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Spatial Crowdsourcing (SC) is an effective way to solve real world problems based on the Internet. As a core issue of SC, crowdsourcing task allocation has become the research hotspot. Existing researches usually focus on the matching of two types of objects: users and workers. However, some new SC platforms provide more flexible services which have a third type of task objects. In this paper, a kind of three-dimensional matching problem for transportation service (3DM-TS) based on real-world scenarios is investigated. In terms of problem construction, we consider three types of task objects, and prove the proposed 3DM-TS is NP-hard. To address the 3DM-TS problem, we propose an intelligent role division approach for online task allocation (IRD-OTA) based on quasi real-time solving framework, which can be divided into three stages. The first is task sensing. By introducing the batch-based mode, we handle the data of crowdsourcing tasks to extract the information of task objects. Second, we propose a roles division model based on the attraction–repulsion mechanism. The model performs matching based on the interaction forces between different objects, to obtain preliminary matching results. Finally, a threshold-based group adjustment strategy is designed to locally adjust the matching groups with lower utility. In the process of real-time task allocation, the task objects are matched according to the three stages of "task sensing-roles division-group adjustment", and the algorithm can obtain the final matching results after multiple batches of information iteration and feedback. In this paper, the IRD-OTA is examined on real dataset and synthetic dataset. Experimental results confirm the performance advantage of IRD-OTA in comparison with other approaches. In addition, we further investigate the effect of different parameter values on the performance, and verify the scalability of our proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Iran has experienced a dramatic fertility decline in recent decades. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) reached the below-replacement level in 2000 and further declined to 1.8 in 2011 before rising to around 2.1 by 2016 and then falling to 1.8 by 2019. Tehran city has been a vanguard of low fertility as the TFR has been around 1.5 children per woman in recent years. As fertility falls to a low level, the second and higher birth intervals increase which could have significant impacts on the level of fertility. Various theories and hypotheses have explained low fertility. Recently, however, gender equity has emerged as a key link in explaining the phenomenon of low fertility (Cook 2003; McDonald 2000). Based on gender equity theory, many women, especially those with higher education and career prospects, may see their role as mothers and wives in conflict with other roles under the influence of new egalitarian ideas they have acquired in person-centered institutions. Therefore, they try to limit their fertility because fertility takes a lot of time and energy from them. Thus, low fertility rates will continue unless gender equity in family-centered institutions increases much faster than in the past. In the context of high gender equity in individual-centered institutions, higher gender equity in family-oriented social institutions will lead to increased fertility. Failure to change gender roles in family life, while women want to take advantage of more economic and educational opportunities, leads to reduced fertility (McDonald 2000). Three aspects of gender equity in the family, including the spouse's participation in household chores, women's attitudes toward gender roles, as well as the spouse's support and participation in the affairs of children, are valuable in explaining fertility decline (Bianchi, et al. 2000; Mills, et al. 2008). Recent studies in low-fertility settings have attributed long birth intervals and low fertility to gender role attitudes and role division within the family (Fukuda 2017; Miettinen et al 2011). This study aims to investigate the effect of the gender division of labor and attitudes on the second birth interval in Tehran city. Materials and Methods:This study used a sub-sample of data from the ‘Iran Fertility Transition Survey’ conducted in five provinces of Iran (including Tehran) in 2017. The sample comprised 363 married women aged 15-49 years old and had at least one child in Tehran city. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to determine the second birth interval. To investigate its relationship with attitude and gender division of labor, survival models including Cox proportional, exponential, Weibel, Gompertz, Log Normal Logl Logistic, and Gamma Generalized models were fitted. In order to consider the dependence on survival times, a common fragility model with gamma distribution was tested. Based on the Akaik criterion, the generalized gamma model was selected as the most appropriate model. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: The results showed that the median time of first birth to second birth among the sample was 84 months. Based on cumulative survival ratios within 120 months (10 years) of the time of first birth, 70% of women had a second child, meaning that 30% of them were likely to remain single-child. According to the results, one-third of women indicated that their husbands were involved in taking care of their children. Regarding the division of household affairs, 86% of women did the housework (cleaning, cooking, etc.) alone and only 14% did it with the participation of their husbands. In addition, about half of the women had egalitarian gender attitudes, and less than a third had traditional gender attitudes.According to Kaplan Meyer's estimates, the median interval between the first and second birth among women who do the housework alone and take care of the children alone is 6 and 2 months longer, respectively, than the women whose husbands participate in such matters. The analyses revealed also a significant relationship between gender attitudes and second birth interval. Women with an egalitarian attitude delayed their second birth by about 30 months more than other women. The results of multivariate analysis with the generalized gamma model also showed that having a modern gender attitude increases the second birth interval.Participation of men in domestic work had no significant effect on the second birth interval. Despite the transition of the society from traditional to modern in many respects, due to the dominance of patriarchal structures and low gender equity in the family, the division of household chores based on gender remains, and women are mainly responsible for housework. Even after controlling for employment situation, there was no significant relationship between the division of labor in the home and the interval between the first and second birth. This finding may have been influenced by the small sample size in the participatory category, given that the majority of women do housework alone, and thus, the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the independent variables and the second birth timing. However, after controlling for contextual variables and socio-economic characteristics, the results showed that gender division of labor in child affair had a significant effect on the second birth interval, and the lower participation of men in child affairs increased the second birth interval.The results also revealed that such variables as education, the ideal number of children at the time of marriage, and the interval between marriage to first birth had a significant effect on the second birth interval. Having a diploma degree and lower as compared to those with higher levels of education has reduced the second birth interval. The ideal number of children at the time of marriage also had a decreasing effect, as those with a higher ideal number of children at the time of marriage had a lower second birth interval. Furthermore, those with a longer interval between marriage and the first birth experienced a longer second birth interval. Finally, there was a significant difference between the second birth interval by marriage cohort. Those who married in the 1980s experienced a shorter birth interval as compared to the 2000s marriage cohort.According to McDonald (2000) and Goldshider (2000), the conflict between behavior and attitudes in the family and society can be the source of change in family decisions, the formation of low fertility intentions and behaviors, including delay in fertility and increasing the interval between births leading to smaller family norm and size. The findings of this article are in line with the theory of gender equity as having egalitarian gender attitudes and unequal division of care of children has led to a delay in the second birth. In other words, having egalitarian gender attitudes among women only leads to increased fertility when males also participate in decision making as well as household and children affairs. Giving or taking responsibility for housework by women is rooted in a gender ideology that is different or even conflicting with the gender ideology of women today. Therefore, such a difference in attitude and behavior can lead to a longer interval between births and low fertility behaviors and intentions in Tehran city. In order to implement policies to increase fertility, in addition to striving for a sustainable economy and providing an optimistic outlook for the future, family-friendly policies must embrace a broad framework of cultural values that support men's participation in domestic affairs and reduce gender inequality, thereby preventing further delay on the second birth interval leading to fertility increase.

The purpose of this study is to describe the division of roles of husband and wife in Javanese family. This study uses a phenomenological qualitative method. The subjects of this study consisted of six couples of Javanese residing in Surakarta. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview technique. Data analysis method used is descriptive analysis. The results showed that: (1) the couple shared a role in three areas namely decision-making, management of family finances, and parenting; (2) the process of the implementation of these roles is flexible; (3) The husband has a greater role in decision- making while wife in financial management and parenting. Efforts have always been made to maintain the harmony of the relationship as a partner in the implementation of these roles. It can be concluded that the philosophy of harmony remain the pillars of the guidelines in the relationship of married couples in the Javanese family.

Objective:Hospitalization is a major risk for older adults; therefore, it is crucial to provide the appropriate treatment during hospitalization. This study examined hospitalized older adults’ perceptions regarding three groups of treatment providers: nursing staff, family members, migrant home care workers. Method:Qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 hospitalized older adults. Data were gathered by in-depth interviews. Content analysis included open coding, axial coding and integration of the main findings using constant comparisons. Results:Three themes emerged: (1) ‘What is my worth?’ This theme was focused on the participants’ perceptions of themselves as helpless and dependent on others. (2) ‘What would I do without them?’ This theme referred to the perception of the migrant home care workers and nursing staff as essential. It meant immense gratitude, but also a sense of dependency on paid caregivers. (3) ‘They have their own busy life.’ This theme concerned participants’ low treatment expectations from their family members due to their perception of their family members as having multiple obligations. Conclusion:Hospitalized older adults prefer to turn to paid caregivers rather than to their families. Findings are discussed in light of the tension between formal and informal care in countries that are transitioning from traditional family values to modern values, placing the care of older adults by paid caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The primary purpose of the study was to investigate team-based e-Learning content development projects from the perspective of the shared mental model (SMM) theory. The researcher conducted a study of 79 e-Learning content development teams in Korea to examine the relationship between taskwork and teamwork SMMs and the performance of the teams. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the parameter estimations. As hypothesized, the results indicated that interaction among e-Learning ID team members led to higher SMMs (Ed- this acronym has already been defined above) which in turn improved the team performance. Meanwhile, the interaction decreased with the progression of ID projects and with the role differentiation. The implications of the findings and directions for instructional design (ID) practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive mechanism of project-based learning teams of college students on the basis of the Shared Mental Model (SMM) theory. The study participants were 237 female college students in Korea organized into 51 project teams. To test the study hypotheses, a structural equation modeling was employed. The major study findings are as follows: (1) As hypothesized, member interaction was a strong predictor both for team-related and for task-related SMM. (2) The level of the team's division of labor reduced the member interactions. (3) Team-related and task-related SMMs were positively associated with team performance. The theoretical and practical implications based on these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Referring to the flight mechanism of wild goose flock, we propose a novel version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with a leader and followers. It is referred to as Goose Team Optimization (GTO). The basic features of goose team flight such as goose role division, parallel principle, aggregate principle and separate principle are implemented in the recommended algorithm. In GTO, a team is formed by the particles with a leader and some followers. The role of the leader is to determine the search direction. The followers decide their flying modes according to their distances to the leader individually. Thus, a wide area can be explored and the particle collision can be really avoided. When GTO is applied to four benchmark examples of complex nonlinear functions, it has a better computation performance than the standard PSO. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between gender role attitudes, household tasks, and the perception of equity among heterosexual, gay and lesbian couples. One hundred and twenty-four participants (54 heterosexuals, 30 gay men and 40 lesbians) were tested. It was found that same-sex couples had more liberal attitudes toward gender roles than did heterosexual couples. In addition, significant differences were found between the spouses in their responses regarding role division in housekeeping in each group. The responses of heterosexual spouses correlate more closely with each other regarding the role of each of the spouses than was the case for same-sex couples. However, the role division among lesbian couples was more egalitarian than that of heterosexual couples. In addition, heterosexual women consider their married life less equitable than heterosexual men do. Similarly, one of the gay spouses considers the relationship less equitable than the other spouse does. The results are discussed in terms of their relevance to theories of social perception and cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]