and of the medical literature concerning the psychiatric semiology and phenomenology found in the work of Hergé. The search terms used in the Pubmed database were "Tintin", "medicine", "medical", "health", "mental", and "psychiatry". Upon reading the integrality of the twenty-four albums, the most recurrent themes found were delusions and psychosis, personality disorders, and alcohol and other psychoactive substance use disorders. We then conduct a chronological analysis of the evolution of the representations of asylums and psychiatric hospitals, psychiatrists and the "mad man" throughout the albums. Finally, we present the psychoanalysis of the "Adventures of Tintin", as developed by the psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Serge Tisseron, who, upon reading Hergé's work, suspected the existence of a family secret that the author might have concealed in his albums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les progrès rapides de la robotique pourraient avoir des conséquences majeures sur l'économie mondiale et les sciences économiques. L'auteur passe en revue la littérature récente consacrée à ce sujet en se plaçant de deux points de vue. Premièrement, il analyse les travaux théoriques concernant les effets de la robotisation sur l'emploi et la capacité de différentes théories à décrire ces effets. Deuxièmement, il évalue les études empiriques relatives à l'impact de la robotisation sur l'économie, plus précisément sur l'emploi et la relocalisation de la production. Il met en lumière les limites de la littérature et des pistes pour de futurs travaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Le but de ce travail est d'explorer les multiples aspects du « Praecox Feeling » tels qu'il a été décrit par le psychiatre néerlandais H.C. Rümke et développé dans les suites par ses pairs. Nous proposons une présentation historique sur ce sujet allant des premières descriptions aux études les plus récentes. Nous proposons d'y associer des notions voisines telles que les processus de typification et le jugement expert (Gut feeling) en y intégrant des aspects épistémologiques. Le Praecox Feeling a été présenté par Rümke comme le moyen le plus sensible pour diagnostiquer une schizophrénie. Phénomène singulier de la rencontre clinique, il peut être décrit comme une expérience de bizarrerie ou d'étrangeté vécue par le clinicien au contact de son patient. Rümke conclut que le diagnostic de schizophrénie ne se fait pas strictement par une description précise des symptômes, mais en examinant son propre ressenti. De nombreux auteurs et chercheurs ont travaillé sur ce sujet et sont pour la plupart sensibles à une approche phénoménologique. Ainsi, Minkowski, Binswanger ou Tellenbach, parmi d'autres, ont permis d'affiner cette notion en parlant de « diagnostic par intuition », « diagnostic par pénétration » ou encore « diagnostic atmosphérique ». Malgré un abandon progressif de la subjectivité dans le processus diagnostique en psychiatrie, on retrouve dans la littérature contemporaine un regain d'intérêt de telles approches. On peut ainsi citer les processus de typifications ou encore le jugement expert (Gut feeling) qui proposent d'éclairer les mécanismes en jeu via une approche issue en partie des sciences cognitives et sociales. Ainsi, il apparaît que la question du diagnostic et de ses processus dépasse le strict champ psychiatrique pour rejoindre celui de la médecine au sens large. The aim of this review is to explore the multiple aspects of the « Praecox Feeling » as introduced and developed by the Dutch Psychiatrist H.C Rümke in 1941 and re-assessed over the following years by its peers. We present a historical review of this subject from the first description to the most recent research and proposed related notions like typification processes and gut feeling. The Praecox Feeling, as presented by Rümke, may be considered as the most sensible tool in order to diagnose schizophrenia. This phenomenon appears in the in-between of the clinical encounter (i.e. the intersubjective space). It may be felt by the clinician as an experience of bizarreness during the interaction with a patient suffering from schizophrenia. Those feelings suggest fundamental aspects of schizophrenia that can be recognized as a peculiar form of embodiment. Rümke finally concludes that schizophrenia is not diagnosed by strictly examining patients' symptoms, but psychiatrists' own feelings. The recognition of such feelings remains hard to describe explicitly, since it takes place in a very basic (« pre reflexive ») state. However, numbers of researchers tried to explore praecox feeling more accurately. A phenomenological approach, with Minkowski, Binswanger or Tellenbach among others, developed several related terms: "Diagnostic by intuition", "Diagnostic by penetration" or "Atmospheric diagnosis". Although the precocity of the diagnosis is mentioned in Rümke's original paper, it does not precisely define the Praecox Feeling, contributing to the misunderstanding of the Rümke's original formulation. The very notion of Praecox Feeling in terms of psychiatric diagnoses fell into disuse with the development and the widespread diffusion of criteriological approaches, with the risk of an impoverishment of the clinical diagnosis. However, the study of specific subjective perspectives showed a renewed interest over the last decade, especially with the contribution of cognitive and social neurosciences. Furthermore, studies on psychiatrists' daily-practice suggest that the Praecox Feeling is still relevant. Moreover, "the subjective tool" represented by the Praecox Feeling remains as used today as it was fifty years ago, in a pre-DSM III era. Temporal aspects have, nevertheless, lead to several studies suggesting that many clinical indices are identified during the first minutes of a clinical interview, especially for schizophrenia. In order to specify this very intuitive pathway, authors developed and worked on the typifications processes that lead to such feelings, involving diagnosis through prototypes. The passive synthesis of such subtle clinical clues may induce for the clinician a "pattern recognition" phenomenon that reminds a "gestaltic" diagnosis. This specific aspect of typification may not be specific of psychiatry. The "Guts Feeling" is a notion first developed by Dutchs physicians, particularly in General medicine but also among other medicals disciplines, theoretically very close from the notion of intuitive typification. It may allow benefits in term of diagnoses, reassurance or alarm sense. It suggests that clinical experience added to criteriology provides risks reductions. The crucial role of clinical experience in the diagnosis decision making tends to be underexplored, but still represents a crucial aspect of the evidence-based medicine as firstly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le « développement personnel » renvoie à un ensemble hétéroclite de savoirs syncrétiques, délivrés sous forme de livres, de vidéos ou de formations. Ces contenus sont recherchés par de nombreuses personnes dont l'objectif manifeste est la quête d'un soi authentique, dans une société où vacillent les étayages identitaires. Au-delà d'une considération critique, notre étude vise à mieux comprendre les motivations de ceux qui investissent ces savoirs et dispositifs non conventionnels. Au sein d'une revue de littérature sous forme d'anthropologie clinique, trois vignettes cliniques sont présentées à partir d'entretiens de recherche. L'un des participants est dans une pratique articulée autour de deux mentors ; un autre poursuit uniquement une réflexion nourrie par ses lectures ; et le dernier combine ses lectures à la consultation d'une psychologue. Tous poursuivent un désir de transformation intérieure en lien avec un questionnement identitaire. La lecture de tels ouvrages peut favoriser des formes de symbolisation médiatisée par la lecture. L'identification à des mentors constitue un étayage comparable aux préceptes religieux. Selon la perspective des participants à l'étude, le développement personnel stimule un travail auto-thérapeutique dont les limites sont dépassées par une ouverture progressive vers un autre, selon un processus de pré-engagement thérapeutique. S'il est possible de localiser les coordonnées de l'engouement actuel pour le développement personnel dans certaines mutations du lien social, il paraît nécessaire de développer une approche attentive et rigoureuse de cette forme de pluralisme thérapeutique sollicitée par une portion de la population générale. "Self-help" refers to a heterogeneous collection of syncretic knowledge, delivered in the form of books, videos or training courses. This content is sought after by many people whose obvious objective is the quest for an authentic self, in a society where identity supports are wavering. In addition to being a critical consideration, our study aims to better understand the motivations of those who invest in this knowledge and who feed their preferences for these non-conventional approaches. Within the framework of a literature review in the form of clinical anthropology, three clinical vignettes are presented, based on clinical research interviews conducted with volunteers engaged in a personal development process. One of the participants is involved in a practice that includes two mentors; another pursues only a reflective approach nourished by his readings; and the last one supplements his readings with psychological consultations. All of them pursue a desire for inner transformation in connection with a questioning of identity. Reading such works can promote forms of symbolization mediated by reading. The first vignette provides a clinical illustration of the concept of "apérité" developed by Nicolas Marquis. It demonstrates that the possibility for the subject to identify himself with the contents of the self-help book, which allows him to develop new representations, linked to his personal life history, thereby helping him to move towards a clearer representation of his internal world and the functioning of his identity. The second subject is more motivated by the hope of the existence of an ideal of life that he could implement with the help of the concrete application of certain key factors. He is trying to rebound from a complex family situation that has pushed him to break with his family. By adopting a self-help approach, he is attempting to find the support and backing that he did not have in his family environment. The identification with mentors constitutes a support comparable to a religious precept. The practice of mentoring embodies a real system of reference and support in the life of the third subject interviewed. Over time, this practice enabled him to establish a new relationship with his parents and to gradually emancipate himself. The mentor is often assigned to accompany the individual in the development of a mindset that favors his or her empowerment. This practice also underpins a path towards self-awareness, by inviting the subject to consciously reconnect with his internal world and the different sensations that run through it at various moments of daily life. From the perspective of the participants in the study, personal development stimulates a self-therapeutic work whose limits are exceeded by a gradual openness towards another, in a process of therapeutic pre-commitment. If it is possible to locate the coordinates of the current tendency to strive for personal development in certain mutations of the social bond, it seems necessary to develop a careful and rigorous approach to this form of therapeutic pluralism sought out by a portion of the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Malgré les retombées économiques, sociales et environnementales de l'évolution du temps de travail, les études sur les préférences en la matière sont dispersées entre diverses disciplines et disséminées dans de multiples revues. Dans cette revue systématique de la littérature fondée sur 173 articles, il est démontré que les études existantes concernent un petit nombre de pays de l'OCDE, portent surtout sur les professions médicales et font essentiellement appel à des données d'enquête et à des méthodes statistiques. Les résultats les plus clairs et les plus homogènes ont trait à l'influence du genre, des obligations en matière de garde des enfants et du temps de travail actuel, tandis que les normes et la formation des préférences demeurent mal comprises. Davantage de travaux qualitatifs sont indispensables pour déterminer comment faire progresser la réduction du temps de travail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lesson Study is a teacher training process that seeks to improve the quality of teaching and learning through collective and reflective work, which involves defining the objective of the class, studies related to the topic to be taught, detailed lesson planning, conducting of the class by one of the participants and analysis after its completion, which culminates in the improvement of the planning. This process originated in Japan at the end of the 19th century and has been developed in several countries with teachers in service and/or preservice teachers training, undergoing adaptations. In this text we present an overview of the scientific productions related to the Lesson Study developed within the scope of the preservice training of Mathematics teachers, which took place in Brazil until the year 2021. Our intention is to highlight possibilities and challenges for the development of this formative process, as well as their contributions. The surveys analyzed show that the Lesson Study can bring several contributions to the training of future Mathematics teachers, mainly in relation to the articulation between theory and practice and, also, to favor an approximation between university and basic school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française (RIELF) is the property of Poznan University of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La spiritualité et la religion sont des domaines importants de la vie humaine qui suscitent l'intérêt des chercheurs en psychologie et en médecine à propos de leurs possibles effets sur la santé mentale. Depuis près de quarante ans, un nombre croissant de recherches ont montré les effets positifs du couple spiritualité/religion sur la santé mentale par l'intermédiaire de différents processus comme le coping, l'optimisation du lien social, le pouvoir des croyances et les bienfaits de certaines approches thérapeutiques utilisant la spiritualité. Cependant, au niveau des thérapies complémentaires et alternatives qui utilisent la spiritualité comme vecteur de soins ou qui s'inscrivent dans le champ de la spiritualité, on retrouve beaucoup de recherches qui se caractérisent par des biais méthodologiques importants ne permettant pas de valider la pertinence et l'efficacité systématique de ces thérapies. De ce fait, cette recherche a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact des approches thérapeutiques basées sur la spiritualité, sur la santé mentale au niveau de l'anxiété en suivant une démarche méthodologique rigoureuse de sélection des travaux de recherche. Nous avons effectué une revue de la littérature sur le sujet, de recherches contrôlées et randomisées. Quinze recherches ont été sélectionnées et ont montré des effets positifs des approches psycho-spirituelles sur la santé mentale, qu'il convient toutefois de nuancer en raison de limites méthodologiques importantes qui seront développées. Les approches de types TCC (Thérapies Comportementales et Cognitives) ayant la spiritualité comme thématique de base ressortent nettement de cette étude. Cela souligne la pertinence d'utilisation de la spiritualité dans une optique comportementale et cognitive dans le traitement de la relation entretenue avec les pensées et les émotions dans une optique de changements adaptatifs et de style de vie permettant une meilleure gestion de l'anxiété. La dimension de la spiritualité est riche en perspective d'accompagnement thérapeutique et les approches cognitives et comportementales de la 3e vague des TCC travaillant sur les relations entretenues avec les cognitions, les valeurs de vie et les émotions sont une piste sérieuse à exploiter dans le cadre de traitements psychothérapeutiques complémentaires pour le soin de l'anxiété. Spirituality and religion are important areas of human life that have aroused the interest of researchers in psychology and medicine with respect to their potential effects on mental health. A growing body of research for nearly 40 years has demonstrated the positive effects of spirituality/religion on mental health through different processes such as coping, optimization of social bonding, the power of beliefs, and the benefits of certain therapeutic approaches using spirituality. However, at the level of complementary and alternative therapies which use spirituality as a vector of care or which fall within the field of spirituality, we find considerable research which is characterized by significant methodological biases that do not allow us to validate the relevance and the systematic effectiveness of these approaches. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches based on spirituality in treating anxiety. We carried out a review of the literature on the subject that used randomized controlled trials. Fifteen studies that demonstrated positive effects of psycho-spiritual approaches on mental health were selected. These studies should, however, be put into perspective because of significant methodological limitations. Cognitive Based Therapies (CBT)-type approaches with spirituality as a basic theme clearly stand out from this study and underline the relevance of using spirituality from a behavioral and cognitive perspective in the treatment of the relationship maintained with thoughts and emotions in a context of adaptive and lifestyle changes, allowing for better management of the pathologies studied. The dimension of spirituality is rich with respect to therapeutic support, and the cognitive and behavioral approaches of the 3rd wave of CBT relying on the relationships maintained with cognition, life values and emotions are a serious avenue to be exploited within the framework of complementary psychotherapeutic treatments for anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La visée de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre le vécu psychique de l'Insuffisance Ovarienne Précoce (IOP) chez une jeune femme qui souhaite s'engager avec son compagnon dans une grossesse. Après avoir rappelé l'impact de cet événement somatique sur la psychosexualité féminine mais aussi le sentiment d'incomplétude lorsque l'infertilité survient, nous avons présenté un dispositif méthodologique basé sur des entretiens cliniques de recherche, des épreuves projectives (Rorschach, TAT) et un génogramme imaginaire pour analyser comment la participante élabore ses liens filiatifs et affiliatifs depuis l'annonce du diagnostic d'IOP. L'analyse des données cliniques et projectives dans un référentiel métapsychologique a mis en évidence des défenses narcissiques (idéalisation du couple), des marques de retrait relationnel, une élaboration complexe des identifications et notamment de la polarité féminine. Les imagos parentales se sont avérées insuffisantes à soutenir le narcissisme de la participante et donc à déployer les identifications. Quant au génogramme imaginaire, il illustre un fantasme incestuel et une dissociation du conjugal et du parental. Si la maternité pourrait être envisagée comme une sortie de la relation fusionnelle à la mère et soutenir une identité féminine, l'IOP, paradoxalement, maintiendrait la participante comme une éternelle enfant et ferait l'économie de la rivalité adressée à la mère (seule génitrice). The aim of this research is to better understand the psychological experience of premature ovarian failure (POF) in a young woman who desires to become pregnant with her partner. After taking into consideration the impact of this somatic event on female psychosexuality and the feeling of inadequacy in cases of infertility, we present a methodological approach based on clinical research interviews, projective tests (Rorschach, TAT), and an imaginary genogram to analyze how the participant approaches her filial and affiliative links following the announcement of the diagnosis of POF. The research was spread out over almost a month and used the following procedure: first of all, we conducted an initial interview concerning the impact of the announcement of the POF. During a second interview, the instructions were to go back over the salient elements of her life story (relationship with her parents, love life, desire for a child, etc.). Following this interview, the Rorschach and the TAT were administered. A session was devoted to doing the genograms, and finally a last meeting recorded her return on the research. Only the projective tests were carried out in the same session. The analysis of the clinical and projective data in a metapsychological perspective revealed narcissistic defense mechanisms (the idealization of the couple), indications of relational withdrawal, and a complex elaboration of identifications, particularly regarding feminine polarity. The parental imagos proved to be insufficient to support the participant's narcissism and to enforce the identifications. Moreover, the imaginary genogram illustrates an incestual fantasy and a dissociation of the conjugal being from the parental being. If motherhood could be envisaged as a way out of the fusional relationship with the mother and support a feminine identity, it seems that the ovarian failure, paradoxically, would relegate the participant to the status of an eternal child and would avoid the feelings of rivalry toward the mother (who remains the sole genitor). The fact that the partner was not involved in the data collection is one of the limitations of this research and it would seem interesting to include input from the partners in our future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What empirical studies on clusters? The contribution of an interdisciplinary vision. This article presents a literature review of articles using the cluster concept, based on an analysis of 186 articles published in economics, management or geography in journals referenced in the Web of Science and citing Porter's original 1998 article. This work illustrates the fact that the use of very general concepts in Porter's original definition results in very varied interpretations of each of the three dimensions of this definition. With regard to the methodologies used, this work shows that the majority of empirical articles dealing with clusters do not use quantitative methods, but rather propose qualitative explanations for the development and evolution of the cluster. Finally, this work shows how the cluster concept needs to be observed through an interdisciplinary prism. © 2023 Lavoisier, Paris. Tous droits réservés [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although humanitarian work is linked to ethical issues that are sometimes of concern, no review of the literature to date has described these issues and their possible responses. Following the method proposed by McCullough, Coverdale and Chervenak, a critical review of the literature was conducted to fill this gap in the existing literature. 83 articles were selected for analysis and a total of 25 units of meaning emerged, which were grouped into three broad categories of ethical issues: 1) subjective ethical experiences, 2) practical ethical problems, and 3) politics and power. In terms of possible responses to these issues, six articles propose responses that are either preventative or restorative in nature. In the end, although the corpus of texts studied is dominated by the often rich, sometimes anecdotal experiential experiences of field actors in humanitarian work, little empirical research has been conducted to date to identify the ethical issues related to this practice and the possible responses to them. Also, none of the proposed responses have been empirically tested to determine their relevance and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les Troubles Dépressifs Persistants (TDP) sont fréquents et invalidants et leur prise en charge thérapeutique est confrontée à un taux élevé d'échec ou de rémission partielle : on estime que la moitié des patients ne répondent pas aux interventions thérapeutiques habituelles. La théorie de l'attachement souligne l'effet des représentations insécures des relations dans l'apparition et le maintien des TDP. Cette revue de littérature présente les liens entre TDP et attachement insécure, en particulier l'attachement ambivalent, et note le caractère protecteur de la sécurité d'attachement sur le développement ultérieur de TDP. Intégrer l'attachement dans la compréhension des TDP met en évidence la nécessité de mener des études expérimentales sur les approches thérapeutiques qui reposent sur ce concept. Persistent depressive disorders (PDD) are frequent and disabling and their therapeutic management remains poorly defined. Attachment theory highlights the effect of insecure representations of relationships in the development and maintenance of PDD. The aim of this literature review is to identify the main findings regarding the place of attachment in persistent depressive disorders (PDD) to show the interest of this framework as an explanatory model of PDD and to determine the usefulness of taking attachment into consideration in the therapeutic intervention for the treatment of PDD. The current treatment of PDD faces a high rate of either failure or partial remission. Almost half of depressed patients do not achieve remission or develop chronic residual symptoms. Although there is a specific therapy built for PDD (CBASP), there is currently no psychotherapy that has been sufficiently scientifically verified to be recommended for PDD. Interpersonal difficulties seem to play a major role in the maintenance of a depressive state: the difficulty in establishing a therapeutic relationship would explain why patients with PDD often show a poor therapeutic response to traditional psychotherapies, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). In addition, some characteristics that make treatment difficult may be a consequence of childhood maltreatment, in particular emotional abuse, and neglect, that are risk factors for early depression with a chronic course. Furthermore, insecure attachment is a major risk factor of severity or persistence of psychopathological disorders. Conversely, secure attachment reduces the risk of developing these symptoms. Empirical research has shown links between insecure attachment and specific psychological disorders. Insecure attachment is associated with internalizing disorders, including depression, in childhood and in adulthood. Insecure attachment is clearly associated with depressive symptoms. This relationship is mediated by several variables such as self-esteem, disrupted social and relational skills depressive cognitions and early maladaptive schemas. Taken together, these findings suggest that attachment is an important risk factor in the development of psychopathology, in particular depressive disorders. Therefore, Bosmans suggests that the integration of attachment into psychotherapies would enhance their effectiveness. Attachment should therefore be considered as an important target of clinical intervention to treat the symptoms of PDD and there seems to be a need to develop this therapeutic approach to determine the extent to which a treatment protocol can focus specifically on attachment for chronically depressed patients. Studies of attachment psychotherapies consider attachment style both as a predictor of treatment outcome and as an indicator of therapeutic orientation. The patient's attachment representations and behaviours can influence the therapeutic process and the relationship with the therapist, which means identifying them to use specific strategies: therapeutic techniques relevant to one attachment style may be problematic for another. These considerations show the need for research that considers the relationship between PDD symptoms and patients' attachment styles at the beginning of therapy to verify which attachment patterns are related to this specific pathology and to determine the influence of patients' attachment patterns on the therapeutic process. Finally, innovative therapies such as Integrated Attachment Therapy, that consider attachment as the foundation of the therapeutic process, are being developed and form a new care offer that seems promising for the treatment of PDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les maladies auto-inflammatoires systémiques (MAI) sont un groupe de pathologies causées par une dérégulation du système immunitaire inné. La récurrence des accès inflammatoires peut gravement affecter l'état du patient avec des répercussions directes ou indirectes sur la santé physique et mentale et/ou sur la qualité de vie globale (QdV). Nous avons souhaité d'identifier les études consacrées à la QdV et les instruments de mesure actuellement disponibles dans ces maladies. Une revue systématique de la littérature axée sur les MAI monogéniques a été conduite. Après avoir répertorié les différents schémas d'étude utilisés dans les publications incluses et les avoir classés par domaine, nous avons dressé la liste des différentes mesures dédiées à la QdV. Cinquante-trois références bibliographiques évaluant l'impact des MAI monogéniques sur la QdV des patients ont été enregistrées. Ces publications ont permis de recenser 150 schémas d'étude différents et 82 instruments de mesure de la QdV. Les domaines les mieux explorés étaient la QdV globale des patients puis la fonction psychosociale et physique. Les recherches portaient essentiellement sur la Fièvre méditerranéenne familiale (FMF) et, dans une moindre mesure, sur le groupe des Fièvres récurrentes héréditaires (FRH) mixtes, les syndromes périodiques liés à la cryopyrine et le chérubisme. À l'inverse, les autres MAI monogéniques ont été très peu étudiées. Ce travail a mis en évidence un certain nombre de points qui nécessitent d'être améliorés comme l'homogénéisation des concepts, l'étude des maladies plus rares ou de découverte plus récente et l'élaboration de mesures plus spécifiques et validées dans les MAI. Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs) are a group of disorders related to defective regulation of the innate immune system. Recurrence of inflammation can severely affect the patients' outcomes with a direct or indirect impact on their physical and mental health and/or global quality of life (QoL). We therefore sought to identify currently available QoL studies for these diseases as well as measurement tools at our disposal. A systematic literature review was carried out with a focus on monogenic SAIDs. We inventoried the study designs developed in the selected publications, grouped them into similar topics, and listed the different outcome measures used for QoL. We recorded 53 bibliographic references evaluating the impact of monogenic SAIDs on the patients' QoL. These publications revealed 150 different study designs and 82 outcome measures used for their assessment. The best-explored topics were the overall patients' QoL, followed by the evaluation of their psychosocial and physical functioning. We found fair coverage of familial Mediterranean fever, poor investigation of the mixed hereditary recurrent fever (HRF) group, cryopyrin-associated periodic diseases and cherubism, and almost no study of the other monogenic SAIDs. This work revealed areas requiring further investigation such as homogenization of concepts, study of uncommon or more recent diseases, and development of more specific and validated outcome measures for SAIDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'objectif de cet article est de présenter en langue française une revue des connaissances actuelles sur les conséquences et déterminants de l'accommodation familiale. Celle-ci peut se définir par les changements de comportements qu'adoptent les membres d'une famille d'un proche souffrant de trouble mental dans le but de diminuer la souffrance et la détresse qui y sont associées. Afin de présenter ce mécanisme, l'article en abordera les modèles théoriques sous-jacents dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif (TOC). Une seconde partie traitera des principaux programmes et méthodes de prise en soin de l'accommodation familiale. Pour ce faire, une revue de la littérature concernant l'accommodation familiale a été réalisée à partir des bases de données suivantes : PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect et PsycINFO, cela sans limitation de date. Soixante-sept articles ont été retenus afin d'aborder la question de l'accommodation familiale dans les TOC, aussi bien auprès d'une population enfants que d'une population adultes. Il en résulte que les données de la littérature montrent clairement que l'accommodation familiale est (1) un facteur important de maintien de la symptomatologie TOC et anxieuse ; (2) négativement associée à l'efficacité des interventions psychothérapeutiques. En ce sens, de nombreuses propositions d'interventions, issues des modèles en TCC, ont vu le jour ces dernières années afin de maximiser l'efficacité des thérapies du TOC et des troubles anxieux. Pour conclure, mieux comprendre l'accommodation familiale et en tenir compte dans l'ensemble des pathologies psychiatriques paraît essentiel à l'avenir afin d'augmenter l'efficacité des propositions de soin. The objective of this article is to present a review of current knowledge of the consequences and determinants of family accommodation in adults, children and adolescents. Family accommodation can be defined as the changes in behavior adopted by family members of a relative suffering from a mental disorder in order to reduce the associated suffering and distress (e.g., participating in OCD rituals or helping with avoidance). This phenomenon is particularly frequent since it is observed in from 70 to 97% of the relatives interviewed in the studies, whether the patients are adults or children. To present this mechanism, this article will discuss the underlying theoretical models in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as outline the epidemiology, consequences and maintaining factors of family accommodation. The second part of this article will deal with the principal programs and methods of treatment of family accommodation. To this end, a review of the literature regarding family accommodation was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO, without date limitation. Sixty-seven articles were selected to explore the question of family accommodation in OCD, both in child and adult populations. The data in the literature clearly show that family accommodation is an important factor in the perpetuation of OCD and anxiety symptomatology. Indeed, this accommodation would seem to impede attempts to learn new functional behavior by not allowing the person to perceive the negative consequences of his or her symptomatic behavior or by preventing him or her from experiencing habituation to anxiety-provoking stimuli. In addition, several studies have shown a moderate correlation between the intensity of OCD and family accommodation, as well as the negative effects on the quality of the relationship in couples, or an increase in the perceived burden for the relative. Another finding that seems relevant to clinical practice is that family accommodation is negatively associated with the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions. Indeed, it has been shown that a high level of family accommodation is positively correlated with a low response to psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments. Family accommodation has been shown to be a factor in the failure of psychotherapies by distorting the learning achieved in therapy, as well as by leading to greater functional deterioration in the patient. This accommodation is also a predictor of non-spontaneous recovery. These data, therefore, indicate the importance of considering this mechanism in the treatment of patients suffering from OCD, regardless of their age or sex. In the second part of the article, we discuss many proposals for interventions, based on CBT models, which have emerged in recent years in order to maximize the effectiveness of therapies for OCD and anxiety disorders. Their aim is to integrate the family member into the therapy so that he or she can understand the interest in changing his or her reinforcing behavior. In addition to understanding the importance of change, they can be helped by the therapist. Most of these programs are for children only, but some do exist for relatives of adult patients. These propositions for the treatment of family accommodation seem to demonstrate interesting evidence in favor of their effectiveness. However, considering the small number of existing programs, and the small sample sizes that have led to their validation, further research is needed on this topic in order to highlight key interventions that can lead to a decrease in family accommodation. In conclusion, despite an acceleration of research during the last decade, family accommodation remains relatively insufficiently studied, particularly in adults. Recently, family accommodation has been demonstrated in cases of depression, all anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders and in chronic pain. There is still a lack of evidence for the existence of this process in certain disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolarity, but it is easy to hypothesize that a change in behavior can be found in the relatives of people suffering from these types of pathologies. In consideration of these results and of the negative impact of family accommodation on the treatment of mental pathologies, a better understanding of family accommodation and its consideration in all psychiatric pathologies seems essential in the future in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorexia nervosa is a severe and potentially life-threatening disorder. However, although the role of parents in treatment is now clearly recognized and therapeutic groups for parents have been used for years, there are but few existent studies concerning their organisation and effectiveness. The objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to evaluate the parents' and therapists' subjective experience of these groups through a systematic review of the literature, and on the other hand, to assess the state of current practices in France using an online questionnaire. The Medline and Web of Science databases were systematically searched. French practices were explored through a questionnaire sent by e-mail to French units treating patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Eleven studies were identified, ten of which used only subjective assessment without a control group. They all converged toward the same conclusion: therapeutic groups are perceived, by parents and therapists, as an interesting option in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. The group process allows parents to gain insight into their family dynamics. Therefore, they were able to replicate at home what they have learned during the sessions. The evaluation of French practices showed that one third of the units used a therapeutic group. The frequency and duration of the sessions were relatively homogenous: 75.7% were held once a month or every two months and the average duration was 90 minutes. Other characteristics of the groups were more heterogeneous. While the level of evidence supporting the use of therapeutic groups for parents of patients with anorexia nervosa is low, the perceived effectiveness of these groups is high, both among parents and therapists, and they are commonly used in France. Further research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clérambault a posé le diagnostic de « paranoïa » concernant le roi Louis XI (1423–1483). L'objectif de cet article est de rendre compte des divers éléments qui permettent de questionner ce « diagnostic ». Après avoir fait une revue de la littérature psychiatrique au sujet du « cas » Louis XI, nous questionnerons les historiens, puis, considérant l'ensemble de ces recherches, nous mettrons en relief la « méfiance » pathologique du roi, que nous analyserons à la lumière de la psychopathologie et de l'orientation psychanalytique. Le roi Louis XI a été surnommé « l'homme le plus méfiant qui soit ». Au-delà de cette méfiance caractérisée, il semble bien également avoir manifesté des idées de persécution et des préoccupations hypocondriaques. Le diagnostic de « paranoïa » – mais, pour nous, une paranoïa non déclenchée, non délirante – semble pouvoir être retenu, eu égard notamment à la conception qu'en avait Clérambault. La discussion principale est relative à la notion de « méfiance » en psychopathologie, et à son rôle qu'elle peut jouer sur le mode d'une « défense réussie » dans la paranoïa. Compte tenu d'un certain consensus – parmi les références psychiatriques, mais aussi parmi les historiens – il est fort probable que Louis XI ait présenté une forme de paranoïa, avec idées de persécutions, tyrannie, cruauté, soif de pouvoir, préoccupations hypocondriaques, le tout en un sens « contenu » par une méfiance extrême qui semble l'avoir mis à l'abri d'un délire systématisé. Clérambault issued the diagnosis that King Louis XI (1423–1483) was paranoid. The objective of this article is to enumerate the various elements that make it possible to question this "diagnosis". After reviewing the psychiatric literature about the "case" of Louis XI, we consulted historians, and then, considering all of this research, we highlight the king's pathological sense of "distrust" which we then analyze in the light of psychopathology and psychoanalytical orientation. King Louis XI was nicknamed "the most suspicious man ever". Beyond this characterized distrust, he also seems to have manifested a persecution complex and hypochondriac concerns. As far as the diagnosis of "paranoia" is concerned, – a non-triggered, non-deviant paranoia seems to us to be appropriate, especially in view of Clérambault's conception of it. The main discussion is related to the notion of "mistrust" in psychopathology, and the role it can play as a "successful defense" in paranoia. Given that there is a certain consensus – among psychiatric references, but also among historians – it is very likely that Louis XI presented a form of paranoia, with ideas of persecution, tyranny, cruelty, thirst for power, and hypochondriac concerns, All in a sense "contained" by an extreme distrust which seems to have sheltered him from a systematized delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growing number of dependent elderly and of young children who attend day care centers, and in order to foster intergenerational links, intergenerational programs (IG) or facilities have been developed. However, research in this area is still emerging in Europe. Most of the available studies have been carried out in the United States and focus on the content and modalities of IG programs and their impact on elderly and children. We conducted a systematic review of the literature aimed at presenting a synthesis of the benefits and challenges related to this type of program or facility, both for children and the elderly. This systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and the methodological quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Studies were identified in February 2021 from the PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar databases. Only scientific articles in French and English published between 1986 and 2020 were selected. Other inclusion criteria were: studies with samples of children up to 6 years old and adults at least 65 years old; IG programs with at least one weekly IG meeting. We used the following search combination: intergenerational AND nursing home OR care homes OR long term care OR residential care OR aged care facility OR child care centers OR daycare OR preschool education OR pre-k OR elders OR elderly OR older people OR seniors OR children OR kids OR youth OR child. The benefits seem quite obvious for the elderly in terms of positive emotions, involvement in activities, and self-esteem. Children also benefit from these intergenerational programs, particularly through a better understanding of the abilities and limitations of the elderly, thereby fostering greater empathy towards them. Several IG programs have implemented Montessori activities to bring children and elderly together. Despite the positive impacts described, to achieve their goals IG programs need to meet several criteria, particularly appropriate planning that takes into account individual needs and skills, and adequate staff training. If IG programs are not sufficiently well-prepared, their impact may be null or even opposite to the expected goals, generating frustration in the elderly or reinforcing stereotypes in the children. Another risk is the infantilization of the elderly, such as involving them in activities that are inappropriate to their age and dignity, or doing things for them rather that promoting their active participation. The selected studies have limitations that should be considered for future research. Most studies were conducted on small samples, which prevents from generalizing their results. In addition, results are often based on qualitative or subjective information, sometimes concerning only part of the participants. Finally, most of the studies are purely descriptive, and therefore did not allow for pre- and/or post-testing. This literature review can guide practitioners and researchers in defining their IG programs and projects protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute rhinosinusitis (ASR) is a frequent pathology in everyday practice. However, there are few epidemiological data on the frontal localization of this infection. French recommendations recommend systematic treatment of acute frontal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) in adults with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, unlike the maxillary location where antibiotic therapy (ATB) is not systematically recommended. Due to the low incidence of complications and the problem of antibiotic resistance, should ASR be treated differently depending on its location? Method: Literature review of randomized trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses on antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated AFSR in adults. Results: No RCTs or meta-analyses in adults with uncomplicated AFSR were identified. An analysis of RCTs included in a Cochrane meta-analysis identified 5 RCTs that included RSFA. Four of his RCTs showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatment and placebo. Conclusion: A Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that there was no place for ATB in the treatment of uncomplicated RSA due to the low incidence of complications and resistance to antibiotics. It is therefore not legitimate to treat all patients with AFSR as recommended in the French recommendations. It is more relevant to decide on the clinical signs of severity of the patient, rather than on the location of the RSA to choose the appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis le 16 mars 2020, date de l'annonce du premier confinement en France dans le contexte de pandémie liée à la COVID-19 et de crise sanitaire, les Français ont connu un bouleversement brutal et durable de leurs rythmes et habitudes. La crise sanitaire a eu un impact fort sur la population générale et sur les patients souffrant de troubles psychiatriques. La demande de prise en charge en santé mentale est particulièrement accrue chez les jeunes, qui semblent les plus impactés par cette crise. Dans la première partie de cet article, nous décrirons l'impact de la crise sanitaire sur la santé mentale des jeunes et sur la fréquentation des urgences psychiatriques, avec une revue exhaustive de la littérature française et internationale. La littérature traitant de la santé mentale des enfants et des jeunes durant la crise sanitaire est vaste et régulièrement actualisée. Au 31 décembre 2021, seules quelques données concernant l'état de santé mentale des jeunes sont chiffrées et publiées. Dans la seconde partie, nous présenterons une étude épidémiologique descriptive réalisée dans le plus grand centre d'urgences psychiatriques français, afin de mettre en évidence les changements des flux de consultations des patients âgés de 15 à 25 ans durant la première année de la crise sanitaire, comparativement aux trois années précédentes. En conclusion, nous évoquerons les mesures et adaptations du système de soins français mises en place pour prendre en charge les besoins accrus en santé mentale de cette population spécifique des 15–25 ans, particulièrement malmenée par la crise sanitaire, véritable enjeu national de santé publique. Since March 16, 2020, the date of the announcement of the first confinement in France in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and health crisis, French residents have experienced a brutal and lasting disruption in their rhythms and habits. The health crisis has had a strong impact on the general population and especially on patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. The demand for mental health care has particularly heightened among young people, who seem to be the most affected by this crisis. In the first part of this article, we will describe the impact of the health crisis on the mental health of young people and on the attendance of psychiatric emergencies, with a review of French and international literature. In the second part, we will present a descriptive epidemiological study carried out in the largest French psychiatric emergency center. Our sample included 9,771 young patients from 15 to 25 years old. The main objective of our study is to highlight the changes in the flow of consultations of patients aged 15 to 25 years during the first year of the health crisis, compared to the three previous years. We calculated and compared the proportion of the target population consulting between the period of the first year of the health crisis (COVID period) and the period encompassing the previous three years (pre-COVID period). We also compared different variables, between the 2,179 young people consulting during the first year of COVID-19 health crisis and the 7,592 young people during the three last years: age, sex, marital status, symptoms, environmental context and CIM-10 diagnoses. We observed a significant increase in the proportion of patients aged 15 to 25 during the COVID period (n = 29.4% vs. 27.6%; P < 0,001). The patients during the COVID period were predominantly female. We have seen a significant increase in patients coming for consultations for anxiety (+4.3%; P < 0.001), sleep disorders (+2.8%; P < 0.001) and suicidal thoughts (+2.7%; P = 0.006) during the COVID period. During the first year of the health crisis, the target population consulted less for claustration, withdrawal or odd behavior. Family conflicts, traumatic events and other life events were more frequent. Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders were less frequently diagnosed. The health crisis has had a considerable impact on the mental health of the youth population. The mental health of young people is a current subject of concern and a major public health issue. Data from the literature warns of the impact of the health crisis on the mental health of this population and the need for early treatment, even as the supply of psychiatric care is decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les violences sexuelles entre partenaires intimes sont identifiées comme l'une des formes courantes de la violence conjugale. Elles constituent la forme de violence sexuelle la plus répandue dans le monde. La compréhension de ce phénomène d'ampleur est pourtant limitée, peu d'études spécifiques dans la littérature internationale et de très rares données en France sont disponibles. L'objectif de cet article est de résumer l'état actuel des connaissances sur les violences sexuelles entre partenaires intimes, selon deux axes principaux : un axe descriptif, centré sur la nature, l'étendue et les expressions de la violence sexuelle dans le couple, ainsi que sur ses effets cliniques ; et un axe de réflexion, centré sur les problématiques susceptibles de contribuer aux conséquences psychologiques de la violence sexuelle entre partenaires intimes. Les articles ont été sélectionnés dans les bases de données PubMed, PsycInfo et Web of Science, à partir d'une recherche par mots-clés en anglais. Les termes "violence sexuelle entre partenaires intimes" et "viol entre partenaires intimes" ont été utilisés en première intention, puis les mots-clés "violence entre partenaires intimes ; violence conjugale; partenaire intime ; relation ; femmes battues ; conjoint(e) ; époux(se) ; marital" ont été croisés avec les termes "viol ; violence sexuelle ; abus sexuel ; coercition sexuelle ; rapport sexuel non consenti ; rapport sexuel forcé". La recherche d'articles a été effectuée entre février 2021 et mai 2021. Ces violences sont co-occurrentes des violences physiques et psychologiques du partenaire, répétitives dans la relation et aux expressions multiples : leur réalité dépasse largement les contours du viol conjugal. Elles semblent associées à des effets spécifiques pour les victimes et pourraient être un indicateur de gravité de la situation globale de violences conjugales, associées à une symptomatologie psycho traumatique et dépressive augmentée, et à un plus grand nombre de décès par suicide et par homicide. Elles restent, cependant, perçues comme moins graves que les violences sexuelles d'un non-partenaire ou d'un inconnu, du fait d'un manque de compréhension des dynamiques dysfonctionnelles liées au consentement sexuel dans les relations violentes. Les implications pratiques pour les professionnels sont discutées, de même que les futurs axes de recherche à considérer. La réalité clinique des violences sexuelles entre partenaires intimes est à la fois inquiétante et mal comprise. Elle doit être reconnue et abordée dans la prise en charge, en raison de son potentiel traumatique et de son pouvoir en termes de confusion psychologique pour les victimes. L'état actuel des connaissances indique que le fait de poser la question des violences sexuelles aux femmes ayant subi des violences conjugales est un élément essentiel de la pratique. Les professionnels en contact avec ce public doivent être formés en ce sens afin d'être en mesure d'apporter des réponses adéquates. Intimate partner sexual violence is identified as a common form of intimate partner violence. It is also the most widespread form of sexual violence in the world, with one woman in four affected during her lifetime. In France, couple relationships appear to be the area of life most at risk of sexual victimization in adulthood. However, our understanding of this phenomenon is limited, with few targeted studies in the international literature and very little data in France. Most studies tend to focus on sexual violence in general or intimate partner violence in general, without exploring in depth the characteristics and issues of sexual violence when committed by a partner. While intimate partner violence is a major public health issue, what do we know about intimate partner sexual violence and how can we use this information to provide a better support for victims? The aim of this article is to summarize the current state of the art about intimate partner sexual violence, along two major lines: a descriptive line, focusing on the nature, extent, and expressions of sexual violence in couples, as well as its clinical effects; and a food-for-thought line, focusing on the identification of issues likely to contribute to the harmful power of intimate partner sexual violence. Articles were selected from referenced databases, such as PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science. The terms "intimate partner sexual violence" and "intimate partner rape" were used as first choice, and then the keywords "intimate partner violence; domestic violence; domestic abuse; intimate partner; relationship; battered women; spouse; wife; marital" were cross-referenced with the terms "rape; sexual violence; sexual abuse; sexual coercion; unwanted sex; forced sex". The search for articles was carried out between February 2021 and May 2021. The literature tends to indicate that intimate partner sexual violence develops mainly in relationships already marked by violence. It appears to be co-occurring with physical and psychological violence by the partner elsewhere in the relationship, but also simultaneously with the abuses. Intimate partner sexual violence is repetitive and has multiple expressions: their reality extends beyond intimate partner rape. They seem to be associated with unique deleterious effects for the victims, and could be an indicator of the severity of the overall situation of intimate partner violence, with increased post-traumatic and depressive symptomatology, as well as a greater number of deaths by suicide and homicide. However, they are still perceived as less serious than sexual violence by a non-partner or a stranger, both by society and by the women affected. This discrepancy between the seriousness of sexual violence between partners and its global and individual perception is to put into perspective with the dysfunctional dynamics of sexual consent in violent relationships. However, the research is scarce, and more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the numerous aspects of intimate partner sexual violence. The clinical reality of intimate partner sexual violence is both worrying and poorly understood. It must be recognized and addressed in treatment because of its traumatic potential and its power regarding psychological confusion for the victims. The current state of knowledge indicates that asking women who have experienced violence from their partner about sexual violence is an essential part of practice. The professionals in contact with this public must be properly trained to be able to provide adequate responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive Functions (EF) in preschoolers have been assessed in different settings such as schools and clinics, as evidence has shown the association between EF and outcomes in socialization, school learning readiness, and behavioral problems. This study sought to survey the EF assessment instruments used with preschoolers in the Brazilian context. A scoping review was carried out based on the PRISMA-ScR protocol recommendations. We searched for empirical studies, published in articles or theses and dissertations, conducted in Brazil context with children aged between 3 and 5 years old, with or without neuropsychiatric diagnose, using instruments to evaluate EF and published between 2009 to october 2021. We have selected 35 studies indexed in the IndexPsi, Scielo, Pepsic, BDTD databases, CAPES Thesis, and Dissertations Catalog IndexPsi Theses. Among the most frequently used instruments are tasks based on the Stroop Paradigm and others adapted from or based on other classic paradigms, such as the Trail Test for Preschoolers. Inhibition, working memory, and flexibility were the most frequent target constructs in the investigations. Only 3 studies had psychometric objectives. Of the 25 instruments identified, 7 are available for professional use, and 5 have normative data for preschoolers. The finding converges to the tendency described in previous reviews of an increase in EF evaluation in childhood. Still, it highlights the need for psychometric investigations of EF neuropsychological measures in preschool populations, given the demand and the currentness of this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews some of the literature devoted to the "Québec community movement" (QCM) through a two-tiered reading. For the first tier, we propose a generic definition according to which the community movement is a heterogeneous set of mobilizations aimed at challenging the state's claim to a monopoly on the collective treatment of social reproduction. Then, for the second tier, we begin by questioning the objective of QCM as such in order to draw attention to the plurality that it covers. We then turn to Québec community studies, to highlight the gap between practical and theoretical approaches as well as an intellectual isolation that bears some similarities to the study of urban social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Boletin de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent in anorexia nervosa, non-suicidal self-injury being one of the more frequent. The aim of this study was to review the literature exploring the links between these disorders and thus to improve our understanding of their causality, risks, and consequences., Method: We used electronic searches in Pubmed, Cochrane, PsychInfo, and Web of Science to conduct a systematic scoping review of the publications dealing with the association between non-suicidal self-injury and anorexia nervosa published through November 2023., Results: The study finally included thirty-three studies, mainly of female adolescents and young women, and most frequently from an epidemiological perspective. The results confirmed a frequent association between non-suicidal self-injury and anorexia nervosa, and a significantly higher prevalence of such self-injury in the anorexia subtype involving binge-eating/purging than in the purely restrictive subtype. This result appears to confirm an earlier finding that only the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa with binge-eating/purging behaviours predicts the occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury during eating disorder. In addition, results reported that the risks of psychiatric comorbidities and of suicide were higher and that the treatment of anorexia was longer and the weight gain slower in those patients., Conclusions: This study confirmed the association between these two disorders which makes their management more complex. More rapid identification of non-suicidal self-injury in anorexia nervosa and a better understanding of its underlying psychopathological processes are needed to propose appropriate multidisciplinary care. More systematic studies on the associations between these disorders are essential., Competing Interests: Disclosure of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (Copyright © 2025 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Le trouble bipolaire est l'une des pathologies chroniques les plus invalidantes pour laquelle le délai d'accès au diagnostic et aux soins adéquats est de près de dix ans, ce qui a pour conséquences des comorbidités plus nombreuses, une plus grande sévérité de la maladie et une résistance aux traitements. S'inspirant des progrès de l'intervention précoce dans la psychose, il est essentiel d'optimiser la détection et l'intervention de patients présentant un trouble bipolaire afin d'améliorer leur pronostic. Cette revue narrative de la littérature des 30 dernières années synthétise les facteurs de risque et le syndrome à risque de transition vers un trouble bipolaire, concepts utiles en clinique pour le médecin traitant (généraliste ou psychiatre). Le modèle du staging dans le trouble bipolaire permet d'organiser les interventions spécifiques. Un cas clinique avec/sans détection et intervention précoces met en lumière les enjeux liés à la détection et l'intervention précoces dans le trouble bipolaire, ses avantages et défis et les données scientifiques actuellement disponibles pouvant guider les priorités d'interventions cliniques. Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most disabling chronic illness for which the delay in diagnosis and access to adequate care is about 10 years, with many consequences such as numerous comorbidities, greater illness severity and resistance to treatments. Building on advances in early intervention in psychosis, optimizing the detection of patients with BD and intervening early is essential to improve their prognosis. Identifying risk factors for BD would allow earlier detection of the target population with the aims of: (1) preventing the development of the disease, (2) delaying its onset and (3) improving the course through more timely treatment. We conducted a narrative review of the literature of the past 30 years on risk factors of BD and synthetising the concepts of at-risk of BD mental state, the staging model and associated interventions. These concepts are illustrated by a clinical case with and without early intervention highlighting the challenges of early intervention in BD and the scientific data currently available of use to the clinician (both general practitioners and psychiatrist). In addition to genetic and environmental risk factors (early trauma, substance use, etc.), vulnerability markers (cyclothymic or hyperthymic temperament, cluster B personality disorder) can guide the clinician towards the detection of at risk of BD mental state syndrome consisting of attenuated symptoms of hypomania, mood lability, early depressive episode with psychotic, severe or atypical characteristics. The delay in access to care attributable to the absence of "help-seeking", to self-stigmatization, or to unrecognized diagnoses (misdiagnosis with personality disorders or substance use disorders) weighs down the prognosis leading, as episodes cumulate over time, to incomplete remission of episodes with residual symptoms and significant functional decline. The use of validated tools and careful coordination of the various actors are assets for the early identification of subjects at-risk of transition to BD. Following the staging model, targeted primary prevention interventions (e.g., promotion of good sleep hygiene, stress management strategies) for at-risk individuals should be offered by general practitioner or other front-line mental health professionals (e.g., psychologist, nurse); early secondary prevention (for stage 1) should be provided by general psychiatric or general medicine services. Although no official guidelines for early intervention for BD are available yet, experts opinions are multiplying and supporting an integrated approach that maximizes young patient engagement. These integrated approaches aiming at symptomatic and functional improvement combine effective psychopharmacology and psychosocial interventions, including cognitive- behavioral therapy, approaches based on social rhythm, psychoeducation, relapse prevention, social and vocational recovery and family interventions. The scarcity of studies on the early stages of bipolar disorder limits the predictive value of risk factors and at-risk syndromes which remain to be validated. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to improve the prevention efforts and effective early treatment of bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'accompagnement des auteurs de violences sexuelles semble confronter les professionnels à un certain nombre de difficultés qui seraient spécifiques : la difficulté à se confronter à un discours chargé de violence et une mission professionnelle en tension entre justice et soin. Les études quantitatives ont relevé des effets de cette pratique spécifique sur les professionnels, mais ne s'accordent pas sur une symptomatologie précise (stress traumatique secondaire, burnout, traumatisme vicariant, fatigue de compassion). Les études qualitatives ont apporté une appréhension plus globale et nuancée du phénomène, soulignant un retentissement émotionnel important, mais relevant également des effets perçus comme étant positifs : sentiment de responsabilité sociale et possibilité de développement professionnel. Cette revue de littérature permet de mettre en avant l'importance des stratégies d'adaptation personnelles et des ressources professionnelles qui garantissent la conservation d'un équilibre entre les effets positifs et les effets négatifs de cette pratique. Ces résultats questionnent ainsi l'intérêt de prendre en compte les retentissements personnels de la pratique dans le cadre professionnel, et de penser les possibilités d'évolution spécifiques à des pratiques à fort impact émotionnel. Working with sex offenders can be challenging for professionals. Psychotherapy and counseling involve human and emotional commitment that can be demanding. However, supporting sexual offenders seems to confront professionals to specific difficulties, the most obvious being the violent content of patients' speech and the professional duty to balance justice and care. Beyond that, it appears essential to understand specifically what is at stake for professionals in this type of work, but for the well-being of caregivers and patients as well, and ultimately for the quality of the therapeutic alliance. The objectives of this article are to conduct a review of the international scientific literature of studies that have explored the experiences of professionals who work with sex offenders, and to draw practical perspectives as well as new lines of research. Quantitative studies have focused on specific traumatic effects of professional practice with sexual offenders: secondary traumatic stress, burnout, vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue. Research has operationalized these different indicators but these concepts have relatively blurred boundaries. Thus, the results do not appear significant on a specific traumatic effect. However, these studies show/prove the existence of a number of symptoms among caregivers – hypervigilance, emotional fatigue, and feeling of depersonalization – highlighting the importance of exploring qualitatively the experience of professionals. Qualitative studies have provided a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the phenomenon. They confirm and clarify the negative emotional impact but also underline positive effects, especially a strong sense of social responsibility, in protecting the population from potential violence. Professionals also focus on professional training opportunities offered within this challenging domain. The most important objective would be to find a balance between positive and negative impacts, bringing out the importance of personal coping strategies and professional resources. These results emphasize the role of institutions in assisting professionals, especially in regards to organizing regular and adapted clinical supervision, in order to provide emotional support. This questions the possibility – and the limit? – about taking into account the personal repercussions of the practice in the professional context. It thus appears fundamental to consider and develop specific organizational support for professional practices with a strong emotional impact. Finally, this literature review raises the interest of developing French research on the experiences of professionals who work with sexual offenders, in order to enrich this international vision while exploring the French specificities of this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le cancer chez l'adolescent et le jeune adulte– AJA – fait irruption à une période de vie pendant laquelle s'opère un processus dynamique de développement, notamment avec les questions existentielles de la séparation-individuation et de l'autonomisation en jeu. L'expérience du cancer constitue de fait une épreuve majeure, un bouleversement important non seulement pour le jeune mais aussi pour toute sa famille. Cette revue de la littérature narrative a pour objectif de faire un état des lieux des connaissances actuelles sur les répercussions psychiques de la maladie grave sur l'AJA et sa famille. Après avoir présenté quatre volets thématiques, nous proposerons des recommandations pour la clinique et des pistes pour la recherche future. Adolescent and young adult cancer – AYA – enters a period of life during which a dynamic developmental process takes place, particularly with the existential issues of separation-individualization and empowerment at stake. The experience of cancer is in fact a major ordeal, a major upheaval not only for the young person but also for his entire family. This review of the narrative literature aims to take stock of current knowledge on the psychological repercussions of serious illness on the AYA and his family. After presenting results, we will propose recommendations for the clinic and avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this article is to understand how mathematics education acts as an instrument of empowerment or disempowerment of students and teachers, how it connects with empowerment and how empowerment is discussed in the educational sphere. To this end, we carried out an exploratory study based on the mapping of scientific productions developed in different countries in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. A total of 64 works were analyzed, including articles, master's dissertations, and doctoral theses from the National Bank of Theses of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), from the Scientific Library Electronic Online (SciELO) and from Google Scholar, in the period of 1996 to 2020. These works were categorized according to the target audience or research focus. Based on this organization, we identified the levels of education in which empowerment is more often discussed, which allowed us to foster reflections on the need to conduct research on this topic at less discussed levels. For interpretive analysis, presentation of results and survey of discussions on the topic in the educational field, ten works were selected. The results showed that mathematics education can act as an instrument of empowerment by recognizing that the mathematical doing must address social and political issues through a liberating education and that it can act as an instrument of disempowerment by nullifying or minimizing the creative power of students and teachers, encouraging their naivety at the expense of their criticality and satisfying the interests of dominant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les violences sexuelles semblent avoir un impact plus important sur la santé mentale que d'autres formes d'événements traumatiques. La prise en charge médico-psychologique précoce des personnes qui en sont victimes apparaît donc comme un enjeu majeur de santé publique contenu de leur fréquence. Il existe des prises en charge médico-psychologiques immédiates formalisées proposées précocement aux victimes d'événements traumatiques collectifs. Ce présent travail a pour but de rechercher s'il en existe pour les victimes d'agression sexuelle. Une revue systématique de la littérature a été réalisée en explorant les bases de données Pubmed, PsycINFO et SUDOC. La prise en charge médico-psychologique immédiate des personnes victimes d'agression sexuelle est consensuelle concernant le dispositif d'accueil des victimes, leur évaluation initiale, les interventions psychologiques et l'information à leur délivrer. Concernant les soins spécifiques, il n'y a pas de concordance sur l'intervention systématique ou pas d'un professionnel spécialiste en santé mentale ni sur les traitements médicamenteux à employer. Quant à l'orientation des patients, après les urgences, vers les services de santé mentale, les avis sont partagés. De nombreux aspects de la prise en charge médico-psychologique immédiate habituellement proposée aux victimes d'événement traumatique collectif seraient recommandés pour les victimes d'agression sexuelle, sous réserve d'une formation spécifique des soignants et d'une organisation des services d'urgence dans un souci d'articulation avec les différents intervenants sanitaires (gynécologie, médecine légale et psychiatrie), judiciaires et sociaux, dans une perspective dynamique tenant compte de l'évolution potentielle propre à chaque victime. It seems that sexual violence has a greater impact on mental health (consequences like post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorder, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts) than any other form of traumatic event. One of the challenges public health instances have to face is how to provide medico-psychological care from an early stage. When it comes to dealing with traumatic collective events, immediate medico-psychological care protocols have been widely formalized. The purpose of our study is to determine whether this first care is usually applied to adults who are victims of sexual assault. A systematic review was conducted using the Pubmed, PsycINFO and SUDOC databases. Out of 2173 articles, 24 were selected. There seems to be a consensus on a few points regarding how to take psychological care of sexual assault victims as soon as they are admitted in the ER. For the victims' reception, all professionals dealing with victims of sexual assault should be specifically trained to do so. Multi-professional care should be coordinated and those interventions should be centralized, in one single place. Initially, It's essential to collect the risk factors that could trigger post-traumatic stress disorder, assess the signs of acute distress and assess the risk of suicide. Psychological interventions for victims of collective traumatic events (interventions as Psychological First Aid or the interventions of the Cellules d'Urgence Médico-Psychologique in France) should be applied to sexual assault victims. These acts consist in having an empathetic and non-judgmental attitude, while at the same time aiming to restore an immediate sense of security and control. These also include assessing and ensuring the future security of the patient, assessing and promoting social support and finally assessing and addressing his potential needs. Moreover, it's necessary to inform the patient about the symptoms associated to stress, their possible evolution and the available care ressources. However, regarding specific care, there is no agreement on the systematic intervention of a professional specialist in mental health and no agreement on the drug treatments to be employed. The technique of Defusing is only mentioned in one publication. As for systematically referring patients after emergencies to mental health services, opinions are divided. Many aspects of the immediate medico-psychological care usually offered to victims of collective traumatic events is recommended for victims of sexual assault provided that the medical staff or team of caregivers receive appropriate training. The ER would also highly benefit from an organization in which gynecologists, legal doctors, psychiatrists, social and judicial actors would collaborate towards a comprehensive support of patients. It seems important to be able to offer comprehensive patient support, like a Case Management , in the short and medium term (support on the medical, social and legal aspects which would take into account the evolution particular to each case) and to assess the effectiveness of these devices. It also seems important to continue evaluating the impact of interventions and drug treatments used in practice on the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les nouveaux Dispositifs Intra Utérins (DIU) en cuivre de type IUB, sont de petits dispositifs sphériques à mémoire de forme. Ils restent les dispositifs intra-utérins les plus onéreux du marché et ne sont pas pris en charge par l'Assurance Maladie. Aucune étude n'a montré leur supériorité sur les autres DIU en cuivre, tant sur l'efficacité contraceptive, que sur la tolérance. Les DIU de forme T restent la référence. The new copper intrauterine devices (IUDs), type IUB, are small spherical shape memory devices. They remain the most expensive intrauterine devices on the market and are not covered by the French health insurance system. No study has shown their superiority over the other copper IUDs in either contraceptive efficacy or safety. T-shaped IUDs remain the reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectif : Le Programme de Développement Affectif et Social (PRODAS) est un programme de développement des compétences psychosociales des enfants ou adolescents mis en œuvre depuis 2005 en milieu scolaire par une association française (le Planning familial). L'objectif de cet article était de synthétiser les connaissances sur les effets de ce programme, afin de contribuer à l'étude de sa transférabilité. Méthodes : La revue de littérature réalisée a porté sur des études datant de 1970 à 2017. Ont été interrogées les bases de données : ScienceDirect, PsycNET, ERIC, PsycINFO, erudit, ISIDOR, Cochrane. Les mots clés utilisés étaient « Human Development Program » ou « PRODAS ». Résultats : Une amélioration, le plus souvent significative, des compétences émotionnelles et sociales des enfants et des adolescents était rapportée. Une relation de type dose-effet était également suggérée par certains résultats. Peu de données étaient disponibles chez les jeunes enfants (école maternelle) et aucune étude n'explorait les effets du programme à long terme. Conclusion : Cette synthèse a permis de mettre en lumière les principaux effets du PRODAS. Toutefois, considérant que ce programme est un des seuls à s'adresser aux enfants dès 4 ans en France, de futures études portant sur des enfants d'écoles maternelles, avec un suivi à long terme, seraient utiles pour compléter les données sur l'efficacité d'un tel programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bordón: Journal of Education / Revista de Pedagogía is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Pedagogia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recreational consumption of nitrous oxide has steadily increased in recent years. Before being inhaled, the nitrous oxide is contained in a gas cylinder held firmly between the thighs and then the gas is transferred to a rubber balloon. During the deconditioning steps, the cylinder cools down and causes frostbite. We report the case of six third-degree burns on the inner side of the thighs. At first superficial, this burn will deepen and require surgical management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Les transidentités sont l'objet d'un intérêt clinique croissant tant en France qu'à l'étranger. La majorité des formes chez l'enfant pré-pubère ne donnera pas lieu à une demande de transition au moment de l'adolescence ou de l'âge adulte. Ce n'est pas le cas des formes chez l'adolescent·e qui sont plus stables et aboutissent le plus souvent à une demande de transition de genre. Les modalités de prise en charge des enfants et adolescent·e·s transgenres – et/ou en questionnement – sont partagées et font l'objet de mises à jour et de recommandations par certaines sociétés internationales. Néanmoins, la place des interventions groupales reste imprécise. Nous proposons dans cet article d'en faire la revue de la littérature en distinguant les groupes chez l'enfant, chez l'adolescent·e et leurs parents. Nous présenterons également un dispositif novateur qui repose sur deux groupes mono-générationnels successifs. Le premier se donne pour objectif d'accompagner des enfants de 7 à 11 ans, dont l'identité de genre n'est pas congruente à leur genre d'assignation à la naissance, par le biais d'une médiation assurée par une équipe pluridisciplinaire utilisant le jeu du « faire semblant ». Le second réunit leurs parents afin d'aborder des questionnements relatifs aux transidentités dans une perspective de soutien plutôt que de guidance parentale. Trans identities are increasingly a focus of interest in France and throughout the world. Most forms of trans identity in the prepubescent child will not give rise to a demand for transitioning in adolescence or adulthood. This is not the case for the forms occurring in adolescents, which are more stable and most often will lead to a demand for gender transitioning. Treatment modes for transgender children and adolescents – or are questioning their gender identity – are collaborative and subject to updates and recommendations from certain international societies. Nevertheless, the precise role of group interventions remains to be defined. This article will review the literature, distinguishing the groups that work with the child, the adolescent, and the parents. It will also present an innovative treatment arrangement based on two mono-generational groups that meet successively. The purpose of the first group is to support children aged 7 to 11 years whose gender identity is not congruent with the gender they were assigned at birth, means of the mediation of a multidisciplinary team using a game of "let's pretend". The second group brings their parents together to address trans identity issues from a perspective of support rather than of parental guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We live in a time of protest. Relative to sociology, political science has traditionally paid little attention to 'extra-institutional' forms of political behaviour. For its part, sociology has tended to prioritize the explanation of mobilization processes over political outcomes. Using bibliometric records from 14 political science and sociology journals over the last two decades, this study demonstrates that protest has witnessed a resurgence of interest in political science and that both sociology and political science now share a focus on the outcomes of protest. The article lays out key trends in this research agenda and suggests what is missing, arguing that a political sociology of protest should integrate recent findings from both disciplines to better understand elite decision-making, the mediation of protest information and protestor aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La pratique psychiatrique hospitalière comprend la prescription de consignes médicales de façon à la fois fréquente et protéiforme, et a priori non homogène. D'une description des pratiques ordinaires des consignes médicales, nous proposons une définition opératoire de ce que l'on peut qualifier de consignes médicales. De cette base nous ferons une revue de littérature des consignes médicales dans les champs législatifs, des recommandations de bonnes pratiques, et de la littérature scientifique. La recherche a porté sur le Code de Santé Publique français, le traité de déontologie médicale de l'Ordre des Médecins, la jurisprudence française, et les rapports du Contrôleur Général des Lieux de Privation de Liberté. Sur le plan médical, la bibliographie regroupe les recommandations de la Haute Autorité de Santé, et la littérature scientifique. Sur le plan juridique, les consignes médicales ne relèvent pas de prescription au sens législatif, mais de pratiques de soins, dont le médecin est « le seul maître » (il peut seul en décider, et il doit s'assurer de leur bonne exécution). La jurisprudence délimite clairement les restrictions de libertés possibles dans le contexte de la prévention du risque suicidaire. Les rapports du CGPL relèvent des restrictions de libertés ou des atteintes à la dignité sous couvert de « cadre » ou « contrat » de soin, sans raison médicale. Les textes de recommandations de leur côté, relèvent les problématiques en jeu dans la pratique des consignes médicales, sans avancer de solution « clef en main ». La revue de la littérature scientifique ne nous fournit pas d'études centrées sur la pratique des consignes médicales. Elle fait remonter différentes mentions de leur utilisation, notamment de la part de différents acteurs du soins (infirmiers, éducateur, ergothérapeute). Les consignes médicales sont peu accessibles aux études méthodologique de l'Evidence Based Medicine, puisque difficilement quantifiables. Un travail épistémologique serait plus à même de nous éclairer sur cette pratique contemporaine essentielle à la psychiatrie hospitalière. Par ailleurs, des études suivant la méthodologie du case report pourraient approcher les problématiques qu'elle soulèvent tant dans le système médecin-équipe, que médecin-patient que patient-équipe. Notre revue de littérature montre que les CM sont un objet singuliers, nécessitant et permettant à la fois une cohérence d'équipe, un « cadre de soin » plus général. Nous avons circonscrit une définition opératoire des consignes médicales : ce sont des ordres psychiatriques, à visée thérapeutique individuelle, que l'équipe paramédicale doit tout faire pour mettre en oeuvre, mais que le patient peut refuser (comme toute thérapeutique). Les CM peuvent restreindre la liberté d'aller et venir des patients par nécessité médicale, mais ne peuvent porter atteinte à la dignité des patients. Les CM ne sont ni des lois (elles n'ouvrent pas à sanction si transgressées), ni un règlement (ne sont pas générales mais particulières), ni un simple conseil (l'équipe paramédicale est dans l'obligation de tenter de l'appliquer). La question des CM est un point d'entrée pratique, objectif, pour étudier les questions de « cadre de soins » qui sont vastes et parfois intangibles. La bonne pratique des consignes, en tant qu'elle doit s'évaluer au cas par cas, avec l'équipe paramédicale et le médecin, nécessite des temps institutionnels pour évaluer la nécessité et la modalité de leur prescription. Medical instructions are a well spread practice among French psychiatric wards, yet they are non homogeneous. There is not even a univocal name to specify it. From a descriptive approach of the ordinary practice of medical instructions, we will make an operational definition for them. From there, we will look for its definition and delimitation through legislative, jurisprudence, and deontological corpus, and clarify its difference with a medical prescription. We will extend the bibliography by a medical search through the scientific literature and French guidelines. A review of the French Code de Santé Publique, the deontological code from the French Medical Order, the reports of the Contrôleur Général des Lieux de Privation de Liberté (the General Controller of Liberty Deprival Places), and the French jurisprudence. We proceeded with keywords. As for the medical bibliography, we looked through the scientific literature as well as in the French guidelines from the Haute Autorité de la Santé. We found no legislative caracterisation of medical instructions. When mentioned, they are not considered as medical prescriptions, but rather as a medical practice, or general care strategy, which the doctor is (the only one) responsible for. The jurisprudence clearly delimits the liberty restrictions that are possible for a medical doctor to prescribe, in the context of a suicidal risk. The CGPL reports point at various use of the "care framework" as a reason to limit the freedom of movement, without a proper medical necessity. The guidelines mostly raise the difficulty at stake with this practise (in terms of scientific validation and ethics), rather than suggesting the modality of its use. Medical literature does not provide focused studies on medical instructions. They do reveal their uses, and we have found several paramedical authors addressing them. Medical instructions are a difficult object to study with the methodology of Evidence Based Medicine, because they are not quantifiable. Epistemological work could bring us some insight over this very contemporary practise. Alongside of which, case report studies are necessary to underline the different problematics at stake through the various systems they imply: the doctor-patient one, the doctor-staff and the staff-patient ones. Our bibliographic review has revealed how medical instructions are a singular object, from one prescriber (the doctor) but supported by teamwork and moreover permitting its coherence, its effectiveness. We have arrived to an operational definition of medical instructions: they are a medical order, with an individual therapeutic aim, that the staff has to execute, also the patient has a right to refuse it (like all treatment, emergencies aside). Medical instructions are not a law (that could lead to punition), nor an internal regulation (it is not general but individually thought), and neither a simple advice (the staff is bound to execute it). Medical instructions are a practical entry point to study the broader "care framework" that conditions the practice of institutional psychiatric care. We believe a good practise of medical instructions has to be reflected on, through regular Multidisciplinary meetings, inclusive of the different health care professionals involved: so they can be evaluated properly, and benefit from a comprehensive execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La recherche sur les théories du complot connaît un engouement grandissant ces dernières années. Les travaux sont issus de diverses disciplines du champ des sciences humaines. Ils mettent notamment en évidence que l'adhésion aux croyances conspirationnistes connaît un rebond à chaque moment de « crise ». La crise sanitaire que nous traversons n'échappe pas à la règle : la pandémie de COVID-19 se double d'une infodémie , selon le mot de Tedros Ghebreyesus, Directeur Général de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé. En effet, on assiste à la production et la diffusion à l'échelle internationale de fausses informations et, notamment, d'explications complotistes du coronavirus et de ses conséquences. Cette flambée du conspirationnisme est l'occasion d'interroger les enjeux psychiques et psychopathologiques de ce phénomène face à la « crise », qu'elle soit collective ou individuelle, sanitaire ou existentielle. Après avoir procédé à une revue de l'importante littérature scientifique internationale consacrée, ces derniers mois, aux théories conspirationnistes relatives à la crise sanitaire du COVID-19, nous soutenons l'intérêt d'aborder le phénomène conspirationniste sous un angle psychopathologique. Research on conspiracy theories (CT) has increased significantly in recent years. Studies come from various disciplines in the field of the humanities and social sciences. They show in particular that adherence to CT rebounds at every moment of "crisis". The health crisis we are experiencing is no exception: COVID-19 pandemic entails an "infodemic", according to Tedros Ghebreyesus, General Director of the World Health Organization. Indeed, we are witnessing the production, and international dissemination, of false informations, including conspiracy explanations of the coronavirus and its consequences. This outbreak of CT is an opportunity to examine the psychological and psychopathological issues of this phenomenon in the face of the "crisis", whether collective or individual, health or existential. We present a review of the important international scientific literature regarding CT related to the health crisis of the COVID-19. Work that addresses CT related to the COVID-19 crisis has resulted in more than fifty publications in recent months. This research is mainly in the fields of social psychology, medical psychology, differential psychology, political science and public health. The rates of adherence to CT related to COVID-19 are of great concern. The literature mentions predisposing factors to the adherence or diffusion of CT on COVID-19: inclination for CT in general, low level of education, low knowledge of the disease, high level of anxiety, acceptance of xenophobic policies, unfavourable attitude towards marginal groups, nationalist stance. Unsurprisingly, there is widespread agreement in the literature that the conspiracy-prone fringe of the population is less likely to comply with government recommendations related to contamination risks, such as handwashing, social distancing, wearing masks, and using diagnostic tests. This crisis thus demonstrates once again that the circulation of false news and adherence to CT is not just a marginal and inconsequential thinking: it concerns a very large part of the population, with a potentially tragic impact in terms of public health. While there is usually no significant difference in adherence to CT according to gender, it would seem that women are less affected by CT related to the COVID than men, regardless of their political affiliation. Finally, studies on the links between adherence to COVID-related CT and stress levels do not seem to reach a consensus. The same uncertainty can be found in work on other types of CT. These results suggest that in order to understand the psychological causes of CT, it may be useful to address the psychodynamic issues underlying adherence to these beliefs. In particular, a psychopathological approach to this phenomenon enables to understand these beliefs as a defensive solution to cope with psychic vulnerability. CT involves overproducing meaning, as delusion does: CT can be considered as the collective, cultural equivalent of a delusional production. Moreover, it is impervious to arguments and evidences, in the same manner as delusion. However, it differs from it by at least two major characteristics: it is shareable and socializing; it gives rise to a consistent attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]