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The assessment of trends in hydroclimatic characteristics averaged over the watershed area and changes in the fields of the hydrological cycle components in the 21st century in a large river basin of the Nizhnekamskoye Reservoir was carried out on the basis of a model approach combining regional space distributed hydrological model and global climate models. It is shown that a slight decrease by 8% is expected in the area-averaged specific runoff by the end of the century according to the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. However, in various parts of the watershed both a slight increase by 3–6% and a significant decrease in the mean annual runoff by 22% can occur, depending on physiographic conditions. Moreover, climatic changes can increase contrasts in the ecological status of the territory: warm regions in the steppe zone become even hotter and more arid, and the moisture availability of wetter territories in the centre and east of the basin increases even more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid the escalating frequency of climate extremes, it is crucial to determine their impact on agricultural water scarcity to preserve agricultural development. Current research does not often examine how different spatial scales and compound climate extremes influence agricultural water scarcity. Using an agricultural water scarcity index (AWSI), this study examined the effects of precipitation and temperature extremes on AWSI across secondary and tertiary river basins in China from 1971 to 2010. The results indicated a marked increase in AWSI during dry years and elevated temperatures. The analysis underscores that precipitation had a greater impact on AWSI than temperature variation. In secondary basins, AWSI was about 26% higher than the long-term average during dry years, increasing to nearly 49% in exceptionally dry conditions. By comparison, in tertiary basins, the increases were 28% and 55%, respectively. In hot years, AWSI rose by about 6.8% (7.3% for tertiary basins) above the average, surging to about 19.1% (15.5% for tertiary basins) during extremely hot periods. These results show that AWSI assessment at the tertiary basin level better captured the influence of climate extremes on AWSI than assessments at the secondary basin level, which highlights the critical importance of a finer spatial scale for a more precise assessment and forecast of water scarcity within basin scales. Also, this study has highlighted the paramount urgency of implementing strategies to tackle water scarcity issues under compound extreme dry and hot conditions. Overall, this study offers an in-depth evaluation of the influence of both precipitation and temperature variation, and research scale on water scarcity, which will help formulate better water resource management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caspian region represents a complex and unique system of terrestrial, coastal, and aquatic environments, marked by an exceptional landscape and biological diversity. This diversity, however, is increasingly threatened by substantial anthropogenic pressures. One notable impact of this human influence is the rising concentration of pollutants atypical for the atmosphere. Advances in science and technology now make it possible to detect certain atmospheric pollutants using remote Earth observation techniques, specifically through data from the Sentinel-5 satellite, which provides continuous insights into atmospheric contamination. This article investigates the dynamics of atmospheric pollution in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea basin using Sentinel-5P satellite data and the cloud-computing capabilities of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The study encompasses an analysis of concentrations of seven key pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), and the Aerosol Index (AI). Spatial and temporal variations in pollution fields were examined for the Caspian region and the basins of the seven rivers (key areas) flowing into the Caspian Sea: Sunzha, Sulak, Ulluchay, Karachay, Atachay, Haraz, and Gorgan. The research methodology is based on the use of data from the Sentinel-5 satellite, SRTM DEM data on absolute elevations, surface temperature data, and population density data. Data processing is performed using the Google Earth Engine cloud-computing platform and the ArcGIS software suite. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of pollutant concentration fields in these regions from 2018 to 2023 and to identify the primary factors influencing pollution distribution. The study's findings reveal that the Heraz and Gorgan River basins have the highest concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and Aerosol Index levels, marking these basins as the most vulnerable to atmospheric pollution among those assessed. Additionally, the Gorgan basin exhibited elevated carbon monoxide levels, while the highest ozone concentrations were detected in the Sunzha basin. Our temporal analysis demonstrated a substantial influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on pollutant dispersion patterns. Our correlation analysis identified absolute elevation as a key factor affecting pollutant distribution, particularly for carbon monoxide, ozone, and aerosol indices. Population density showed the strongest correlation with nitrogen dioxide distribution. Other pollutants exhibited more complex distribution patterns, influenced by diverse mechanisms associated with local emission sources and atmospheric dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental concerns as it threatens the sustainable agriculture and poses a grave threat to global food security. It is important to adopt the appropriate soil conservation measures to reduce the erosion hazard. In the present study, SWAT model has been applied to study the impact of various best management practices (BMPs) on sediment yield and nutrient losses from a Lower Sutlej River Basin, India. The impact of agricultural and structural BMPs was assessed both individually and in combinations to evaluate the best possible combination of BMPs. Three scenarios, viz., CT1-BMP-1 + CF-BMP-2 + CD-BMP-5 + Fertilizer level 1 (Scenario-1), CT1-BMP-1 + CF-BMP-2 + CB-BMP-3 + CD-BMP-5 + CT2-BMP-8 + Fertilizer level 2 (Scenario 2) and CT1-BMP-1 + CF-BMP-2 + CB-BMP-3 + BT-BMP-4 + CD-BMP-5 + GSS-BMP-6 + SBSS-BMP-7 + CT2-BMP-8 + Fertilizer level 3 (Scenario 3) were developed to study their impact on sediment yield and nutrient losses. The average annual sediment yield from watersheds ranges from 3.08 to 21.63 ton/ha/yr for the base scenario (without BMPs), 1.97 to 13.94 ton/ha/yr in scenario 1, 1.66 to 10.77 ton/ha/yr in scenario 2, and 1.04 to 7.78 ton/ha/yr in scenario 3. At the watershed level, the greatest decrease in sediment yield was obtained from check dam (28.72%), followed by bench terracing (25.62%), grade stabilization structures (22.74%), contour bunding (20.88%), stream bank stabilization structures (10.02%), contour trenching (8.99%), conservation tillage (6.66%) and contour farming (4.54%). The use of structural BMPs at the watershed level reduced sediment yields more effectively than agricultural BMPs. The implementation of all the potential BMPs in Scenario 3 minimized sediment yields to the extent of 66.25%. Model simulation demonstrated that a 30% reduction in fertilizer application under fertilizer scenario 3 resulted in the highest reduction in total nitrogen (24.04%), nitrate nitrogen (8.97%), and total phosphorus (11.75%). The study findings may be useful for promoting sustainable land and water resource management at the river basin level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem service value is crucial for balancing economic growth and ecological preservation in ecologically vulnerable watershed areas. Although Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) has received significant attention, most existing studies have focused on how to measure it. Few studies have explored spatiotemporal variations in GEP and how land-use changes affect these variations regarding ecological restoration at the river basin level. Additionally, while many studies have examined the relationship between ecosystem service value and economic growth, there is little research on how components of GEP influence economic growth. Analyzing the spatiotemporal structure of GEP and its components could offer new insights into optimizing ecological restoration strategies and promoting sustainable development in vulnerable watershed regions. In this study, we used ArcGIS, InVEST, SPSS, and Python to analyze spatiotemporal variations in GEP in the Yongding River Basin within the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Economic Region from 1995 to 2020. Moran's Index and variance decomposition were applied to analyze the spatiotemporal structure. The grey prediction model forecasted GEP trends from 2025 to 2035. The random forest model was used to assess land-use changes' impacts on GEP. Paired T-tests were used to compare GEP and GDP, and a dynamic panel model was used to examine how ecosystem service value factors influenced economic growth. The results show the following: (1) Regarding values, GEP accounting and variance decomposition results indicated that ecosystem cultural service value (ECV) and ecosystem regulating service value (ERV) each contributed about half of the total GEP. Ecosystem provisioning service value (EPV) showed an upward trend with fluctuations. Regarding the spatial distribution, Moran's I analysis showed significant positive spatial correlations for EPV and ERV. The grey prediction model results indicated significant growth in GEP from 2025 to 2035 under current ecological restoration policies, especially for ERV and ECV. (2) In terms of the influence of land-use changes, random forest analysis showed that the forest land area was consistently the most influential factor across GEP, EPV, and ERV. Unused land area was identified as the most significant factor for ECV. (3) Before 2010, GEP was larger than GDP, with significant differences between 1995 and 2000. From 2010 onwards, GDP surpassed GEP, but the differences were not statistically significant. Dynamic panel regression further showed that the water conservation value significantly boosted GDP, whereas the water purification value significantly reduced it. This study highlights the importance of integrating GEP into ecological restoration and economic development to ensure the sustainability of ecologically vulnerable watershed areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A surface water body fed by groundwater is normally known as a terminal place of groundwater flow systems originating from precipitation recharge on highlands. The theory of Tóth predicted that these flow systems form a hierarchically nested structure of groundwater circulation in a composite basin. In this study, we will report new flow paths among groundwater flow systems that were unknown in Tóth's theory, identified as special seepage paths linking different surface water bodies. These seepage paths do not start from the groundwater table but can transmit water between lakes or streams that already serve as discharge zones of traditional local flow systems. As indicated in theoretical models and two real‐world cases, special seepage paths are developed if some parametric conditions are satisfied, especially when surface water bodies cut deeply below the water table or are large enough. Different surface water bodies or different river reaches can directly exchange water, chemicals and heat through deep seepage paths even when both surface and subsurface water divides exist between them. Special seepage paths may play a role in the regional scale hyporheic flow or contribute to inter‐basin groundwater flow. The knowledge of special seepage paths could greatly improve our conventional perception of surface water‐groundwater interaction, groundwater age and geochemical and heat transport at the river basin scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Investigating and assessing native fish diversity and conducting regional assessments of threats are vital for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity. For this specific study, the Daqing River basin in China was chosen as the research area. Field surveys were carried out between 2018 and 2019, supplemented by a review of pertinent literature and other records. Methods: To evaluate fish diversity, the following parameters are selected for analysis: Relative abundance (Pi), Frequency of occurrence (Fi), Margalef richness index (D), Shannon Wiener diversity index (H'), and Pielou evenness index (J').Relative abundance levels are categorized as follows: dominant species make up more than 10%, common species account for 1%--10%, and occasional species constitute less than 1%. Canoco 5.0 software was utilized to conduct Redundancy Analysis (RDA) on the fish species composition and environmental factors at 34 sampling sites. Results: The findings revealed that 85 fish species have been recorded in the basin, consisting of 78 freshwater species categorized into 8 orders, 17 families, and 59 genera, among which Cypriniformes comprised 64% of the total catch. The low proportion of threatened and endemic species was an important feature of the fish diversity of the Daqing River. Despite the theoretical presence of 85 species, field surveys managed to collect only 42 species, of which 33 were confirmed as naturally occurring within the basin. The average values of Margalef richness index, 22 Shannon Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index were 1.72, 2.04 and 0.80 respectively, signifying a low fish diversity with relatively uniform distribution across the sampled regions. Discussion: This study found that the community structure and diversity of fish were closely related to environmental factors, particularly water quality. Among these factors, ammonia nitrogen emerged as a significant determinant of fish diversity. High concentrations of ammonia nitrogen inhibit fish growth, endanger health, and can even lead to death. Additionally, dams and other water infrastructure also impact fish community structure and diversity. This baseline study can provide a basis for the protection and ecological restoration of fish resources in the Daqing River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish a sound ecological compensation (EC) mechanism in the Xin'an River Basin, this study suggested utilizing ecosystem service valuation to determine the compensation amount. In this study, the first step was to establish a reasonable watershed EC model using the ecological compensation supply coefficient (ECSC) based on the value spillover theory (VST) of the ecosystem services and the ecological compensation demand coefficient (ECDC). The second step was to classify the ecosystem services of the Xin'an River Basin into three categories, including supply service, regulating service, and cultural service, with 14 specific functions to determine the ecological compensation standard accounting scope in these services. Then, a case study on the Xin'an River Basin for EC standards was presented. The total ecosystem service value (ESV) in the Xin'an River Basin was estimated to be CNY 70.271 billion, with supply service accounting for 22.7%, regulating service accounting for 24.6%, and cultural service accounting for 52.7%. Based on the compensation scope, the ecosystem service values for the upper and lower limits of the EC were calculated as CNY 57.779 billion and CNY 17.292 billion. Combined with the results of the ECSC and ECDC, the upper and lower limits of the EC standard in the Xin'an River Basin were computed to be CNY 4.085 billion and CNY 1.438 billion, respectively. Therefore, the ESV-based EC model for the Xin'an River Basin can effectively address the challenge of inadequate EC in the watershed. It also facilitates balanced regional development and serves as a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for the government to establish a unified national policy on cross-border river basin ecological compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data of long-term Roshydromet hydrochemical monitoring were used to establish space and time regularities in water quality variations in the Ural River. Trends in variations in the concentrations of various pollutants in river water over the period 1986–2021 were identified. The effect of the interannual and intra-annual dynamics of water flow on water quality was evaluated. It has been shown that there is no strict dependence of river water pollution on water abundance or the season of the year in the Ural River basin. It has been found that the level of river water pollution in both high-water and low-water periods shows a significant influence of point and diffuse pollution sources in different parts of the river network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the general sense of ecological environmental protection and governance, 'safeguarding ecological security' has both theoretical value and practical significance owing to the more prominent thinking of bottom-line control and the perspective of the short-board effect. Due to the theoretical dilemma of indistinct concepts and unclear positioning of ecological security, 'safeguarding ecological security' has been proposed in environmental legislation, yet it has not been fully and concretely developed. To achieve the perfection of the expression of 'safeguarding ecological security' in environmental legislation, we should first clarify the existing differences in the expression of ecological security, and pinpoint its connotation and positioning. Given the basic characteristic that ecological security must be measured on a regional scale and the basic situation that the existing environmental legal system consists of basic law and a large number of individual laws on the type of ecological space and elements, the river basins, regions with typical natural ecological significance, are chosen as the main object of this analysis, which aims to elucidate the specific composition of the content of safeguarding ecological security in the river basins and analyze its contingent and practical aspects in the environmental legislation. The perfection of basin ecological security legislation should not only involve the levels of the basins and elements in them from a multidimensional perspective in theory but also the comprehensive development of value clarity and content. From the current legislative status, the relevant legislation norms related to the safeguarding of ecological security in the basins are either insufficient or overlapping, vague in meaning, and receive low attention in the actual situation. Formulating ecological and environmental codes is an important way to promote the ecological environment law system, and achieving the sound expression of 'safeguarding ecological security' in environmental legislation can be an opportunity for such codification. First of all, we should clarify the choice of paths for the overall integration of ecological security in the ecological environmental legal system; that is, instead of formulating a more comprehensive ecological security law, we should develop a system with conceptual guidance, principles to be followed, and institutional systems for implementation. In the actual codification of the main general provisions, we should stipulate the legislative purpose, basic principles, and basic system of 'safeguarding ecological security' essentially from scratch. However, when formulating specific systems in the sub-headings of the codification, the compilation method should be used to ultimately form an overall legislative manifestation of the value of the concept of ecological security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Basin of China is a key region that contains myriad interactions between human activities and natural environment. Industrialization and urbanization promote social-economic development, but they also have generated a series of environmental and ecological issues in this basin. Previous researches have evaluated urban resilience at the national, regional, urban agglomeration, city, and prefecture levels, but not at the watershed level. To address this research gap and elevate the Yellow River Basin's urban resilience level, we constructed an urban resilience evaluation index system from five dimensions: industrial resilience, social resilience, environmental resilience, technological resilience, and organizational resilience. The entropy weight method was used to comprehensively evaluate urban resilience in the Yellow River Basin. The exploratory spatial data analysis method was employed to study the spatiotemporal differences in urban resilience in the Yellow River Basin in 2010, 2015, and 2020. Furthermore, the grey correlation analysis method was utilized to explore the influencing factors of these differences. The results of this study are as follows: (1) the overall level of urban resilience in the Yellow River Basin was relatively low but showed an increasing trend during 2010-2015, and significant spatial distribution differences were observed, with a higher resilience level in the eastern region and a low-medium resilience level in the western region; (2) the differences in urban resilience were noticeable, with industrial resilience and social resilience being relatively highly developed, whereas organizational resilience and environmental resilience were relatively weak; and (3) the correlation ranking of resilience influencing factors was as follows: science and technology level>administrative power>openness>market forces. This research can provide a basis for improving the resilience level of cities in the Yellow River Basin and contribute to the high-quality development of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling streamflow is essential for understanding flow inundation. Traditionally, this involves hydrologic and numerical models. This research introduces a framework using agent-based modeling (ABM) combined with data-driven modeling (DDM) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). An agent-driven model simulates streamflow and its interactions with river courses and surroundings, considering hydrologic phenomena related to precipitation, water level, and discharge as well as channel and basin characteristics causing increased water levels in the Medio River. A five-year dataset of hourly precipitation, water level, and discharge measurements was used to simulate streamflow. The model's accuracy was evaluated using statistical metrics like correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), and percentage error in peak discharge (Qpk). The ABM's simulated peak discharge (Qpk) was compared with the measured peak discharge across four experimental scenarios. The best simulations occurred in scenario 3, using only rainfall and streamflow data. Data management and visualization facilitated input, output, and analysis. This study's ABM combined with DDM and AI offers a novel approach for simulating streamflow and predicting floods. Future studies could extend this framework to other river basins and incorporate advanced sensor data to enhance the accuracy and responsiveness of flood forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the world has grappled with an increase in severe floods and recurrent droughts, attributed to both climate change and human interventions. The imperative to balance the burgeoning needs of a growing population with sustainable resource use has accentuated the importance of understanding the interplay between anthropogenic influences and climatic shifts. Evaluating the effects of land use dynamics and the construction of dams is essential to this understanding. This review analyzes 200 peer-reviewed articles focused on climate change, land use dynamics, and the interplay between climate and land use, sourced from Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The majority of these studies investigate the impact of climate and land use changes on river hydrology. By examining a diverse range of models and methodologies, we aim to synthesize current knowledge and identify key trends and gaps in the literature. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how changes in climate and land use are influencing river hydrology, offering insights into both the direct and synergistic effects of these factors on water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project development in river basins is beset with lots of challenges occasioned by human activities which spark off climate variability that hinder their effectiveness to planning and management with other extraneous factors in the area. The study aimed at the use of Game theory model to optimize the net benefits on multi-purpose projects development in Anambra-Imo River basin. The objective was to use the iterative algorithm of game decision theory model to optimize the multi-purpose/multi-objective projects development at the river basin. The methodology involves the use of Game decision theory based on data generated from Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME), descriptive, experimental model size and simulation modeling solution techniques, correlation and regression analysis. The result shows that the optimal strategies for the game theory was N69.02billion. The value of the name was 5.52 calculated from the Simplex Method Linear Programming Techniques of Game theory which falls between the maximin of 5.77 and minimax of 3.36. The correlation between the probabilities for player A and player B shows a strongly positive correlation 0.9612 which is consistent with that calculated from the graphical activities of r = 0.9635. The work recommends that the implementation of the optimal strategies of Game theory will assist in mitigating the effect of climate variability for improved integrated planning and management of the river basin. The adaptation to climate change condition will deliver benefits in order to achieve global potential contribution to multiple sustainable challenges in the river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the main goal was to analyse the erosional hazards within the boundaries of the Kalaus River catchment area.The paper analyses the erosive state of the region's lands, for which industry and cadastral maps, a digital elevation model and satellite images were used. Official data of ministries and departments were used. Geographic information systems – QGIS and SAGA GIS – served as the basis for modelling. The article presents the results of GIS modeling of erosional hazards in the territory of the Kalaus River basin. Based on the (DEM) SRTM digital elevation model, the basic morphometric indicators of the relief were calculated: steepness of the slopes and vertical and horizontal dissection of the relief. Based on morphometric indicators, an integral calculation of the energy of relief and erosion hazard was carried out and a series of relevant thematic maps was created. The values of slope steepness obtained within the boundaries of the basin range from 0° to 51° with average values of 2.5°. The horizontal dissection varies in the range from 0 to 0.84 km/km2, and the erosion bases are characterized by a range of values from – 15.0 to 248.6 m, with an average value of 33.0 m. The formation of the erosional potential of the basin’s relief is facilitated by the location of a significant part of the region on the spurs of the Stavropol Upland, which have widely developed slopes. Based on the calculated raster of the integral energy index of the relief, 3 categories of erosional hazard are identified. Most of the basin of the Kalaus River (58.4 %) is characterised by a low erosion hazard, another 39.0 % of the territory presents an average erosion hazard, and the remaining 2.9 % belongs to territories with a strong erosion hazard. The classification of relief surface shapes based on the Iwahashi and Pike method, which was carried out on the basis of a DEM, shows a much greater prevalence of steep slopes with high convexity in the southern part of the Kalaus River basin.The identified features of the level of erosional hazard of the lands of the Kalaus River basin are recommended to be taken into account in preinvestment, pre‐design and urban project planning of the territories of administrative units located within the boundaries of the basin. Despite the fact that the results of GIS analysis cannot completely replace field erosion surveys, their value as a tool for planning rational land use is obvious. The results of the work can be used to carry out a similar assessment in other regions, primarily in the organisation of agricultural production.

Introduction. Considerable attention of scientists at the current stage of development of society is given to the theory of formation and assessment of the state of the nature reserve network and its ability to ensure biodiversity. The upper part of the Pripet River basin in the Volyn region is marked by various nature-reserved objects that belong to the pan-European, national and regional eco-networks. The objective of the work is the assessment and territorial distribution of NRF within the Pripet River basin in Volyn. Methods. The research used a complex and systematic approach, as well as mathematical, cartographic and comparative descriptive methods. Results. The river basin contains 314 objects of the nature reserve fund (NRF) with a total area of 164,735.7 hectares. The actual area is 149,186.4 hectares as a number of objects that are included in the total area of the nature reserve fund are actually located within the boundaries of other NRF objects, much larger in area. There are more than 40 such objects in the Pripet river basin. Such objects located within several river basins are also found within the basins of the main tributaries of the Pripet – the Vyzhivka, the Turia, the Tsyr, the Stokhid, the Styr rivers. In the upper Pripet River basin, there is an uneven distribution of protected areas across the territory, which indicates the need to increase their size in the Styr, Turia, Vyzhivka, and Korostyanka river basins to achieve an optimal ratio of areas and conserve species biodiversity based on a basin approach. The results of the calculation of the insularity index of the NRF of the Volyn region and of the degree of protection within the river basins are presented. The effectiveness of the nature reserve fund of the Pripet River basin was assessed, where the actual area of the protected area is 149,186.4 ha, the density of objects is 2.14 per 100 km2, the degree of protection (Spro) is 10.17%, and the insularity index (I) is 0.32. Twelve species of flora included in the International Red Lists were identified (Daphne cneorum L., Cypripedium calceolus L., Aldrovanda vesiculosa L., Salvinia natans (L.) All., Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb., Tragopogon ucrainicus Artemczuk., Silene lithuanica Zapal., Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill., Saxifraga hirculus L., Galanthus nivalis L., Crataegus ucrainica Pojark.), the areas of distribution of which are protected areas located in the Pripet River basin. Conclusions. Prospectively, a successful expansion of the NRF area of the basin will make it possible to develop a national and pan-European eco-network, as well as to expand the area of wetlands of international importance.

The main goal of this research was to execute a systematic characterization of the landscape in the upland part of the Santo Domingo River basin - Venezuela based on an innovative methodology using a multilevel approach based on cartographic and qualitative analysis in which the concepts: Geosystem, Territory and Landscape were instrumentalized to delineate landscape units. The combination of cartographic analysis with different data sources, multitemporal documentary and photographic analysis, and perceptual, consultative, and evaluative analysis based on interviews to local people and experts, allowed us to define three landscape units with biophysical characteristics, geo-economic dynamics, and well-differentiated perceptual values. The territorial processes in each of the landscape units depend on the use of specific natural resources, structuring particular geo-economic networks, generating differentiated environmental and cultural impacts. This landscape differentiation must allow the design of strategies that guide productive activities within the approaches of land planning and sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality assessment stands as a fundamental step in water resource management. In addition to substances and organisms present in the water, land use and land cover are two factors also affecting water quality. This study analyzed the correlation and influence between water quality and land use and land cover in the Miranda River Basin (MRB) and the natural wetlands in the Pantanal Biome. Using a watershed-wide approach, results suggested that water quality management policies can be considered in terms of sub-basins (smaller planning units). The Water Quality Index (WQI) was considered GOOD or EXCELLENT throughout the MRB. It was observed that the natural wetlands have the capacity to contribute to improving the WQI, with reductions in thermotolerant coliforms and turbidity; however, high values were found for thermotolerant coliforms, a temporal increasing trend of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and a reduction in dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus. Conversely, in these flooded areas, trends of a decrease in dissolved oxygen and an increase in BOD levels were found. Natural wetlands play important hydrological and ecological roles in water quality, storing, removing, and cycling nutrients. They are highly relevant areas for defining watershed management and conservation strategies, environmental protection, and providing ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has ability to intensify the magnitude of flood and drought episodes, as well as their amplitude; also it has the potential to exacerbate hydrological extremes. It is crucial to forecast changes to hydrological regimes and determine the level of uncertainty around them to increase resilience and prepare for future changes. In order to enlighten long-term estimates, an attempt has been made to sustain the available water resources through Calibration and Validation of river discharge data using SWAT model for Upper Yamuna River Basin. Spatial climatic data were further crystallized to forecast climatic projection scenarios for Base line period, Mid-Century and End Century considering RCPs 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. Result reveals that the average annual minimum temperature is estimated to be increased 1.4 °C in Mid-Century and 2.2 °C in End Century from the Base line Scenario while the average annual maximum temperature is found to be increased 1.5 °C in Mid-Century and 2.1 °C in End Century from the Base line Scenario. Further, while analyzing the hydrological components, Soil water percentage is expected to be increased in Mid-Century, whereas Percolation rate is found to be increased for all scenarios other than BL-MC (4.5) which is an indication of rise in Ground water. In addition to it, Surface flow is observed as a considerable increase from 4.33 to 72.69% in all scenarios. Also the Surface flow is more in case of End Century as compared to the Mid-Century. The estimated Ground water flow is found to be increased except BL-MC (4.5 & 8.5). Overall water yield has been estimated as a relative change from 7.06 to 18.70% based upon the specified conditions. The prediction for Evapotranspiration values is found as decreased in all scenarios except BL-MC (4.5 & 8.5). The outcome of the present study is very useful for planning of development strategies in the project area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses methodological approaches to the generation of long-term time series of water balance elements to assess and forecast river waters in the outlet section of a river catchment area. The study relies on the example of the Volga River basin. New approaches are proposed to determine difficult-to-measure water balance elements, such as evapotranspiration and changes in the basin soil moisture storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Exploring the natural complementarity that exists between renewables is pivotal for optimizing clean electricity generation. Quantifying this complementarity can enhance electrical planning, reducing waste of natural resources and guiding investment decisions more effectively. To quantify the complementarity existing in Brazilian river basins, a methodology was proposed. Data on influent natural energy, irradiance, and wind speed are analyzed using Python. Through a comprehensive process, the most suitable correlation coefficient is identified. The subsequent calculation of coefficients for specific source combinations and periods, as well as the application of the Innovative Trend Analysis methodology, allow an understanding of the existing complementarity dynamics. The methodology was applied to the Capivari River basin, located in the state of Paraná, which included a monthly analysis of complementarity between hydraulic generation with wind and photovoltaic sources from June 2016 to April 2024. There was no discrepancy in the interpretations of the results obtained for Spearman’s Rho and Kendall's Tau, although the magnitude of Kendall's Tau is, on average, 30% lower for the combination of photovoltaic and hydraulic and 49% for the combination of wind and hydraulic. The combination of wind and hydraulics exhibited seasonal complementarity, demonstrating lesser advantages compared to photovoltaic generation, with around 61% of the acquired values of Spearman’s Rho being negative, approximately 28% of which were negligible. This percentage is lower than the over 82% of negative values observed for the photovoltaic and hydraulic combination, of which 12% are negligible. The results are consistent with the literature and validate the proposed methodology.

Since the development of Water Footprint environmental indicator, significant research on blue and green crop water use and the respective water footprint estimations has been published. Such research is commonly approached using different methodologies that leverage tabulated values for crop development characterisation, while studies based on remote sensing data are less abundant, despite crop monitoring using remote sensing-based vegetation indices having demonstrated great capabilities and operability. To help fill this gap, we present a methodology that uses a remote sensing vegetation index time series from Sentinel-2 satellite near infra-red and red spectral bands data to derive basal crop coefficient time series to subsequently be used under the Remote Sensing-based Soil Water Balance approach that follows the globally operative FAO56 procedure. It provides pixel-based temporal and spatially distributed estimations of net irrigation requirements and adjusted crop evapotranspiration, with the aim being to divide up the latter and estimate the remote sensing-based green and blue crop water use and the subsequent green and blue water footprint. This is all done under the Agricultural Water Footprint Assessment framework for a growing crop or tree. This methodology was applied over a large, crop-diverse Spanish river basin district (Júcar) and across two different climatological years (humid vs. dry). Its feasibility was demonstrated by the acceptable behaviour of the remote sensing-based blue crop water use estimation for different herbaceous and woody crops, against the official dataset for irrigation water accounting at two water management scales (of a relative mean absolute error of 15.4 % in the case of the largest water user association and of 17.1 % in the case of the river basin water authorities’ own estimations). The proposed approach, which we call Remote Sensing-based Agricultural Water Accounting and Footprint, aims to provide reliable and accurate spatially and temporally distributed thematic cartography about the remote sensing-based blue and green crop water use and water footprint. This information is essential for water managers with the goal of generating transparent and complementary information to incorporate into their own working scales.

Climate change poses significant challenges to water resources and streamflow in Ethiopia, a country highly dependent on agriculture and vulnerable to environmental shifts. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on climate change impacts on streamflow in Ethiopia, emphasizing factors driving these changes and drawing insights from relevant studies. The analysis encompasses hydrological responses to climate change, including alterations in precipitation patterns, temperature fluctuations, and changes in water availability. Additionally, the study examines the impact of land use changes on streamflow dynamics. Comparative insights from neighboring countries and river basins further illuminate the broader regional implications of climate change on water resources. According to the previous research reviewed in this paper, climate change, land use change, and increment in extreme events (drought) have affected the stream flow over the last decades. The findings underscore the urgent need for adaptive strategies and sustainable water management practices to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on streamflow and ensure water security in Ethiopia and beyond. HIGHLIGHTS The review paper provides localized insights into climate change impacts.; It contributes valuable information for water resource managers and policymakers.; It assesses the risks posed by climate change to Ethiopia's hydro-meteorological conditions.; It explores the socioeconomic consequences of hydro-meteorological changes induced by climate change.; The review contributes to the scientific knowledge base.;

This article presents the results of field research, as well as the results of the use of remote-sensing data in the geochemical study of the soil cover of the Yertis River basin. In the work, the content of the gross form of heavy metals in the soil of the river basin was investigated. The atomic absorption method determined the content of the Poor configuration of elements of elements in soils. Statistical processing of the obtained data from N. A. Plokhinsky was carried out using the Statistica program. Also, using the performed indices in the remote sensing of clay minerals, iron oxides, and carbonates, the spatial distribution and comparison of pollutants in the soil cover of the river basin were revealed. The methods and means of image processing tested in this study can be used to create maps of the distribution of pollutants. Also, the data obtained reflect the patterns of distribution of heavy metals in the soils of the basin and can be used to optimize landscapes and improve the organization of ecological and geochemical monitoring.

The Caspian region represents a complex and unique system of terrestrial, coastal, and aquatic environments, marked by an exceptional landscape and biological diversity. This diversity, however, is increasingly threatened by substantial anthropogenic pressures. One notable impact of this human influence is the rising concentration of pollutants atypical for the atmosphere. Advances in science and technology now make it possible to detect certain atmospheric pollutants using remote Earth observation techniques, specifically through data from the Sentinel-5 satellite, which provides continuous insights into atmospheric contamination. This article investigates the dynamics of atmospheric pollution in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea basin using Sentinel-5P satellite data and the cloud-computing capabilities of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The study encompasses an analysis of concentrations of seven key pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), and the Aerosol Index (AI). Spatial and temporal variations in pollution fields were examined for the Caspian region and the basins of the seven rivers (key areas) flowing into the Caspian Sea: Sunzha, Sulak, Ulluchay, Karachay, Atachay, Haraz, and Gorgan. The research methodology is based on the use of data from the Sentinel-5 satellite, SRTM DEM data on absolute elevations, surface temperature data, and population density data. Data processing is performed using the Google Earth Engine cloud-computing platform and the ArcGIS software suite. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of pollutant concentration fields in these regions from 2018 to 2023 and to identify the primary factors influencing pollution distribution. The study’s findings reveal that the Heraz and Gorgan River basins have the highest concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and Aerosol Index levels, marking these basins as the most vulnerable to atmospheric pollution among those assessed. Additionally, the Gorgan basin exhibited elevated carbon monoxide levels, while the highest ozone concentrations were detected in the Sunzha basin. Our temporal analysis demonstrated a substantial influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on pollutant dispersion patterns. Our correlation analysis identified absolute elevation as a key factor affecting pollutant distribution, particularly for carbon monoxide, ozone, and aerosol indices. Population density showed the strongest correlation with nitrogen dioxide distribution. Other pollutants exhibited more complex distribution patterns, influenced by diverse mechanisms associated with local emission sources and atmospheric dynamics.

Diatom analysis, despite its existence in archaeological science for over seven decades, remains an underutilized technique. While diatoms are often employed in site-based palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, their application in pottery sourcing and typology is relatively limited. This study focuses on diatom analysis of pottery sherds collected from six Iron Age sites in the lower Kaveri River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Scanning Electron Microscopy was utilized to examine the diatoms in 78 samples from 26 pottery sherds across these sites. The analysis revealed the presence of aquatic diatoms, predominantly from freshwater environments, along with desiccation-tolerant taxa belonging to the genera Nitzschia, Hantzschia, Luticola, Stauroneis and Tryblionella. Notably, the dominant genera were Nitzschia (70.73%), Hantzschia (21.95%) and Luticola (4.87%). These findings confirm the presence of a lacustrine environment with mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions and suggest that the clay used in pottery originated from a freshwater source. Moreover, this study highlights the potential of diatom analysis in reconstructing local environments and shedding light on the palaeoenvironmental conditions underlying archaeological sediment deposition in a tropical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, it is important to calculate the soil flushing, optimize it and organize preventive measures. Soil leaching is one of the most intense trends, which has a significant negative impact on land resources and the national economy. Soil erosion is divided into two parts depending on the main formation: wind erosion and water erosion. One of the main factors influencing the formation of water erosion is intense and abundant precipitation. Calculation of precipitation intensity (coefficient R) using the interpolation method in the presented work. GIS technologies were used for this purpose and, accordingly, algorithms were considered. The Akkanbulik River basin is 131 km long from east to west and 99 km wide from north to south. There are low mountains to the east of the basin, and to the west, due to its location on the plain, precipitation decreases as you move from east to West. As a result, the average value in the eastern region is 639 mm, and in the western region -572 mm. Fine-grained soils are more prone to soil erosion, for example, in areas with high rainfall and winds. Intensive erosion processes lead to a decrease in soil fertility, deterioration of the quality of sown seeds and pastures. All this causes huge damage to agriculture. This article is devoted to this issue and uses the interpolation method in GIS technology to determine the intensity of precipitation (factor R). The results of the study showed that in the agricultural lands of the Akkanburlyk river basin, the maximum R-factor values corresponded to the eastern part of the basin 280-290, and the minimum values corresponded to the western part of the basin in the range of values 253-260. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and its development over the past 30 years. IWRM emerged in 1992 at the Dublin International Conference on Water and the Environment as a way to address the growing pressures on water resources by integrating environmental, economic, and social dimensions. However, early criticisms of IWRM pointed out its lack of clear definitions and practical implementation. To address this, the International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO) was established in 1994, proposing a definition and key actions for successful implementation. These actions include managing surface water and groundwater together, documenting water resource status, developing management plans, investing in measures, implementing sustainable financing mechanisms, and involving users and stakeholders. The article emphasizes the cyclical and iterative nature of the IWRM process and highlights the adaptability of the French water management model. The INBO has published manuals providing guidance and case studies for implementing IWRM in different contexts. The article also discusses the increasing role of IWRM at the basin level, highlighting governance and on-the-ground indicators that can be used to assess progress and challenges. The European region has been instrumental in promoting IWRM, with the adoption of the Water Framework Directive in 2000. International law, such as the Helsinki Water Convention, has also played a significant role in establishing a legal framework for cooperation on transboundary watercourses. The document stresses the importance of political and financial support for IWRM at the basin level [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, by using GNSS technologies, some features of the distribution and some morphometric parameters of dams and ponds created by the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.) along ten rivers of the Volga-Kama region of European Russia were identified. Detected features depend on the geomorphological, lithological, and landscape features of these rivers and their basins. The significant role of river slopes, as well as landscape zoning, in the distribution of beaver dams and ponds along small rivers in the study region is shown. In the rivers under study, almost all beaver constructions are located on riverbed slopes of less than 3% (most often, less than 2%). In the south of the forest zone (the southern taiga of the Vyatka River basin), the majority of dams and ponds (about 90%) are located on slopes of less than 1%, while, within the uplands of the forest-steppe zone, this location varies depending on the length of the rivers. In general, the greater the average slope of the river (the greater the average elevation of the river basin), the lower, other things being equal, the degree of beaver transformation of such rivers. This feature is better expressed in the rivers of the forest landscape zone and less expressed in the rivers flowing in the forest-steppe zone. Analysis of the morphometric parameters of beaver dams shows statistically significant trends towards an increase in their average height, as the channel slopes increase. Statistically significant trends were also identified towards a decrease in the length of dams and the length of associated ponds, with an increase in channel slopes. It is noteworthy that the critical values of the slope for a statistically significant and relatively sharp change in these parameters are 1.45%, 1.07 (or 0.54)%, and 0.65 (or 0.47)%, respectively. The greatest average heights of beaver dams are confined to those rivers where their basins are composed of loamy rocks/soils (especially those that are poorly plowed), compared with "sandy" river basins. This may be due to the peculiarities of the ratio of surface and underground water runoff in these basins and, as a consequence, different intensities of snowmelt- and rainfall-induced flood flow. We assume that the above-mentioned features reflect the early stages of beaver expansion (population growth) in the studied rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Asia is among the most heavily affected regions worldwide by climate change and water shortages. Impacts include changes in precipitation patterns, more frequent temperature extremes and increased aridity causing a negative impact on agricultural production, food availability, and environmental security. To combat this threat, it is important to enhance information literacy among all water users. This can be done through awareness campaigns, blended learning by providing the proper Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs and utilizing all available facilities. This will address relevant issues, such as miscommunication, complexities of transboundary water sharing issues, overexploitation of water resources, and poor flood-drought mitigation techniques. Proper and user-friendly lifelong blended learning for scientific information dissemination focusing water issues can provide stronger support to increase awareness among water users and decision policy makers. Worldwide, especially in North America and Australia, information literacy campaigns have proven successful. This strategy can be replicated in the Mountainous Kyrgyz-Kazakh Chu-Talas transboundary river basin. The issues concerning the Mountainous KyrgyzKazakh Chu-Talas transboundary river basin is elaborated and compared with Australian, Canadian, and US river basin management programs. The foresight analysis is presented, as to what would be a rationale to improve water resources more sustainably in Central Asia. Methodologies, programs, technologies, communities-based river basin committees, snow-water collection with agroforestry, and basin-based water market opportunities were analyzed to assess potential applications in Central Asia region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal regions are vital areas globally, serving as hubs for human habitation and economic activities. Water, being the fundamental resource for life, plays a crucial role in sustaining ecosystems and shaping coastal landscapes. The convergence of river systems in coastal zones underscores their significance in the hydrological cycle and aquatic biodiversity. However, managing these valuable yet vulnerable regions presents multifaceted challenges, necessitating robust management frameworks supported by monitoring and assessment tools. In Türkiye, a country with limited freshwater resources, the management of coastal zones is particularly complex due to increasing pressure on resources and land. This study examines the distribution and characteristics of river and coastal basins in Türkiye. Through spatial analyses on Geographical Information System and basin delineations with watershed modelling program, the study clarifies the regional differences and obstacles encountered by coastal provinces spanning the entirety of Türkiye's coastal borders. The results offer valuable understanding regarding the spatial dynamics of Türkiye's coastal areas with particular emphasis on the significance of Black Sea coastal basins and all coastal provinces. Firstly, river basin systems draining into the Black Sea constitute the majority of Türkiye's surface area. Although the Black Sea region covers only 14% of the total area, more than half of the country's surface area, excluding transboundary and endorheic basins, drains into the Black Sea. Similarly, the analysis of basin types reveals that coastal basins constitute approximately 18% of the drainage areas associated with our coastal waters, nearly one-fifth. This distinction between coastal basin and river basin boundaries differs from the traditional zoning approach in river basin management and coastal area management plans in Türkiye. Consequently, it is anticipated that this spatial evaluation, which has brought a new perspective, will significantly contribute to addressing management challenges, especially the studies that will be evaluated together with population and resource use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmental geographical study involves the relief aspects of the geographical unit. Relief analysis of a geographical unit includes relative relief, slope gradient, steepness, and drainage characteristics. The study area selected for the study is a part of the upper Jiadhal drainage basin consisting of 370.63 sq. km of area. It is a young river system (6th order) with lots of sediment carrying capacity and intensive flood frequencies. In this study, the relief morphology of the upper Jiadhal basin is undertaken observing its unique characteristic of large sediment supply causing flood problems in lower basin areas. Open source Landsat: L5135041_041200901113_MTL, TA6RFR_A012986-20,190,901 data from Bhuvan (ISRO) was accessed by ArcGIS tools. It focused that the upper catchment is more influential by environmental problems rather than human except deforestation activities, as there is very less settlement due to no communication route to the interior catchments of the basin. The mainstream of Sido occupies forth (4th) order stream, Sika and Siri are of fifth (5th) order and Jia of sixth (6th) order stream contained to drain the lower basin. The results revel that, the landscape is prone to erosion mainly due to physical and climatic factors and prominently dominated by human intervention due to agro-forestry and could be mitigated with certain specific measures on a location basis including structural engineering measures and watershed management techniques in the degraded areas for the sustainability of the basin. The early studies in this region include the lower basin of the river system, due to inaccessibility. The area is newly demarcated to a different administrative district of Arunachal Pradesh (Lower Siang) and thus in near future more anthropogenic activities would active in the upper catchment, which may influence the environment stability. So the upper catchment management would be a prime concern for the environmentalist in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With global warming, extreme weather frequently and severely appears globally. Extreme precipitation is one of the extreme weather events that can cause many natural disasters, such as floods and waterlogging. In this study, Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) daily precipitation data were used to investigate extreme precipitation and its contribution to annual precipitation in different global climate regions and typical river basins. The climate types included equatorial climates (EC), arid climates (AC), warm temperate climates (WTC), snowy climates (SC) and polar climates (PC). R99p, Rx5day, CWD and R20 was selected as extreme precipitation indices in this study; extreme precipitation days were defined by CWD and R20. The results showed that EC and WTC had higher extreme precipitation level; SC and PC had lower extreme precipitation amounts and days than AC. R99p, Rx5day and CWD monitored higher extreme precipitation contribution degrees in AC; however, R20 monitored higher contribution degrees in EC and WTC. R99p, Rx5day and CWD showed higher extreme precipitation contribution degrees in North Africa, the Middle East, Australia and northwestern China; R20 showed higher contribution degrees in South America, the southeastern United States and South Asia. Based on historical observational data, Heilongjiang Basin (HB), Yellow River Basin (YERB), Yangtze River Basin (YARB), Ganges River Basin (GRB), Danube River Basin (DRB) and Mekong River Basin (MERB) had high-frequency extreme precipitation in summer. The research results are helpful for understanding the characteristics of extreme precipitation and provide a reference for flood control and disaster reduction in different climatic regions and main river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates globally. For effective conservation, understanding the patterns and processes underlying amphibian diversity is essential. Studies of genetic diversity and structure among conspecific populations and closely related species can provide crucial insights for their conservation; however, such studies are limited in South Asian tropical areas with high anuran diversity. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure in a widespread endemic frog, Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis from the Western Ghats, India. Both mitochondrial and nuclear markers were used to analyse the phylogeographical and population genetic structure at multiple geographic scales. At a broader scale, river basins appeared to be weak barriers and genetic variation was more influenced by geographic distance. At a regional scale, headwater specialization and poor dispersal capability of N. kempholeyensis influenced the apportionment of genetic variation. The conservation planning for this species should consider the increased divergence of peripheral populations as well as develop measures at the stream scale to improve the gene-flow among the populations. This is the first population genetics study on freshwater amphibians from the Western Ghats, India and the results of our study will provide important baseline data for the conservation and management of freshwater dependent amphibians from this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modifications of wetland and forest areas are studied, in particular, to establish to what extent they are sensitive to natural changes (e.g., increased precipitation and/or temperature) in addition to human activities (e.g., advancing agricultural frontier, deforestation, channelizations). The San Francisco River Basin (SFRB; 1,789 km2) is located in the Northwest of Argentina in the Geological Province of Nortwestern Pampean Ranges (Sierras Pampeanas Noroccidentales), between 27°40'S and 28°25'S, and 65°15'W and 65°45'W). In recent decades, agricultural development and management in the middle and lower SFRB generated rural channelizations (the largest of 10 km at the basin outlet between 2005-2015), drainage of wetland forests, deforestation of native dry forest since 1995 and changes in land use. In addition, a 200 mm increase in mean annual rainfall since 1972 and an increase in extreme hydrological events, are registered. These modifications produced changes in local base level, erosive processes of retreat and the development of new river channels from upstream, increasing flow velocities, flow rates, and sediment discharge. The intensified erosive processes resulted in four new river courses in the middle and lower basin, incorporating the SFRB into the Marapa river basin, changing from arheic to endorheic behaviour, and generating the contribution of liquid and solid flows to the system of which it is now a part. The aim of this study is to examine the development of the new hydrographic network within the SFRB between 1990 and 2018 and to calculate the solid and liquid discharges generated by the new network. The hydrographic network formed by the rivers El Abra, Ovanta, San Francisco and Suncho creek, was digitized in the open-source software QGIS 3.18.3 on the basis of the visual interpretation of satellite imagery. The lengths of the rivers were automatically calculated and exported to a spreadsheet to determine the downstream expansion of the river network. Measurements and sampling of water discharge and sediment load were performed monthly in the lower section of the SFRB. The float and cross-section method was used to quantify the flow rates, and the sediment samples were filtered, dried in an oven for 24 h and weighed on a precision balance to obtain the sediment concentration (C in mg/l). The study determined the generation of 102 km of new river channels in a 28 yr period. The hydrographic network had an annual sediment production of 82,138 t/yr and an annual discharge of 21,96 hm3, contributing to the Marapa river basin and generating an acceleration in the silting of the downstream Río Hondo reservoir. This work provides a basis for management and mitigation of erosion and flooding problems in the area.