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We study experimentally and theoretically the influence of size effects and structural factors on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the dense ferroelectric composites. The composites have the form of the tape-casted films with 28 vol% of nanosized or submicron BaTiO 3 particles dispersed in the polyvinyl butyral. We measured and analyzed the temperature dependences of the capacitance and dielectric losses in the temperature range (−200 – +200)oC and frequency range (102–105) Hz. The nonmonotonic temperature dependences of dielectric permittivity of the studied composite films have a wide plateau-like maxima located between 80oС and 160oС, in contrast to the relatively sharp maximum near the Curie temperature (∼124oC) observed in the fine-grained and coarse-grained ceramics, sintered from the same nanosized or submicron BaTiO 3 particles at 1250oC. The shift of the dielectric permittivity and losses maxima (in more than 40oC) and their strong frequency dispersion do not agree with the behavior expected for the systems with a weak interaction between ferroelectric particles and a polymeric matrix. In contrast, we reveal the relaxor-like behavior of the composite dielectric response. To explain the observed results, we propose the analytical model, which considers the strong dipole-dipole cross-interaction of the BaTiO 3 particles in the dense nanocomposite. The analytical model is corroborated by the structural studies of the BaTiO 3 nanosized and submicron particles by X-ray phase analysis and static 137Ba NMR spectra, as well as by the finite element modelling of the composite polar properties, which confirms the strong cross-interactions between the dipole moments of single-domain nanoparticles and/or between the domain walls of different submicron polydomain particles. The obtained results may be useful for development of cheap and flexible lead-free dense ferroelectric nanocomposites with relaxor-like behavior of the dielectric response, which are promising for non-volatile memory and energy-saving elements, modulators, electrical converters and piezoresistive elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of new energy vehicles, there is a growing demand for automotive interior materials that meet higher standards. In this case, thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), being a completely recyclable environment‐friendly polymer material, possesses advantages such as plasticizers and solvents free, excellent mechanical properties, less volatile organic compounds (VOC) release and low processing cost compared with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) skins, become a desirable choice for automotive injection molding automotive skin. Hence, this work investigates the influence of hydrogenated styrene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer (SEBS) molecular weight, chemical structure, and polypropylene (PP) doping amount on thermodynamic, crystallinity, rheological, and mechanical properties of TPE, which provides a scientific basis for guiding the material selection of TPE injection molding skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, understanding the complex relationship between the mechanical properties and material characteristics of desulfurized rubber asphalt has received significant research attention. In this study, the rheological properties of rubber asphalt prepared by three kinds of desulfurized rubber powder are analyzed, and the mechanical response of rubber asphalt mixture is predicted using various mathematical models. Firstly, the rheological properties of desulfurized rubber asphalt are assessed through multiple stress creep recovery test, linear amplitude scanning test, and low-temperature creep test. The results indicate that the high-temperature performance index of desulfurized rubber asphalt is highly sensitive to the degree of desulfurization. As the degree of desulfurization of the rubber powder increases, the fatigue damage rate of asphalt gradually decreases, leading to an increase in the fatigue life. Notably, the difference between the m-critical temperature and stiffness-critical temperature (ΔTc) for only ML40MA does not exceed the threshold value, indicating that it has the best low-temperature cracking resistance. Additionally, the swelling capacity of desulfurized rubber powder in asphalt is better than that of ordinary rubber powder. Finally, the comprehensive performance of desulfurized rubber asphalt is characterized based on the gray correlation method. The gray correlation coefficient of ML60MA is 0.78, which is higher than that of ML40MA and ML80MA, indicating its best overall performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nixtamalization is a process used in the production of tortillas. This process offers many advantages, such as improving the rheological, nutritional, and textural properties of the masa. This process is carried out under different steps which affect the quality of the final product such as the cooking and soaking conditions and the quantity of ash. In addition, the fragility of the masa makes the tortillas brittle. The present work was initiated with the aim of determining the nixtamalization conditions that would improve the textural, rheological, and nutritional properties of masa. The response surface methodology, using the central composite design was applied to three factors including the ash content and cooking and soaking times, and the responses evaluated were the adhesiveness, cohesion, final viscosity, and gelatinization temperature of masa obtained from two varieties of maize (Atp-Y and Kassaï). The optimums masa flours obtained were characterized using standard methods. Results showed that, the masa made from Kassaï variety needed a cooking time of 51.21 min and soaking time of 16.10 h in the presence of 0.80 g of ash. For the Atp-Y variety, the conditions included a cooking time of 49.17 min and a soaking time of 23.4 h in the presence of 0.24 g of ash. The responses obtained showed an adhesiveness of 0.10 kg/f and 0.05 kg/f, cohesion of 1.08 kg/f and 1.23 kg/f, final viscosity of 1504.80 cP and 1328.30 cP, gelatinization temperature 73.50 °C and 71.50 °C, and finally retrogradation 435.50 cP and 316 cP, respectively, for Kassaï and Atp-Y. Chemical characterization of the optimum masa showed that the white masa had a high protein content (10.50%), carbohydrates (71.70%), and fiber (2%) while the yellow masa presented the highest lipid content (5.47%). These finding demonstrated that Kassaï (white) maize‐masa flour obtained in optimal conditions can be recommended for the production of good quality tortillas because tortillas made with this masa are less crumbly and more elastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the chocolate matrix leads to it having characteristic rheological properties that may pose difficulties for its industrial manufacture. Many factors influence the flow behaviour of chocolates, such as raw materials, the amount of fat, the moisture content, particle-size distribution, the concentration of emulsifiers, or manufacturing conditions, among others. This study focusses on the rheological properties of an industrially manufactured chocolate with a 48% cocoa content, and the effect caused by the addition of two emulsifiers (soya lecithin and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)) on the rheological properties. In the case of lecithin, a clear effect has been observed on the plastic viscosity and the yield stress. Plastic viscosity decreases until a concentration of 0.6% lecithin is reached, and thereafter remains relatively constant, while yield stress increases over the studied range. This effect is not observed when PGPR is used as the emulsifying agent. In this case, a small concentration of PGPR decreases the yield stress. Thixotropy was determined using the Casson model, and its behaviour was found to be similar to that of plastic viscosity with respect to changes in the PGPR and lecithin concentrations. Textural determinations were also carried out, relating the rheology characteristics to the texturometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements highlight the utilization of vegetable oils as additives in polymeric materials, particularly for replacing conventional plasticizers. Buriti oil (BO), extracted from the Amazon's Mauritia flexuosa palm tree fruit, boasts an impressive profile of vitamins, minerals, proteins, carotenoids, and tocopherol. This study investigates the impact of incorporating buriti oil as a plasticizer in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrices. The aim of this research was to evaluate how buriti oil, a bioactive compound, influences the thermal and rheological properties of LLDPE. Buriti oil/LLDPE compositions were prepared via melt intercalation techniques, and the resulting materials were characterized through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical property testing, and contact angle measurement. The addition of buriti oil was found to act as a processing aid and plasticizer, enhancing the fluidity of LLDPE polymer chains. TGA revealed distinct thermal stabilities for buriti oil/LLDPE under different degradation conditions. Notably, buriti oil exhibited an initial weight loss temperature of 402 °C, whereas that of LLDPE was 466.4 °C. This indicated a minor reduction in the thermal stability of buriti oil/LLDPE compositions. The thermal stability, as observed through DSC, displayed a nuanced response to the oil's incorporation, suggesting a complex interaction between the oil and polymer matrix. Detailed mechanical testing indicated a marked increase in tensile strength and elongation at break, especially at optimal concentrations of buriti oil. SEM analysis showcased a more uniform and less brittle microstructure, correlating with the enhanced mechanical properties. Contact angle measurements revealed a notable shift in surface hydrophobicity, indicating a change in the surface chemistry. This study demonstrates that buriti oil can positively influence the processability and thermal properties of LLDPE, thus expanding its potential applications as an effective plasticizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine and compare the dimensional stability, setting time, tensile strength, and rheological properties of kaolin clay powder-modified and unmodified alginate impression material. Commercially available alginate-based impression material was considered as a control (C) while experimental groups E-1, E-2, and E-3 were fabricated by adding 2%, 4%, and 8% of kaolin clay powder in the control, respectively. Analytical techniques were used for the characterization of the samples. A tensile strength, rheological property, dimensional stability, and setting time were recorded for control and experimental groups. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of kaolin clay powder in all experimental groups. SEM showed a round solid structure and irregular shape particle appearance in all experimental groups as well as a control group. The dimensional stability was improved by the addition of kaolin clay powder to the alginate impression material. The percentage dimensional change at 5 min, 6, and 12 h was increased for E3 adding (8% kaolin clay powder) and decreased for the control group. The mean value of tensile strength was highest for E3 followed by E2, E1, and least in control groups. Higher Young's Modulus and lower deformation values were measured for E3. The mean value of setting time was highest for E3 and the least was in the control group. The results for both setting time and tensile strength were very highly statistically significant (p < 0.001). The mean values of viscoelasticity, flow, and drip test were increased statistically by adding various concentrations of kaolin clay powder to the alginate impression material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures and properties of different polyamide-11 (PA11) and organically modified Algerian clay nanobiocomposite systems are investigated in this work. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the potential of modified Algerian clay as a nanofiller by studying of the properties of PA11/Mag-CTA nanobiocomposites with different levels of prepared fillers. Considering the different techniques used, the results show the full potential of the modified Algerian clay, with improvements in both thermal and mechanical properties after incorporation of the nanofiller (Mag-CTA). The intercalated and exfoliated morphology of the developed PA11 nanobiocomposites is demonstrated by the results of the different techniques used. The results indicate that the modified clay has a more significant impact on the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of the material than virgin polyamide-11 (PA11) at an equivalent rate of incorporation and low concentration. The optimal loading rate is estimated to be between 3 % and 5 % based on clay mass (Mag-CTA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research aims to explore the possibility of incorporating atorvastatin calcium (ATC) in ultraflexible nanovesicles (UFNVs) to avoid the hepatic first metabolism and enhance its effectiveness as a potential alternative to oral treatment. ATC nanovesicles were developed utilizing the rotary evaporation‐sonication method and assessed in vitro concerning their vesicle diameter, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), as well as in vitro release studies. The chosen formulation of ATC‐UFNVs was integrated into a different gel base that was evaluated for content uniformity, pH, spreading ability, viscosity, and rheological behavior. The skin permeation of the prepared nanovesicles was assessed using an ex vivo permeation and confocal laser microscopy images (CLSM). In vitro evaluation of the ATC‐loaded UFNVs showed that the mean diameter of the nanovesicles ranging between 60.84 ± 0.53 nm and 91.68 ± 2.11 nm, the Zeta potential values ranged from of –15.8 ± 0.31 to –25.1 ± 0.81 mV, the EE% were between 84.33 ± 1.94 and 86.53 ± 2.02%, and the ATC release from the formulations was 75.25–90.89%. All release patterns were analyzed kinetically following Higuchi's diffusion approach. Carbapol 934 gel bases containing ATC‐UF exhibited non‐Newtonian pseudo‐plastic flow with thixotropy equal to 2.013 cm2. Ex vivo data showed that ATC‐UFNVs had better penetration compared to free AC. CLSM revealed that the UF‐nanovesicle exhibited stronger and deeper fluorescence signals up to 90 µm depth of permeation in skin versus the rhodamine B‐free solution (50 µm). The transdermal ability of the ATC‐UFNVs gel formulation has been conclusively demonstrated by our research. Practical Applications: The successful development of atorvastatin calcium‐loaded ultraflexible nanovesicles (ATC‐UFNVs) in this study offers promising applications for researchers and healthcare professionals. The ability of these nanovesicles to bypass hepatic first‐pass metabolism and enhance drug delivery to the skin presents a potential alternative to oral administration, which can be associated with gastrointestinal side effects and variable absorption. The findings of this research can be applied in the development of novel transdermal drug delivery systems for the treatment of various cardiovascular conditions. ATC‐UFNVs may be incorporated into topical formulations for the management of hypercholesterolemia, reducing the need for systemic medication. Additionally, the insights gained from this study could be utilized to explore the feasibility of using nanovesicles for the delivery of other lipophilic drugs, expanding their potential therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A goal of this study was to investigate the influence of fluidised bed agglomeration process with guar gum (GG) binder (0–0.3%) on the physical and rheological properties of agglomerated milk protein isolate (MPI). Larger and more porous particles were formed by the agglomeration process, resulting in an improvement in powder flowability, wettability and solubility. The agglomerate with 0.1% GG binder exhibited higher viscoelastic properties than other agglomerates, with viscoelastic moduli values decreasing as the binder concentration increased (0.1–0.3%). The findings demonstrate that the agglomeration process with GG improved the powder characteristics of MPI and influenced its rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid treatment can alter the functional properties of whey protein isolate (WPI), but the effect of different acids on properties of WPI‐stabilised Pickering emulsion gel (PE) is unknown. Compared with WPI‐PE, droplet size of the acid‐treated WPI‐PE decreased but its zeta potential, apparent viscosity, binding water capacity and curcumin encapsulation were enhanced. Due to the formation of the tightest gel structure of malic acid‐Pickering emulsion gel, it showed the highest viscoelastic modulus, bound water content and gel stability. This work would introduce a novel method for the development of PEs with good gelatinisation and curcumin delivery system for food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the comparative analysis of untreated, optimized non-thermal plasma (NTP)–treated (38 kV/631 s), extreme NTP–treated (45 kV/900 s), and thermally treated (95 ℃/12 min) pineapple juice (PJ) on enzyme activity, microbial count, protein structure, particle size, bioactive substances and, sensory, rheological, and biochemical attributes. The PJ treated with optimized NTP demonstrated merits over extreme NTP–treated and thermally treated in terms of the retention of bromelain, bioactive components, and biochemical attributes. Moreover, the fuzzy logic evaluation showed that optimized NTP–treated juice had superior sensory characteristics than extremely NTP– and thermally treated juice. The NTP approach, like thermal treatment (95 ℃/12 min), extends shelf life by assuring microbiological safety (<1 log10 cfu/mL) and enzyme inactivation (>90%). However, the thermal treatment resulted in loss of bioactive, sensory, and biochemical attributes. Particle size distribution indicates that NTP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the sauter mean and volume mean diameter from 1617 to 894 nm and 1688 to 917 nm, respectively, which stabilized juice after treatment. NTP treatment substantially reduced the consistency from 1.22 to 0.31 mPa.sn and showed a pseudo-plastic behavior of juice. These results collectively imply that NTP has a tremendous ability to maintain bioactive compounds, and sensory and physicochemical attributes, as well as extend the shelf life of PJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research conducted a comprehensive assessment of how aging processes and the powder to binder ratio (P/B ratio) influence asphalt mortar's performance. Analysis demonstrated that all tested performance metrics significantly differed (P<0.05), signifying a notable effect of the aging process, particularly long-term thermal oxidation aging, on key properties such as ductility and the complex shear modulus (G*). Adjusting the P/B ratio enables precise control over the rate of aging and the asphalt mixture's functional characteristics. The optimal P/B ratio, found to be between 0.8 and 1.0, effectively balances aging properties with mechanical strength. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the four main asphalt components shed light on aging's effects on both the composition and functionality of asphalt, highlighting the critical role of component dynamics in designing and assessing asphalt mixtures. Additionally, the study introduces a predictive model that uses linear regression to compute five parameters (β0 to β4), forming equations for various performance metrics. This facilitates optimized selection and combination of asphalt components at the design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific and technical developments toward improving bio-oil are under investigation, with an emphasis on research into upgrading bio-oil bitumen. The current study presents a new development of eco-friendly bio-oil bitumen produced using some local materials as well as studying its physical and rheological properties. Two bitumen sources with penetration grade of 40/50 were used, Dora and Nasiriyah, which were locally obtained from Dora and Nasiriyah refineries in Iraq. Biobitumen was prepared by vacuum distillation after esterification of waste cooking oil, which was freely collected from local households and cafeterias. Methanol, sulfuric acid (as a catalyst agent), and zeolite were used in the biobitumen preparation process. Physical and rheological properties were tested in evaluating the performance. The physical tests included viscosity, softening point, and penetration, and the rheological properties involved sweep frequency and creep tests using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Three percentages (10%, 20%, and 30%) of biobitumen were blended with aged petroleum bitumen, which was obtained from excessive aging of the virgin bitumen by thin-film oven test (TFOT). It was found that a ratio of 1∶5 of biobitumen and aged petroleum bitumen exhibited the best performance. Results also highlighted that the new modified bitumen with biobitumen showed superior performance compared with that of traditional bitumen, taking into consideration the influence of biobitumen percentage and level of the age of the virgin bitumen. The current development and outcomes of the study can be considered as promising and encouraging for further investigations into sustainable and environmentally friendly production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene and its derivatives have garnered significant attention as novel nanomodifiers in the asphalt industry. Despite its vast potential, poor compatibility and dispersion between graphene and asphalt have been persistent challenges for researchers. To prepare well-dispersed graphene materials, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was grafted onto water-soluble graphene (WG), resulting in PVP-WG composites. This PVP-WG composite was introduced into matrix asphalt as a modifier to improve the compatibility and dispersion of graphene with asphalt. Various advanced techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful attachment of PVP to the surface of water-soluble graphene, thereby increasing the spacing between WG and promoting the intercalation of asphalt molecules. The loose structure of PVP facilitated the effective binding between WG and asphalt molecules. The multiple stress creep recovery and dynamic shear rheometer tests demonstrated that PVP-WG was effective in enhancing the elastic recovery performance, high temperature resistance to deformation, and viscoelastic properties of the asphalt binder. In addition, the results of the bending beam rheometer test showed that PVP-WG slightly reduces the low-temperature performance of asphalt, but PVP significantly improves the low-temperature cracking resistance of WG-modified asphalt. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of graphene in asphalt pavement materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the rheological properties of four multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polyethylene (PE) composites containing 1 wt.% (mPEC1), 3 wt.% (mPEC3), 5 wt.% (mPEC5), and 10 wt.% (mPEC10) MWCNTs prepared by the masterbatch method were investigated and compared with those of the pure PE. The rheological investigation includes strain sweeping, frequency sweeping, stress relaxation behavior, yield stress, characteristic relaxation time, temperature effect on linear viscoelastic behavior, and gel behavior. It is mainly found that (1) the MWCNTs-MWCNTs interaction resulting in MWCNTs network structure in the PE matrix and the MWCNTs-PE interfacial interaction increase the storage and loss moduli of the MWCNTs/PE composite in comparison with those of pure PE; (2) the time-temperature equivalence principle is applicable only for pure PE and mPEC1; (3) for gel behavior of MWCNTs/PE composite at 160–180 °C, the φ g value decreases with the increase of temperature and the highest S g value is obtained at 170 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed to evaluate the gelation process of ferulated pectin (FP) and ferulated arabinoxylan (AXF) in a new mixed hydrogel and determine its microstructural characteristics. FP from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and arabinoxylan from maize (Zea mays) bran were gelled via oxidative coupling using laccase as a crosslinking agent. The dynamic oscillatory rheology of the mixed hydrogel revealed a maximum storage modulus of 768 Pa after 60 min. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that mixed hydrogels possess a microstructure of imperfect honeycomb. The ferulic acid content of the mixed hydrogel was 3.73 mg/g, and ferulic acid dimer 8-5′ was the most abundant. The presence of a trimer was also detected. This study reports the distribution and concentration of ferulic acid dimers, and the rheological and microstructural properties of a mixed hydrogel based on FP and AXF, which has promising features as a new covalent biopolymeric material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the relationship between the molecular structure of fibers and the differences in physicochemical interactions between fibers and asphalt on the performance of fiber-modified asphalt, this paper chose two types of fibers with different chemical structures: straw fiber and polyester fiber. First, the differences in molecular interactions between the two fibers and asphalt were explored using molecular dynamics, then the differences in the adsorption capacity of the two fibers on asphalt components were tested by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy experiments, and finally, the differences in the rheological properties of the two fiber-modified asphalts were tested by dynamic shear rheology and low-temperature creep experiments. The molecular dynamics simulation findings reveal that polyester fibers may intersperse into asphalt molecules and interact with them via structures such as aromatic rings, whereas straw fibers are merely adsorbed on the asphalt's surface. Straw fibers and asphalt exhibit hydrogen bonding, whereas polyester fibers and asphalt display van der Waals interactions. The results of attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy indicated that polyester fiber absorbed asphalt components better than straw fiber. The rheological tests revealed that the polyester fiber had the highest complex shear modulus in the temperature range of 46–82 °C, and at 64 °C, the phase angle was 4.289° lower than that of the straw fiber-treated bitumen. Polyester fiber-modified asphalt had a 32.48%, 15.72%, and 6.09% lower creep modulus than straw fiber-modified asphalt at three low-temperature conditions: −6 °C, −12 °C, and −18 °C. It is clear that fibers with aromatic rings as a chemical structure outperform lignin-based fibers in terms of improving asphalt characteristics. The research findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for the selection of fibers to produce fiber-modified asphalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide-enriched phosphate glasses are esteemed for their applicability in the biomaterial area, yet the investigation into the influence of TiO 2 on the crystallization dynamics of glass melts and the spinnability of sodium-calcium-magnesium phosphate glasses remains unclear. To elucidate these effects, sodium-calcium-magnesium phosphate glasses with 0, 5, and 10 mol% of TiO 2 have been prepared using the melt-quenching method, and glass fibers were drawn from the correspondent glass melts. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy have disclosed that the introduction of TiO 2 induces a depolymerization in phosphate network, causing a transition from Q2 species to Q1 units, and reduction in both the theoretical network connectivity (NC theor) and the average chain length (n theor). Meanwhile, the interposition of TiO 2 also gives rise to the replacement of P–O–P linkages with P–O–Ti bonds, along with the formation of [TiO 5 ] groups. This structural transformation resulted in the increase in molar volume and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), concurrently lowering the glass transition and softening points. Evidently, the TiO 2 -free glass exhibited crystallization across a temperature range spanning from its transition to the liquidus temperature. However, the introduction of TiO 2 and the subsequent formation of P–O–Ti bonds effectively inhibited crystallization, which is favorable for drawing glass fibers. Analyses of viscosity-temperature relationships using various rheological models suggested that TiO 2 raises fragility for all glasses, suggesting a more "open" structure in the glass melts, which can be supported by the increment in free volume. The m-D diagram failed to describe the enhancement in spinnability imparted from TiO 2. While, the quantitative fiber spinnability index (K fib) increases with higher TiO 2 content, as a successful indicative of an improved ability to form fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological formations rich in clay tend to undergo expansion upon contact with water-based drilling fluids. The principal mechanism responsible for the disintegration and swelling of these formations is the migration of hydrogen ions into the nano-scale gaps between layers of shale platelets. Effectively mitigating the challenge of clay swelling involves introducing various materials tailored for shale stabilization into water-based drilling mud. In this article, flaxseed mucilage is used as an environmentally friendly drilling fluid additive in a water-based mud system, with the goal of enhancing the rheological, filtration, and hydrophobic characteristics of the water-based mud. The flaxseed extract was added in the mud in four different concentrations (5 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL, and 50 mL). The result of the study reveals that the rheological properties at 38 and 65 degree centigrade after the addition of 10 mL and 20 mL flaxseed extract remained well within the recommended range set by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Both these samples also demonstrated transport index > 1.5 at both the temperatures. Moreover, the flaxseed extract was also effective in minimizing the fluid loss from the base mud. The 20 mL of flaxseed extract causes only 15 mL of fluid loss from the base mud, which was also three times lower than the base mud. Additionally, the flaxseed extract muds were also tested on the Ranikot shale sample for its stability. According to the immersion test, samples collected from flaxseed mud demonstrated a smooth surface with no cracks and fractures. Furthermore, these immersed shale pellets also revealed high hydrophobic behavior when tested through contact angle measurement. The 20-mL sample showed the highest hydrophobic behavior with contact angle of 56.056 degrees. Besides this, the 20-mL sample also displayed the highest cutting recovery of 70% out of all the samples. In addition, the 20-mL flaxseed sample also showed less shale swelling behavior in linear dynamic swell-meter test. Almost 1.5 times reduction in shale swelling was recorded with the addition of 20 mL flaxseed extract in the base mud. In light of these compelling findings, the study underscores flaxseed's potential as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional clay stabilizers in drilling operations, with the aim of minimizing formation damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of the powder utilized in powder bed-based additive manufacturing are crucial in determining both the process parameters and the final quality of the fabricated components. Therefore, it is essential to assess powder characteristics, particularly particle morphology, size distribution (PSD), and rheological properties. This study aims to quantitatively characterize the PSD, morphology, and flowability of metal powders commonly used in additive manufacturing, such as AlSi10Mg, Inconel-718, Ti6Al4V, titanium, and stainless steel. To achieve this, we utilize a range of PSD models to accurately fit the measured size distributions based on volume and number, followed by conducting statistical analyses to determine the best-fitting models. Furthermore, we conducted a shape analysis using the elliptic Fourier series to characterize particle morphology quantitatively. Additionally, we examined the correlations between the powder rheological properties, measured by a Hall flowmeter, tapped density tester, and FT4 powder rheometer, and the PSD and shape indices using Spearman's coefficient test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of geopolymer as a grouting material has gained significant attention in research and construction applications. Geopolymer grout is a type of binding material that differs from traditional grouts, typically based on Portland cement. Researchers have explored its effectiveness and potential applications in grouting processes, considering its unique properties and characteristics. In this paper, various studies employing and utilizing geopolymer as a grouting material are reviewed. The emphasis is on mixture design of geopolymer grout, physical property, chemical composition of geopolymer grout, rheological behavior of geopolymer grout such as yield stress (in case of Bingham fluid) and viscosity, and engineering properties such as compressive strength, expansion, shrinkage, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the effect of star and linear styrene butadiene styrene block polymer( SBS) with different relative molecular weights on the performance of modified asphalt, modified asphalt with different relative molecular weights was prepared by internal blending method (5% content). The results show that the addition of SBS has a significant promotional effect on improving the performance of asphalt, which is mainly marked by the improvement of three key indicators such as penetration, softening point and ductility, as well as the improvement of high temperature rheological performance. At the same time, there are differences in the performance improvement of modified asphalt by SBS with different relative molecular weights. Within a certain range, SBS with a higher relative molecular weight exhibits better performance improvement effect. It can be seen that for road projects with different needs, choosing the appropriate SBS relative molecular weight has important guiding significance for optimizing the performance of asphalt materials and improving the quality and durability of road projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) have good application prospects in the field of petroleum fracturing field, but few studies on the rheological properties of KGM and HPAM double polymer gel systems have been reported. Optimal conditions for the high temperature and shear resistant organozirconium crosslinked double polymer gel system for petroleum fracturing were explored through optimization experiments. The thickener contained a mass ratio of 2:1 of KGM to HPAM, while the organic zirconium crosslinking agent had controlled molar ratios of 1:4:3:3 of zirconium butoxide to ligand acetylacetone, triethanolamine, and glycerol. This work presents a systematic analysis of the chemical structure, microstructure, delayed crosslinking performance, temperature resistance, and shear resistance of the gel system. The study found that the crosslinking ratio of 100:2 resulted in a controllable delayed crosslinking time of the gel formed by the organic zirconium crosslinking agent and 4.0 g/L KGM/HPAM thickener within 5–25 min at room temperature. The viscosity remained above 81 mPa·s even after shearing for 100 min at 140°C and 170 s−1. These findings provide a useful reference for the application of organic zirconium crosslinked KGM/HPAM gel system in the petroleum fracturing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the development of a novel composite modified asphalt incorporating PDA-MoS2 into styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified asphalt. The successful synthesis of PDA-MoS2 was confirmed through various characterization techniques. The incorporation of PDA-MoS2 into SBS modified asphalt resulted in significant improvements in performance properties. With a PDA-MoS2 content of 0.7 wt%, the modified asphalt showed a notable 15.1% rise in softening point and a 24% drop in penetration in comparison to the control SBS modified asphalt. Dynamic Shear Rheometer tests revealed a 2.4-fold increase in the rutting factor at 60°C. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery tests demonstrated enhanced rutting resistance, with a 72.2% reduction in nonrecoverable creep compliance at 0.1 kPa stress level. Electrochemical measurements showed improved corrosion resistance, evidenced by lower current densities and higher charge transfer resistance. Microstructural analysis revealed well-dispersed PDA-MoS2 particles forming a compact network structure within the asphalt matrix. The hydrophilicity of the modified asphalt increased, with a 35.3% decrease in water contact angle. The synergistic effect between PDA-MoS2, SBS, and asphalt components, facilitated by enhanced interfacial interactions and chemical bonding, contributed to the observed performance improvements. The results indicate that PDA-MoS2 has the potential to improve the characteristics of SBS modified asphalt as a modifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly road construction materials increases, corn stalk fiber modified with NaOH is a promising candidate due to its renewable and eco-friendly nature. This study employs an orthogonal experimental design to optimize the investigation of multiple factors (corn stalk fiber length, content, and modifier concentration) in the experiments, ensuring that the effects of different factors on the high and low temperature performance of asphalt binder can be independently estimated. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests were conducted. The bonding between fiber and asphalt was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, and the action mechanism of fiber in asphalt was revealed from a microscopic perspective by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Evidently, the concentration of modifier is the main factor affecting the rheological properties of fiber asphalt mortar. Considering the influence of various factors on the rheological properties of modified corn stalk fiber asphalt mortar, the optimal modifier concentration is 7%, the fiber length is 6mm, and the content is 1.5%. After adding modified corn stalk fiber, the asphalt mortar did not produce new characteristic peaks, and the fiber and asphalt were mainly bonded by physical action. The large surface roughness of the modified corn stalk fiber determines its good adsorption capacity, which is conducive to increasing the bonding force of the asphalt. Fibers with a large aspect ratio are easy to bridge with each other, restraining the expansion of cracks and thus enhancing the crack resistance of the mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research shows that using waterborne epoxy resin (WER) instead of emulsified asphalt as the binder for cold mix asphalt (CMA) can enhance the rutting resistance, high-temperature performance, fracture performance, and early performance of CMA. In order to eliminate the potential drawbacks such as insufficient strength and low-temperature performance of CMA during application, a novel method was proposed in this study for the preparation of waterborne epoxy-acrylate resin (WER), specifically tailored to modify emulsified asphalt, resulting in waterborne epoxy-acrylate resin emulsified asphalt (WEREA). The modification effect of WER on emulsified asphalt was evaluated through rheological tests and direct tensile tests. A modified design method based on the conventional Marshall design method was proposed to determine the optimal mix proportions, including the key parameters of specimen compaction and curing. The results revealed that the incorporation of WER led to a substantial improvement in the complex shear modulus and a concurrent decrease in the phase angle. When the temperature exceeded 60 °C, the phase angle exhibited a diminishing trend, indicative of a reduced viscosity as temperatures escalated. As the WER content increased, a decrease in the direct tensile strain rate was observed, accompanied by a substantial elevation in direct tensile strength. At various stress levels, the shear strain of WEREA decreases with increased content of WER, indicating that the incorporation of WER can enhance the hardness of emulsified asphalt and improve its deformation resistance. The results from MSCR tests indicate that WER could significantly improve the elasticity and hardness of emulsified asphalt, transitioning it from a viscoelastic material to an elastic material, thereby improving its deformation resistance, resistance to rutting, and high-temperature performance. The results of fatigue life are consistent with those of the amplitude sweep, both reflecting the improvement of resistance to deformation of emulsified asphalt by WER. This indicates that WER has a significant improving effect on the fatigue resistance of emulsified asphalt. Furthermore, the Marshall design tests further confirmed the advantages of WEREA in asphalt mixtures. The optimal preparation for the WEREA mixture was proposed as follows: double-sided compaction for 50 times each, aging at 60 °C for 48 h, optimal moisture content of 5.14%, cement content of 2.5%, and emulsion content of 8.4%. The optimal mix proportions identified through these tests yielded asphalt mixtures with significantly improved stability, reduced flow value, and enhanced rutting resistance compared to the hot-mix asphalt mixture (HMA) of AC-16. These findings suggest that WEREA has the potential to significantly enhance the durability and longevity of asphalt pavements. For future applications, it can be explored for use in producing cold recycled asphalt mixtures. In addition to designing the WEREA mixture according to AC-16 gradation, consideration can also be given to using a gradation with a smaller nominal maximum aggregate size for the application in the surface layer or ultra-thin wearing course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of aqueous ozone (AO) on the yield, molecular structure, and rheological properties of wheat gluten separated using the batter procedure. Employing strong gluten flour (SGF) and weak gluten flour (WGF), we demonstrate that AO pretreatment significantly enhances the yield and purity of separated starch and gluten. Surface hydrophobicity, free sulfhydryl groups, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and size exclusion‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC) analyses were used to evaluate the effects of AO on the molecular structure of gluten. Our analysis reveals that low concentrations of AO induce specific modifications in gluten proteins. AO treatment increases cross‐linking in glutenin macropolymer (GMP), reduces surface hydrophobicity, and stabilizes secondary and tertiary structures. These changes include an increase in β‐sheet content by approximately 9% and a corresponding decrease in β‐turn structures, leading to enhanced viscoelastic properties of the gluten. The research highlights AO's potential as a sustainable and efficient agent in wheat flour processing, offering advancements in both product quality and eco‐friendly processing techniques. Future research should optimize AO treatment parameters and explore its effects on different cereal types further to enhance its applicability and benefits in food processing. Practical Application: Our work substantially advances the existing knowledge on wheat flour processing by demonstrating the multifaceted benefits of AO pretreatment. We unveil significant improvements in the yield and purity of starch and gluten when compared to conventional separation methods. Moreover, our in‐depth analysis of molecular changes induced by AO, including increased cross‐linking, alterations in surface hydrophobicity, and modifications in glutenin macropolymer content, provides new insights into how AO affects the viscoelastic properties of gluten. This contribution is pivotal for the development of more efficient, sustainable, and eco‐friendly wheat flour processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the untreated, cold plasma (CP)‐optimized (30 kV/5 mm/6.7 min), CP‐extreme (30 kV/2 mm/10 min), and thermally treated (TT) (90 ℃/5 min) kiwifruit juices based on the physicochemical (pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total color change (ΔE)), physical (particle size and rheology), microstructure (optical microscope), bioactive compounds (polyphenol, ascorbic acid, and sugar compounds), and sensory characteristics of kiwifruit juice. The pH, TSS, and TA were not significantly affected in CP and TT juice, whereas the ΔE (6.52) of TT juice lies in the range of "greatly visible." The microstructure characteristics of juice significantly changed after CP and thermal treatment. The cell and tissue disruption in CP‐extreme and thermally treated juice was more than CP‐optimized. The particle size of juice decreased irrespective of treatment, but the span value of CP‐optimized juice was the lowest. Further, the CP treatment showed a lower consistency index, apparent viscosity, and pseudoplasticity of juice than the thermal treatment. The CP‐treated juice retained bioactive and nutritional attributes more than thermally treated juice. The CP‐optimized, CP‐extreme, and thermal treatment reduced the sucrose content by 54, 55, and 23%, while the fructose and glucose content were increased by 17, 12, & 93%, and 17, 11 & 99%, respectively. Among the CP‐treated juice, CP‐optimized (71.36 mg/100g) contained a higher amount of ascorbic acid than the CP‐extreme (64.36 mg/100g). Based on the similarity values in the fuzzy logic analysis, the sensory attributes of CP‐optimized treated juice were superior to CP‐extreme and thermal treated. Practical Application: In this era, non‐thermal processing techniques are trending for retaining the nutrition and stability of juice. The old plasma (CP)‐treated kiwifruit juice had better nutritional, bioactive compounds, and sensory attributes than the thermally treated juice. Further, the CP‐treated juice had higher flowability and lower viscosity, making it ideal for juice processing. The conclusions drawn suggest that CP processing is a better alternative for processing kiwifruit juice than thermal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of potassium-based emulsifying salts (ES; 2% wt/wt concentration) with different phosphate chain lengths (dipotassium hydrogenphosphate [K 2 HPO 4 ; DKP], tetrapotassium diphosphate [K 4 P 2 O 7 ; KTPP], pentapotassium triphosphate [K 5 P 3 O 10 ; TKPP]) on the physicochemical, viscoelastic, textural, tribological, thermal, and sensory properties of processed cheese (PC; 40% wt/wt DM, 50% wt/wt fat in DM) during a 60d storage period (6°C ± 2°C). On the whole, the hardness of all PC samples increased with the increasing chain length of ES (DKP < TKPP < KTPP) and the prolonging storage period. Moreover, the hardness results were in accordance with those of the rheological analysis. All PC samples exhibited a more elastic character (G′ > G″; tan δ < 1). The type of potassium-based ES affected the binding of water into the structure of the PC. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the manufactured PC received optimal sensory scores, without any excessive bitterness. It could be concluded that the type of applied ES and storage length affected the functional properties of PC. Finally, the information provided in this study could serve as a tool for the dairy industry to help appropriately select potassium-based ES for PC manufacture with desired properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt erosion is an important negative factor on the performance deterioration of asphalt-based materials. The basic properties of asphalt in salt erosion environments have been extensively studied; however, there is a certain lack of research on the rheological property of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modified asphalt under various salt erosion conditions. This study aims to identify the rheology deterioration of SBS modified asphalt under the action of salt freeze–thaw or saline immersion cycles through laboratory experiments. Rheological properties and creep recovery properties of SBS modified asphalt were tested based on the dynamic shear rheometer, and their rutting resistance capacity and fatigue cracking resistance were analyzed. Viscoelastic properties and low-temperature property of SBS modified asphalt were investigated by Burgers model, Christensen–Anderson–Marasteanu model and glass transition temperature. Results showed that the rutting capacity increased by an average of 34.5% and 39.7% after 21 times salt freeze–thaw and saline immersion cycles, respectively, while the fatigue cracking resistance decreased by 34.2% and 40.1%. Multi-stress creep recovery test manifested that both salt erosion modes had slight influence on the creep recovery property. However, the non-recoverable creep compliance at 3.2 kPa decreased by 37.5% and 32.3% after 21 times salt freeze–thaw and saline immersion cycles, respectively. Based on glass transition temperature, the low-temperature performance of asphalt decreased significantly after salt erosion. The rheological behavior and damage degree of asphalt were different for different salt erosion modes. The study may provide a theoretical basis for the construction and maintenance of asphalt pavement in salt-rich areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax warm additives are widely used in asphalt mixture production due to their energy savings and low cost. However, the compatibility problem between waxes and asphalt binders leads to wax precipitation and asphalt low-temperature cracking. Plasma treatment technology can modify the surface of waxes. In this study, plasma technology was used to modify Fischer Tropsch (FT) wax surfaces, linear aliphatic hydrocarbon wax, and two plastic cracking waxes. The effects of waxes on the high-temperature performance, fatigue performance, low-temperature physical hardening, and wax precipitation temperature of asphalt binders were evaluated by the multistress creep recovery (MSCR) test, linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, extended bending beam rheometer (ExBBR) test, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) viscosity test. In addition, the effect of plasma treatment on waxes in terms of low-temperature physical hardening and wax precipitation temperature was explored. The results showed that the effect of waxes on the high-temperature properties of asphalt binders was related to wax type, dosage, and stress level. Within the allowable dosage range, waxes improve the fatigue properties of asphalt binders. After plasma treatment, the surface roughness and activity of waxes were increased, resulting in the alleviation of physical hardening of waxed asphalt binders and a decrease in wax precipitation temperature. Among them, plastic cracking waxes were more sensitive to the plasma treatment technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation and characterization of composite materials composed of polypropylene (PP) as the base mixed with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) at various weight percentages (0.5, 1.5, and 3 wt.%) using a melt extrusion method operated at a temperature between 190 °C and 200 °C is described. The impact of the addition of the HNT filler on the PP nanocomposites was investigated based on the thermal and mechanical properties. The thermal characterization was conducted by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Significant increases in the rheological properties were observed with the addition of a high content of HNTs. The water absorption decreased with increasing HNT. The SEM micrographs showed that the HNT fillers were homogeneously dispersed throughout the entire PP matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve higher strength and better durability, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) typically employs a relatively small water-binder ratio. However, this generally leads to an undesired increase in the paste viscosity. In this study, the effects of liquid and powder polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) on UHPC are compared and critically discussed. Moreover, the following influential factors are considered: air-entraining agents (AE), slump retaining agents (SA), and defoaming agents (DF) and the resulting flow characteristics, mechanical properties, and hydration properties are evaluated assuming UHPC containing 8‰ powder PCE (PCE-based UHPC). It is found that the spread diameter of powder PCE is 5% higher than that of liquid PCE. Among the chemical admixtures studied, AEs have the best effect on improving UHPC workability, while DFs have the worst effect. When the addition of AE and SA is 1.25‰ and 14.7% of PCE, paste viscosity reduces by 35% and 19%, respectively compared to the paste with only 8‰ PCE. A low AE dosage (1.25‰) decreases compressive strength by 4.1%, while SA (8.1%) increases UHPC compressive strength by 9.1%. Both AE and SA significantly delay the UHPC hydration process, reducing the hydration heat release peaks by 76% and 27%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigment printing using screen technology has certain problems associated with the limited use of domestic raw materials. The expansion of the range of printing inks fills the need for small-circulation production of textile products with original artistic and color design and the use of modern printing equipment. In this work, the possibility of using new aqueous polyurethane dispersions as binders in pigment printing was explored for the first time. This will expand the range of thickeners through the use of polyurethane dispersions, ensuring the production of strong and elastic polymer films during low-temperature processing. Such dispersions are environmentally friendly products, since toxic solvents are not used. We propose the application of new polyurethane thickeners in compositions with polyurethane dispersions as a rheological modifier. The rheological parameters of printed compositions and the physical and mechanical properties of films of polyurethane dispersions were determined and it was found that the dispersions used are capable of forming a soft and plastic film. This confirms the suitability of these film-forming preparations for use in pigment printing. The new binders based on polyurethane dispersions make possible to create effective printing compositions, to improve the quality of prints and to impart improved performance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The by-products of the extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) concentrated juice may represent a functional food ingredient for white chocolate production, as a rich source of bioactive compounds. The effects of six treatments derived from the factorial combination of two types of by-products (with oil or without oil) and three different concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%), were assessed on rheological, quality, colour, antioxidant, and mineral properties of chocolate. The 15% addition of full powder led to the highest values of max firmness, total shear energy, shear energy, cohesiveness, gummosity, dry matter, and ABTS, compared to the untreated control, but the two highest concentrations of the oil-deprived powder resulted in the protein content increasing. The full powder addition always raised fat levels. Both the 'L' and 'a' colour component as well as total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene, and vitamin C increased with the rise of H. rhamnoides powder addition, compared to the untreated control. The opposite trend was shown by the 'b' colour component and pH, whereas polyphenols and antioxidant activity attained higher values with the oil-deprived powder. The content of potassium decreased upon the 15% addition of the Hippophae rhamnoides by-product powder, compared to the untreated control, whereas calcium and magnesium increased. The 15% H. rhamnoides full powder elicited the augmentation of phosphorus content in chocolate, compared to the untreated control, contrary to the effect of the oil-deprived powder on P and Zn. The employment of SBB by-products highlights the great potential for manufacturing innovative functional foods with high nutritional value, such as chocolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revolutionized field of nanotechnology emerged in the oil and gas sector to enhance drilling fluid performance. This technology increases the success rate of drilling operations in different environments. However, their performance in presence of various salts has not been entirely discovered up till now. In this research, three different salt mud systems that include KCl, NaCl and MgCl2 were prepared and coated with silica iron oxide nanoparticles. The rheological and filtration characteristics of all the samples with the joint interaction of salt and nanoparticles were analyzed. Additionally, the stability of the mud samples after the interaction between the two entities was investigated using a visualization tool. This unique application will be useful in observing the changes in the mud system during nonproductive time events (NPT). The result of the study reveals that all the fluids in the presence of these entities showed shear thinning behavior with flow index < 1 . Reduction in shear stresses in the salt systems was observed mainly because of the neutralization of the negative charges associated with the base mud system. However, this behavior was weaker in monovalent cations as compared with divalent. KCL/(Si/Fe3O4) demonstrates the most stable mud system when investigated through intensity profile plots. Minimum segregation and maximum dispersion were the key parameters that demonstrated its stability. Moreover, all three cations in the presence of Si/Fe3O4 nanoparticles reduce the filtrate loss volume and provide a thin and smooth mud cake. The Si/Fe3O4 because of its spherical bead shape plugs the pore spacing of the filter paper while blocking of microsize spacing was done with the help of cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the article is the creation and study of thermosensitive and wound-healing gelatin-alginate biopolymer hydrogels modified with humic acids. Their rheological properties, swelling and contraction behavior were experimentally investigated, elucidated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and used to achieve the physiological melting point, which is necessary for successful drug delivery. It has been shown that in the gelatin-alginate-humic acid biopolymer hydrogels systems, it is possible to obtain a gel-sol transition temperature close to the physiological temperature of 37°C, which is important for drug delivery in the treatment of wounds. By changing the type and concentration of humic acids in the gelatin-alginate hydrogel, it turned out to be achievable to regulate the softening time of the gel on the human body in the range from 6 to 20 min, which provides the possibility of controlled prolonged delivery of drugs. Based on the study of the influence of calcium ions on the properties of humic acids and ion exchange, as well as the interaction of humic acids, sodium alginate and gelatin with the formation of tighter gel networks, approaches to regulate the rate of softening of hydrogels at physiological temperature and their swelling, which simulates the absorption of exudate, were proposed and implemented. In addition, low shrinkage of the hydrogel surface due to cross-linking of gelatin-alginate networks when modified with humic acids was experimentally confirmed, which is important for avoiding problems of wound contracture and contour deformations when using dressings for wound healing. Thus, the developed optimized innovative biopolymer hydrogels synergistically combine the outstanding properties of natural molecular polymers and humic acids and are promising for the creation of effective medicines for wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research unveiled new insights on the impact of incorporating whey proteins into kefir produced using three different methods. This aims to improve its quality and health benefits, primarily as a result of optimal proliferation of probiotic bacteria. In the initial part of the experiment, samples were prepared using three different methods (methods 1, 2, and 3) to examine the impact of introducing whey protein on bacterial count, the content of L(+)-lactic acid, lactase activity, and the lactic acid and ethanol levels. The methods differed primarily in the sequence of the inoculation milk with probiotic bacteria stage in the production cycle, as well as incubation time and temperature. No significant differences were found in the number of yeasts and bacteria between samples with and without whey proteins. However, it was revealed that the 5% addition of whey proteins enhanced the number of probiotic bacteria in kefir produced with method 2 (from 4.86 to 5.52 log cfu/mL) and method 3 (from 3.68 to 4.01 log cfu/mL). The second part of the research investigated the impact of whey proteins on firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, viscosity, color, and water activity of kefir. This part focused on testing samples with lower whey protein contents (1 and 3%, w/v). We found that the addition of 1% and 3% whey proteins resulted in decreased firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity compared to the control kefir. On the other hand, the addition of 5% whey proteins resulted in increased firmness and consistency compared to the addition of 1% and 3% whey proteins. The addition of whey protein decreased the white index WI of the kefir samples. Overall, our results revealed that incorporating whey protein concentrate (WPC) in the production of probiotic kefir can enhance its health benefits while maintaining its rheological properties and overall quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of ultrasound homogenization on the physical properties of milk ice cream mixes. A frequency of 20 kHz and an exposure time of 5 min was applied during the ultrasound homogenization to conduct experiments. Stability, particle size, rheological, and microscopic analyses were performed. Moreover, chosen stabilizers were used such as iota carrageenan or its hydrolyzates in combination with locust bean gum and xanthan gum. All parameters were checked before and after maturation at 4 °C/24 h. Based on the obtained results, it was noticed that the ultrasound homogenization contributed to a lower TSI value, which means that there is better stability during the maturation of milk ice cream mixes. In all of the mentioned samples, the TSI value was around 2 or less. Another pivotal finding connected with the particle sizes showed that simultaneously after and before maturation, the values of median D50 were lower in the samples after the mechanical homogenization than after the ultrasound. The rheological properties showed that all of the samples had pseudoplastic non-Newton behavior on the grounds that the value of the n index was lower than 1. Additionally, the consistency values in samples after the ultrasound treatment were lower than in samples after the mechanical homogenization and did not exceed 0.0018 × 10−3·Pasn after 24 h of maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) with controllable viscosity average molecular mass (Mη) and degree of substitution had been successfully synthesized in this article. α-cellulose was firstly methylated to be methyl cellulose (MC) by dimethyl sulphate (DMS). Then MC was hydroxypropylated to be HPMC by propylene oxide (PO). In this way, the end capping structure that methoxy group connected to terminal hydroxyl group of hydroxypropyl had been avoided. FT-IR,1H NMR and 13C NMR showed the successful synthesis of products with expected structure. The dilute hydrochloric acid was used to degrade HPMC to obtain a range of products with different Mη measured by ubbelohde viscometer. The rheological properties of HPMC solution with different molecular mass and concentrations were studied, including flow behavior index, thixotropy, entanglement concentration (C**), gelation temperature (Tgel), degelation temperature (Tsol). The results showed that the flow behavior index of HPMC solutions decreased with the increase of molecular mass and concentration, and gradually changed from Newtonian fluid to pseudoplastic fluid. In this article, Tgel and Tsol of HPMC both increased with the increase of molecular mass. When wt = 14%, Mη = 140 kDa, the maximum Tgel and Tsol was separately up to 70.18 °C and 46.81 °C. The effect of concentration on Tgel and Tsol was not noticeable. Tgel changed within 60 ± 2 °C and Tsol decreased from 40.56 °C to 35.72 °C as the concentration increased from 14 to 20%. These rheological studies are expected to provide data for subsequent processing and molding of HPMC capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both epoxy resin (ER) and SBS are considered effective pavement materials for avoiding ruts. However, epoxy resin asphalt suffers from poor low-temperate performance and a high material cost in practical applications. Aiming to tackle these issues, a new type of composite asphalt modifier (ER-SBS) has been fabricated by combining epoxy resin with SBS. This work prepared modified asphalt with different doping amounts using the above composite asphalt modifier (ER-SBS), intending to explore the properties of composite-modified asphalt and the modification mechanism of the modifier. Furthermore, the effects of the composite modifier at different doping amounts on the viscoelastic property of asphalt were explored through rheological tests, and then the prepared composite-modified asphalt was compared with matrix asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt. In addition, the modification mechanism of the composite modifier was investigated by fluorescence microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The difference in pavement performance between the composite-modified asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt was compared by a rut test and dynamic modulus test. The research results showed that the composite modifier improved the high- and low-temperature performances and viscoelastic property of matrix asphalt. When the doping amount was raised to 9%, the composite-modified asphalt exhibited better a modification effect than SBS-modified asphalt. The rut test results indicated that composite-modified asphalt demonstrated a stronger deformation resistance than SBS-modified asphalt. The dynamic modulus test showed that the composite-modified asphalt has better viscoelastic properties and temperature sensitivity. Fluorescence microscopy suggested that the crosslinking between the composite modifier and asphalt forms a mesh structure which greatly improves its resistance to deformation. From infrared spectroscopy, the composite modifier clearly functions as a physical modifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed a new environmentally friendly composite modified asphalt material and studied the composite modification of Qingchuan rock asphalt (QRA) and waste tire rubber powder (RP) was studied in this paper. QRA/RP composite modified asphalt was prepared by adding these two materials as modifiers into matrix asphalt and compared with matrix asphalt and QRA modified asphalt. The basic properties of asphalt before and after aging were evaluated by the rotating thin film oven test. The high-temperature performance and permanent deformation resistance at different temperatures and frequencies were analyzed by the dynamic shear rheological test. The bending creep stiffness test was used to evaluate the low-temperature performance. In addition, the microstructure and modification mechanism of composite-modified asphalt were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that QRA-modified asphalt is superior to matrix asphalt in terms of mass loss, viscosity ratio, and residual penetration, while QRA/RP composite-modified asphalt is further improved on this basis, QRA/RP composite modified asphalt can effectively improve the high and low temperature performance of asphalt.. Although the addition of RP is mainly based on physical modification, it also causes weak chemical reactions and enhances the adhesion of asphalt. The interaction between Qingchuan Rock asphalt and rubber powder significantly improves the overall stability of asphalt structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel probiotic yoghurt was produced using the combination of bacterial cultures Lactobacillus plantarum HA119 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis B94 and yoghurt bacteria Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Its basic nutritional composition, colour, texture, rheological properties, and sensory profile were compared with yoghurt produced using the same technological process and standard yoghurt cultures (control sample), as well as other commercially available yoghurts with different milk fat contents. Despite the fat content of the yoghurt made with the new probiotic cultures being 1.44%, its apparent viscosity was similar to that of high-fat yoghurt (2.99%). Other results from rheological measurements indicate that the new yoghurt had a stronger protein network, presumably due to the higher number of exopolysaccharides compared to both control and commercial yoghurts. Sensory analysis revealed that there were no statistically significant differences between the novel probiotic yoghurt and high-fat yoghurt as perceived by panellists. In conclusion, this combination of probiotic cultures can be used to produce yoghurt with rheological and sensory properties similar to high-fat yoghurts, without the need for hydrocolloids or changes in the production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of replacing skim milk powder with hempseed press cake on the quality properties of ice cream. Four ice cream mix formulations were developed, three with hemp press cake (25.0%, 37.5% and 50.0% milk powder replacement) and one control sample. The physicochemical (basic composition, pH, titratable acidity, water activity) and rheological properties of the ice cream mixes and the fat destabilization index, overrun, texture profile, colour, and sensory attributes of the ice cream were analysed. The results showed that the partial replacement of milk powder with hemp flour had no significant effect on the total values of the main components of the ice cream; only the origin of the nutrients was changed, which affected the properties of the samples. In the enriched samples, a decrease in acidity (from 0.146% to 0.133% LA) and fat destabilization (43.70 to 26.84%); an increase in viscosity (from 1.319 to 1.908 Pa sn), thixotropy (from 1682.00 to 2120.50 Pa/s), overrun (from 26.83 to 35.00%) and hardness (from 6833.12 to 14,660.06 g); as well as a change in colour to darker shades of red were observed. Although the incorporation of hempseed cake led to a decrease in sensory scores (from 7.57 to 6.47–5.63 on the hedonic scale), all samples were rated as acceptable. This study demonstrated that hemp press cake can be utilized as a functional and sustainable ingredient in ice cream production, providing additional nutritional benefits and creating a novel sensory experience for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shear‐thickening gel (STG) is introduced as a toughening agent into the epoxy resin (EP) to improve the toughness and impact resistance of the EP without significantly increasing its viscosity. By utilizing the unique BO dynamic bonds present in STG, the EP/STG composite exhibits remarkable toughness at low strain rates due to the gradual disentanglement of molecular chains. Conversely, at high strain rates, the disentanglement of molecular chains is hindered, resulting in a pronounced impact hardening effect and overall superior impact resistance. Our findings reveal that when STG is added at a concentration of 15%, the EP/STG composite material attains its peak mechanical performance. Specifically, it demonstrates a tensile strength of 31.8 MPa and a modulus of elasticity of 550.6 MPa. Furthermore, compared to pure EP, the EP/STG composite experiences an increase in elongation at break and impact strength by 40% and 8.1%, respectively. Additionally, the introduction of hydroxyl and B atoms in STG promotes the ring‐opening reaction of epoxy groups during the curing process of the EP, thus accelerating the curing reaction rate. These insights provide a solid theoretical foundation for optimizing the performance of EPs in engineering applications. Highlights: The STG was actively utilized to enhance the toughness of EP.The modified EP system exhibits significant improvements in toughness and impact resistance without a notable increase in viscosity.The promotional effect of STG on the curing of EP systems was revealed through curing kinetics analysis and rheological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]