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In Lebanon, the lack of quality data on road traffic injuries (RTIs) led to the implementation of a hospital-based RTI surveillance system by the Ministry of Health in in private and public-run hospitals in the Bekaa governorate. This paper aims to describe the characteristics and severity of RTIs recorded over two years during the pilot phase. It also assesses the strengths and challenges of the surveillance system, highlighting areas for enhancement. The data collected from the Emergency department (ED) was used to conduct a retrospective analysis of population-based injuries hospitalized for road traffic crashes (RTC). Designated focal persons reported injuries weekly using a standardized form, which included demographic and crash-related variables, body lesions, and vital signs. Data were coded per the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), entered into Epidata, and analyzed using SPSS. The RTI surveillance system was assessed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Over two years, a total of 1576 cases of RTIs were reported. The male-to-female ratio was 2.16 and the majority of RTIs (44.4%) were recorded among those aged between 15 and 29 years old. From 2013 to 2015, a decrease of 0.7% in the revised trauma score (RTS < 4) was recorded. On the contrary, an increase of 3.9% in injury severity score (ISS) that ranged between 15 and 75 was reported. The probability of survival of an injured individual at one month was improved. The hospital-based surveillance system demonstrated strengths in structured data collection and ethical considerations but faced challenges like underreporting, limited coverage, and resource constraints. Recommendations for improvement include enhancing data quality and timely reporting, ultimately supporting evidence-based road safety interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) represent the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Thus, impactful interventions and trustworthy authorities are imperative to mitigate traffic accidents. The present study seeks to assess public trust in traffic accident diminution policies and measures within the country of Iran. Method: This cross-sectional study utilized a questionnaire comprising 31 questions distributed across eight dimensions. The questionnaire's design was informed by a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts specializing in traffic accidents. The target population consisted of Tabriz city residents, who were selected via convenience sampling. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS-16 software, employing the T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient to present the study's results. structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using R 4-4-2 programming language. Results: A total of 681 participants completed the questionnaire, yielding a commendable response rate of 88.6%. The majority of participants were male (60.8%), and 86.2% identified as drivers, with 61.8% having experienced driving accidents. The overall score for public trust in RTIs policies was calculated to be 46.9%. The individual scores for specific domains of trust in traffic safety were as follows: safer roads (43.1%), safe vehicle (43.3%), safety laws (48.8%), safe user (51.1%), safe technology (51.5%), road safety management (46.8%). All the latent variables except education are significantly effective on public trust. Conclusion: The study findings indicate relatively low levels of public trust in RTIs policies among the Iranian population. These results emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance public confidence in specific aspects of traffic safety. Policymakers can use these insights to implement effective measures, thus contributing to the RTIs and the promotion of road safety in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trend of medico legal cases is a fundamental part of the prevention of avoidable causalities in future and to study the crime rate in area. In present study an attempt is made to know the burden of medico legal cases. The aim of present study is to describe the profile, pattern and trend of medico-legal cases and identify errors in the medico-legal reports. Method: This is a Retrospective, descriptive, non-interventional study, conducted in emergency department of Government Medical College and Hospital Jalaun during the period from 1st January 2023 to 31th December 2023. This is a tertiary care teaching hospital where patients are referred from most of private hospitals. Patients from district hospitals of the region are also admitted in this college. Conclusions: In majority of places, duty of casualty medical officer is accomplished by MBBS doctor who is not expert in handling of medico legal cases. Therefore medico-legal work should be done under the direction of forensic medicine expert to avoid inaccuracy in giving the opinion. The present study showed that male out numbered female and maximum cases were of younger generation. Most common aetiology was of road traffic injuries. Such incidences can be prevented by giving awareness through proper education and training of safety standards by administrators through road safety programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To provide a basis for formulating precise prevention and control strategies, the temporal and spatial aggregation characteristics of county road traffic injury mortality were analyzed, Shandong, 2012-2021. Methods The traffic injury mortality rate was calculated by using the data from the death registration and reporting system of Shandong. Geoda 1.18 and SatScan 9.7 were used for spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatiotemporal scanning analysis to explore the characteristics of spatiotemporal aggregation, and principal component regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors. Results Road traffic injury mortality rate in Shandong from 2012 to 2021 showed an overall decreasing trend and was high in the fall. The spatial correlation existed in each year, and the "high-high" aggregation area was mainly located in the central and northwestern parts of Shandong. The spatial scan revealed the existence of four clusters across the entire population. Cluster 1 existed from March 2012 to February 2015, covering 26 districts and counties, primarily located in south-central Shandong. Similar to the total population, urban and rural areas were mainly located in the central and southern part of Shandong, and the main urban agglomeration area existed from January 2012 to December 2014, covering 19 districts and counties; The main rural agglomeration area existed from January 2012 to December 2014, covering 38 districts and counties. Principal component regression analysis showed that the variables reflecting the economic and transportation conditions had a greater impact. Among them, the number of permanent residents and the volume of passenger and freight transportation were positively correlated with the mortality rate, while others were negatively correlated. Conclusion From 2012 to 2021, the mortality rate of road traffic injuries in Shandong showed a decreasing trend. The main agglomeration area exists in the central and southern part of Shandong, and the rural agglomeration is more obvious. According to the characteristics of clustering, attention should be paid to the enforcement of laws and regulations, infrastructure construction, population flow and other factors in high-risk areas, and prevention and control strategies should be adopted or adjusted according to local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcomes from trauma at the major referral hospital [Hospital Nacional de San Benito (HNSB)] in El Petén, Guatemala, have not been analyzed. Empirical evidence demonstrated a high number of motorcycle accidents (MAs). We hypothesized a large incidence of head trauma with poor outcomes in MAs compared to all other forms of blunt trauma. Our hypothesis was tested by performing a community observational study and a retrospective chart review in El Petén, Guatemala. An independent observer catalogued 100 motorcycle riders on the streets of El Petén for riding practices as well as helmet utilization. HNSB does not have electronic medical records. For this study, we performed a retrospective chart review of randomly selected nonconsecutive trauma admission at HNSB between March 2018 and June 2023. Blunt trauma was compared between MAs versus all others. Variables were examined by parametric and nonparametric tests as well as contingency table analyses. Most motorcycles riders involved multiple individuals (2.61 ± 0.79/motorcycle). Seventy riders included children (median = 1.0 [Q1-Q3 range = 1.0-3.0]/motorcycle). Overall, only three riders were wearing helmets. Forty-one were women. Of patients presenting to HNSB with trauma, 91 charts were reviewed (33.0 [20.0-37.0] y old; male 89%), 76.7% were blunt, and 23.3% were penetrating trauma. Within blunt trauma, 57.1% were MAs versus 42.9% all others; P = 0.13. MAs were younger (29.5 [20.0-37.0] versus 34.0 [21.8-45.8] y old; P < 0.05) and of similar gender (male 82.5% versus 96.6%; P = 0.1). More MAs had a computed tomography (70.0% versus 30.0%; P < 0.01) and they were more likely to present with head trauma (72.5% versus 46.7%; P = 0.04) but similar Glasgow Coma Scale (15.0 [13.5-15.0] versus 15.0 [12.5-15.0]; P = 0.7). MAs were less likely to require surgical intervention (37.5% versus 56.7%; P = 0.05) but had similar hospital length of stay (4.0 [2-6] versus 4.0 [2-10.5] d; P = 0.5). Unsafe motorcycle practices in El Petén are staggering. Most trauma at HNSB is blunt, and likely from MAs. More patients with MAs presented with head trauma. However, severe trauma might be transferred to higher level hospitals or mortality might occur on scene, which will need further investigations. Assessment of mortality from trauma admissions is ongoing. These findings should lead to enforcement of safe motorcycle practices in El Petén, Guatemala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Globally, road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the eighth leading cause of death, with an estimated 1.35 million deaths yearly. In India, road traffic accidents (RTAs) are one of the major causes of mortality among the younger generation. We analyzed Tamil Nadu’s comprehensive Road Accident Data Management System (RADMS) data and described the epidemiological indicators of RTI in this setting. Methods We obtained the data from the RADMS database for 2011–2016 and used 2011 population census data to project and standardize for different age groups and genders to calculate incidence. We calculated average annual percentage changes (AAPC) with a 95% confidence interval for the whole period. We computed Joinpoint regression analysis for trends and calculated the age-adjusted incidence rate with standard error (SE) using R statistical computing software. Results We included 3,67,094 RTAs and 5,50,447 RTIs. We observed that the incidence of RTAs and RTIs declined between 2011 and 2016. Most injured were males (82%) and aged 20–39 years (49%). The highest number of accidents occurred on the state highways (65.2%) and on Sundays (17%). Age-adjusted incidence (per 1,00,000) declined from 121.87 (SE 0.4) in 2011 to 92.73 (SE 0.34) in 2016 (AAPC = -4.5% (95% CI = -7.8 to -1)). The age groups 30–39 and 20–29 were 9.82 (z = 8.98; P < 0.05) and 9.02 (z = 8.65; P < 0.05) times at a higher risk compared to 0–9 years old. The motorcyclists (14–27 times; P < 0.05) and pedestrians (12–23 times; P < 0.05) had the maximum risk of RTIs. Conclusion Young adults, drivers, motorcyclists, and pedestrians remain vulnerable populations for RTIs. More accidents occurred in the state highways and on Sundays. The analysis provides insights on RTIs and RTAs, which will be used to reduce the burden of RTIs and save millions of lives.

Abstract In Lebanon, the lack of quality data on road traffic injuries (RTIs) led to the implementation of a hospital-based RTI surveillance system by the Ministry of Health in in private and public-run hospitals in the Bekaa governorate. This paper aims to describe the characteristics and severity of RTIs recorded over two years during the pilot phase. It also assesses the strengths and challenges of the surveillance system, highlighting areas for enhancement. The data collected from the Emergency department (ED) was used to conduct a retrospective analysis of population-based injuries hospitalized for road traffic crashes (RTC). Designated focal persons reported injuries weekly using a standardized form, which included demographic and crash-related variables, body lesions, and vital signs. Data were coded per the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), entered into Epidata, and analyzed using SPSS. The RTI surveillance system was assessed using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Over two years, a total of 1576 cases of RTIs were reported. The male-to-female ratio was 2.16 and the majority of RTIs (44.4%) were recorded among those aged between 15 and 29 years old. From 2013 to 2015, a decrease of 0.7% in the revised trauma score (RTS

Abstract Introduction and objective Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) represent the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Thus, impactful interventions and trustworthy authorities are imperative to mitigate traffic accidents. The present study seeks to assess public trust in traffic accident diminution policies and measures within the country of Iran. Method This cross-sectional study utilized a questionnaire comprising 31 questions distributed across eight dimensions. The questionnaire’s design was informed by a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts specializing in traffic accidents. The target population consisted of Tabriz city residents, who were selected via convenience sampling. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS-16 software, employing the T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient to present the study’s results. structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using R 4-4-2 programming language. Results A total of 681 participants completed the questionnaire, yielding a commendable response rate of 88.6%. The majority of participants were male (60.8%), and 86.2% identified as drivers, with 61.8% having experienced driving accidents. The overall score for public trust in RTIs policies was calculated to be 46.9%. The individual scores for specific domains of trust in traffic safety were as follows: safer roads (43.1%), safe vehicle (43.3%), safety laws (48.8%), safe user (51.1%), safe technology (51.5%), road safety management (46.8%). All the latent variables except education are significantly effective on public trust. Conclusion The study findings indicate relatively low levels of public trust in RTIs policies among the Iranian population. These results emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance public confidence in specific aspects of traffic safety. Policymakers can use these insights to implement effective measures, thus contributing to the RTIs and the promotion of road safety in the country.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is the most common knee ligament, which gets torn in sports activities. Nowadays, arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using autograft or allograft has become the standard mode of treatment with a good functional outcome. Objective: The objective of the study was to study the functional outcome of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using quadrupled hamstring autograft. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted between 2019 and 2021 in the Department of Orthopedics at SGT Medical College and Hospital on 25 patients, who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring autograft. The functional outcome in these patients was assessed using IKDC and Lysholm knee scores, measuring preoperatively and postoperatively at 3-, 6-, and 12-month duration. Results: We found 88% of patients had a good-to-excellent functional outcome, and the rest had fair outcome. Conclusion: Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using quadrupled hamstring autograft gives overall good functional outcomes.

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries are a major concern worldwide, with Thailand facing high accident mortality rates. Drunk driving is a key factor that requires countermeasures. Random breath testing (RBT) and mass media campaigns recommended by the World Health Organisation intend to deter such behaviour. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing RBT in combination with mass media campaigns in Thailand. Methods A Markov simulation model estimated the lifetime cost and health benefits of RBT with mass media campaigns compared to mass media campaigns only. Direct medical and non-medical care costs were evaluated from a societal perspective. The health outcomes were quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Costs and outcomes were discounted by 3% per year. Subgroup analyses were conducted for both sexes, different age groups, and different drinking levels. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted over 5,000 independent iterations using a predetermined distribution for each parameter. Results This study suggested that RBT with mass media campaigns compared with mass media campaigns increases the lifetime cost by 24,486 THB per male binge drinker and 10,475 THB per female binge drinker (1 USD = 35 THB) and results in a QALY gain of 0.43 years per male binge drinker and 0.10 years per female binge drinker. The intervention yielded incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of 57,391 and 103,850 THB per QALY for male and female drinkers, respectively. Moreover, the intervention was cost-effective for all age groups and drinking levels. The intervention yielded the lowest ICER among male-dependent drinkers. Sensitivity analyses showed that at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 160,000 per QALY gained, the RBT combined with mass media campaigns had a 99% probability of being optimal for male drinkers, whereas the probability for females was 91%. Conclusions RBT and mass media campaigns in Thailand are cost-effective for all ages and drinking levels in both sexes. The intervention yielded the lowest ICER among male-dependent drinkers. Given the current Thai WTP threshold, sensitivity analyses showed that the intervention was more cost-effective for males than females.

ABSTRACT:Motorized two-wheeler users account for 45% of road fatalities in 2021 in India. Correct helmet use decreases the risk of fatalities, but information about the prevalence of correct helmet use is limited in the Indian context. This study aims to assess the prevalence of helmet use and factors associated with correct helmet use among motorized two-wheeler users in Bengaluru city, India. This observational cross-sectional assessment was conducted in a random-representative sample of 98021 motorized two-wheelers sampled from 15 intersections. Helmet use and other information were collected by trained Field Data Collectors via hand-held tablet devices and the KoBo collect application, following a globally used checklist. The prevalence of helmet use (all types) was 88% among riders and pillion together and 92.4% among riders. However, the prevalence of correct helmet use is 38% among riders, and non-standard helmet use is 27%. This study reveals a correct helmet use gap in Bengaluru city. The study recommends the need to shift enforcement, messaging, and intervention focus towards correct helmet use and the implementation of routine population-based surveillance for helmet use in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries are a major concern worldwide, with Thailand facing high accident mortality rates. Drunk driving is a key factor that requires countermeasures. Random breath testing (RBT) and mass media campaigns recommended by the World Health Organisation intend to deter such behaviour. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing RBT in combination with mass media campaigns in Thailand. Methods: A Markov simulation model estimated the lifetime cost and health benefits of RBT with mass media campaigns compared to mass media campaigns only. Direct medical and non-medical care costs were evaluated from a societal perspective. The health outcomes were quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Costs and outcomes were discounted by 3% per year. Subgroup analyses were conducted for both sexes, different age groups, and different drinking levels. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted over 5,000 independent iterations using a predetermined distribution for each parameter. Results: This study suggested that RBT with mass media campaigns compared with mass media campaigns increases the lifetime cost by 24,486 THB per male binge drinker and 10,475 THB per female binge drinker (1 USD = 35 THB) and results in a QALY gain of 0.43 years per male binge drinker and 0.10 years per female binge drinker. The intervention yielded incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of 57,391 and 103,850 THB per QALY for male and female drinkers, respectively. Moreover, the intervention was cost-effective for all age groups and drinking levels. The intervention yielded the lowest ICER among male-dependent drinkers. Sensitivity analyses showed that at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 160,000 per QALY gained, the RBT combined with mass media campaigns had a 99% probability of being optimal for male drinkers, whereas the probability for females was 91%. Conclusions: RBT and mass media campaigns in Thailand are cost-effective for all ages and drinking levels in both sexes. The intervention yielded the lowest ICER among male-dependent drinkers. Given the current Thai WTP threshold, sensitivity analyses showed that the intervention was more cost-effective for males than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare workers (HCW) can have an important role in educating parents about child road safety, but research on the topic shows that they usually do not have adequate knowledge. Thus, the aim of our study was to analyze their knowledge in the field of child road safety.

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Background: Given the extensive impact of road traffic accidents (RTAs) consequences and their potential ramifications on the health of both current and future generations, this study examines the social and demographic factors that influence RTA‐related mortality among women of reproductive age. Methods: The study population consisted of cases retrieved from the database of the Legal Medicine Organization, encompassing all women aged 15–49 who succumbed to road accidents between 2011 and 2021. Results: The mean age of women in the reproductive age group from East Azerbaijan province between 2011 and 2021 was 33.67 years, with a standard deviation of 9.18. RTAs on main roads accounted for the majority of incidents (395 cases, 50.8%), with 93.7% (728 cases) attributed to road traffic. In 54.4% of these cases, the affected organ was the head and neck, and the primary cause of death in 52.1% was head trauma. Across all age groups, injuries to the neck and head were the most common, followed by injuries to the abdomen, chest, back, and sternum. Conclusion: The higher incidence of road accidents in the 25–29 age group highlights the need for targeted interventions to address risky behaviors, inexperience, and peer influences in this demographic. Our observation of passengers experiencing the highest mortality rate emphasizes the vulnerability of road users, particularly pedestrians, in traffic accidents. Pedestrian violations in the 17–30 age group further emphasize the importance of education and awareness campaigns aimed at reducing risky behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Saudi Arabia, motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a major cause of injuries, deaths and disability. To reduce levels of disability associated with road traffic injuries (RTIs), rehabilitation is crucial. However, limited information is available regarding rehabilitation services in Saudi Arabia, particularly the role of occupational therapy following RTIs. This paper explores occupational therapists' perspectives on Saudi Arabian rehabilitation services. This descriptive qualitative study included semi-structured interviews with 13 occupational therapists working in rehabilitation settings in Saudi Arabia. Reflexive thematic analysis was utilised to identify themes related to their experiences and the potential for improved rehabilitation guidelines and practices. Five themes were identified. (i) Accessibility to rehabilitation following RTI was impacted by geographical location, high service demands, social support and financial issues. (ii) Pathway to rehabilitation following RTI varied, typically physician-led, with multi-disciplinary teams in rehabilitation services. (iii) Occupational therapy role in rehabilitation is perceived as poorly understood by others. (iv) Limitation to current rehabilitation services includes few highly experienced therapists, challenges to individualised care, and underdeveloped community reintegration. (v) Research is needed for better rehabilitation services through understanding people's experiences and perspectives to improve rehabilitation services. Overall, occupational therapists highlighted that the limited number of well-established rehabilitation facilities, mostly located in the central region of Saudi Arabia, negatively impact service provision and functional outcomes. Effective utilisation of occupational therapists' insights into the challenges of rehabilitating individuals after RTIs could improve the implementation, operation, governance, and investment in rehabilitation services in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a prominent contributor to both mortality and morbidity, particularly affecting individuals aged 5–29 years. Road traffic Injuries impose substantial physical and economic burden on individuals, households, and governments, particularly in African nations. Thus, our study focuses on assessing the economic cost of road traffic accidents within the context of St. Joseph Hospital, Koforidua.A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Emergency Unit of the St. Joseph Hospital with a sample size of 291 patients. A patient perspective was used in costing the management of RTAs. Data was descriptively analyzed with Microsoft Excel with means and standard deviations estimated for direct, indirect, and intangible costs to the patient.Total direct and indirect cost of road traffic accidents were approximately GHS1,973,801.28 (US$164,483.44) and GHS520,309.46 (US$43,359.12) respectively which represents 79.1 % and 20.9 % of the total cost. The annual average economic cost for all cases was GHS8,570.83 (US$714.24). Intangible costs were also found to be high, with 54.2 % patients rating their RTA burden to be between mild to moderate, 10.8 % as moderate to severe and 1.4 % as severe.RTA cost burden is huge for all households. Uninsured patients bear significantly higher costs than insured patients. Intangible costs were also high, prompting the need to provide psychological care to RTA victims and their families. Concerted efforts should be directed at strict enforcement, training, improvement of road infrastructure and legislation to reduce or curb road traffic accidents in LMICs.

• The escalating issue of road traffic injuries and fatalities has become a pressing national concern in Iran. The situation urgently calls for a thorough assessment of current policies and the implementation of evidence-based approaches in order to mitigate this deleterious process. • Over the past few decades, several policies regarding driving licensing have been implemented in the interest of safe driving, yet without taking into account the optimal scientific evidence. • It is of utmost importance to provide high prestige evidence in support of the predominant contentious measures and topics concerning the issuance of driving licenses. • A prudent approach towards evidence-informed policy making would involve engaging diverse stakeholders to offer viable alternatives for these contentious issues in the driving licensing system. Licensing policies for driving play a vital role in promoting road safety and decreasing road traffic injuries. Although there have been notable improvements in driving licensing policies in recent years, some policies in Iran are still contentious and controversial. This research aims to examine these controversial driving licensing policies in Iran by using the perspectives of Iranian experts and reviewing relevant documents. A variety of research methods were used to conduct the study, including focus group discussions (FGDs) and a review of relevant documents. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, using a diverse and comprehensive approach. To collect documents for review, national websites such as the Iranian Parliament, Traffic Police and the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development were thoroughly searched, while some documents were collected in person. The data was analysed using a thematic approach. Over the past decades, certain policy issues have continued to pose significant challenges and controversies. These policies within the Iranian driving system have been divided into three main categories including leadership and responsiveness, driver qualifications and vehicle characteristics, and health assessment procedures and standards. The development and implementation of evidence-based policies necessitates the thorough examination and analysis of contentious and complicated policies related to driving licensing, and ultimately contributes to an improved driving experience in Iran. It is advisable to undertake coherent and systematic initiatives, enhance transparency and accountability within the licensing policy framework, and involve policy stakeholders and diverse interest groups, while taking into account the structural, cultural and societal influences on any policy intervention in driving licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Limb amputation is one of the oldest medical operations, dating back over 2500 years to Hippocrates' time. In developing countries like India, most of the patients are young, and trauma is the primary cause of limb amputation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the factors that can predict the outcome of patients who underwent upper or lower limb amputations. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected data of patients who underwent limb amputations from January 2015 to December 2019. Results: From January 2015 to December 2019, 547 patients underwent limb amputations. Males predominated (86%). Road traffic injuries (RTI) were the most common (323, 59%) mechanism of injury. Hemorrhagic shock was present in 125 (22.9%) patients. Above-knee amputation was the most common (33%) amputation procedure performed. The correlation of hemodynamic status at presentation with the outcome was statistically significant (p-0.001). Outcome measures like delayed presentation, hemorrhagic shock, Injury severity scores (ISS), and the new injury severity scores (NISS) were statistically significant (p-0.001) when compared to the outcome. There were 47 (8.6%) mortalities during the study period. Conclusion: Factors that affected the outcome were delayed presentation, hemorrhagic shock, higher ISS, NISS, MESS scores, surgical-site infection, and associated injuries. Overall mortality during the study was 8.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing incidence of road traffic injuries (RTIs) has contributed to the disability and death of millions of people on both a national and global level. This retrospective study was conducted at King Fahad University Hospital (KFUH), Khobar, Saudi Arabia, and included all patients who presented at the emergency department due to road traffic accidents (RTAs) between January 1st, 2022, and December 31st, 2022. Patient data was retrieved from the health information system at KFUH. Descriptive and inferential analysis were performed with several variables analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and factorial ANOVA (MANOVA). During this period, 921 patients were treated at the hospital's emergency department. Of these, 611 (66.3%) were men and 310 (33.7%) were women. The most frequently affected age group was 16-25, representing 427 (46.4%) cases. Most patients were Saudi citizens (837, 90.9%). Among the patients, 19 (2.1%) required surgical treatment within 24 hours of the RTA, and 29 (3.1%) were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). There were eight fatalities, representing 0.9% of the cases. January had the highest number of RTAs (12.7%). Moreover, 463 individuals (50.3%) had some form of injury, the most common type being lacerations and abrasions (n=228, 24.8%). Upper limb fractures were the most frequent type of fracture, occurring in 73 cases (7.9%). Being male (P=0.001), non-Saudi (P=0.014), and experiencing accidents during June and July (P=0.002) were associated with an increased prevalence of injury. Mortality had a statistically significant relationship with different patient age groups (P=0.014), patient citizenship (P=0.005), and length of hospital stay (P<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are increasingly claiming lives, particularly of those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To evaluate the economic consequences of RTIs, their financial impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been investigated by several studies using road safety valuation methods. This in turn has been used to quantify the resources required for investment on appropriate countermeasures to reduce the severity and frequency of RTIs. To investigate the frequency of use of road safety valuation methods in assessing the economic impact of road injuries, a robust systematic review was carried out with the aid of EPPI-reviewer software. The analysis of the evidence gathered showed that 55% of the included studies used the willingness-to-pay (WTP) method, 29% used human capital (HC), 11% used restitution cost and 5% used other methods. In high-income countries (HICs), the predominant method used was WTP, while HC was more common for middle-income countries. In addition, it was found that 49% of the studies in this field were conducted on HICs, whilst 4% focused on low-income countries (LICs). This indicates that there is a gap in the use of road safety valuation methods for LICs in the literature and therefore a need for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Given the extensive impact of road traffic accidents (RTAs) consequences and their potential ramifications on the health of both current and future generations, this study examines the social and demographic factors that influence RTA‐related mortality among women of reproductive age. Methods The study population consisted of cases retrieved from the database of the Legal Medicine Organization, encompassing all women aged 15–49 who succumbed to road accidents between 2011 and 2021. Results The mean age of women in the reproductive age group from East Azerbaijan province between 2011 and 2021 was 33.67 years, with a standard deviation of 9.18. RTAs on main roads accounted for the majority of incidents (395 cases, 50.8%), with 93.7% (728 cases) attributed to road traffic. In 54.4% of these cases, the affected organ was the head and neck, and the primary cause of death in 52.1% was head trauma. Across all age groups, injuries to the neck and head were the most common, followed by injuries to the abdomen, chest, back, and sternum. Conclusion The higher incidence of road accidents in the 25–29 age group highlights the need for targeted interventions to address risky behaviors, inexperience, and peer influences in this demographic. Our observation of passengers experiencing the highest mortality rate emphasizes the vulnerability of road users, particularly pedestrians, in traffic accidents. Pedestrian violations in the 17–30 age group further emphasize the importance of education and awareness campaigns aimed at reducing risky behavior.

ObjectivesThe impact of climate change, especially extreme temperatures, on health outcomes has become a global public health concern. Most previous studies focused on the impact of disease incidence or mortality, whereas much less has been done on road traffic injuries (RTIs). This study aimed to explore the effects of ambient temperature, particularly extreme temperature, on road traffic deaths in Jinan city.MethodsDaily data on road traffic deaths and meteorological factors were collected among all residents in Jinan city during 2011–2020. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design with distributed lag nonlinear model to evaluate the association between daily mean temperature, especially extreme temperature and road traffic deaths, and its variation in different subgroups of transportation mode, adjusting for meteorological confounders.ResultsA total of 9,794 road traffic deaths were collected in our study. The results showed that extreme temperatures were associated with increased risks of deaths from road traffic injuries and four main subtypes of transportation mode, including walking, Bicycle, Motorcycle and Motor vehicle (except motorcycles), with obviously lag effects. Meanwhile, the negative effects of extreme high temperatures were significantly higher than those of extreme low temperatures. Under low-temperature exposure, the highest cumulative lag effect of 1.355 (95% CI, 1.054, 1.742) for pedal cyclists when cumulated over lag 0 to 6 day, and those for pedestrians, motorcycles and motor vehicle occupants all persisted until 14 days, with ORs of 1.227 (95% CI, 1.102, 1.367), 1.453 (95% CI, 1.214, 1.740) and 1.202 (95% CI, 1.005, 1.438), respectively. Under high-temperature exposure, the highest cumulative lag effect of 3.106 (95% CI, 1.646, 5.861) for motorcycle occupants when cumulated over lag 0 to 12 day, and those for pedestrian, pedal cyclists, and motor vehicle accidents all peaked when persisted until 14 days, with OR values of 1.638 (95% CI, 1.281, 2.094), 2.603 (95% CI, 1.695, 3.997) and 1.603 (95% CI, 1.066, 2.411), respectively.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that ambient temperature is significantly associated with the risk of road traffic injuries accompanied by obvious lag effect, and the associations differ by the mode of transportation. Our findings help to promote a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between temperature and road traffic injuries, which can be used to establish appropriate public health policies and targeted interventions.

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are increasingly claiming lives, particularly of those living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To evaluate the economic consequences of RTIs, their financial impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been investigated by several studies using road safety valuation methods. This in turn has been used to quantify the resources required for investment on appropriate countermeasures to reduce the severity and frequency of RTIs. To investigate the frequency of use of road safety valuation methods in assessing the economic impact of road injuries, a robust systematic review was carried out with the aid of EPPI-reviewer software. The analysis of the evidence gathered showed that 55% of the included studies used the willingness-to-pay (WTP) method, 29% used human capital (HC), 11% used restitution cost and 5% used other methods. In high-income countries (HICs), the predominant method used was WTP, while HC was more common for middle-income countries. In addition, it was found that 49% of the studies in this field were conducted on HICs, whilst 4% focused on low-income countries (LICs). This indicates that there is a gap in the use of road safety valuation methods for LICs in the literature and therefore a need for further research.

Abstract Background Sub-Saharan African countries, Nigeria inclusive, are constrained by grossly limited access to quality pre-hospital trauma care services (PTCS). Findings from pragmatic approaches that explore spatial and temporal trends of past road crashes can inform novel interventions. To improve access to PTCS and reduce burden of road traffic injuries we explored geospatial trends of past emergency responses to road traffic crashes (RTCs) by Lagos State Ambulance Service (LASAMBUS), assessed efficiency of responses, and outcomes of interventions by local government areas (LGAs) of crash. Methods Using descriptive cross-sectional design and REDcap we explored pre-hospital care data of 1220 crash victims documented on LASAMBUS intervention forms from December 2017 to May 2018. We analyzed trends in days and times of calls, demographics of victims, locations of crashes and causes of delayed emergency responses. Assisted with STATA 16 and ArcGIS pro we conducted descriptive statistics and mapping of crash metrics including spatial and temporal relationships between times of the day, seasons of year, and crash LGA population density versus RTCs incidence. Descriptive analysis and mapping were used to assess relationships between ‘Causes of Delayed response’ and respective crash LGAs, and between Response Times and crash LGAs. Results Incidences of RTCs were highest across peak commuting hours (07:00-12:59 and 13:00-18:59), rainy season and harmattan (foggy) months, and densely populated LGAs. Five urban LGAs accounted for over half of RTCs distributions: Eti-Osa (14.7%), Ikeja (14.4%), Kosofe (9.9%), Ikorodu (9.7%), and Alimosho (6.6%). On intervention forms with a Cause of Delay, Traffic Congestion (60%), and Poor Description (17.8%), had associations with LGA distribution. Two densely populated urban LGAs, Agege and Apapa were significantly associated with Traffic Congestion as a Cause of Delay. LASAMBUS was able to address crash in only 502 (36.8%) of the 1220 interventions. Other notable outcomes include: No Crash (false calls) (26.6%), and Crash Already Addressed (22.17%). Conclusions Geospatial analysis of past road crashes in Lagos state offered key insights into spatial and temporal trends of RTCs across LGAs, and identified operational constraints of state-organized PTCS and factors associated with delayed emergency responses. Findings can inform programmatic interventions to improve trauma care outcomes.

Abstract Background Road traffic Injuries (RTI) are multifaceted occurrences determined by the combination of multiple factors. Also, severity levels of injuries from road traffic accidents are determined by the interaction of the composite factors. Even though most accidents are severe to fatal in developing countries, there is still a lack of extensive researches on crash severity levels and factors associated with these accidents. Hence, this study was intended to identify severity levels of road traffic injuries and determinant factors in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Methods The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, using secondary data obtained from the Addis Ababa Police Commission office. The ordinal logistic regression model was used to investigate road traffic injury severity levels and factors worsening injury severity levels using the recorded dataset from October 2017 to July 2020. Results A total of 8458 car accidents were considered in the study, of which 15.1% were fatal, 46.7% severe, and 38.3% were slight injuries. The results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis estimation showed that being a commercial truck, college and above level educated driver, rollover crash, motorbike passengers, the crash day on Friday, and darkness were significantly associated factors with crash injury severity levels in the study area. On the contrary, driving experience (> 10 years), passenger of the vehicle, two-lane roads, and afternoon crashes were found to decrease the severity of road traffic injuries. Conclusions Road traffic injury reduction measures should include strict law enforcement in order to maintain road traffic rules especially among commercial truckers, motorcyclists, and government vehicle drivers. Also, it is better to train drivers to be more alert and conscious in their travels, especially on turning and handling their vehicles while driving.

Background: Road traffic injuries remain a significant public health concern, contributing to a rising number of fatalities and hospitalizations, in India. Despite the proven effectiveness of helmets, cultural and practical barriers persist, especially among the youth in India. Objectives: To assess the perceptions and practices regarding the use of helmets among different college students of Mangalore city. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Mangalore, Karnataka, focusing college students from selected institutions. Convenience sampling was employed, with a calculated sample size of 270, and data was collected from 273 participants. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and percentages, were performed using SPSS version 11.5. Results: Of the 272 respondents (97.84% response rate), 85.66% were two- wheeler users, with 56.6% regularly using helmets. Full-face helmets were the most common choice, and 43.9% began using helmets following the implementation of helmet laws. Main reasons for non-compliance included concerns about excessive heat, impact on appearance, and handling difficulties. Awareness of penalties for law violation varied, with 53% aware for riders and 33% for pillion riders. While 41.5% deemed the penalty appropriate, 65% believed no one should be exempt from the law. Surprisingly, 45.16% advocated for the abolishment of the law. Conclusion: The study found that helmet usage is primarily driven by safety concerns, but a significant portion only started using them after legislation enforcement. Barriers to compliance included heat discomfort and aesthetic concerns. Despite awareness, a significant proportion expressed a desire for helmet laws’ abolishment, highlighting a complex relationship between awareness and compliance.

Background: Prolonged disability resulting from road traffic injuries (RTIs) contributes significantly to morbidity and disease burden. A good understanding of the prevalence and the level of disability of orthopaedic injuries in developing countries is crucial for improvement; however, such data are currently lacking in Rwanda. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and levels of disability of 2 years post-road traffic orthopaedic injuries in Rwanda. Method: A multicentre, cross-sectional study from five Rwandan referral hospitals of 368 adult RTI victims’ sustained from accidents in 2019. Between 02 June 2022, and 31 August 2022, two years after the injury, participants completed the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) Questionnaire for the degree of impairment and the Upper Extremity Functional Scale and Lower-Extremity Functional Scale forms for limb functional evaluation. Descriptive, inferential statistics Chi-square and multinomial regression models were analysed using R Studio. Results: The study’s mean age of the RTOI victims was 37.5 (±11.26) years, with a sex ratio M: F:3: 1. The prevalence of disability following road traffic orthopedic injury (RTOI) after 2 years was 36.14%, with victims having WHODAS score 25.0% and 36.31% were still unable to return to their usual activities. Age group, Severe Kampala Trauma Score and lack of rehabilitation contributed to disability. The most affected WHODAS domains were participation in society (33%) and life activities (28%). Conclusion: The prevalence and levels of disability because of RTOI in Rwanda are high, with mobility and participation in life being more affected than other WHODAS domains. Middle-aged and socio-economically underprivileged persons are the most affected. Contribution: This study showed that a good rehabilitation approach and economic support for the RTI victims would decrease their disabilities in Rwanda.

Most road traffic crash reports published in Nepali media provide little information about their causes, impacts, or preventability. Three workshops involving 31 journalists from diverse media platforms were held using published World Health Organisation resources, to provide training in good road safety reporting. Participants were invited to complete a survey exploring their motivation for participation and knowledge gained. Thirteen (42%) participants responded, reporting the acquisition of new knowledge for content generation, finding facts, active application of learning, and purposeful communication, and an intention to apply the skills learned in their work. A before and after assessment of 94 media outputs from workshop participants found an improvement in the use of story angles and ideas recommended in WHO resources. The study suggests that journalists are interested in developing their road safety reporting skills and that running such workshops has the potential to improve responsible reporting and the promotion of road safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic accidents are a major public health problem globally, causing millions of injuries, deaths and disabilities, and a huge loss of financial resources, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Aim: To determine the incidence of road traffic injuries and associated mortality from 1997 to 2020 in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This retrospective study used data from the Legal Medicine Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran to estimate the annual rates of road traffic injuries and associated mortality from 21 March 1997 to 20 March 2020. The data were analysed using STATA version 14 and the annual rates are reported per 100 000 population. Results: During the study period, 5 760 835 road traffic injuries and 472 193 deaths were recorded in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The mortality rate increased from 22.4 per 100 000 in 1997 to 40 per 100 000 in 2005 and decreased to 18.4 per 100 000 in 2020. The injury rate increased from 111.1 per 100 000 in 1997 to 394.9 per 100 000 in 2005. It decreased in 2006 and 2007 and increased from then until 2010, finally reaching 331.8 per 100 000 in 2020. The male to female ratio for road traffic mortality was 3.9 in 1997 and 4.6 in 2020. The case fatality rate was highest (20.1%) in 1997 and decreased to 5.6% in 2020. Conclusion: Continuous interventions are needed to reduce the burden of road traffic injuries and associated mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic Injuries (RTI) are multifaceted occurrences determined by the combination of multiple factors. Also, severity levels of injuries from road traffic accidents are determined by the interaction of the composite factors. Even though most accidents are severe to fatal in developing countries, there is still a lack of extensive researches on crash severity levels and factors associated with these accidents. Hence, this study was intended to identify severity levels of road traffic injuries and determinant factors in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, using secondary data obtained from the Addis Ababa Police Commission office. The ordinal logistic regression model was used to investigate road traffic injury severity levels and factors worsening injury severity levels using the recorded dataset from October 2017 to July 2020. Results: A total of 8458 car accidents were considered in the study, of which 15.1% were fatal, 46.7% severe, and 38.3% were slight injuries. The results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis estimation showed that being a commercial truck, college and above level educated driver, rollover crash, motorbike passengers, the crash day on Friday, and darkness were significantly associated factors with crash injury severity levels in the study area. On the contrary, driving experience (> 10 years), passenger of the vehicle, two-lane roads, and afternoon crashes were found to decrease the severity of road traffic injuries. Conclusions: Road traffic injury reduction measures should include strict law enforcement in order to maintain road traffic rules especially among commercial truckers, motorcyclists, and government vehicle drivers. Also, it is better to train drivers to be more alert and conscious in their travels, especially on turning and handling their vehicles while driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Road traffic injuries are a significant issue for society in the twenty-first century, but public health experts frequently ignore them despite the fact that massive and coordinated efforts are required for their effective and long-term prevention. Human factors and poor driving performance are the most significant contributors to car accidents globally, as shown by a series of studies exploring the causes of traffic road accidents. Since road safety is a key concern in developing countries, our research focuses on the car driver behavioral risk factors in the Republic of Moldova. Material and methods. A cross-sectional quantitative descriptive using a questionnaire was applied online via a Google form document among car drivers, between January-March 2022. Microsoft Excel was used for the statistical analyses. Results. The questionnaire was completed by 257 respondents above 18 years, of which 61.9% were female and 38.1% were male, mostly with a category B license (73.5%) and the majority from urban areas (87.5%). More than half (55.6%) mention that drove a car daily and 30% of them have a drive experience of more than ten years. Respondents express great concern (71.2%) about the issue of traffic accidents, and 76.3% think that unsafe roads are a key contributing factor. At least once being involved as a driver in a road accident where medical care was needed was mentioned by 2.7% of respondents. Conclusions. Educational programs and awareness campaigns about road safety among drivers and other vulnerable road users should be systematically organized.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality linked to injury has become an increasingly important public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. Despite the potentially severe nature of torso injury, little is known about the population-based epidemiology of torso injury in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence, identify common mechanisms, and assess the socioeconomic consequences of torso injury in Cameroon. METHODS: We performed a torso injury sub-analysis of a larger descriptive cross-sectional community-based study on injury epidemiology in the preceding 12 months in the Southwest region of Cameroon. Sampling was done using the three-stage cluster sampling technique. The differences between groups were evaluated using χ² and adjusted Wald tests. RESULTS: We identified 39 cases of torso injuries out of 8 065 participants, providing a yearly incidence estimate of 488 (95% confidence interval (CI) 356 - 668) per 100 000 person-years. Road traffic injury was the most common mechanism of torso injury. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) cost of treatment for torso injury was USD58 (10 - 137), over four times the median (IQR) cost for non-torso injury at USD12 (3 - 43) (p=0.0004). About half of affected households (51%) reported being unable to afford necessities such as rent and food after injury v. 33% of households with members with non-torso injuries (p=0.018). CONCLUSION: Torso injuries have an incidence of 488/100 000 person-years, and road traffic injuries account for the majority of the injuries. Road traffic control measures and trauma care strengthening may reduce the impact of torso injuries and injuries in Cameroon.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychological characteristics underlying Chinese parents' behaviors in using child car seats and to understand their decision-making processes. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), three extended variables of perceived accident severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers were introduced. From the perspective of social psychology, the psychological factors that influence parents' use of child car seats and their interrelationships were explored. A questionnaire was designed to collect data, including information on demographic characteristics, basic components of the TPB, and relevant extension variables. Using on online survey, 585 valid questionnaires were collected. Structural equation modeling was used to calibrate the data, and multiple group analysis was performed on the demographic variables. The extended TPB can effectively explain and predict parents' behaviors when using children's car seats. The results of the model show that parents' positive attitudes toward child safety seats (CSSs), others' recognition of their own use and perceptual control of the use of CSSs increase their willingness to use CSSs. Parents' willingness to use has a positive impact on the use of CSSs. Additionally, for the three extended variables introduced, perceived benefit significantly promoted parental intention and behavior to use CSS for children; perceived barriers significantly reduced parental use of CSS; and perceived accident severity had no significant effect on parental use of CSS. This study established the validity of the extended TPB model in predicting parents' behaviors in using car seats for their children. In addition, the current findings may provide a theoretical basis for policy development to promote CSS use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A high prevalence of road traffic injuries in Brazil was found, with important regional disparities. • Road traffic injuries were higher in men, young people, with a low level of education and outside capitals and metropolitan regions. • Motorcycle drivers were more affected by road traffic injuries when compared to car drivers. To estimate the magnitude and factors associated with self-reported road traffic injuries (RTI) in Brazil. Cross-sectional study conducted using data from individuals aged 18 years or older, participants in the 2019 National Health Survey, a population-based conducted on 88,531 adult individuals in Brazil. Three indicators were analyzed: (i) Proportion (%) of individuals aged 18 years or older who were involved in RTI in the past 12 months; (ii) Proportion (%) of car drivers who were involved in RTI in the past 12 months; and (iii), Proportion (%) of motorcycle drivers who were involved in RTI in the past 12 months. In the inferential analysis, multiple Poisson regression was used to analyze the association between demographic and socioeconomic variables and RTI, stratified for the general population, population of car and motorcycle drivers. The estimated prevalence of self-reported RTI in the past 12 months was 2.4%. The South, Southeast, Northeast, Central-West, and North regions of Brazil had prevalences of 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.7%, 3.2%, and 3.4%, respectively. The results also show that most developed regions (South and Southeast) showed the lowest prevalence's, the highest frequencies were observed in those with lower socioeconomic development levels (Central-West, North, and Northeast). The prevalence was also higher in the subgroup of motorcyclists when compared to car drivers. In the general sample, the Poisson model showed an association between male sex, younger age, low level of education, residing outside capitals and metropolitan regions, in the North, Northeast and South regions and the prevalence of RTI. In car drivers, similar associations were found, except for area of residence. In motorcycle drivers, young age, low level of education, living in urban areas were associated with increased prevalence of RTI. The prevalence of RTI is still high within the country, with disparities between regions, affecting more motorcyclists, young people, males, individuals with low education, and residents of the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تختلف وبائيات الإصابات المرورية على الطرق في أوقات حدوثها بسبب الاختلافات في ديناميكيات المرور أو السلوكيات. تهدف هذه الورقة إلى تقييم ما إذا هنالك اختلافات في إصابات حوادث المرور عند غروب الشمس بين رمضان والأشهر الأخرى في المملكة العربية السعودية. طرق البحث: دراسة مقطعية على الصعيد الوطني لجميع إصابات الحوادث المسجلة في قاعدة بيانات هيئة الهلال الأحمر السعودي. كانت الحالات هي أولئك الذين طلبوا رعاية الطوارئ بعد أي إصابة مرورية في عام 2021. تمت مقارنة الاختلافات في نسبة الإصابات بين شهر رمضان والأشهر الأخرى باستخدام اختبارات مربع كاي. تم إنشاء نموذج انحدار لوجستي لتقييم الارتباط بين شهر رمضان واحتمال وقوع حوادث وقت غروب الشمس. النتائج: بلغ العدد الإجمالي للإصابات 112.188 إصابة منها 9.922 (8.8٪) حدثت في شهر رمضان. ولوحظ ارتفاع نسبة الإصابات خلال شهر رمضان مقارنة بالأشهر الأخرى بين الذكور (82.2٪ مقابل 79.6٪) وغير السعوديين (42.7٪ مقابل 38.9٪). وقد كان التآثر بين رمضان والمنطقة الجغرافية ذا دلالة إحصائية في نموذج الانحدار. كما كان احتمال إصابات الحوادث في رمضان أكثر بمرتين تقريبا عند غروب الشمس مقارنة بالأشهر الأخرى في الحدود الشمالية (نسبة الأرجحية= 2.14) بينما تم العثور على الارتباط المعاكس في منطقة الباحة (نسبة الأرجحية = 0.67). الاستنتاجات: عبء إصابات الحوادث أعلى في رمضان منه في الأشهر الأخرى وهذا يختلف حسب المنطقة. هناك ما يبرر مزيدا من الاستثمار في استراتيجيات الوقاية، مثل رفع مستوى الضبط المروري وبرامج التوعية، خاصة في المناطق ذات العبء المرتفع لتحسين السلامة المرورية وصحة السكان. Abstract: Objectives: Because the epidemiology of road traffic injuries (RTIs) can differ in time due to differences in traffic dynamics or behaviors, this paper aims to examine whether RTIs are more likely to occur at sunset in Ramadan than in other months in KSA. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study of all RTIs recorded in the Saudi Red Crescent Authority database. Cases were those who sought emergency care following any RTI in 2021. Differences in counts of RTIs between Ramadan and other months were compared using Chi-2 tests. A logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate the association between Ramadan and the likelihood of sunset RTIs. Results: The total number of RTIs was 112,188, of which 9922 (8.8%) occurred in Ramadan. Higher percentages of RTIs during Ramadan as compared to other months were observed among males (82.2% vs. 79.6%; P

Background: Road traffic injures (RTIs) are the third leading cause of death in the world after heart diseases and cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of spinal cord fractures (SCF) and other general orthopedic fractures (GOF) caused by road traffic injuries. Materials & Methods: This was a retrospective cross sectional study performed on patients with RTIs-related fractures or SCIs from January 2020 to January 2021. The study population consisted of the medical records of patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital with a diagnosis of GOFs or SCFs. The participants were included in the study by census method. Inclusion criteria included RTIs-related orthopedic fractures or SCIs. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 16 software. Results: The study result showed, that the prevalence of two types of fracture in patients was 9.33%. Also, the prevalence of spinal cord fractures was in the form of Multiple spinal levels with a rate of 88 (32.6%) and the lowest rate was in the Dorsal spine area with a rate of 38 (14.1%). Regarding general orthopedic fractures, the result showed Multiple Orthopedic regions with a rate of 67 (24.8%) and the lowest rate was in the Pelvis region with a rate of 29 (10.7%). Conclusions: The prevalence of spinal cord and general orthopedic fractures in the examined patients was high, so it is necessary to take corrective measures to prevent traffic accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Road traffic injuries are a significant cause of death and disability globally. However, in some countries the exact health burden caused by road traffic injuries is unknown. In Malawi, there is no central reporting mechanism for road traffic injuries and so the exact extent of the health burden caused by road traffic injuries is hard to determine. A limited number of models predict the incidence of mortality due to road traffic injury in Malawi. These estimates vary greatly, owing to differences in assumptions, and so the health burden caused on the population by road traffic injuries remains unclear. Methods We use an individual-based model and combine an epidemiological model of road traffic injuries with a health seeking behaviour and health system model. We provide a detailed representation of road traffic injuries in Malawi, from the onset of the injury through to the final health outcome. We also investigate the effects of an assumption made by other models that multiple injuries do not contribute to health burden caused by road accidents. Results Our model estimates an overall average incidence of mortality between 23.5 and 29.8 per 100,000 person years due to road traffic injuries and an average of 180,000 to 225,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per year between 2010 and 2020 in an estimated average population size of 1,364,000 over the 10-year period. Our estimated incidence of mortality falls within the range of other estimates currently available for Malawi, whereas our estimated number of DALYs is greater than the only other estimate available for Malawi, the GBD estimate predicting and average of 126,200 DALYs per year over the same time period. Our estimates, which account for multiple injuries, predict a 22–58% increase in overall health burden compared to the model ran as a single injury model. Conclusions Road traffic injuries are difficult to model with conventional modelling methods, owing to the numerous types of injuries that occur. Using an individual-based model framework, we can provide a detailed representation of road traffic injuries. Our results indicate a higher health burden caused by road traffic injuries than previously estimated.

The burden of road traffic injuries (RTIs) continues to impact healthcare systems, with considerable economic losses worldwide. Risk factors associated with RTIs include young age, male sex, speeding, driving under the influence, non-use of seatbelts, unsafe road infrastructure, unsafe vehicles, diminished post-crash care, and inadequate traffic law enforcement. The rate of RTIs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has increased with more than 25,000 injuries and approximately 13.2 deaths per 100,000 population in 2020. In line with the KSA 2030 vision, a new trauma epidemiology center was established by the Saudi Red Crescent Authority, the national provider of prehospital services in KSA. It aims to reinforce traffic safety by identifying high-risk groups, providing updated traffic safety-related scientific materials, and reducing the mortality rate caused by vehicular crashes. [SJEMed 2022; 3(1.000): 001-004]

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To measure annual rates of road traffic injuries (RTI) and to describe the characteristics of road traffic crashes experienced by children and adolescents in Tanga, Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey using geospatial population-weighted sampling in the city of Tanga in northern Tanzania. Data were collected in February and March of 2022. We report 12-month rates of road traffic crashes and RTI (reported by adult caregivers) among children and adolescents <18 years of age. A total of 2,794 adult respondents reported data on 6563 children and adolescents, among whom, 180 were reported to have experienced road traffic crashes in the past 12 months (crash incidence: 27.4 per 1,000 children, 95%CI 23.5-31.4) and 158 sustained injuries (RTI incidence: 24.1 per 1000 children, 95%CI 20.4-27.8). Almost a quarter of RTI (23%) were reported to be major (resulting in ≥30 days of missed activities). RTI was higher among adolescents (13-17 years) than children <5 years (21.5 vs. 14.1 per 1,000, p=0.039). Few children always or sometimes wore helmets when riding on motorcycles/motorbikes (12.8%) or wore safety restraints/seat belts in cars or other vehicles (11.9%). The high rate of road traffic crashes and RTI observed among children and adolescents in a medium-sized city in Tanzania underscores the urgent need to improve road safety and increase use of safety equipment in low resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of death and unintentional injuries globally. They claim 1.35 million lives and produce up to 50 million injuries each year, causing a major drain on health systems. Despite this high burden, there is a lack of robust data on the long-term consequences of RTIs, specifically the level of disability experienced by many survivors and its impact on their everyday lives. Objective: This study aims to characterize RTIs, disability level, and related consequences affecting adult road traffic crash survivors in 5 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition, this study estimates the role of demographic and crash- and treatment-related factors in predicting adverse outcomes and disability as well as examining the disability level among patients with RTIs, likelihood of return to normal life, and the environmental factors that may influence these outcomes after discharge from the hospital. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at selected hospitals in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Mexico, and Zambia. The study sample included all adult patients with RTIs admitted to the hospital for at least 24 hours. Consecutive sampling was performed until the minimum required sample size of 400 was reached for each participating country. Data were collected from patients or their caregivers using a hospital-based surveillance tool administered at the participating sites as well as a telephone-based follow-up instrument administered 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge. Descriptive analysis and multivariate models will be used to estimate the contribution of a range of factors in predicting adverse outcomes, disability, and return to normal life. Results: Enrollment began in June 2021 and was completed in April 2022. Follow-up data collection ended in September 2022. Data analysis is currently underway, with results expected for publication in mid-2023. Expected results include estimates of disability among patients with RTIs as well as identifying the predictors of adverse outcomes, disability, and the likelihood of return to normal life. Conclusions: Research findings will help better understand the long-term burden of disability from RTIs in the 5 LMICs and the challenges facing survivors of road traffic crashes. They will be used to inform interventions aimed at improving the health care, social, physical, and policy conditions in LMICs that can facilitate recovery and rehabilitation for patients with RTIs, reduce the burden of disability, and enhance their participation in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road Traffic Injury (RTI) is major public health concern globally and is excessively affecting vulnerable road users in the pacific Island nations. This study aimed to explore and understand the perception of Public Transport Drivers (PTDs) on risk factors and the existing prevention strategy of RTI in Vanuatu. This study employed qualitative methods that used 31 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) to gather data from PTDs from 14 October to 30 November 2020. Purposive sampling was used to recruit PTDs from three main municipalities, Luganville, Port Vila and Lenakel. Semi-structured open-ended questionnaire were used to gather data. Interview data was transcribed and manual thematic analysis was performed to analysis the data. Data saturation was reach from interviewing 31 PTDs who were all male. Five main themes were generated from the study including the trend of RTI, the determinants of RTI, high-risk road users, traffic law enforcement and public education. The respondents perceived that the best measures for preventing RTI include community education, enforcement of road traffic control laws and addressing specific road infrastructure issues. Changing driver behaviours, community education on road safety and enforcement of traffic laws are essential for preventing RTI in Vanuatu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a serious public health problem and are an important cause of disability and death worldwide. A significant proportion of traffic injuries and fatalities are among pedestrians. Reviewing and evaluating related interventions can be a practical step to implementing appropriate methods to prevent RTIs among pedestrians, a highly vulnerable group of road users. The search of articles was conducted in the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, ISI, Safety Lit, and CDC. Other papers were also reviewed using forward citation and backward citation. The search strategy was for studies examined from the first years of database creation until January 10, 2021, in all languages in journals with matched judgment according to the type of population, type of interventions, comparators, and results. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists were used to determine articles' quality and assess possible biases depending on the type of study. The initial search resulted in finding 16,272 abstracts. Finally, 25 studies, including 17 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) studies, seven studies pretest/post-test interventions (PPI), and one study controlled pretest/post-test interventions (cPPI) met the inclusion criteria. Among these preventive interventional studies, 20 studies were conducted in high-income countries, three were in lower middle-income countries, one study was in upper middle-income country, and only one study was conducted in a low-income country. Most interventional studies in the field of prevention of RTIs (15 studies) had an educational/behavioral approach, designed to change pedestrian behavior and the use of this approach was also effective in improving pedestrian behavior. The legislation/law enforcement approach was used in one study and two studies used an engineering/technology approach. In studies with an engineering approach after engineering reforms, pedestrian injuries in children decreased by 37.5%. In seven studies, multifaceted interventions were used. The interventional studies that used this approach were able to improve pedestrian safe behavior. The majority of studies were based on educational/behavioral approaches and pedestrians' behavior improved notably. In addition, the majority of interventional studies were conducted in countries with high income levels. Therefore, programming for preventive interventions to attenuate RTIs is highly important in low/middle-income countries to reduce the risk of injury to vulnerable road users. These findings can be applied by policy-makers to develop educational, engineering, environmental, and law enforcement interventions and attenuate injuries sustained by pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Micromobility sharing platforms have involved skyrocketing numbers of users in multiple countries since 2010. However, few studies have examined the overall impact of the growing micromobility market on road injuries. Method We use road injury data from the Global Burden of Disease Study database to examine the effect of age, period, and cohort on micromobility injury-related deaths and incidence. We compared four countries that vary in demographic background and road infrastructure. By comparing the countries, we analyzed the relationship between the trends in road injuries and these factors. Results We found an overall upward trend in micromobility injuries. A higher risk of micromobility-related injuries was witnessed in China and the US in 2015-2019, and people older than 45 showed a growing micromobility-related mortality and incidence rate in China, India, and the US. Cohorts after 1960 showed higher micromobility injury incidence risks in China and India, but the population born after 1990 in India showed a slightly lower risk compared to those before it. Conclusions The boosted usage of micromobility devices explains these increasing trends. Road infrastructure and separated traffic ease the collisions from micromobility devices. The overall situation calls for improvement in legislation as well as road infrastructure.

Abstract Background Limited data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) on the severity of road traffic injuries (RTIs) and their relation to different variables of interest are routinely obtained. Knowledge on this subject relies on evidence from high-income countries, which might not be the same as in LMICs. This information is greatly needed to advance and inform local and regional efforts towards the United Nations’ Decade of Action and the Sustainable Development Goals. Methods From May 2012 to November 2014, a RTI surveillance system was implemented in two referral hospitals in two Mexican cities, León and Guadalajara, with the objective of exploring the relationship between Injury Severity Score (ISS) and different sociodemographic characteristics of the injured as well as different variables related to the event and the environment. All individuals suffering RTIs who visited the Emergency Rooms (ER) were included after granting informed consent. A Zero-Truncated Negative Binomial Model was employed to explore the statistical association between ISS and variables of interest. Results 3024 individuals participated in the study: 2185 (72.3%) patients from León and 839 patients (27.7%) from Guadalajara. Being male, in the 20–59 age-group, having less schooling, events occurring in Guadalajara, on Sundays, at night, and arriving at ER via public/private ambulance were all associated with an increased log count of ISS. Found a significant interaction effect (p-value

Background and Objectives: Trauma is a prominent reason for morbidity and death in Iran. The objective of this study was to provide epidemiological and clinical features of the injured patients admitted to one of the collaborating centers of the national trauma registry of Iran (NTRI). Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the one NTRI center from March 25, 2017, to November 20, 2020. Patients who had the NTRI criteria were included in the study. Data comprised demographics, injury information, prehospital and in-hospital information, procedures, International Classification of Diseases 10 codes, diagnoses, injury severity, and outcomes. Results: Overall, 4043 trauma patients were included in the trauma. Of whom, 3036 (75.0%) were men. There was a statistically significant association between the cause of trauma and the severity of the injury. The post hoc test results demonstrated that the percentage of the injury severity score (ISS) ≥9 in patients with falls was higher than in patients with road traffic injuries (RTI) (26.9% vs. 16.8%, P = 0.01). The univariable and multiple logistic regression analyses showed statistically significant associations between age ≥65, cause of trauma, years of school, and ISS ≥9 with intensive care units (ICU) admission. After adjusting for age and cause of trauma, the odds of ICU admission in patients with ISS ≥9 were 6.23 times more than in patients with ISS

Context: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) will become the fifth leading cause of death by 2030. It is often possible to mitigate the consequences of serious injury if victims have access to prompt, effective pre-hospital care within minutes following the crash. Aims: To find out the facilitators and barriers for providing post-crash emergency care in Road traffic injuries in district Aligarh. Settings and Design: The present study was undertaken on both the National highways (NH-91 and NH-93) and the bypass roads passing through district Aligarh of Uttar Pradesh. Subjects and Methods: All the individuals who met road traffic accidents (RTA) between the earmarked areas from 1st October 2018 to 30th November 2020 and reported for treatment to the selected hospitals were included in the study. Statistical Analysis Used: Data is presented in the form of frequency tables and percentages. Results: A total of 1126 patients were interviewed during the study period. Out of 1126, 937 (83.2%) were males, and 189 (16.8%) were females, with M:F ratio being 4.96:1. Six hundred sixty-two (58.8%) of the respondents identified the layperson or common man as the first person to respond at the time of the crash. 1110 (98.58%) respondents identified the layperson as the facilitator in providing post-crash emergency care, followed by police and roadside shopkeepers/dhabawalas. The role of the layperson in calling for help by utilizing the helpline numbers, suggesting a nearby health facility together with facilitating for transportation of the victim to the nearby health facility was appreciated by the majority of the respondents. An ambulance was the best available mode of transportation. Seven hundred thirty-three (65.10%) of the total respondents were aware of the toll-free number to be dialled in case of RTA. However, only 320 (43.70%) among them used this toll-free facility after meeting the crash. Conclusion: A layperson is the single most important facilitator for providing post-crash emergency care.