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Every aspect of the Holy Prophet's (PBUH) life is a treasury of deep wisdom and guidance. The focus of this article is to study an important aspect of his Seerah i.e. as a ruler. The Madina state was a state which had a confederation of units with socio- political autonomy. The Holy Prophet (SAWW) made various covenants for the development and better defense of the Madina state. The charter of Madina is the basic document that allows us to understand various aspects of his governance. He set out the rights and duties of all citizens including non-Muslims including the Jewish tribes who have been living there since long and had almost occupied the financial resources of Medina. Therefore, there was a need to regulate this anomaly and establish a balance in society through judicious allocation of rights and duties within an Islamic state. Their role was so defined so as to ensure development and stability of the State. The Madina charter guaranteed protection of all kinds of religious, political and social rights and liberties. Thus the Madina charter is a key document to study how a peaceful society may be established. It sheds light on his political and constitutional struggle. This study is an effort to investigate the Charter of Madina as to how the rights of religious minorities are secured and to draw a comparison of their rights and duties in the constitution of Pakistan, an Islamic State. An analytical research methodology is adopted in this study the above cited topic. Keeping the charter of Madina in view, a few similarities between the State of Madina and Pakistan are drawn. The constitution of Pakistan also guarantees religious freedom and holds that a citizen may practise any religion. These and other similarities shall be highlighted in this study.

The concept of rights and obligations in the Book of Ḍau' Al-Miṣbaḥ Fī Bayāni Aḥkām Al-Nikāh by KH Hasyim Asy'ari refers to the textual meaning of hadith and refers to the social conditions at that time, so that the resulting understanding is gender biased. Meanwhile, nowadays the relationship between husband and wife has become a global issue. So how do you communicate this understanding so that it can be in line with current developments? The content analysis procedure used in this research method consists of four steps, namely data procurement, data reduction, inference and data analysis. In the Mubādalah principle, marriage is an agreement between a man and a woman to live together in one bond, working together to manage household roles. Because marriage is an agreement to live together, the pillars consist of five things, namely: Mitsaqan Ghalizan, Zawaj, namely partnership and togetherness, Taraadhin, Mua'syarah bil Ma'ruf, treating each other well and appropriately, Deliberation. The Mubadalah approach in reading the concept of the rights and obligations of husband and wife provides a progressive understanding and placing the relationship between husband and wife on an equal footing in both the private and public realms can provide an understanding of mutuality.

Positioning theory is a social theorization that aims to capture the dynamic analysis of conversations and discourses taking place in a social setting. Conversations as part of language assume interlocutors. As one engages in the interactive speech acts in the social setting, there comes the importance of interlocutors involved in these speech acts in creating a social reality, as language forms the knowledge of reality. Certain types of rights and duties can be observed in interactions between speakers and hearers in a social communicative context of interlocutors. The cluster of rights and duties, recognized in a certain social setting, can be termed as a position. One of the critical aspects is that positions are not always intentional or even conscious. Therefore, positioning theory has been redefined as a method of analysis with a focus on storylines. Storylines reveal implicit ascriptions and resistances of rights and duties through the performance of a variety of actions in a social setting where appropriateness of social acts are established and recognized by the participants engaged within the social situation. The education setting presents a dynamic situation where a variety of moral orders come into actions that set possibilities for different actors to engage in shifting positioning to accomplish certain educational actions. This entry presents the use of positioning theory in an educational setting.

The scientific study is devoted to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the police officers’ powers of the Ukrainian SSR in the 20s of the XX century. The problems of the activities of the police of the Ukrainian SSR in the period under study were studied by V. Hrechenko, O. Bandurka, O. Yarmysh, I. Kotsan and other researchers. The norms of the legislative and by-laws of the USSR, which established the rights and duties of police officers, have been analysed. The departmental and local by-laws norms of various authorities of the Ukrainian SSR, which set additional tasks for police officers, have been studied. The documents containing information on the functions and tasks of police officers in certain settlements of the Ukrainian SSR during the period under study have been studied. The legislative acts of the USSR, on which the Soviet police was based, also determined the powers of the employees of this authorityIn the early 20s of the XX century, the powers of police officers were enshrined in the Regulation on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Police of the Ukrainian SSR dated September 14, 1920. In the second half of the 1920s the rights and duties of police officers were established in the Regulations on the Workers’ and Peasants’ Militia dated November 10, 1926, and the Administrative Code of the Ukrainian SSR dated 1927. Police officers had to fulfill their duties to protect the revolutionary order and public safety. The Administrative Code of the Ukrainian SSR established the powers of police officers to carry out searches and seizures, requisitions and confiscations, the use of weapons, citizen detention, and the imposition of administrative fines. The powers of police officers in the field of the preliminary investigation were established in the Criminal Procedure Codes of the USSR dated 1922 and 1927. It has been concluded that in the first half of the 1920s of the XX century, police officers were often involved in performing tasks that were not typical of law enforcement activities. At the same time, in the second half of the 1920s, legislative and by-law acts were adopted on the police officer exemption from performing tasks that were not typical for them.

Definition: Positioning theory is a social theorization that aims to capture the dynamic analysis of conversations and discourses taking place in a social setting. Conversations as part of language assume interlocutors. As one engages in the interactive speech acts in the social setting, there comes the importance of interlocutors involved in these speech acts in creating a social reality, as language forms the knowledge of reality. Certain types of rights and duties can be observed in interactions between speakers and hearers in a social communicative context of interlocutors. The cluster of rights and duties, recognized in a certain social setting, can be termed as a position. One of the critical aspects is that positions are not always intentional or even conscious. Therefore, positioning theory has been redefined as a method of analysis with a focus on storylines. Storylines reveal implicit ascriptions and resistances of rights and duties through the performance of a variety of actions in a social setting where appropriateness of social acts are established and recognized by the participants engaged within the social situation. The education setting presents a dynamic situation where a variety of moral orders come into actions that set possibilities for different actors to engage in shifting positioning to accomplish certain educational actions. This entry presents the use of positioning theory in an educational setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I reply to the comments made in the forum on my book La ley de la confianza, focusing in particular on the role of the Philosophy of Law and further possible developments in the reflection on the relationship between Law and trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunting is a complex type of nature management. In its process, objects of the animal world and the earth are used. Obviously, the relationship between hunters and other land users should be clearly regulated by legislation. The purpose of this work was to identify common and specific problems for different systems of interaction between hunters and land owners and to assess the possibility of spreading the existing experience of solving problems faced by the hunting sector to different countries. Three main models of the relationship between hunters and land users (direct interaction, cooperation, and division of rights) are considered. Each of the models performs its tasks and has its own degree of efficiency. The interaction organization model adopted in a country depends on the specifics of the conditions in which the hunting farm develops including economic, property, legal, social, and state aspects. It is established that the availability of hunting is best ensured within the framework of the cooperation model, the observation of the rights of owners—within the direct interaction model, the convenience of management within large territories of wild animal habitats—within the division of rights model. At the same time, it is incorrect to single out the best model by all criteria or to designate a model that is universally suitable for different conditions. In the hunting farms of Russia, the described problems of interactions are not related to the potential of the division of rights model as such, but to a lack of understanding that this particular model requires increased attention of the state. The proposals aimed at improving the practice of developing and applying models of relationships between hunters and land users are represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to encourage reflection on the importance of the duties of the individual, based on the analysis of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (ADRDM). This instrument is recognized as the first contemporary international catalog of human rights and is unique in that it enshrines a correlative list of rights and duties, unlike the other nineteenth-century documents, as well as the successive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hunting is a complex type of nature management. In its process, objects of the animal world and the earth are used. Obviously, the relationship between hunters and other land users should be clearly regulated by legislation. The purpose of this work was to identify common and specific problems for different systems of interaction between hunters and land owners and to assess the possibility of spreading the existing experience of solving problems faced by the hunting sector to different countries. Three main models of the relationship between hunters and land users (direct interaction, cooperation, and division of rights) are considered. Each of the models performs its tasks and has its own degree of efficiency. The interaction organization model adopted in a country depends on the specifics of the conditions in which the hunting farm develops including economic, property, legal, social, and state aspects. It is established that the availability of hunting is best ensured within the framework of the cooperation model, the observation of the rights of owners—within the direct interaction model, the convenience of management within large territories of wild animal habitats—within the division of rights model. At the same time, it is incorrect to single out the best model by all criteria or to designate a model that is universally suitable for different conditions. In the hunting farms of Russia, the described problems of interactions are not related to the potential of the division of rights model as such, but to a lack of understanding that this particular model requires increased attention of the state. The proposals aimed at improving the practice of developing and applying models of relationships between hunters and land users are represented.

Ten years have passed since the first meetings of Arts advisors to start identifying the priorities and approaches that the Arts may take when formalised into a national curriculum structure. Now the time has come for reviewing the past to inform the future. Now is the time for reviewing, interrogating and challenging the Australian Curriculum: The Arts for a socially just world. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the process of positioning Visual Arts in the curriculum and the role of Visual Arts to meet social justice imperatives. The paper presents a critical discussion of the Arts and a critical consideration of my role in the writing of the shaping papers. This approach allows an identification of some highlights and challenges along the way. The more philosophical part of the discussion addresses the politics of curriculum and the politics of knowledge through Visual Arts, as it situates the underpinning principles of aesthetics and meaning-making through the Arts. The paper shows how acts of hospitality disrupt practices of domination and marginalisation; and how such acts activate ethical practices of social justice in the Arts, and Visual Arts in particular. The paper claims that Visual Arts as a learning area has a potent role in reflecting and shaping attitudes to social justice, and that education in Visual Arts may contribute to authenticating and legitimising one's place in the world based upon credible ethical foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In judicial practice, the issue of real inequality between parents in terms of the exercise of their rights and duties over the child has been raised, causing much discussion in this regard. In this context, we show in this article that the principle of equality does not prohibit certain specific rules. Therefore, we stress that real inequality results from these specific rules, and to the extent that equality is not natural, imposing it would be tantamount to discrimination. Moreover, we point out that in judicial practice it has been decided that respect for the principle of equality of rights does not mean that the legal rule reflects the full uniformity of social situations, but that, on the contrary, the diversity of social situations can be proportionately adjusted to bring them to a common denominator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the regulation of insurance relations by domestic legislation, there are still some gaps in it that impede the proper use of the institution of insurance to protect the property interests of participants, in connection with which attention from both scientists and the legislator requires the settlement of the legal status of participants of insurance relation and determining their place in such a relations. The purpose of the article is to research the legal status of the parties of an insurance contract, analyze existing approaches to its definition, establish the features of the legal personality of the parties of an insurance contract and provide proposals for further improving legislation in this area. A characteristic feature of an insurance contract, as an independent type of civil legal obligations within a group of contracts for the provision of services, is that the conclusion of insurance contracts is directly the subject of activity of specially authorized participants in civil relations - insurance organizations (insurers). In the insurance contractual relations on the side of the insurer, there can only be a legal entity that is endowed with the ability to carry out insurance activities only after obtaining a special permit (license), which indicates that legal entities - insurers have a special legal personality. An insurance organization is endowed with the general legal capacity of a legal entity with a special scope of capacity as a financial institution. The customer of the insurance service - the insured under the insurance contract may be a capable individual or a legal entity that has an insurable interest, that is, an interest in non-occurrence of an insured event. Taking into account the significant role of the insurable interest in the emergence and existence of insurance contractual relations, there is substantiated the expediency of providing at the legislative level the loss of the insurance interest of the insured (insured person) as one of the grounds for terminating the personal insurance contract and civil liability insurance contract, which does not foresee the possibility of transferring insurance protection to another person. At the same time, the termination of the existence of the insurance interest of the insured under the property insurance contract cannot be the ground for the termination of the relevant contract. The unprofessional status of the insured and the asymmetry of the parties to the insurance contract make it possible to consider insured - individuals as consumers of insurance services and, accordingly, to combine the issues of exercising and protecting their rights with the exercise and protection of consumer rights. In this regard, it has been established that the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Protection of Consumer Rights" in the part not regulated by insurance legislation can be applied to insurance contractual relations with the participation of an individual as a consumer. It is proposed to consider the consumer of insurance services not only a capable individual who concludes an insurance contract with the insurer, but also an individual, in the interests and in favor of whom the insurance contract is concluded, and who receives the insurance service necessary to meet personal needs not directly related to entrepreneurial activity of this individual or their performance of the duties of an employee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the intellectual foundations of the human sciences is its human dimension. In defining the normative system and the philosophy of value also, philosophical, verbal, and experimental anthropological findings are very determinative. In this article, which deals with part of this research program, the main question is: what is the role and effect of the theoretical and practical faculties of the rational soul, in the formation of the legal system of rights and human duties? The purpose of this article is to provide an answer to this question; on the one hand, it is linked to philosophical-theological studies, and on the other hand to the philosophy of value, and in particular to ethical and legal values. This review will inevitably be done in an analytical and comparative way. Given the widespread scope of this question, its territory is therefore limited to the view points of the three prominent theoreticiants: Nasir al-Din Tusi, Allamah Hilli, and Mulla Sadra. A logical sequencedictates that, after the problem is firstly explained, its conceptual foundations should be explained, and then the reasons and the circumstances for basing each right and duty on the theoretical and practical faculties of the human soul are separately explained. The result of this study proves that without the the abovementioned faculties in the human soul, the legal system does of rights and responsibilities does not have an external referent and is not justifiable.

Copyright of Revista Internacional y Comparada de Relaciones Laborales y Derecho del Empleo is the property of ADAPT University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problematic issues of the possibility of settlement of the transactions with the personal non-property right on name are contemplated in the article. During the development of the society and the public relations the new types of civil relations originate and demand the corresponding legal regulation. The presence of the contradictions between spheres of "due", "real" and "knowledge about real and due" points at the existence of the scientific problem in legal literature. In general, accepting such approach, the author methodologically constructed the research in the same sequence (the sphere of "due", "real" and "knowledge about real and due"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the prevalence of theories focused on the human right to water, very little research has been conducted about the implication of personal duties for using the water in informal settlements. Based on the UNESCO water principles the paper aims to evaluate both the rights and personal duties as well as the role that human dignity plays in the provision of better water services. Structural model equation SEM-PLS was implemented on the data provided by 483 informal dwellers at Doornkop (Soweto) in 2019. The model revealed high statistical significance and strong predictive power, which can lead decision-makers to improve the access to water and sanitation in informal settlements. The results indicate that personal duties drawn from the use of water such as participation, report leakages, polluters-pay and users-pay etc., need to be implemented to provide better access to water and sanitation for vulnerable dwellers. Furthermore, the presented results reflect the effect of human dignity on water governance and general principles of water. Conclusions highlight new theoretical and empirical approaches to the spectrum of water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Equidad y Desarrollo is the property of Equidad y Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims at identifying European administrative law principles by mapping the proposal of the European Parliament and assessing the existing principles in the European Union’s rules and jurisprudence. The first section analyses the difficulties to pass from the well-known sectoral procedures to a common procedural framework. It shows, on the one hand, how fragmented is the administrative EU law, and on the other hand, that European Commission tends to support it by derailing the Parliament’s proposal. The second section, is mapping the administrative law principles through an inventory of the Treaties, the Charter, the soft law and the jurisprudence. The last section proposes an assessment of the draft Regulation on the administrative procedure of European Union. The main outcome is that, without the Commission’s involvement the process of making a common administrative procedure for European Union cannot take place.

Copyright of Profesorado: Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado is the property of Profesorado: Revista de Curriculum y Formacion del Profesorado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Law n. 1176 was issued by the Italian Parliament on 17th July 1919 to acknowledge the juridical capacity of women, by abolishing the legal arrangement of marital authorization and opening the door of the labour market for women. The bill had a long complicated path to follow before becoming law; however, it has been soon expunged from collective memory for being a halfway conquest and an announced change that never got real, considering the limitations and restrictions inherent to it. The law, which eventually came to meet the ambitions nurtured by Italian women for over half a century, is linked to the name of then Minister of Justice Lodovico Mortara, a lawyer, university teacher and First President of the Cassation Court of Rome. The purpose of this essay is to revisit the most relevant steps of Mortara's public commitment to women's liberation and highlight his leading role in the process of approval of the above-mentioned law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers situations where treatment is refused and whether this is reasonable taking into account statutory duties, efficacy of treatment, the role and advice of NICE, local and general resources. What should be the priorities for treatment? Eligibility for treatment, the economic case for an early intervention and/or preventative medicine, caesarean sections, human rights, examples from the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common opinion that the first women voters in Italy were the women who voted in 1946. However, the very first ones were ten bold teachers from the Marche area who had their right to vote recognized with a judgement issued on 25th July 1906 by the Court of appeal of Ancona headed by jurist Lodovico Mortara. Their story and oblivion thereof are explained by the process of women's liberation, the liveliness of Italian women's associations in the early 20th century and the political and civil dynamism of the time bearing the name of statesman Giovanni Giolitti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an account of the activities of the "Legal Inhabit" extension project, from the Feevale University, developed during its first year (2016), in addition to reflecting on the results achieved so far and future perspectives. The project seeks an approximation with residents and health agents of areas with social-environmental vulnerability in Novo Hamburgo/RS. Through participatory processes, the project aims to empower these communities on social-environmental rights and duties and generate alternatives to prevent and minimize the effects of natural disaster damages and risks. So far, among other activities that have been held, addressed in the paper, one can cite: fieldwork, participatory workshops with the community and participation in scientific and extension fairs. The name "Legal Inhabit" encompasses the sense of legality in the fields of Architecture and Urbanism, Law and Environmental Management. It is, therefore, a multidisciplinary project. Through the sharing of this experience, we intend to collaborate with the discussion about the importance, possibilities and challenges of university extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a preliminary clarification on the role of the philosophy of law in legal education, this essay discusses some elements implicit in the Damiano Canale's book: the inevitabile "immorality" of law, the relationship between law and justice, and the centrality of duties for a correct solution of the practical conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Constitutional History / Giornale di Storia Costituzionale is the property of Giornale di Storia Costituzionale (Journal of Constitutional History) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

2017 was a double anniversary: 1917 was the year of Somló's main work – [Juristische Grundlehre Foundations of Law] and the appearance of Hohfeld's last study – Fundamental Legal Conceptions... II. However, there is a greater connection between the two authors. Their work is intertwined by the impact of John Austin and the aspiration to introduce results of analytical philosophy of law to the spiritual community of lawyers, mostly being averse from this branch of philosophy. The common topos of their works was the conceptual problem of right/duty and the far reaching impact of their handling of the problem. The exposition of the problem did not come from nowhere but arouse from the intellectual mold of the age – the turn of 20th century. In their elaborations, they have long lasting impact, initiating scholarly debates to current times. It is argued that though their conceptual world differed, it is better to conclude that their results complemented, rather than destroyed each other and it is possible to integrate them in one overall conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A sociological study carried out in Western Siberia found that in organizations of the region, a system of social relations is formed, ensuring the high-fidelity conduct of the technological process. The parties to such relations are: organs and office holders of general and special competence, the employee (a particular practician), the primary production collective. Their rights and duties are fixed in local normative legal acts which can be divided into four groups.

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The goal of this article is to explore the discursive construction of social citizenship of various labor market actors during crisis. Using the newspaper data from nine countries we conduct a quantitative and qualitative study of the rights and duties attributed to employees, employers, and outsiders in the labor market. We find that the attribution of rights to all groups prevails and the most frequent are the claims supporting employees' rights. In a context of crisis severity, we find three distinct groups of discourse on rights and duties in the labor market sphere. A severe crisis created conditions for labor organizations to claim the rights of employees. A moderate crisis created the ground for the state to (re)call the rights of the outsiders. In countries in which crisis was present in the discourse, rather than in real terms, a window of opportunity emerged for markets and employers to claim their freedoms and rights. Related Articles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knihovna is the property of Library Institute of the Czech National Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)