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El presente trabajo tiene por objeto identificar los factores de riesgo y de protección que subyacen en el inicio, mantenimiento y desistimiento de las conductas delictivas. Para ello se ha analizado el relato de una mujer española de 38 años que se encontraba en tercer grado penitenciario en el momento de la entrevista, realizada en 2020. Los resultados mostraron una gran variedad de factores de riesgo en el comienzo y persistencia de la actividad delictiva de la participante durante su juventud; por el contrario, en la actualidad, la entrevistada manifestó la desaparición de un amplio número de factores que originalmente estimularon su conducta ilícita y la aparición de nuevos factores de protección. Es constatable la significación que adquiere la identificación de factores que pueden incentivar y mantener conductas ilícitas con el propósito de entender que factores pueden predecir la reincidencia o la reinserción. This paper aims to identify the risk and protective factors underlying the initiation, maintenance and cessation of criminal behavior. To this end, the story of a 38-yearold Spanish woman who was in open prison regime at the time of the interview was analyzed (2020). The results showed a great variety of risk factors in the beginning and persistence of the criminal activity of the participant during her youth; on the contrary, at present, the interviewee stated the disappearance of a wide number of factors that originally stimulated her illicit behavior and the appearance of new protection factors. The significance of the identification of factors that may encourage and maintain illicit behavior is evident in order to understand which factors may predict recidivism or reinsertion. Psicología

O presente trabalho buscou investigar os fatores de risco e prote??o para o desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais na gesta??o e no p?s-parto. Para tal, foi realizada a elabora??o de um estudo te?rico acerca da tem?tica e dois artigos emp?ricos. Inicialmente conduziu-se o estudo te?rico no formato de revis?o de literatura, com a finalidade de identificar os estudos publicados na ?rea. Os resultados apontaram um d?ficit nos estudos longitudinais com amostras brasileiras. A seguir, foi conduzido um estudo com 153 gestantes, que al?m do levantamento do perfil sociodemogr?fico das mesmas, foi poss?vel elaborar um modelo com desfechos e preditores atrav?s de an?lises de regress?o, para fins de identifica??o de fatores de risco e prote??o para transtornos mentais na gesta??o. Os resultados apontaram diferentes preditores para determinados desfechos. O estudo tr?s reavaliou 97 mulheres no per?odo p?sparto, que haviam participado do estudo anterior, quando na gesta??o. Desta forma, caracterizou-se por ser longitudinal e viabilizando o levantamento de vari?veis de risco e prote??o no p?s-parto, em rela??o ao desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais. Os resultados apontaram principalmente dois fatores como mais frequentes entre os desfechos, sendo eles o abuso emocional e o item cren?as relacionadas ao julgamento dos outros. Por fim, o ?ltimo e quarto estudo, refere-se ? a adapta??o e valida??o da Escala de Cren?as Face a Maternidade para a popula??o brasileira. As an?lises revelaram ser um instrumento adequado para os fins propostos. Portanto, o conjunto de artigos desta tese contribui para esclarecer os aspectos envolvidos nos transtornos mentais maternos, especificadamente no per?odo gestacional e do p?s-parto, como tamb?m, a viabilidade da utiliza??o de um instrumento adaptado que permite avaliar quest?es cognitivas, cren?as, relacionadas a maternidade, para a popula??o brasileira. A partir dos resultados, salienta-se a import?ncia do desenvolvimento de programas de preven??o e interven??o eficazes com essa popula??o, visando tamb?m, minimizar os impactos causados pela presen?a de transtornos mentais em mulheres na gesta??o e per?odo p?s-parto. The present study sought to investigate the risk and protection factors for the promotion of mental disorders during pregnancy and from pregnancy to postpartum. For this, a theoretical study was conducted and two empirical articles. Initially, the theoretical study was conducted in the literature review format, in order to identify the studies published in the area. The results showed a deficit in longitudinal studies with Brazilian samples. Next, a study was conducted with 153 pregnant women, to develop a model with outcomes and predictors through regression analysis, for the purpose of identifying risk and protective factors for mental disorders in gestation. The results pointed out different predictors for certain outcomes. Study three reassessed 97 women in the postpartum period, who had participated in the previous study, during pregnancy. Thus, it was characterized by being longitudinal and making it possible to survey risk and protection variables in this transition from pregnancy to postpartum, in relation to the promotion of mental disorders. The results mainly pointed out two factors as the most frequent among the outcomes, namely emotional abuse and the item beliefs related to the judgment of others. Finally, the last and fourth study, refers to the adaptation and validation of the Attitudes Toward Motherhood Scale for the Brazilian population. The analyzes proved to be an adequate instrument for the proposed purposes. Therefore, the set of articles in this thesis contributes to clarify the aspects involved in maternal mental disorders, specifically in the gestational and postpartum period, as well as the feasibility of using an adapted instrument that allows assessing cognitive issues, beliefs, related to maternity, for the Brazilian population. From the results, the importance of developing effective prevention and intervention programs with this population is emphasized, also aiming to minimize the impacts caused by the presence of mental disorders in women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES

Os contextos familiares e escolares têm um grande impacto na vida das crianças e jovens sendo uma das principais causas da violência juvenil. É através destes meios de socialização que se constrói uma aprendizagem, podendo originar comportamentos desviantes e delinquentes e uma possível situação de acolhimento. A relação entre pais e filhos é fundamental na determinação de comportamentos, tal como a existência de fatores de proteção após o nascimento tornando-se indispensáveis no combate aos fatores de risco. Os “Fatores de Risco e Proteção, Comportamentos Antissociais e Consumo De Substâncias Ilícitas em Jovens Institucionalizados” é uma investigação que pretende compreender os fatores que estão intrínsecos às histórias de vida e que conduziram ao acolhimento institucional, bem como a forma como o desenvolvimento das crianças e jovens entre a infância e a adolescência pode ou desencadeia comportamentos de risco/perigo. Para tal foi utilizada a metodologia de histórias de vida através de uma abordagem qualitativa, com recurso a entrevistas semiestruturadas a sete jovens institucionalizados do sexo masculino. Como objetivos específicos pretendeu-se: analisar teoricamente comportamentos de risco/perigo; compreender como é que os fatores de risco que estão inerentes aos jovens/adolescentes podem desencadear comportamentos desviantes; identificar as consequências que estão subjacentes à prática de atos delinquentes e comportamentos antissociais; e compreender o processo de mudança que o jovem tem de ultrapassar desde que é institucionalizado. Os resultados evidenciam que o grande fator de origem do acolhimento reside na família; os fatores de risco mais manifestos são sobretudo a negligência, os maus tratos, a ausência da figura paterna, os problemas socioeconómicos, os consumos de estupefacientes, o insucesso escolar e a exclusão social; o ambiente familiar e o temperamento da criança estão relacionados entre si; as vivencias anteriores à institucionalização têm impacto na vida das crianças e jovens; o processo de adaptação em casa de acolhimento não é fácil e os jovens têm perspetivas para o seu futuro. Family and school contexts have a major impact on the lives of children and young people, being one of the main causes of youth violence. It is through these means of socialization that learning is built, which can lead to deviant and delinquent behaviours and a possible welcoming situation. The relationship between parents and children is fundamental in determining behaviours, as well as the existence of protective factors after birth, becomes indispensable in combating risk factors. The “Risk and Protection Factors, Antisocial Behaviours and Consumption of Illicit Substances in Institutionalized Youths” is an investigation that aims to understand the factors that are intrinsic to life stories and that have led to institutional care, as well as the way in which children develop and young people between childhood and adolescence can or trigger risky / dangerous behaviours. The methodology of life stories was used through a qualitative approach, using semistructured interviews with seven institutionalized young men. The specific objectives were to: theoretically analyse risk / danger behaviours; understand how the risk factors that are inherent to young people / teenagers can trigger deviant behaviour’s; identify the consequences that underlie the practice of delinquent acts and antisocial behaviour; and understand the process of change that young people have to overcome since it is institutionalized. The results show that the main source of the reception in residential care lies in the family; the most evident risk factors are mainly negligence, abuse, absence of a father figure, socioeconomic problems, drug use, school failure and social exclusion; the family environment and the child's temperament are related to each other; experiences prior to institutionalization have an impact on the lives of children and young people; the adaptation process in the residential care is not easy and young people have perspectives for their future.

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Intervenção Social Escolar. Submitted by iria pinto (iria@ipcb.pt) on 2020-07-27T11:26:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE TANIA tese.pdf: 3307834 bytes, checksum: b41b15933bc5253a1898f72f6d653171 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria Eduarda Pereira Rodrigues (erodrigues@ipcb.pt) on 2020-08-03T09:27:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE TANIA tese.pdf: 3307834 bytes, checksum: b41b15933bc5253a1898f72f6d653171 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-03T13:43:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE TANIA tese.pdf: 3307834 bytes, checksum: b41b15933bc5253a1898f72f6d653171 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-06-23

Rad se bavi mladima ispalima iz sustava obrazovanja koji predstavljaju veliki socijalni rizik. Ispadanje mladih iz sustava obrazovanja je u europskom kontekstu prepoznato kao značajan problem, no u hrvatskom kontekstu ovaj problem nije dovoljno istražen. Pitanje mladih koji su ispali iz sustava obrazovanja predstavlja vrlo kompleksan pojam, zbog različitih čimbenika koji mogu utjecati na njega. Čimbenici mogu biti vezani uz samog pojedinca, njegovu bližu okolinu, odnosno obitelj, vršnjake i školski sustav te širu društvenu okolinu. Posljedice ispadanja mladih iz sustava obrazovanja mogu biti različite, od ekonomskih, kao što su privremena zaposlenost, nezaposlenost i niski ekonomski prihodi, osobnih, kao što je nisko samopoštovanje, obiteljskih problema do socijalnih posljedica, kao što su antisocijalna ponašanja i socijalna isključenost. Važno je prepoznati ovaj problem, razviti i uložiti u obrazovanje mladih te osigurati različite mjere socijalnih politika za prevenciju i smanjivanje rizika ispadanja učenika iz sustava obrazovanja., This paper deals with youth dropping out from education system, which poses a major social risk. Dropout of young people from the education system is recognized as a significant problem in the European context, but in the Croatian context this problem is not sufficiently researched. The issue of young people who have dropped out of the education system is a very complex one because of various factors that can affect it. These factors can be related to the individual, his immediate environment, family, peers, school system and the wider social environment. The consequences of dropping out from the education system may be different, including economicones, such as temporary employment, unemployment and low economic incomes, personal ones, such as lowself-esteem, family problems and social consequences, such as antisocial behaviour and social exclusion. It is important to recognize this problem, to develop and invest in youth education and to provide different social policy measures to prevent and reduce the risk of dropping out of students from the education system.

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Cooperació al Desenvolupament (Pla de 2015) (A distància). Codi: SRP522. Curs acadèmic: 2018-2019 Los movimientos migratorios han existido a lo largo de toda la historia de la Humanidad, también en un mundo globalizado como el actual. Sin embargo, existe un fenómeno más reciente que ha vivido un notable incremento en los últimos años, se trata de la migración de los Menores Extranjeros No Acompañados (MENA). Estos menores se ven impelidos a abandonar su país, debido a condiciones de pobreza, guerras, violencia y violaciones los DDHH. El presente trabajo aborda, desde la óptica de la resiliencia, la atención que se les ofrece a los MENA a su llegada a la Comunidad Valenciana, cuando entran en centros del sistema de protección de menores. Se inicia con una revisión conceptual de diferentes modelos de resiliencia para valorar la posibilidad de trabajar la generación y la promoción de resiliencia en los centros de MENA. Para ello, se lleva a cabo una investigación empírica sobre el desempeño de los profesionales que trabajan en centros de menores, y desde su trabajo cotidiano, observar si abordan el tema de la resiliencia y cuáles son los desafíos a los que hacen frente. El trabajo concluye una propuesta de trabajo y nuevas y complementarias líneas de investigación en la materia. Migratory movements have existed throughout History, also in a globalized world like the present one. However, there is a more recent phenomenon that has experienced a notable increase in recent years, namely the migration of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (MENA). These minors are impelled to leave their country, due to conditions of violence, poverty, wars, violation of human rights. The present work approaches, from the point of view of resilience, the attention that is offered to the MENA upon their arrival in the Comunidad Valenciana, when they enter Centers for Child Protection. Research begins with a conceptual review of different resilience models to assess the possibility of working on generating and promoting resilience in MENA centers. To do this, empirical research through observation of their daily work is carried out in order to observe the performance of professionals working in juvenile centers and assess whether they address the issue of resilience and which are the challenges they face. The study concludes a work proposal and new and complementary lines of research in the field.

Nasilničko ponašanje i maloljetnička delinkvencija dvije su teme koje će biti obrađene u ovom radu. Kroz rad će se prikazati postojeća klasifikacija nasilničkog ponašanja te različiti uzroci razvoja delinkventnog ponašanja. Nadalje, prikazat će se odrednice uloga u nasilničkom ponašanju te koje su posljedice takvo ponašanja, bilo da se radi o žrtvi ili o nasilniku. U radu će se prikazati rezultati istraživanja rasprostranjenosti rizičnog i delinkventnog ponašanja i činitelji rizika koji doprinose razvoju delinkventnog ponašanja i činitelji zaštite. Nadalje, prikazat će se teorijski pristupi utjecaja vršnjaka u adolescentskom nasilju. Također u radu će se prikazati i načini postupanja nadležnih tijela prema maloljetnim delinkventima, kao i rezultati postojećih statistika o vrsti kaznenih djela. Za kraj će se prikazati što je potrebno osigurati kako bi se spriječila pojava nasilja među mladima, a to su preventivni programi i mjere te rano prepoznavanje činjenice da je dijete uključeno u bilo koji oblik nasilničkog ponašanja., Violent Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency are two themes that will be addressed in this paper. The work will present the existing classification of violent behavior and various causes of delinquent behavior development. Furthermore, the roles of violent behavior will be displayed and the consequences of such behavior. The paper presents the results of research into the spread of risk and delinquency behavior and risk factors that contribute to the development of delinquent behavior and protection factors. Furthermore, theoretical approaches to the influence in adolescent violence will be presented. Also in this paper will be presented the methods of dealing with juvenile delinquents and the results of existing statistics on the type of offenses. The end will show what needs to be done to prevent violence among young people, preventive programs and measures, and early recognition of the fact that the child is involved in any form of violent behavior.

Svrha ovoga rada je istaknuti posljedice zlostavljanja djece u obitelji i njihov utjecaj na razvojne ishode djece. Naime, postoji nekoliko oblika zlostavljanja: fizičko, psihičko, seksualno i zanemarivanje pri čemu svako od navedenih ostavlja teške i dugotrajne posljedice za dijete, posebno ukoliko se radi o dugotrajnom, prikrivenom, neprijavljenom zlostavljanju djece u obitelji. Posljedice pogađaju dijete na raznim poljima njegova funkcioniranja, od fizičkog, psihičkog, kognitivnog, socijalnog i protežu se kroz cijeli život i tako otežavaju svaku slijedeću ulogu koju bi dijete trebalo preuzeti. U takvim je slučajevima od velike važnosti postojanje ustanova, stručnjaka i tretmana za proradu teškog i traumatskog iskustva kao što je zlostavljanje. Osim pomoći i podrške žrtvi, od velike je važnosti i rad s počiniteljima kako bi stekli uvid u vlastito ponašanje, posljedice koje ono ostavlja, preuzeli odgovornost i usvojili neke nove, drugačije vještine rješavanja problemskih situacija, sukoba, odgoja djece. Naime, nema velikog pomaka ukoliko se žrtva vraća u sredinu u kojoj je stanje ne promijenjeno. Upravo bi svijest o posljedicama zlostavljanja trebala biti poticaj za osmišljavanje što kvalitetnijih i na zaštitu djeteta usmjerenih preventivnih programa. Svrha ovoga rada je, dakle, isto tako naglasiti važnost prevencije zlostavljanja djece u obitelji, prikazati moguće zaštitne čimbenike koje bi preventivnim aktivnostima trebalo njegovati i svakako iskoristiti u omogućavanju bezbrižnog rasta i razvoja svakog djeteta., The purpose of this paper is to bring light on the consequences of child abuse in the family and its impact on the developmental outcomes of children. There are several types of abuse: physical, mental, sexual, and neglect. Every type leaves burdensome and longlasting consequences on the child, especially if the abuse was long-term,hidden and unreported in the family. The consequences affect the child on different areas of its functioning, ranging from physical, mental, cognitive, social and they spread across a person's whole life and consequently make every future role that the child would take on much more difficult. In those instances the existence of institutions, experts and treatments for deliberation of a difficult and traumatic experiences such as abuse is of great importance. Besides the help and support for the victim, work with the perpetrators is also important in order for them to get an insight in their own behaviour, the consequences of that behaviour, to take responsibility and to acquire some new, different skills of solving problematic situations, conflicts, and raising children. This is due to the fact that there is no change if the victim gets back to the ambience in which nothing has changed. The awareness of the consequences of ill-treatment should be the main incentive to design remarkable and prevention programs targeting children's protection. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to emphasize the importance of preventing child abuse in the family, to show possible protective factors that should be nurtured by preventive activities and to make sure to take advantage of a carefree growth and development of each child.

The purpose of this study was to investigate social workers professional experiences of social services statutory responsibilities to provide advice, support and other help to foster families. Furthermore, the purpose was to analyze what factors and conditions that affects social workers ability to provide adequate support. According to both inter-national and Swedish research foster parents are asking for more support. We became curious about how foster care secretaries in Sweden give support. To get this infor-mation we had three focusgroup interviews with a total of twelve social workers. Our three focusgroups were located in municipalities in southern Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and coded for our results. The theoretical perspective we used were Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory about the ecology of human development and the perspec-tive about risk- and protection factors. The study shows that they have quite few sup-port methods to offer the foster homes and the lack of resources (time, education and economy) and vague guidelines are two factors that affects the social workers ability to provide adequate support. Although social services becomes the deputy parent of the foster child and are one protection factor in the child's life, the social services does not receive much attention in forms of for example further education.

Os processos interativos na escola, pares e contextos familiares dos adolescentes apresentam um peso considerável no estudo dos fatores de risco e protetores associados ao desenvolvimento de comportamentos agressivos. Atendendo a esta premissa, pretendemos analisar a relação entre a perceção que os jovens têm do seu suporte social e do ambiente escolar e o desenvolvimento das diferentes formas e funções de comportamentos agressivos. Participaram no estudo 851 adolescentes, com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 19 anos, a frequentar o ensino básico e secundário. Recorrendo a regressões hierárquicas, obtivemos 2 modelos explicativos dos fatores de risco e protetores da agressão direta reativa, agressão relacional reativa, agressão direta instrumental e agressão relacional instrumental. Os resultados revelam interessantes padrões de risco e proteção para cada um dos subtipos de comportamento agressivo. As relações familiares e o ambiente escolar são preditores-chave para esta amostra, quer de risco, quer de proteção. The adolescents interactive processes at school, peers and family contexts presents considerable weight in the study of risk and protective factors associated with the development of aggressive behavior. Given this premise we intend to analyze the relationship between the perception that young people have of their social support and the school climate and the development of different forms and functions of aggressive behavior. Participated in the study 851 adolescents aged between 11 and 19 years, attending elementary and high school grades. Using hierarchical regression, 2 models are presented that capture significant risk and protective factors for reactive overt aggression, reactive relacional aggression, instrumental overt aggression, and instrumental relacional aggression. Results reveal several insteresting patterns of risk and protection for each subtipe of aggressive behavior. Relationships with parents and school climate are key predictors for this sample, representing both risk and protection.

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Child violence is a phenomenon difficult to notify, prevent and intervene on since it encompasses legal, economic, social, political and cultural issues, and whose complexity increases when it is intrafamilial, once it occurs among members oscillating between the roles of tutors and aggressors. Aiming to ensure the rights and, consequentially, the prevention of child violence, the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA) includes right-ensuring actions to be enforced by a full protection network. Among the services offered by this network, the present study highlights the Specialized Centre of Reference for Social Assistance (CREAS), which offers specialized assistance to families and individuals in personal or social risk for violation of rights. Considering how relevant is the comprehension of the everyday life of these families and how violence is experienced in this context, this study had the objective of identifying how those linked to CREAS understand and face violence situations in their daily routines. Fourteen relatives, responsible for the daily cares of children and teenagers victims of family violence assisted by the CREAS of a large-sized city in the interior of São Paulo State, participated to the study. The instruments used to collect data were an identification form, a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) as well as a guide for semi-structured interviews. The data analysis related to the questionnaires was descriptive and that concerning the interviews was performed according to Bardin s content analysis. The results of this study indicated that relatives implemented protective actions towards the children and the family and made attempts to live a daily life without violence. It was highlighted that risk factors present in the daily life of these families, such as social isolation, limited social support and financial vulnerability, associated with the fragmented action of the protection network, may compromise the effectiveness of the actions attempted by the responsible relatives in order to fight violence and, among other aspects, that it is impossible for the family to make the protective actions effective and maintain them over time without support from the community and the services. The results also pointed out the need to strengthen and articulate the protective network as well as to enhance its actions by incorporating to it specialized treatment services for the aggressor and expertise of child violence. A violência infantil é um fenômeno de difícil notificação, intervenção e prevenção, pois engloba questões legais, econômicas, sociais, políticas e culturais. Quando a violência é intrafamiliar a complexidade deste fenômeno aumenta, haja vista a dificuldade em identifica-la, já que sua ocorrência se dá no ambiente privado familiar, sendo perpetrada por familiares que oscilam entre o papel de cuidador e o de agressor. Visando a garantia dos direitos e, portanto, a prevenção da violência infantil, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) prevê ações a serem efetivadas por uma rede de proteção integral. Dentre os Serviços que compõem esta rede, este estudo destaca o Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS), que oferece atendimento especializado a famílias e indivíduos em situação de risco pessoal ou social, por violação de direitos. Considerando a importância de compreender como a violência infantil é experienciada no contexto familiar, este estudo objetivou identificar como algumas famílias atendidas pelo CREAS compreendem e enfrentam as situações de violência em seu cotidiano. Participaram do estudo 14 familiares responsáveis pelos cuidados cotidianos de crianças vítimas de violência intrafamiliar que estavam em acompanhamento no CREAS de uma cidade de grande porte do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram um questionário sociodemográfico, o Questionário de Suporte Social (SSQ) e um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise de dados referentes aos questionários foi descritiva e a análise referente às entrevistas foi realizada segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que os familiares implementaram as ações de proteção à criança e ao núcleo familiar e esboçaram tentativas de viver um cotidiano sem a violência. Evidenciou-se que fatores de risco presentes no cotidiano destas famílias, como isolamento social, o restrito suporte social e a vulnerabilidade financeira, associados à atuação fragmentada da rede de proteção podem comprometer a efetividade das ações de enfrentamento esboçadas pelos familiares responsáveis. Discute-se, dentre outros aspectos, que sem apoio comunitário e dos serviços especializados, dificilmente é possível a família efetivar e manter ações protetivas ao longo do tempo. Os resultados indicaram também a necessidade de fortalecer e articular a rede de proteção, assim como ampliar suas ações, incorporando a esta rede de serviços especializados destinados ao atendimento também do agressor, bem como serviços de perícia visando à produção de laudos e pareceres técnicos sobre casos de violência infantil.

U gradu Gospiću provodi se projekt po modelu Zajednice koje brinu: razvoj, implementacija i evaluacija modela prevencije poremećaja u ponašanju u zajednici. Kao dio projekta provedeno je istraživanje procjene rizičnih i zaštitnih čimbenika poremećaja u ponašanju mladih na području grada Gospića u četiri domene: 1) zajednica, 2) obitelj, 3) škola i 4) vršnjaci/pojedinac adaptiranom verzijom CTC Upitnika za djecu i mlade (Mihić, Novak i Bašić, 2010.). U istraživanju je sudjelovao 281 učenik od 15 do 18 godina dviju srednjih škola u Gospiću. Najizraženiji rizični čimbenici vezani uz ovu zajednicu su: a) stavovi koji podržavaju korištenje droga, b) zakoni i norme koje podržavaju korištenje droga, c) stavovi koji podržavaju antisocijalna ponašanja, d) dezorganizacija zajednice, e) loš akademski uspjeh, f) buntovništvo i g) dostupnost droga. Najizraženiji rizični čimbenici vezani uz obitelj su: a) roditeljski stavovi koji podržavaju korištenje droga, b) roditeljski stavovi koji podržavaju antisocijalno ponašanje, c) obiteljski konflikti i d) loša obiteljska disciplina. Najizraženiji rizični čimbenici vezani uz prijatelje i školu su: a) niska privrženost školi i b) prijatelji koji koriste drogu. Najizraženiji zaštitni čimbenici za sve četiri domene su: a) prilike u zajednici za prosocijalno uključivanje, b) nagrade u zajednici za prosocijalno uključivanje, c) religioznost, d) prilike u školi za prosocijalno uključivanje, e) nagrade u školi za prosocijalno uključivanje, f) vjerovanje u moralni red, g) druženje s prosocijalnim vršnjacima i h) privrženost obitelji. Od sredstava ovisnosti mladi u ovoj lokalnoj sredini najviše konzumiraju alkohol, potom duhan te lijekove protiv bolova. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja definirane su smjernice za ciljana preventivna ulaganja u lokalnoj sredini., Within the City of Gospić the Communities That Care (CTC) Model is being implemented; development, implementation and evaluation of the Model for preventing the behavioural disorder within the community. Within the Model's framework, research on the assessment of the risk and protective factors of the behavioural disorders among youth within the City of Gospić area has been conducted and divided into the four domains: 1) the community 2) the family, 3) school and 4) peers/individual in accordance with the modified Croatian version of the children and youth CTC Questionnaire by Mihić, Novak & Bašić (2010). The research was conducted with 281 children between ages of 15 to 18 from two City of Gospić high schools. The most pronounced risk factors within this community were: a) trends that support consumption of drugs, b) laws and the norms that support drug consumption, c) trends that support antisocial behaviour, d) disarrangement within the community, e) poor academic records, f) rebelliousness and g) easy access to drugs. The most pronounced risk factors tied to the family were: a) trends where parents are supporting the drug consumption, b) trends where parents support the antisocial behaviour, c) conflict within the family, and d) poor discipline within the family. The most pronounced risk factors connected with friends and the school were: a) low school commitments and b) friends that consume drugs. The most pronounced protective factors drawn out from all four domains were: a) the opportunities within the community for the prosocial inclusion, b) the awards within the community for supporting the prosocial inclusion, c) religiousness, d) the opportunities within schools for the prosocial inclusion, e)the awards within schools for supporting the prosocial inclusion, f) belief in the moral order, g) befriending peers that support prosocial behaviour and h) attachment to the family. More so, youth within this local community were mostly addicted to alcohol, tobacco and painkillers. Based on the research results, the guidelines for the particular investment in prevention within this local community were defined.

Este artículo parte de la experiencia del autor con jóvenes drogodependientes aunada a las conceptualizaciones actuales acerca del tema, seinicia con datos estadísticos sobre el consumo de sustancias Psicoactivas en Colombia y algunas definiciones importantes para darles claridad a los lectores y contextualizarlos en torno a la temática.También se tienenen cuenta los factores de riesgo y de protección, como los tipos de drogas utilizados y los cuadros de adicción que permiten detectar el nivel de consumo y de toxicidad del drogodependiente, y, por último,de forma breve se revisan las alternativas de tratamiento para este tipo de población. This article is the result of the autor ́s experience with young drug addicts united to the present concepts about the topic. It begins with some statistical data about Psychotropical substances consumtion in Colombia and some important definitions to give clarification to the readers and place them in the topic.The article also has into account risk and protection factors, like the types of used drugs and the kinds of addiction that permit to detect the comsution and toxicity level of the drugaddict. Finally, the treatment alternatives for this population will be briefly reviewed.

Adolescenti se nalaze u razvojno vrlo dinamičnom životnom razdoblju, a mnogi okolinski čimbenici utječu na izgradnju njihovih životnih, pa tako i ovisničkih životnih stilova. U radu su ispitana postojanja i varijacije ovisničkih oblika ponašanja kod adolescenata u dijelu Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Rezultati ovog rada upućuju na veću konzumaciju alkohola i cigareta kod adolescenata u manjim mjestima. Okolinski čimbenici rizika i zaštite u ovom istraživanju povezuju ovisnička ponašanja adolescenata s permisivnim odgojnim roditeljskim stilovima i roditeljskim postupcima u kojima se tradicionalno prihvaćaju obrasci ovisničkih ponašanja i odsutnost nadzora i kontrole roditelja ili «drugih važnih osoba» u životu adolescenata, posebno u njihovu slobodnom vremenu. Škola, zaposlenost i religioznost roditelja u ovom se istraživanju nisu pokazali statistički značajnim čimbenicima, za razliku od utjecaja vršnjaka, medija i literature. Rezultati mogu poslužiti kao temelj za izradu preventivnih programa na indiciranoj i selektivnoj razini., Adolescents, who go through a very dynamic period, are exposed to various environmental factors that influence the choice of their life styles, including the addictive ones. This work examines the existence and the variations of the addictive behaviour patterns among adolescents in a part of the Split-Dalmatia County. The results of this research indicate a more extensive alcohol and cigarette consumption among the adolescents who live in small rural areas. The environmental risk and protection factors described in this research, represent a link between the adolescents’ addictive behavior and their parents’ permissive attitudes which, traditionally, approve the addictive behaviour patterns, the lack of parents’ control or those of other people who are important in adolescents’ lives, especially in their free time. Parents’ education, employment and religiousness have been proved as statistically insignificant factors in this research, as opposed to the peer pressure, the media and literature influence. The results of this research could be used as a basis in creating the prevention programmes at the indicative, as well as at the selective level.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en terneros de 0 a 2 meses de ganado lechero de la zona noroccidental de la Sabana de Bogotá. Adicionalmente, se estimaron los factores de riesgo de la producción lechera en cuanto a Buenas Prácticas de Ganadería que puedan incurrir en la infección de personas y animales. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal, mediante la toma de materia fecal de terneros. Se observó el manejo de las Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas en las fincas donde se tomaron los datos mediante un formulario de observación. Se determinó la prevalencia de punto para Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. a través los resultados de los coprológicos (Ritchie para Giardia spp. y Ziehl-Neelsen modificada para Cryptosporidium spp.). Se calcularon Odds Ratio para establecer los factores de riesgo asociados entre estos dos géneros de protozoarios y el manejo de las Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas. Resultados: se evaluaron 33 fincas dedicadas a la producción lechera, donde se muestrearon 308 terneros. La prevalencia para Giardia spp. fue de 37,3%, 115 animales positivos y para Cryptosporidium spp. fue de 4,9% 15 animales positivos. Los factores de riesgo y factores de protección tienen una fuerte asociación a la implementación de Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas. Conclusión: existe un foco de Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. en el noroccidente de la Sabana de Bogotá, del cual no se tenía conocimiento previo. La prevalencia de Giardia spp. para la región estudiada, está en el límite alto del rango reportado para Sudamérica (WHO, 2009). En el caso de Cryptosporidium spp. la situación es distinta, la prevalencia se encuentra en el limite bajo del rango reportado para Sudamérica (WHO, 2009). Los factores de riesgo asociados a Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. en las explotaciones lecheras del noroccidente de la Sabana de Bogotá, dependen de una adecuada implementación de Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas. / Abstract. Objective: the present study was aimed to establishing Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence in 0 to 2 months old dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna. In addition, associated factors related to a failure in Good Practices of Livestock could incur in human and animal infection. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study; calves’ fecal samples were used. Farms’ Good Practices of Livestock were observed by means of an observation blank. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determinate by means of laboratory results (Ritchie for Giardia spp. and modified Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium spp.). Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated in association between this two genera of protozoa and Good Practices of Livestock. Results Thirty three dairy farms were evaluated, where fecal samples of 308 calves were taken. Giardia spp. prevalence was 37.7 %, 115 infected animals; Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was 4.9 %, 15 infected animals. Risk and protection factors had a strong association with Good Practices of Livestock performance. Conclusion: there is an important Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium foci in the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna, without a previous knowledge. Giardia spp. prevalence for this zone is in the highest rank reported for South-America (WHO, 2009) and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence is in en the lowest one (WHO, 2009). Associated risk factors of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy farms of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna depend of a Good Practices of Livestock performance. Maestría

The literature points out to the presence of biological and environmental risks for the child s development during their first years of life which could be influenced by factors present in several environments. In the national scenario, a day care center has been considered as one of the development contexts for being a place where they cohabit and interact, most of their time, with adults and their pairs. It is believed in this environment that there are early possibilities of risks, delays and deficiencies; the child s stimulation in the daily routine could be emphasized. In this sense, the importance of investments on the formation of educators in the perspective of having them as partners in the surveillance on the infant development foundation stands, therefore, in a preventable action in the field of Special Education. It is understood as surveillance all the activities related to the promotion of the normal development and to the detection of problems in the development. The study hereby aimed elaborating, implementing and evaluating a program of long distance capacitance to the day care center educators (Day care center educators development surveillance program Programa de Vigilância no Desenvolvimento para Educadores de Creche PROVIDEC) for the development of surveillance actions, in practice with babies. There were 47 municipal day care center educators of a medium-sized city from Sao Paulo state who composed the experimental group-EG and the control group-CG. The content of PROVIDEC considered the child development, risk factors and protection mechanisms, surveillance actions, the role of the educator at the day care center, stimulation opportunities in the day care center daily routine and health promotion. PROVIDEC counted on six virtual classes and with two present moments. This study was developed in three stages: preparation of fieldwork, invitation to the participants and composition of the groups; program elaboration; and, implementation and evaluation of the program by means of an experimental delimitation, with an experimental group and equivalent control, and, pre and post-test measures. It counted as well on pre and post-test instruments, characterization questionnaire from the participants, evaluation/perception questionnaire about the program, and the PROVIDEC. The use of those instruments demanded qualitative and quantitative seal analysis. From the results obtained, it is possible to note an increase on the repertoire of participants from the EG where it improves its answers at the moment of the post-test in 79 corporative items to the CG with only 8. From the qualitative point of view, the increase on the repertoire of the participants from the EG happen regarding the following themes related to the surveillance of development: the educator s attitudes at the moments where an abnormality or a risk for the child is noted, regarding the mechanisms of protection, to the marks of the Child Development and to the Risk Factors. Such results are discussed under the optics of the prevention actions in the field of Special Education. Future researches are suggested in the sense of the proposition of interface models among educators and basic health attention professionals to the development of surveillance operationalization actions. A literatura aponta para a presença de riscos biológicos e ambientais para o desenvolvimento da criança durante os primeiros anos de vida que podem ser influenciado por fatores presentes em diversos ambientes. No cenário nacional, a creche tem sido considerada como um dos contextos de desenvolvimento por ser um local onde elas convivem e interagem, na maior parte do seu tempo, com adultos e com seus pares. Acredita-se que neste ambiente haja possibilidades de detecção precoce de riscos, atrasos e deficiências; estimulação da criança na rotina diária podem ser enfatizados. Neste sentido, destaca-se a importância de investimentos na formação de educadores na perspectiva de tê-los como parceiros na vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil se constituindo, portanto, em uma ação de prevenção no campo da Educação Especial. Entende-se por vigilância todas as atividades relacionadas à promoção do desenvolvimento normal e à detecção de problemas no desenvolvimento. O presente estudo visou elaborar, implementar e avaliar um programa de capacitação à distância aos educadores de creche (Programa de vigilância do desenvolvimento para educadores de creche - PROVIDEC) para o desenvolvimento de ações de vigilância, em sua prática com bebês. Foram participantes do estudo 47 educadores de creches municipais de uma cidade de médio porte do Estado de São Paulo que compuseram o grupo experimental-GE e grupo controle- GC. O conteúdo do PROVIDEC versou sobre o desenvolvimento infantil, fatores de risco e mecanismos de proteção, ações de vigilância, o papel do educador de creche, oportunidades de estimulação no cotidiano da creche e promoção da saúde. O PROVIDEC contou com seis aulas virtuais e com dois momentos presenciais. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas: preparo do trabalho de campo, convite aos participantes e composição dos grupos; elaboração do programa; e, implementação e avaliação do programa por meio de um delineamento experimental, com grupo experimental e controle equivalentes, e, medidas pré e pós-teste. O estudo contou com instrumentos pré e pós-teste, questionário de caracterização dos participantes, Questionário de avaliação/percepção sobre o Programa, e o PROVIDEC. O emprego destes instrumentos demandou análises de cunho qualitativo e quantitativo. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se constatar houve aumento do repertório dos participantes do GE onde este aprimora suas respostas no momento do pós-teste em 79 itens comparativamente ao GC com apenas 8. Do ponto de vista qualitativo o aumento no repertório dos participantes do GE ocorre em relação às seguintes temáticas relacionadas à vigilância do desenvolvimento: atitudes do educador nos momentos em que percebe uma anormalidade ou risco para a criança, em relação aos mecanismos de proteção, aos marcos do Desenvolvimento Infantil e aos Fatores de risco. Tais resultados são discutidos sob a ótica das ações de prevenção no campo da Educação Especial. Pesquisas futuras são sugeridas no sentido da proposição de modelos de interface entre educadores e profissionais da saúde da atenção básica para a operacionalização das ações de vigilância ao desenvolvimento.