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Copyright of Spanish Journal of Comparative Education / Revista Española de Educación Comparada is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Books that have been on the shelves of classrooms in the commonwealth of Virginia are being removed by overzealous and misinformed parents and school board members. Supporting literacy development means allowing adolescents to read thought-provoking and edgy, high-quality texts, vetted by educated professionals, so that students can be critical curators and consumers of the wide range of media available today. Reading begets better reading, and varied texts build empathy for others. Improved literacy and empathetic criticality will benefit our commonwealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relationship between parental responsibility as a measure of protection of children's rights and Private International Law on the example of the application of parental responsibility measures to Ukrainians in EU countries. The purpose of the article is to provide a legal analysis of the problem of removal of children from Ukrainian families by social services in the EU countries as a measure of parental responsibility. In the example of the analysis of the national legislation of Spain, Poland, Sweden, Germany and Finland, the differences in the legal regulation of parental responsibility are considered. The most pressing issues that arise when initiating a case on parental responsibility of persons enjoying temporary protection in the EU countries have been identified. The methodological basis of the research is: dialectical method, comparative legal method, method of legal analysis. It has been established that in most cases the removal of children from families as a measure of parental responsibility was applied based on improper performance of parental duties, but there are cases when such measures were of a preventive nature. The need to improve the legal regulation of parental responsibility in the legislation of Ukraine has been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre is the property of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Children's geographies research contributes to the intent of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child by comprehending children as cogent agents in the telling and creation of their lives. Voices of asylum-seeking and refugee children are under-represented in the research literature. Hence, reference to their needs in relevant national and international policy contexts is inadequately informed. A meta ethnography synthesised self-reported needs and experiences of 288 child refugees and asylum-seekers across eight interview-based studies, each of which included at least one child aged 13 or younger. The guiding question for the study is: How do children describe their experiences within the systems designed to support refugee and asylum-seekers? Results indicate that refugee and asylum-seeker children can and must speak for themselves. Adults and services must listen to ensure policies and services are adequately informed by children's perspectives and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative law in general and comparative constitutional law in particular is a thriving field of legal scholarship in many states. The basic idea of investigating and studying the norms and institutions of other societies has been used to draw good practices and lessons that can assist in resolving contemporary political, social and legal problems in a particular society. While it is true that the use of comparative law in domestic jurisdictions should be socially and culturally grounded, it has been instrumental for developing optimal normative standards in many states. This includes an increasing academic interest to understand the normative and institutional challenges of different polities in order to entrench constitutional democracy and enhance the protection of fundamental rights. Nevertheless, there is also a significant misconception and overstated criticism on the use of comparative law by many scholars. This is all the more evident when it comes to the legal practice in Ethiopia. In this article, I analyze the different arguments presented for and against the use of the comparative method, and argue that there is a continued relevance of comparative constitutional law in Ethiopian legal practice. The fledgling jurisprudence and growing reliance of Ethiopian courts on international human rights law in some of their cases is testament to the continued relevance of international and comparative law in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The concept of ‘learner voice’ has received global attention in recent years, frequently credited to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The UNCRC recognises that children have (1) the right to express a view and (2) the right to have the view given due weight. However, in many countries, including South Africa, despite legislation that recognises child rights, there is a relative absence of learner voice and participation in school-level decision-making. Setting: The setting of this continuing professional development (CPD) initiative is GADRA Education, a non-governmental organisation (NGO), in Makhanda Eastern Cape. Method: A consultative participation approach was adopted with Grades 2–4 learners, under the auspices of GADRA Education. Eight child participation consultations were held, followed by a further eight feedback sessions 5 months later. All were audio-recorded. Results: The results of the CPD initiative suggest that the model provides a useful framework for increasing child participation in primary schools. However, further deliberation is necessary ‘with’ learners around choices related to space, audience, and the alternative ‘hat’ of the facilitating teacher. Conclusion: Building on our learning, we aim to develop these ideas further through a more sustained research project, involving not only consultative participation but also collaborative participation and child-led participation. Contribution: Insight into the extent to which the Lundy model of child participation (Lundy 2007) can be used as a framework to guide researchers and practitioners in assisting primary school learners to develop their voice and exert influence in matters concerning them.

Abstract The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as EU regulations, demand that in all actions concerning children, the best interest of the child shall be the primary consideration. This principle also applies to criminal proceedings. Juvenile delinquency is often committed against other juveniles. In Finnish criminal policy and legislation, juvenile offenders are treated more leniently than adults, and the starting point in intervention is education and guidance. In cases where the suspect and the victim are minors, the best interests of the children should be balanced between them. In such cases, the rights of the child should apply equally to both parties. As a result, we found that the best interests of the child in criminal proceedings should be understood as a procedural obligation. FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter och EU:s förordningar kräver att barnets bästa ska komma i främsta rummet vid åtgärder som rör barn. Detta gäller även vid straffrättsliga förfaranden. Ungdomsbrottslighet begås ofta mot andra ungdomar. I Finlands kriminalpolitik och lagstiftning behandlas unga lagöverträdare mildare än vuxna och utgångspunkten för ingripanden är utbildning och vägledning. I fall där den misstänkte och offret är minderåriga ska barnets bästa vägas samman mellan dem. I detta fall bör barnets rättigheter gälla lika mycket för båda. Som ett resultat av detta konstaterade vi att barnets bästa i straffrättsliga förfaranden bör betraktas som en processuell skyldighet.

Interference in family life is a particular form of threat to poor families, especially when the only impetus for state action in the form of an interference in the right to privacy is the poor material situation of the family. The article reflects on the possible threats to the realisation of family life within the framework of the right to privacy established under public international law, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In the view of the Human Rights Committee, the family should be oriented towards enabling the child to remain in the care of his or her parents or to return to their care or to other family members. The Committee on the Rights of the Child points out that the implementation of the right to privacy prohibits the recognition of material poverty as a basis and justification for taking a child out of parental care and into foster care. The European Court of Human Rights case law presented in the article confirms that children from poor families are at risk of being taken away from their parents and placed in foster care due to the financial status of the family, which may constitute a violation of the Article 8 of the ECHR. The fact that state authorities wrongly equate the lack of sufficient resources to support the family with child neglect poses a threat to the family life of poor individuals. Victims of violations of family bonds through harm to the private lives of family members should be protected under the human rights system. The following analysis makes it possible to identify the relevant problems from the point of view of the impoverished person or/and family, such as the questioning of parental capacity as a consequence of the erroneous equation of poverty with child neglect, or the withdrawal of the right to material assistance, all of which affect the realisation of family life, and further enables the identification of legal remedies for protection.

The nonconsensual--yet legally enshrined and politically encouraged--child relinquishments seen within certain dystopian narratives (namely, Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, and Lois Lowry's young adult novel The Giver) show us the nature and scope of the war crime of forced adoption. These texts contain representations of compulsory abandonments and harmful displacements which render the concept of legal or de facto adoption superfluous: prior to their conception, these chattel-infants are destined for familial and sociocultural transplantations, to be raised by privileged substitute carers. Both can be read as sharp critiques of such practices, presenting the reader with a new language with which to discuss the harms and injustices arising from the war crime of forced adoption, especially those seen recently within occupied Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interference in family life is a particular form of threat to poor families, especially when the only impetus for state action in the form of an interference in the right to privacy is the poor material situation of the family. The article reflects on the possible threats to the realisation of family life within the framework of the right to privacy established under public international law, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In the view of the Human Rights Committee, the family should be oriented towards enabling the child to remain in the care of his or her parents or to return to their care or to other family members. The Committee on the Rights of the Child points out that the implementation of the right to privacy prohibits the recognition of material poverty as a basis and justification for taking a child out of parental care and into foster care. The European Court of Human Rights case law presented in the article confirms that children from poor families are at risk of being taken away from their parents and placed in foster care due to the financial status of the family, which may constitute a violation of the Article 8 of the ECHR. The fact that state authorities wrongly equate the lack of sufficient resources to support the family with child neglect poses a threat to the family life of poor individuals. Victims of violations of family bonds through harm to the private lives of family members should be protected under the human rights system. The following analysis makes it possible to identify the relevant problems from the point of view of the impoverished person or/and family, such as the questioning of parental capacity as a consequence of the erroneous equation of poverty with child neglect, or the withdrawal of the right to material assistance, all of which affect the realisation of family life, and further enables the identification of legal remedies for protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Iberoamericano de Justicia Constitucional is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Arab American University is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Everyone's personal dignity guarantees freedoms and rights regardless of age, which means these freedoms and rights are also granted to children. Children's rights highlight children's subjectivity and draw attention to their special status, which is, in fact, determined by the child's dependence on adults, but is still not passive or submissive. This emphasis on the child's rights sort of equalises the child's legal situation which is results from their physical and mental immaturity and dependence. However, every human being - including a child - has duties in addition to rights, which remain in relative balance. Thus, they contribute to the formation of the child's personality in a balanced manner. Focusing solely on the enjoyment of rights and simultaneously neglecting duties distorts this balance and contributes to the development of attitude of taking everything for granted, laziness, and choosing to live at the expense of others. It seems therefore necessary to restore the balance between the focus on children's rights and the marginalisation of their responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we reconstruct the international standards relating to the religious education of a juvenile placed in an isolation centre in connection with the commission of a prohibited act. From a human rights perspective, this is a particularly complicated situation because there is a competition between parties that (at least potentially) have the right to decide on such education. These parties include: juveniles, their parent(s) or legal guardians and the authorities of an isolation centre. The rights of each of them are governed by various legal acts of a different rank – both in an international and national order. An analysis of international documents made it possible to assess the legal situation within the scope defined in the title and formulate certain postulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Trabajo Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies / Sodobna Pedagogika is the property of Association of Slovenian Educationalists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Early childhood has emerged in Brazil in recent years with important mobilization and militancy within a set of struggles for the rights of the child embedded on Human Rights and the social movements that allowed the Brazil's Child and Adolescent Statute to surge. In this article, and aiming to analyze Early Childhood movement specificities, we present an exploratory research on institutional and organizational discourses from Brazil's Early Childhood movement on websites on the Internet. The collected data were submitted to content analysis, in a way that three analytical categories were created. The results suggest that some of those groups demands conflict with Full Protection advocacy regarding the very idea about children and adolescents and their development. The findings were discussed critically and from the perspective of Forensic Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we analyzed the life studies lesson textbooks taught in Turkey as of 2019-2020 within the scope of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Considering this purpose, we conducted content analysis using the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods. As a result, two themes emerged from life studies textbooks (LSTs), namely "the formation of the perception of children's rights" and "the basic rights of immigrants and children with special needs," and we developed a total of 17 codes belonging to these themes. We found that the texts in the LSTs do not contain enough information and findings within the scope of the articles of the UNCRC. In some themes, children's rights are expressed intensely, while in other themes they are not included at all. Our findings suggest that children's rights are expressed in the books but do not sufficiently address children's rights as stated in the 54 articles of the UNCRC. In addition, the themes around children's rights included in the textbooks are very scattered; we determined that there is no balanced distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the right of return to the country of origin of a parent who has been granted the rights of custody over a child in the country in which that parent and the child temporarily reside. A legal obstacle to realization of the right of return of the parent to its country of origin exists in the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction which is often applied mechanically and works to prevent the parent from relocating with the child. Case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of Serbia provides guidelines for interpretation of the Hague Abduction Convention in quite frequent situations when a parent who is a primary caregiver acts as an abductor. The standard of the best interest of the child can overcome the tension between the right of parent to return and the Hague Abduction Convention.

Background The Ebola virus is known as one of the deadliest pathogens to infect humans. Children represent a minority of Ebola Virus Disease cases globally. Yet, the different Ebola outbreaks in Africa had a wide impact on children’s lives and children’ rights. Objective Review the published literature to date on Children’s rights during Ebola outbreaks. Outcomes shall contribute to get a better understanding of the main limitations or violations of children’s rights, identify potential gaps in the literature and support the promotion and protection of children’s rights for current and future health crisis. Methods A scoping review from PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library and Web of Science was performed using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles, reports and editorial, published on Ebola Outbreaks between 1976 and 2020 were retrieved. The UNCRC clusters of rights and treaty specific guidelines were used as a framework. Documents were found through a targeted search of websites from international or regional organisations involved in Ebola crises and children’s protection. Results 48 articles and reports were reviewed. Few documents focused solely on children’s rights. Several articles covered the topic of children and Ebola outbreaks. Most of the data are linked to basic health, education, discrimination of orphans and survivors. 31% of the reviewed articles underline the violence against the children (rape, abuse, Female genital mutilations), while 21% focus on the right to education. 23% cover the topic of orphans. Impact on mental health and SRH were amongst the other covered topics. Conclusion A lack of data on children’s rights and their violations during epidemics is observed. Regional and international collaboration is needed to document the situation of children in health emergencies. Health measures and strategies based on children’s opinions and raising awareness of their crucial role in society is key. Child-centred guidelines should be developed based on these elements.

A gap exists between the EU's professed guarantees of the rights of migrant children and Member States' individual practices concerning integration. The EU promotes policies claiming to be based on the rights of the child, children's best interests, and a child‐friendly integration system. Both theory and the EU framework also insist that integration should be understood as a two‐way process. Yet national practices and policies shift responsibility for integration from the reception community to newcomers. Pressures on immigrants, hate speech, and the closure of borders have become the main features of migration policy. The article points out inconsistencies between the EU and its Member States' own policy frameworks regarding the integration of migrant children in education. Drawing on interviews with stakeholders, we look at the primary triggers for these inconsistencies to learn what they reveal about the EU and its Member States' integration policies for migrant children. We argue that nationalism and the denial of rights prevent policy processes from becoming a two‐way process and we demonstrate the consequences this has for child‐centred approaches to integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to explore techniques and methods of the cognition of legal phenomena, scientific analysis of children's rights as a legal phenomenon, identification of general patterns, and formalisation and generalisation of children's rights at the world and national levels. The methodological basis of the study was the use of a set of methods necessary for the implementation of the scientific goal and the fulfilment of the tasks set, in particular: analysis of the rights of the child in international documents and legislation of Ukraine, the method of generalisation, hermeneutics regarding the interpretation and processing of texts of normative and doctrinal sources, and other philosophical, general scientific, and special methods. The scientific originality lies in the fact that the author has for the first time considered the rights of the child as legal phenomena that have specific features, depending on the subject, types, and age of the child. The methodological foundations of cognition of the rights of the child at each stage of its development are highlighted and the application of a number of the above methods is proposed. The scientific tools of cognition of children's rights are structured. The study of children's rights is a complex and multifaceted process of human thinking, which is necessary for improving legal mechanisms and protecting the rights of minors. Techniques and methods of cognition depend on the specifics of the legal phenomenon and the sphere of cognition. However, the scientific approaches, methods and principles of scientific research on children's rights considered in our study should be applied in a complex, preventing contradictions and refuting the results obtained by using various tools. All these methodological tools prove their value at every stage and in every segment of the study. Depending on the object of knowledge, the predominance of a certain methodological tool for implementing a specific research task is evident. Based on the conducted research, a number of generalisations are formulated, including the following: scientific cognition of children's rights is impossible without a well-chosen methodology; the methodology of scientific cognition of children's rights is a complex phenomenon that covers the structure and system of legal scientific knowledge of its theories and concepts. Methodological foundations of knowledge of children's rights form a multi-level system, which is developed by the principles of scientific cognition, dominant worldview, type of scientific thinking, philosophical foundations, scientific paradigms, methodological approaches, and scientific methods

The child's right to play is specifically addressed in the framework of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The international recognition of this right is the central theme of this study. Through a documentary analysis of the reports of the States Parties to the Convention and the Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the study assesses the recognition of this right. The entry into force of General Comment 17 on the right of the child to rest, recreation, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts (art. 31) in 2013 should have marked a turning point in policies on children in the States Parties, but this did not occur. Policies cannot be developed in favour of children where play is ignored. Identifying the difficulties in exercising this right is also a challenge. Play should be part of the objectives, goals and strategies of action plans for children.

Abstract This study investigates the attitudes, behaviors, and views about the rights of the child of early childhood education (ECE) teachers in Turkey. A mixed-method sequential transformative design was used, and 205 ECE teachers’ attitudes towards children’s rights were analyzed using a quantitative questionnaire. Ten of these ECE teachers were then observed, and their views in terms of the rights of children were elicited through interviews. According to the findings, teachers’ attitudes toward the rights of the child were positive; however, their behaviors and views were not compatible with most of these rights. While teachers were sensitive to the right to protection, they did not meet the requirements of the rights to development, growth, and participation or the principles of best interest and non-discrimination. Educating teachers about the rights of the child plays an important role in enhancing children’s learning and the application of these rights. To support these rights, teachers need to properly understand the rights of the child, how to protect them, and how to reflect these rights in their practices.

The family reintegration process begins after the exceptional measure is taken, which applies in the event of a severe violation of rights in childhood and adolescence. This work aims to conduct a thematic review of the aspects involved in that process and whether they positively impact it. We can identify factors during the three main stages of reintegration: the initial phase, treatment, and reintegration and follow-up phases. Likewise, the participation of children and adolescents in the process that involves them is difficult. This study is important to respond to the needs of children and adolescents and contribute to the reintegration process from a rights perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea experienced international scrutiny over its irregular intercountry adoption practices in the 1980s. However, it eventually came to be viewed as a model of transparent and efficient adoptions. This façade disguises an orphan adoption system that has become entrenched over the decades. Today, adoptees continue to lobby for their right to origins. This paper explores South Korea's laws and policies, which nullified the rights of adoptees, and it calls for receiving countries to assume co-responsibility to restore these rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage and familiy are institutions which are continually evolving. Social reality points to the fact that the traditional concept of marriage does not have the capacity to recognize the full complexity of interpersonal relationships. Hence the aspiration for marriage to be equalized with common law marriages, including long term unions between individuals of the same sex. The European Court of Human Rights has greatly contributed to the improvement of the legal position of same-sex partners. To date, the European Court has not equalized same-sex unions with marriage, however it has foreseen that same-sex couples have to be legally recognized so that their relationship would be protected. Member states are not obliged to recognize same-sex marriages, however they have an obligation to institutionalize same-sex unions, for the purpose of protecting the rights and interests of those individuals who are part of them. The intent is to legally regulate personal and the property rights of same-sex couples, in accordance with the obligations of the Republic of Serbia which emanate from the application of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, the overall impression is that the Draft Law on Same-Sex Unions does not contain consistent and well thought out solutions. Analyzed from the aspect of family law, there are significant criticisms with respect to the currently proposed draft law, particularly with regards to the exercising of parental rights. Although the Draft Law does not foresee the possibility of adopting children, the question is raised as to the basis on which a partner of the child's parent obtains authorities vested by way of parental rights. A belief remains that due to the far-reaching consequences, the process of legally regulating same-sex unions must evolve with great care, especially as this remains an extremely controversial topic in Serbian society.

This article considers case law concerning parental refusal to consent to medical treatment of a child based on religious belief or conscience. The focus of enquiry is on three pivotal decisions of the Irish Superior Courts which will serve to chart the development of judicial reasoning in this contentious area of law. In the last few decades, Ireland has experienced significant changes in its population and attitudes toward religion as a result of increased immigration, multiculturalism, and secularism. This case law analysis reveals that there has been a shift from a test that examines the motivations or reasons for parental decision making to one that focuses on the effect on the child. This shift in focus raises concern about the extent to which the religious or conscientious objection of a parent concerning a child's medical treatment will be considered in future cases. The present analysis provides an illuminating example of the way in which religion and the state can be in tension with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses the image of the child as perceived from the perspective of children and adults and determines to what extent the perceptions vary between the children and adults. For this purpose, views of children widespread among children and adults are compared. The paper also examines the sociodemographic background of the adults who represent these beliefs. The analysis is based on data from the Estonian Children’s Rights and Parenting Survey (2018), which gives a unique opportunity to compare opinions held by children and adults using the same methodology. The data compared against adults’ responses in this analysis came from the two older stages of study in school (7th to 11th grades). The sample size in this analysis is 624 schoolchildren. The adults’ sample consists of 1,248 responses in the age group 18–74. The statements used in the study were selected based on approaches mentioned in theoretical literature for describing definite categories of how children are perceived: children as a) immature; b) competent; c) vulnerable; d) irresponsible. Whereas in the case of adults, the theoretical model can be considered valid, the results of this analysis showed that the responses from Estonian children were at slight variance with theorized perceptions. Four perceptions of children could be distinguished from the responses from Estonian children, and they can be described as follows: 1) children as selfish and irresponsible; 2) children as competent and independent; 3) children as vulnerable and in need of protection and supervision yet having their own opinions important to be considered; 4) children as innocent and immature. The findings show that, as compared to children, adults often see children as vulnerable, fragile individuals needing protection and who, lacking knowledge, need advice and supervision. Adults also strongly support the image of the competent child, which holds that children have their own opinion and preferences, that are considered important to be taken into account. Children themselves frequently see themselves as competent, while their responses also reflect a perceived need for protecting children and supervision by adults. The findings of this study allow us to conclude that the model of perceptions of children created by adults on the basis of theoretical literature for describing how children are perceived is suitable for adults but not so much for children. Children view children differently than adults, and their attitudes can be grouped differently from those of adults: children themselves construct a different image of themselves than adults. These collective images shape everyday reality for children and the beliefs related to children, and thereby also mould people’s behaviour. This analysis indicates that the way in which children are seen is related to the gender and ethnicity of the adult respondents and also to whether the respondents have minor children of their own. These findings allow us to conclude that cultural context is significantly related to how children are perceived. Education has an important role as well – people with higher education tend to see children as competent. One particular finding of interest is that the way in which children are seen by adult respondents depends on whether the adults have heard of the concept of the rights of the child. Those who are well abreast of the concept tend to see children as competent with fewer of those who consider children immature. Thus, it appears that awareness of the rights of the child and human rights education in general is extremely important for improving children’s opportunities to have a say on matters concerning themselves and society in general. The results of the study reflect children’s position in society, help to make sense of the relationships between children and adults and can serve as a basis for further research into describing the situation of children and opportunities. This analysis provides a first overview of what types of children’s perceptions groups could be traced from the attitudes expressed by children and adults.

The present work focuses on the analysis of voluntary retention in proportion to the salary received by those who are obliged to provide maintenance in order to replace the precautionary measure prohibiting them from leaving the country; since Ecuadorian legislation provides that, in order for the interim measure to be terminated, the entire obligation must be complied with or sufficient security must be provided to cover the same. and even if a steady payment of the pension begins to be payed, the maintenance of unpaid assessments makes it impossible to lift the precautionary measures imposed, It is therefore proposed to establish an alternative means of permitting the provisional lifting of the precautionary measure prohibiting food suppliers from leaving the country who demonstrate their willingness to comply with the obligation.

This article examines the legal position of children of families allegedly associated with Daesh (ISIL/ISIS) who are currently detained in refugee camps in Syria. The analysis is based on a review of consular legislation, human rights obligations and the rules of the Brussels IIa Regulation as well as the 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention. The analysis suggests that the norms and rules of private international law generate content and substance for the concept of ‘jurisdiction’ in both international human rights conventions and the Finnish constitution. The particular perspective from which the issue is examined concerns the situation of the Finnish children who are currently held being captive in the refugee camp of Al-Hol in Syria. In particular, the article probes the issue of defining the habitual residence of a child who has been taken by his or her parents to the so-called ‘Caliphate’ and later captured and held in the refugee camp. It is concluded that these children are likely to be without a habitual residence and the jurisdiction to take protective measures is thus defined in national law. The article argues that under its human rights obligations as well as national norms, especially those contained within the Finnish Child Welfare Act, Finland has the legal obligation to repatriate the children, and in most cases their mothers too, from Al-Hol.