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BACKGROUND: Root systems are key contributors to plant health, resilience, and, ultimately, yield of agricultural crops. To optimize plant performance, phenotyping trials are conducted to breed plants with diverse root traits. However, traditional analysis methods are often labour-intensive and invasive to the root system, therefore limiting high-throughput phenotyping. Spectral electrical impedance tomography (sEIT) could help as a non-invasive and cost-efficient alternative to optical root analysis, potentially providing 2D or 3D spatio-temporal information on root development and activity. Although impedance measurements have been shown to be sensitive to root biomass, nutrient status, and diurnal activity, only few attempts have been made to employ tomographic algorithms to recover spatially resolved information on root systems. In this study, we aim to establish relationships between tomographic electrical polarization signatures and root traits of different fine root systems (maize, pinto bean, black bean, and soy bean) under hydroponic conditions. RESULTS: Our results show that, with the use of an optimized data acquisition scheme, sEIT is capable of providing spatially resolved information on root biomass and root surface area for all investigated root systems. We found strong correlations between the total polarization strength and the root biomass ( R 2 = 0.82 ) and root surface area ( R 2 = 0.8 ). Our findings suggest that the captured polarization signature is dominated by cell-scale polarization processes. Additionally, we demonstrate that the resolution characteristics of the measurement scheme can have a significant impact on the tomographic reconstruction of root traits. CONCLUSION: Our findings showcase that sEIT is a promising tool for the tomographic reconstruction of root traits in high-throughput root phenotyping trials and should be evaluated as a substitute for traditional, often time-consuming, root characterization methods.

Bell peppers are highly sensitive to salt stress, posing significant challenges for sustainable vegetables production especially bell pepper under suboptimal climatic conditions. Given the economic importance of bell peppers, enhancing their tolerance to salinity stress is a critical research focus over period. Silicon (Si) and potassium (K) and are crucial elements that have potential to combat salt stress significantly. This study aimed to investigate influential role of Si and K fertilization on root growth, physiological response, and fruit yield of bell pepper under salt stress. The factorial experiment included six fertilizer doses (F0: control- recommended fertilizer dose (RDF); F1: RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K); F2: RDF + 60 kg ha−1 Si (soil); F3: RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 60 kg ha−1 Si (soil); F4: RDF + 100 ppm Si (foliar), and F5: RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 100 ppm Si (foliar) and five water salinity levels (control- 0.54, 3, 6, 9, and 12 dS m−1). Results revealed that root morphological traits particularly root biomass, root-shoot ratio, root length and root length density were significantly improved by RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 60 kg ha−1 Si (soil), followed by RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 100 ppm Si (foliar). At 12 dS m−1 salinity level, about 53% and 55% higher root and shoot biomass was reported at RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 60 kg ha−1 Si (soil) in compare to control. Leaf proline accumulation was increased with rising salinity levels which maximized by 51% at RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 60 kg ha−1 Si (soil) followed by 43% increase at RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + Si (foliar) over control at 12 dS m−1 salinity level. Enhanced fruit yield was observed with various Si and K fertilization combinations, where RDF + K30 (35 kg ha−1 K) + 60 kg ha−1 Si (soil) shown a 62% and 40% higher yield in compare to control at 9 and 12 dS m−1 salinity levels, respectively. Collectively, incorporating Si and K with standard fertilizer demonstrated synergistic effects, to mitigate the adverse impacts of salt stress through up-regulating root-shoot morphological traits, physio-biochemical attributes and fruit yield of bell pepper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover crops have many simultaneous roles that enhance the sustainability of agriculture compared to leaving land fallow in arable systems. In high rainfall climates, an important role of cover crops is to sequester nutrients, protecting them from loss to the environment. In many livestock intensive regions, organic manures are applied in autumn with land left fallow over winter and then a cash crop is planted in the spring. This practice of extended fallow, combined with the poorly synchronised application of nutrients to cash crop nutrient demand, further adds to the potential for large losses of nutrients specifically nitrogen (N) to the environment through leaching and volatilization. Therefore, if cover crops could respond to these nutrients through increased biomass growth and nutrient uptake, they could reduce these losses. Therefore, it is important to choose the correct species which grows adequately to deliver these potential benefits. In the region this study is conducted, Northern Ireland, there has been little research to investigate not only what optimum cover crop species are but also what species could respond to additional nutrients in the slurry. This study comprises two experiments, in consecutive years, including a combination of three factors: cover crop species (five species; a mixture and a control representing fallow); pig slurry. Consequently, it was found that with good growing conditions, in the trial year of 2018/19, species such as forage rape and tillage radish could significantly (p < 0.05) increase the amount of N contained in their biomass and the soil (to 15 cm) by 70 and 63%, respectively, in response to slurry. Alternatively, when slurry was applied to fallow land (conventional practice), low amounts (14 and 0% in the two trial years, respectively) of the N from the slurry were detected in weed biomass or retained in the soil. This demonstrates a large loss of N from the system. Thus, the integration of responsive cover crops with slurry is a better practice to abate N loss than conventional practice, if slurry applications can not be delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires have recently destroyed large areas of forest in Central Europe. After a fire, the post-fire vegetation succession rebuilds previously lost biomass and carbon. Nevertheless, ground vegetation and tree regeneration, as well as belowground biomass, are largely neglected in allometric biomass models. Moreover, most models are calibrated for undisturbed forests, which differ from burned forests in terms of site conditions and species composition. We adapted a model using plant cover and shoot length of herb, graminoid and bryophyte species (PhytoCalc), and a single tree model using shoot length and root collar diameter of juvenile trees to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) of post-fire species and growth groups, and extended them to estimate belowground biomass. We sampled the most dominant species from the herb and moss layer and the tree regeneration of burned and unburned Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in NE Germany. We successfully calibrated post-fire vegetation models and showed that models for undisturbed forests from the literature mostly underestimate post-fire AGB. Using models from the literature for clear-cuts often improved the estimation of post-fire AGB, but still failed to estimate AGB accurately for some species. Inaccurate estimation of post-fire biomass with these other models can be explained by high irradiance and increased nutrient availability on burned sites, which affect tissue and wood density. We showed that own species- and growth group-specific allometric models calibrated to post-fire vegetation are required to correctly estimate the total (above- and belowground) biomass of post-fire vegetation needed to calculate carbon storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil due to the establishment of new orchards, olive seedling production is growing strongly, while the use of biostimulants in agriculture has been gaining attention due to their benefits in root formation and nutrient absorption. This study evaluated the use of biostimulants for promoting the growth of 3-month-old rooted olive seedlings in pots and to assess the nursery quality of the seedlings. Rooted cuttings of Arbequina, Maria da Fé, and Ascolano 315 cultivars were treated with Azospirillum brasilense (Az) and humic substances (HS), alone and in combination. Growth parameters, such as height and stem diameter, were measured every month and after 150 days, seedlings per treatment were also analysed for aerial and root fresh and dry biomasses. Arbequina exhibited the highest growth rate with Az and best absolute growth rate with Az + HS treatment. The total dry matter of the olive seedlings, comprising both the aerial and root part, was influenced by both Azospirillum brasilense and humic substances, enhancing nitrogen availability. The three treatments showed their positive effects on aboveground growth and overall plant vigour. Despite increased biomass, treated olive seedlings showed no significant height advantage over controls, suggesting that the effects may appear in later developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Buckwheat is an important nutritional and nutraceutical crop; however, owing to its low yield and productivity, its potential has not been harnessed on account of its cultivation in low-input marginal farming systems, where its productivity is limited by various abiotic stresses, including water stress. Roots play a critical role in plant growth, development, and tolerance to drought stress. The present study was the first comprehensive attempt to understand the root system architecture (RSA) of buckwheat using root morphology and in-depth features of RSA through root scanning. A total of 117 diverse genotypes of buckwheat, comprising both common and Tartary buckwheat, were cultivated in polyvinyl chloride columns in the greenhouse. The study revealed substantial variability for all the root and shoot traits of buckwheat. Comparative analysis indicated that Tartary buckwheat has better root features compared to common buckwheat. The correlation analysis showed the surface area, medium root length, and medium root volume were positively correlated and branching frequency and root shoot ratio were negatively correlated. The study identified potential genotypes with robust RSA that can be used for the development of climate-resilient buckwheat varieties.

Societal Impact Statement Free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments provide essential data on forest responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 for evaluations of climate change impacts on humanity. Understanding and reducing the uncertainty in the experimental results is critical to ensure scientific and public confidence in the models and policy initiatives that derive therefrom. One source of uncertainty is the estimation of tree biomass using mathematical relationships between biomass and easily obtained and non‐destructive measurements (allometry). We evaluated the robustness of the allometric relationships established at the beginning of a FACE experiment and discuss the challenges and opportunities for the new generation of FACE experiments. Summary Long‐term field experiments to elucidate forest responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration require allometric equations to estimate tree biomass from non‐destructive measurements of tree size. We analyzed whether the allometric equations established at the beginning of a free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in a Liquidambar styraciflua plantation were still valid at the end of the 12 year experiment. Aboveground woody biomass was initially predicted by an equation that included bole diameter, taper, and height, assuming that including taper and height as predictors would accommodate changes in tree structure that might occur over time and in response to elevated CO2. At the conclusion of the FACE experiment, we harvested 23 trees, measured dimensions and dry mass of boles and branches, and extracted and measured the woody root mass of 10 trees. Although 10 of the harvested trees were larger than the trees used to establish the allometric relationship, measured aboveground woody biomass was well predicted by the original allometry. The initial linear equation between bole basal area and woody root biomass underestimated final root biomass by 28%, but root biomass was just 21% of total wood mass, and errors in aboveground and belowground estimates were offsetting. The allometry established at the beginning of the experiment provided valid predictions of tree biomass throughout the experiment. New allometric approaches using terrestrial laser scanning should reduce an important source of uncertainty in decade‐long forest experiments and in assessments of centuries‐long forest biomass accretion used in evaluating carbon offsets and climate mitigation.

This study highlights the potential of grass–legume intercropping systems in enhancing soil carbon sequestration and cycling nutrients, providing ecological support for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the chemical composition and root biomass of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk) pasture grown in monoculture or intercropped with forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte) under different row spacings (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 cm), 4–5 years after establishment. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates under intermittent sheep grazing. Results (p < 0.05) indicated that root biomass was higher in the intercropped pastures (6752 to 11,167 kg OM ha−1) than in the monoculture (3696 kg OM ha−1). Carbon (C) and N stored in root biomass were also influenced by the row spacings, with narrower spacings, particularly 40 cm (1282 kg C ha−1) and 50 cm (1424 kg C ha−1), showing higher C storage than in the monoculture (509 kg C ha−1). Similarly, the 40 cm (122 kg N ha−1) and 50 cm (138 kg N ha−1) spacings showed higher N accumulation in root biomass than the monoculture (38.9 kg N ha−1). These spacing also reduced C/N and lignin/ADIN ratios, which enhanced nitrogen cycling efficiency. Based on these results, 40 and 50 cm spacings are recommended for intercropped pastures, as they optimize C and N accumulation and nutrient cycling, and support sustainable pasture management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil respiration is an important pathway of carbon release from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere, which plays a key role in ecosystem carbon cycling. However, the response and mechanism of soil respiration to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in legume plants are still unclear. Here, a pot experiment planted with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition on soil respiration. Four treatments were designed: control, N addition, P addition, and both N and P addition. Soil respiration was measured twice a month from June to September in 2022. Our results showed that nutrient addition treatments presented significantly negative effects on soil respiration. In particular, nitrogen addition not only directly affected soil respiration, but also indirectly impacted soil respiration by altering soil nitrate nitrogen content. Elevated soil nitrate nitrogen content could inhibit soybean root nodule number and reduce biomass allocation to roots, thereby decreasing soil respiration. Furthermore, phosphorus addition and nitrogen–phosphorus co-addition strongly inhibited soybean nodulation by changing soil pH value, thus inhibiting soil respiration of soybean. The findings provide baseline information for optimizing nutrient management in legume crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buckwheat is an important nutritional and nutraceutical crop; however, owing to its low yield and productivity, its potential has not been harnessed on account of its cultivation in low-input marginal farming systems, where its productivity is limited by various abiotic stresses, including water stress. Roots play a critical role in plant growth, development, and tolerance to drought stress. The present study was the first comprehensive attempt to understand the root system architecture (RSA) of buckwheat using root morphology and in-depth features of RSA through root scanning. A total of 117 diverse genotypes of buckwheat, comprising both common and Tartary buckwheat, were cultivated in polyvinyl chloride columns in the greenhouse. The study revealed substantial variability for all the root and shoot traits of buckwheat. Comparative analysis indicated that Tartary buckwheat has better root features compared to common buckwheat. The correlation analysis showed the surface area, medium root length, and medium root volume were positively correlated and branching frequency and root shoot ratio were negatively correlated. The study identified potential genotypes with robust RSA that can be used for the development of climate-resilient buckwheat varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensified atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, coupled with increased application of N fertilizers in forest plantations, has resulted in N and phosphorus (P) imbalance in the forest soil system. However, it is seldom investigated whether an addition of N counteracts the effects of low P stress on N and P nutrient absorption and utilization efficiencies. Thus, we conducted a greenhouse experiment on three clones of Chinese fir (clones 061, 020 and 2 C) with four levels of N addition (2, 5, 10, and 15 mmol·L− 1 sodium nitrate) under normal P supply (1.0 mmol·L− 1 KH2PO4), moderately P deficiency (0.5 mmol·L− 1 KH2PO4) and severely P deficiency (0.1 mmol·L− 1 KH2PO4) conditions. The results showed that addition of moderate concentration of N (10 mmol·L− 1 N) significantly promoted root elongation, root dry mass accumulation, root surface area and root APase activity of Chinese fir seedlings under P-deficient conditions, with distinct clonal variation. Seedlings of clone 061 showed the most root APase activity in response to addition of moderate concentration of N under P deficient condition while clones 061 and 020 had the longest roots and the largest root dry mass accumulation. Under severe P deficiency, the N and P absorption efficiencies (NAE and PAE) of Chinese fir seedlings increased with increasing N concentration, while the N and P utilization efficiencies (NUE and PUE) decreased. The findings demonstrate that addition of moderate level of N modulates the adaptive responses of Chinese fir to P deficiency and enhances the absorption efficiency of P. The variation among clones suggests that the responses are genetically controlled and there exists great potential for breeding highly phosphorus efficient genotypes under coupled conditions of P deficiency and increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments provide essential data on forest responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 for evaluations of climate change impacts on humanity. Understanding and reducing the uncertainty in the experimental results is critical to ensure scientific and public confidence in the models and policy initiatives that derive therefrom. One source of uncertainty is the estimation of tree biomass using mathematical relationships between biomass and easily obtained and non‐destructive measurements (allometry). We evaluated the robustness of the allometric relationships established at the beginning of a FACE experiment and discuss the challenges and opportunities for the new generation of FACE experiments. Summary: Long‐term field experiments to elucidate forest responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration require allometric equations to estimate tree biomass from non‐destructive measurements of tree size. We analyzed whether the allometric equations established at the beginning of a free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in a Liquidambar styraciflua plantation were still valid at the end of the 12 year experiment.Aboveground woody biomass was initially predicted by an equation that included bole diameter, taper, and height, assuming that including taper and height as predictors would accommodate changes in tree structure that might occur over time and in response to elevated CO2. At the conclusion of the FACE experiment, we harvested 23 trees, measured dimensions and dry mass of boles and branches, and extracted and measured the woody root mass of 10 trees.Although 10 of the harvested trees were larger than the trees used to establish the allometric relationship, measured aboveground woody biomass was well predicted by the original allometry. The initial linear equation between bole basal area and woody root biomass underestimated final root biomass by 28%, but root biomass was just 21% of total wood mass, and errors in aboveground and belowground estimates were offsetting.The allometry established at the beginning of the experiment provided valid predictions of tree biomass throughout the experiment. New allometric approaches using terrestrial laser scanning should reduce an important source of uncertainty in decade‐long forest experiments and in assessments of centuries‐long forest biomass accretion used in evaluating carbon offsets and climate mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterlogging is a critical abiotic stress increasing in importance due to more intense, erratic rainfall associated with climate change. Waterlogging leads to significant yield losses in sensitive crops, such as soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Identifying soybean genotypes and traits associated with better waterlogging tolerance is of high interest. We assessed the response of six soybean genotypes, selected from a field screening of over 190 genotypes, to 10 days of waterlogging at the R1 (onset of flowering) and R4 (grain filling) stages. We evaluated yield and its components, as well as shoot and root dry weights (DW) at the end of the waterlogging treatments and at maturity, along with morphological traits such as plant branch number, stem diameter and plant height. By integrating all these traits, a waterlogging tolerance index (WTI) was calculated for each genotype to rank their sensitivity. The WTI showed variations among genotypes from 0.61 to 0.77, indicating genotypic variation in response to waterlogging. Greater reductions in root DW compared to shoot DW were observed immediately after waterlogging. By maturity, shoot DW of waterlogged plants was more severely reduced than root DW in all genotypes. Despite similar DW losses at R1 and R4 at physiological maturity, seed number per plant and 100‐seed weight responses differed between the treatments. Genotypes that performed well under control conditions suffered significant yield reductions of 70%–85% after waterlogging, mainly due to fewer fertile nodes and seeds per pod, with some also experiencing a notable decrease in 100‐seed weight. In contrast, other genotypes had milder responses, with less severe reductions in seed and pod traits. Identifying breeding soybean genotypes tolerant to waterlogging during reproductive stages that maintain the number of fertile nodes and pods per node without changes in seeds per pod could significantly mitigate yield losses from waterlogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrub encroachment onto grassland is a global problem, and thus the relationship between shrub encroachment and grazing disturbance needs to be clarified. In this study, we set up two treatments in China's desert steppe, including no grazing (CK) and heavy grazing (HG). We aimed to analyze the impact of grazing on carbon storage in shrublands and herbaceous communities. We utilized Real-Time Kinematic Positioning (RTK) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect and quantify aboveground / belowground biomass of Caragana microphylla. We also measured the biomass of grass. The resulting model for the aboveground biomass of C. microphylla was y = 22.45e4.5562x, where x denotes the canopy area (R² = 0.96). The resulting model for the root biomass of C. microphylla was y = 3×10-5x - 23.618 (R² = 0.99), where x is amplitude. The coarse root / shoot ratios of the shrub were 8.06 and 8.92 in the CK and HG treatments, respectively. Heavy grazing significantly reduced the density and biomass of both C.microphylla and the broader community (shrub + grass) (P<0.05). The carbon stock of vegetation was significantly greater in shrubby grassland than in Stipa breviflora grassland (P<0.05). Our results show that shrub encroachment increased carbon storage and plant diversity in the desert steppe, while, at the same time, heavy grazing affect the shrub encroachment by C. microphylla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal root system architecture (RSA) is critical for efficient resource capture in soils, hence being an interest in crop breeding. Seminal root angle (SRA) at the seedling stage in durum wheat has been suggested to be a good indicator of RSA. However, research on correlating such laboratory‐based seedling root phenotyping to RSA at later phases of plant growth is limited, resulting in the importance of root trait variation seen in seedlings often being overstated. To explore the role of SRA in modifying RSA at later phases of plant growth, we assessed 11 genotypes contrasting in SRA (wide and narrow), grown in a rhizobox designed for phenotyping root systems of plants during late‐tillering. Aboveground traits and root dry mass in different soil depths and across the entire soil volume were measured manually, while root architectural traits were extracted using image analysis and summarised by multiple factor analysis to describe RSA. When comparing the wide and narrow genotypes, no differences were detected for aboveground traits and total root dry mass. However, differences were observed in the allocation of root dry mass at different depths. The wide and narrow genotypes showed distinct RSAs, particularly in the upper soil (0–30 cm). The wide genotypes exhibited a 'spread‐out' root system with dense and thin roots, whereas the narrow genotypes had a compact root system with fewer but thicker roots. Our study demonstrated a clear difference in RSA between the wide and narrow genotypes, highlighting the association between SRA on the direction and distribution of root growth in plants at later growth stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a ten-year cycle of studying oilseed radish in the variant of two sowing dates. The technological regulations of the applied sowing options correspond to the classical scheme of spring sowing period and intermediate (post-harvest, post-mowing varieties) in the summer sowing period. The research evaluated the first block of indicators of the multi-service cover crop (MSCC) criteria system. The assessment of the first component of the MSCC system included indicators of the formed aboveground and underground plant biomass with details on such components as the dynamics of mass growth and soil coverage, the structure of the aboveground mass by the proportion of leaves, stems and generative part, complex morphometry by the vitality index, plant survival and root system productivity for both sowing dates. Significant levels of ecological adaptability of oilseed radish with the possibility of forming levels of total bioproductivity in the range of 4-7 t·ha-1 of dry matter at a wide range of average daily temperatures (14-22 °C) and precipitation of 29-290 mm were established. It was determined that at high rates of growth processes with the level of achievement of the 'ground cover' indicator at 70% on 45-50 days after sowing, high plant survival at the level of 70-80% during intermediate summer use, the formation of an optimized structure with a leafiness at the level of 30-49% at the milestone date of use, with an achievable root system productivity coefficient of 4.7 (in dry matter) and the formation of total plant biomass at the level of 2.0-4.0 t·ha-1 of dry matter even under conditions of IDM < 10 and Kh < 0.5, oilseed radish should be classified as a crop that fully corresponds the criteria of the first general productive block of the MSCC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil due to the establishment of new orchards, olive seedling production is growing strongly, while the use of biostimulants in agriculture has been gaining attention due to their benefits in root formation and nutrient absorption. This study evaluated the use of biostimulants for promoting the growth of 3-month-old rooted olive seedlings in pots and to assess the nursery quality of the seedlings. Rooted cuttings of Arbequina, Maria da Fé, and Ascolano 315 cultivars were treated with Azospirillum brasilense (Az) and humic substances (HS), alone and in combination. Growth parameters, such as height and stem diameter, were measured every month and after 150 days, seedlings per treatment were also analysed for aerial and root fresh and dry biomasses. Arbequina exhibited the highest growth rate with Az and best absolute growth rate with Az + HS treatment. The total dry matter of the olive seedlings, comprising both the aerial and root part, was influenced by both Azospirillum brasilense and humic substances, enhancing nitrogen availability. The three treatments showed their positive effects on aboveground growth and overall plant vigour. Despite increased biomass, treated olive seedlings showed no significant height advantage over controls, suggesting that the effects may appear in later developmental stages.

Cover crops have many simultaneous roles that enhance the sustainability of agriculture compared to leaving land fallow in arable systems. In high rainfall climates, an important role of cover crops is to sequester nutrients, protecting them from loss to the environment. In many livestock intensive regions, organic manures are applied in autumn with land left fallow over winter and then a cash crop is planted in the spring. This practice of extended fallow, combined with the poorly synchronised application of nutrients to cash crop nutrient demand, further adds to the potential for large losses of nutrients specifically nitrogen (N) to the environment through leaching and volatilization. Therefore, if cover crops could respond to these nutrients through increased biomass growth and nutrient uptake, they could reduce these losses. Therefore, it is important to choose the correct species which grows adequately to deliver these potential benefits. In the region this study is conducted, Northern Ireland, there has been little research to investigate not only what optimum cover crop species are but also what species could respond to additional nutrients in the slurry. This study comprises two experiments, in consecutive years, including a combination of three factors: cover crop species (five species; a mixture and a control representing fallow); pig slurry. Consequently, it was found that with good growing conditions, in the trial year of 2018/19, species such as forage rape and tillage radish could significantly (p < 0.05) increase the amount of N contained in their biomass and the soil (to 15 cm) by 70 and 63%, respectively, in response to slurry. Alternatively, when slurry was applied to fallow land (conventional practice), low amounts (14 and 0% in the two trial years, respectively) of the N from the slurry were detected in weed biomass or retained in the soil. This demonstrates a large loss of N from the system. Thus, the integration of responsive cover crops with slurry is a better practice to abate N loss than conventional practice, if slurry applications can not be delayed.

Understanding changes in root traits of high-yielding genotypes that consistently perform during different drought periods is crucial for improving wheat production and yield stability. A 2-year field trial and a pot experiment were conducted to determine the response of root growth and grain yield to early and terminal droughts in old and modern cultivars (FC3: 1960s and CH1: 2010s) under rainfed and irrigated conditions in the field. Rainfed wheat faced terminal drought in 2015–2016 and early drought in 2016–2017. Plants in the pot experiment were exposed to terminal drought, early drought, and well-watered. Both field and pot experiments showed higher grain yield in modern cultivar CH1 compared to FC3. Early and terminal droughts reduced grain yield in both cultivars, with a greater reduction in FC3. CH1 exhibited higher yield stability under drought conditions and experienced less reduction in early drought. Compared to FC3, CH1 produced more root biomass in the early growth stage. At anthesis, CH1 had significantly lower root biomass and root length density in the topsoil layer (00.2 m) and higher in the subsoil layer (0.21.0 m) than FC3, respectively. At maturity, the retention rate of subsoil root biomass in CH1 was higher, especially under early drought (80.2 % in field and 93.9 % in pot experiments). Both cultivars consumed similar seasonal water use, but CH1 reduced pre-anthesis water use and consumed more water after anthesis. This study indicates that modern cultivar had vigorous root growth at early stage. A higher proportion of root biomass preserved in deep soil after anthesis enhanced post-anthesis water use and photosynthetic rate, improved post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and thus resulted in higher thousand kernel weight. These factors ensure higher yield and yield stability under both early and terminal drought stress.

Soil structure is important for plant growth and ecosystem functioning, and provides habitat for a wide range of soil biota. So far, very few studies directly compared the effects of three main farming practices (conventional, organic and conservation agriculture) on soil structure and soil physical properties. Here, we collected undisturbed soil cores from the FArming System and Tillage long-term field experiment (FAST) near Zurich (Switzerland). This trial compares the effects of conventional tillage, conventional no-tillage, organic tillage and non-inversion reduced tillage under organic farming since 2009. We assessed 28 soil chemical and physical properties and related them to root and microbial biomass as well as to the diversity of bacteria and fungi. Tillage decreased bulk density (−14 %) and penetration resistance (−40 %) compared to no/reduce-tillage, potentially promoting a facilitative environment for plant root growth. Water holding capacity varied among systems, being the lowest in conventional tillage and highest (+10 %) in organic reduced tillage. We observed that microbial biomass and rhizosphere microbial diversity was positively associated with water holding capacity and the occurrence of mesopores. The presence of mesopores could provide additional niche space for microbes possibly explaining its positive effect on microbial diversity. Soil microbial biomass and rhizosphere microbial diversity were higher in plots subjected to soil conservation practices, indicating that tillage has a detrimental effect on soil microbes. Our work demonstrates that organic, conventional and conservation agriculture create contrasting soil physical environments. This work highlights the trade-off between creating a facilitative environment for root growth by tillage and maintaining complex and diverse soil microhabitats for microbes under conservation agriculture.

The potential of Leersia hexandra grass in phytoremediation and natural attenuation of three groups of bacteria in soil contaminated with crude oil was evaluated for 180 days. The quantities of new shoots, root and aerial biomass were evaluated; changes in antioxidant concentrations in leaf and root caused by abiotic stress; population densities of Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas; and microbial respiration. The experimental data showed oil-induced increases of 315% and 196% in new shoots and root phytomass, respectively, and a 44% decrease in leaf + stem phytomass. The enzymatic defence in the grass leaf was manifested by higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and total flavonoids; the increases fluctuated from 35% to 52%. The response in the root was positive in catalase (16%), and in ammonium phenylalanine lyase, it increased 275% due to the effect of crude oil. The group of indigenous Azotobacter bacteria were tolerant to crude oil exposure, both in the phytoremediation process and in natural attenuation; the population densities varied from 212 to 438 × 103 colony-forming units (CFUs); they are greater than 49% to 106% compared to densities in control soil. Azospirillum spp. and Pseudomonas spp. recorded population abiotic stress. The grass activates enzymatic and plant defence, complementing microbial respiration in response to adaptation to crude oil.

Estimation of carbon (C) stocks revealed a very high carbon sequestration potential of mangroves, which play a major role in the global C cycle. The C stored in the biomass of live trees can be estimated from above- and below-ground measurements, i.e., tree diameter and height, leaf litter, root biomass, necromass, and soil. The allocation of biomass and C in the scrub mangrove forest is influenced by various factors, including low structural development. The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon stock (in relation to biomass) and storage in the soil of the San Ignacio and El Dátil lagoons in an arid region of the north Pacific. Above-ground biomass (AGB) was estimated based on mangrove structure and leaf litter; below-ground biomass (BGB) was measured by extracting root cores (45 cm depth) and soil (1.2 m depth). Biomass values were converted to carbon with allometric equations. We found an inverse relationship between BGB content (roots) and above-ground structural development, with a mean total biomass (AGB + BGB) of 101.7 MgC ha−1. Below-ground carbon content (roots, necromass, and soil) was 2.8 times higher than above-ground carbon content (trees and litter). Control sites (devoid of vegetation) adjacent to the mangrove have recorded low carbon stocks of 7.3 MgC ha−1, which supports the recommendations for conserving and restoring degraded areas. The present study contributes valuable information on carbon related to mangrove biomass and stored in the soil of arid mangrove areas of northwestern Mexico.

Deficiency symptoms of iron (Fe) appear in eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) plantations grown on different type of soils in Punjab, India. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to study the response of eucalyptus to application of Fe in soils of different textures. The treatments comprised of six levels of Fe as soil application (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe kg−1 soil applied as chelated Fe through Fe-EDTA) and two foliar sprays (0.5% and 1% FeSO4·7H2O) replicated thrice in soils of three textures (loamy sand, sandy loam, and sandy clay) in a completely randomized design. Plant growth parameters, Fe concentration in soils, and Fe uptake by different plant parts were determined after nine months of eucalyptus growth. These parameters were significantly and positively influenced with the application of Fe. Dry weight of shoot and root was the highest at 30 mg Fe kg−1 whereas Fe concentration and uptake of Fe by shoot and root were the highest at 45 mg Fe kg−1. With 1% spray, the root dry weight, Fe concentration in leaves and its uptake by leaves and shoot were the highest. Loamy sand soil exhibited maximum shoot biomass and uptake response to applied Fe by eucalyptus. The Fe concentration in soil was positively and significantly related to Fe concentration (r = 0.436*–0.772**) and its uptake (r = 0.643**- 0.866**) by different plant parts. Conclusively, application of Fe to eucalyptus significantly increased the growth parameters, its uptake and response by the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grassland degradation can substantially reduce soil carbon sequestration capacity. However, the effects of grassland degradation on soil organic carbon (SOC) density remain unquantified in high‐altitude alpine meadows. In this study, the response and controlling mechanisms of topsoil (0–20 cm) organic carbon were explored in a field survey involving 11 pairs of healthy versus severely degraded plots of high‐altitude (above 4000 m) alpine meadows, as well as three short‐term (3–5 years) fencing restoration projects, across the source of the Yellow River in August of 2020 and 2021. The results showed that 0–20 cm root biomass, SOC content (SCC), and density (SCD) of healthy meadows averaged 533.7 ± 291.9 g/m2 (mean ± S.D), 21.17 ± 9.36 g/kg, and 4.54 ± 1.64 kg C/m2, respectively. Root biomass, SCC, and SCD were markedly reduced by 63.0%, 33.2%, and 17.6% in severely degraded grassland compared with healthy meadows. The SCC and SCD averaged 7.92 ± 2.21 g/kg and 2.2 ± 0.9 kg C/m2 in fencing plots, respectively, and were not significantly different from severely degraded meadows, suggesting a limited improvement in SOC from short‐term fencing restoration. Analysis of a piecewise structural equation model revealed that the effect of degradation on SCD (indicated by the difference in SCD between paired healthy and degraded meadows) was jointly regulated by the differential surface root biomass and site altitude, with a total positive effect of 0.39 and 0.26, respectively. Our findings indicate the losses of topsoil organic carbon stock caused by grassland degradation are root biomass‐ and altitude‐dependent, supporting the notion that antecedent prevention of degradation, more than subsequent restoration, should be the highest priority in the adaptive management of alpine meadows in harsh high‐altitude regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations are crucial determinants of crop physiology and the soil environment. However, the intricate relationships among soil respiration, soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and winter wheat growth in the presence of shallow groundwater remain enigmatic. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations and their correlations with soil nutrient content, enzymatic activities, and wheat root biomass to better understand the influence of shallow groundwater on soil environmental conditions. Lysimeter experiments were conducted at five groundwater depths (20, 40, 50, 60, and 80 cm) and three fertilizer application rates (low, 75%; normal, 100%; high, 125%). Soil CO2 (soil layer > 10 cm) and CH4 concentrations significantly decreased with increasing groundwater depth. The maximum values of root parameters and shoot biomass were mainly concentrated at 50–60 cm at the high fertilization level (except root length density, which was higher at the normal fertilization level), and were 0.36–77.4% higher than other treatments. Soil CO2 concentration showed positive correlations with organic matter and total N content, enzyme activities, and root biomass. Soil CH4 concentration had significant correlations with soil organic matter, total N, and available K. Compared to the fertilization level, groundwater depth emerged as a crucial factor as it affected soil physicochemical properties, soil enzymatic activities, root respiration, and winter wheat growth in shallow groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an editorial that highlights the ecological links between aboveground and underground ecosystems. It emphasizes the importance of studying the interactions between these systems in the context of global environmental changes. The editorial presents a compilation of six articles that cover various topics, including the effects of radiation on soil microbial communities, the relationship between leaf dry mass and leaf age, the impact of non-native species on native ecosystems, the phenotypic plasticity of trees in response to climate change, the nesting behaviors of birds in urban greenspaces, and the influence of plant diversity on root biomass. The article concludes by emphasizing the complexity and interconnectedness of aboveground and underground ecosystems and the need for multidisciplinary research and conservation strategies to address environmental challenges. [Extracted from the article]

There is a growing interest in developing agricultural practices that can improve crop performance while preserving natural resources. Plant biostimulants are thought to play a role in reaching this goal, in particular by increasing the nitrogen use efficiency. However, a notable research gap exists concerning the effects of foliar applications of natural zeolites as plant biostimulants on crop performance. To address this knowledge gap, a greenhouse experiment was set up in order to study the response of maize and wheat traits, specifically the biomass productivity and nitrogen uptake, as well as the response of soil extracellular enzymes to the foliar applications of a natural zeolite in combination with different levels of nitrogen fertilization, that is, 100%, 75%, and 50% of the optimal dose. Foliar application of zeolite in wheat and maize plants led to an increase in root nitrogen concentration of about 10%, particularly at the lowest nitrogen fertilization rate. This response was accompanied by an increase in aboveground to belowground uptake nitrogen ratio. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction of about 20% in root biomass in both crops with zeolite application across the entire nitrogen fertilization gradient. These plant-level responses were associated with a significant increase in the activity of carbon-degrading and nitrogen-degrading enzymes at the soil level in response to zeolite applications. Our findings provide a compelling proof-of-concept for the beneficial effects of foliar-applied zeolite as a biostimulant for crops, emphasizing the critical need for additional field research to validate our greenhouse results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have improved simultaneously with the genetic development of wheat varieties. However, wheat selection is carried out routinely in N‐rich field conditions, with breeding progress limited under low soil available nitrogen. Thus, we performed a 2‐year field investigation using eight milestone winter wheat varieties released between 1947 and 2017 in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region of China with two N applications—normal (CK; 220 kg N ha−1) and reduced (RN; 110 kg N ha−1)—in Shaanxi, China, to examine changes in wheat yield, NUE, water use efficiency (WUE) and root biomass. Our findings revealed average annual yield increases of 49.615 kg ha−1 and 36.905 kg ha−1 under CK and RN, respectively. Notably, the NUE trend mirrored yield, increasing with the release year of wheat varieties, with average annual increases in NUE of 0.192 and 0.336 kg kg−1 under CK and RN, respectively. In the RN treatment, N uptake efficiency (UPE) increased with year of release, while N utilization efficiency (UTE) had no significant relationship. In the CK treatment, UTE increased with year of release, while UPE had no significant relationship. Across the 2‐year experiment, surface root biomass (0–20 cm layer) increased with year of release under CK but had no relationship under RN, while deep root biomass (20–200 cm layer) decreased with year of release under CK and increased under RN. The roots of modern wheat varieties responded better to soil nitrogen levels and produced higher yields, NUE and WUE than earlier varieties by adjusting root biomass distribution in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Leersia hexandra grass in phytoremediation and natural attenuation of three groups of bacteria in soil contaminated with crude oil was evaluated for 180 days. The quantities of new shoots, root and aerial biomass were evaluated; changes in antioxidant concentrations in leaf and root caused by abiotic stress; population densities of Azoto-bacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas; and microbial respiration. The experimental data showed oil-induced increases of 315% and 196% in new shoots and root phytomass, respectively, and a 44% decrease in leaf + stem phytomass. The enzymatic defence in the grass leaf was manifested by higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, phenylalanine ammonium lyase and total flavonoids; the increases fluctuated from 35% to 52%. The response in the root was positive in catalase (16%), and in ammonium phenylalanine lyase, it increased 275% due to the effect of crude oil. The group of indigenous Azotobacter bacteria were tolerant to crude oil exposure, both in the phytoremediation process and in natural attenuation; the population densities varied from 212 to 438 x 10³ colony-forming units (CFUs); they are greater than 49% to 106% compared to densities in control soil. Azospirillum spp. and Pseudomonas spp. recorded population abiotic stress. The grass activates enzymatic and plant defence, complementing microbial respiration in response to adaptation to crude oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are To clarify soil organic carbon content of each plant community and to provide a theoretical basis for grassland conservation. [Methods]Six plant communities(Stipa breviflora, Koeleria cristata, Leymus chinensis, Stipa krylovii, Convolvulus ammannii, Allium mongolicum) in the enclosed area of Xilamuren Desert Grassland were studied for soil mechanical composition, soil organic carbon content and root characteristics of different plant communities.[Results](1) The soil mechanical composition of soil depth of 0-30 cm in six plant communities was mainly composed of silt and extremely fine sand, with the average values of 26.50%～54.62% and 16.90%～34.08%, respectively.(2) The root biomass of six plant communities gradually decreased with soil depth, and the total root biomass was between 229.21 and 731.71 g/m~2. Judging from characteristics of root distribution, the root distribution of Stipa breviflora was ‘E’ type distribution, and the root distributions other plant communities were ‘V’ type distribution.(3) Soil organic carbon content of six plant communities gradually decreased with soil depth. The average organic carbon content in 0-30 cm ranged from 6.07 to 11.75 g/kg.(4) There was a significant positive correlation between root biomass, soil organic carbon and clay, and a significant positive correlation with silt, indicating that the more soil particles and clay content, the richer the root biomass and soil organic carbon of different plant communities. [Conclusion] Enclosure could effectively promote the increase of soil organic carbon, but organic carbon varied in response to different vegetation communities. The accuracy of grassland organic carbon storage should be determined according to the characteristics of grassland vegetation communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial grasses form the bulk of nutrition for livestock in semi-arid grassland ecosystems in addition to the provision of other ecosystem services such as carbon storage. A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of ecotypes of two common perennial semi-arid grasses (Panicum maximum and Cenchrus ciliaris) under different soil types and watering regimes. Four indigenous perennial grass ecotypes namely Panicum maximum ISY, Panicum maximum TVT, Cenchrus ciliaris KLF and Cenchrus ciliaris MGD grown in three different soil types (ferralsols, fluvisols, and gleysols) and subjected to varied watering regimes (enhanced, depressed and normal) in greenhouse study. Interactively, soil types and watering regimes strongly influenced the morphological attributes among the grass ecotypes. Shoot and root biomass production among ecotypes was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in fluvisols subjected to enhanced watering and lower in gleysols under depressed watering. Shoot biomass of the different grass ecotypes was higher in fluvisols by between 7-34 % and 10-35 % compared to those grown in ferralsols and gleysols respectively. Similar trends were observed in rood biomass. Enhanced watering resulted in enhanced growth irrespective of the soil type. Depressed water regimes contributed significantly (p < 0.05) to a decline in biomass. Root biomass of the grass ecotypes was higher by between 50-89 % in fluvisols compared to ferralsols and between 41-163 % in gleysols respectively. Root: shoot ratios ranged from 0.41 - 1.73 in in the grass ecotypes with soil types and watering strongly driving biomass allocation patterns. These findings suggest that soil types and watering are key drivers of the productivity of the grass ecotypes, and precipitation variability is likely to have a strong influence on the productivity of semi-arid perennial grasses. Establishing appropriate grasses in suitable soils and with adequate moisture can enhance the success of fodder production and rangeland restoration initiatives for increased resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shrubbery and young plantations, with a large number of tree species, take up a broad area in subtropical Chinese forests and contribute a significant part to forest biomass and carbon (C) stocks. However, the biomass and C stocks of shrubbery and young plantations were generally underestimated or excluded in forest biomass calculations due to the scarce of standard equations for estimating biomass. The aim of this study was to develop appropriate regression equations for biomass estimation of shrubbery and young plantations. A total of 108 individuals of 15 most widespread shrub and young tree species were sampled by destructive harvesting, and the dry weight of each component of trees, i.e., foliage, branch, stem and root were obtained. The dry biomass of each component was correlated with plant height (H), basal diameter of stem (D), crown area (CA) and their composite variables D2H and CV (CA × H) by using seemingly uncorrelated regression, and the best fitted model was chosen according to the determination coefficient (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and percent relative standard errors (PRSE) less than 25%. In the species-specific equations, H, D or D2H were used as the appropriate independent variables in most of the equations, and only a few of them were CA or CV. In the multiple species equations, H was an important variable to predict the biomass, but the predictors of biomass equation for different functional groups or life forms were different due to diversity of external morphology. The species-specific equations had low biases, while the general equations for functional groups and life forms showed comparable biases, and the general equations for all species had the highest prediction biases. Therefore, general equations for functional groups or life forms are recommended to estimate biomass for species without species-specific allometric equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon stocks in root biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC) were analysed in tropical mountain cloud forest (TMCF) of Mexico. Additionally, the hypothesis that the concentration of roots in the forest is not homogeneous but that they are concentrated near the trunks of the trees was evaluated. Root biomass was 707.68 ± 150.41 g·m −2 , which stores ∼353.85 ± 75.21 g·C·m −2. Coarse roots contributed 36.8%, fine roots 35.5%, and very fine roots 27.7% of the total biomass. The results did not support the hypothesis that fine roots are concentrated near the trunks of the trees. On average, SOC was 108.23 ± 33.21 Mg·C·ha −1. Mean C stored in the soil (C in roots + SOC) was 111.77 ± 32.97 Mg·C·ha −1. The TMCF is an ecosystem with a high potential for soil carbon storage, with similar C values reported to those in other tropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of carbon (C) stocks revealed a very high carbon sequestration potential of mangroves, which play a major role in the global C cycle. The C stored in the biomass of live trees can be estimated from above- and below-ground measurements, i.e., tree diameter and height, leaf litter, root biomass, necromass, and soil. The allocation of biomass and C in the scrub mangrove forest is influenced by various factors, including low structural development. The objective of this study was to estimate the carbon stock (in relation to biomass) and storage in the soil of the San Ignacio and El Dátil lagoons in an arid region of the north Pacific. Above-ground biomass (AGB) was estimated based on mangrove structure and leaf litter; below-ground biomass (BGB) was measured by extracting root cores (45 cm depth) and soil (1.2 m depth). Biomass values were converted to carbon with allometric equations. We found an inverse relationship between BGB content (roots) and above-ground structural development, with a mean total biomass (AGB + BGB) of 101.7 MgC ha-1. Below-ground carbon content (roots, necromass, and soil) was 2.8 times higher than above-ground carbon content (trees and litter). Control sites (devoid of vegetation) adjacent to the mangrove have recorded low carbon stocks of 7.3 MgC ha-1, which supports the recommendations for conserving and restoring degraded areas. The present study contributes valuable information on carbon related to mangrove biomass and stored in the soil of arid mangrove areas of northwestern Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective management of understory vegetation is crucial for forest biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functions. However, the impact of various understory management practices on key ecosystem processes, such as soil nutrient cycling in tree crop plantations, remains poorly understood. This study quantified the 7-year cumulative effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN) stocks in rubber plantations under four understory management practices: (i) conventional management (RC) as the control, (ii) herbicide application (RH), (iii) natural regeneration (RN), and (iv) replacement with leguminous shrub (RA). Compared to RC, RN and RA increased the average number of native and invasive species and produced high above- and belowground biomass. Conversely, RH decreased the species number and belowground biomass. More SOC and STN were stored in 0.0–0.2 m topsoil in both RN (+ 9.6 Mg C ha–1; + 0.7 Mg N ha–1) and RA (+ 10.7 Mg C ha–1; + 0.6 Mg N ha–1) than RC, while they remained stable in RN but declined in RA from deeper layers of 0.2–1.0 m. Across the entire 1 m soil profile, the annual increment of SOC stocks in RN and RA reached 1.7 and 1.0 Mg C ha–1 yr–1, respectively, and of STN stocks reached 0.02 and − 0.14 Mg N ha–1 yr–1. However, RH decreased SOC and STN stocks and corresponding annual increments for the entire profile. The variations in SOC and STN stocks in the topsoil were attributed primarily to aboveground biomass and determined by belowground biomass in the deeper soil. Moreover, litter depth also effectively reflected SOC and STN dynamics. These results suggest that the implementation of natural regeneration and agroforestry system in the understory of rubber plantations offers significant potential for increasing soil C and N stocks. Our findings imply that sustainable understory management practices, especially natural regeneration and agroforestry system, will benefit for understory plants conservation and soil nutrient supply in tree crop plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The distribution of roots throughout the soil drives depth‐dependent plant–soil interactions and ecosystem processes, particularly in arctic tundra where plant biomass, is predominantly belowground. Vegetation is usually classified from aboveground, but it is unclear whether such classifications are suitable to estimate belowground attributes and their consequences, such as rooting depth distribution and its influence on carbon cycling.We performed a meta‐analysis of 55 published arctic rooting depth profiles, testing for differences both between distributions based on aboveground vegetation types (Graminoid, Wetland, Erect‐shrub, and Prostrate‐shrub tundra) and between 'Root Profile Types' for which we defined three representative and contrasting clusters. We further analyzed potential impacts of these different rooting depth distributions on rhizosphere priming‐induced carbon losses from tundra soils.Rooting depth distribution hardly differed between aboveground vegetation types but varied between Root Profile Types. Accordingly, modelled priming‐induced carbon emissions were similar between aboveground vegetation types when they were applied to the entire tundra, but ranged from 7.2 to 17.6 Pg C cumulative emissions until 2100 between individual Root Profile Types.Variations in rooting depth distribution are important for the circumpolar tundra carbon‐climate feedback but can currently not be inferred adequately from aboveground vegetation type classifications. See also the Commentary on this article by Weber & Iversen, 240: 457–460. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the phenotypic variability in root system architecture and root-shoot relationships across different growth stages of wheat is of utmost importance for the improvement of genotypes with enhanced nutrient uptake and resource-use efficiency. This study focused on identifying variations and relationships in the root and shoot characteristics of seven modern cultivars and twelve ancient wheat accessions of different species, including T. monococcum, T. turanicum, T. polonicum, T. mirabile, T. durum, and T. aestivum, during the early vegetative growth and stem elongation stages. The results demonstrated significant phenotypic variation among the genotypes for shoot traits, root biomass, rooting depth, R/S ratio, and seminal and nodal root numbers. When considering both growth stages, the dry land-adapted cultivar 'Taner' and ancient wheat species, such as T. turanicum (2) and T. monococcum (1) accessions, exhibited deeper roots, which can enhance access to water in drought-prone areas. Furthermore, it was observed that modern wheat cultivars and T. turanicum accessions exhibited increased root biomass, suggesting a higher allocation of resources towards root growth, which could potentially enhance nutrient uptake. Conversely, T. monococcum accessions and T. mirabile revealed lower root biomass compared to other ancient species and modern cultivars. Additionally, the unrooted cluster analysis based on root biomass, rooting depth, and root to shoot ratio at both growth stages indicated a distinct separation of T. monococcum accessions and T. mirabile from other genotypes. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of phenotypic diversity in root traits for crop improvement and adaptation to varying environments. Identifying genotypes with desirable root characteristics can enhance nutrient and water uptake efficiencies, leading to increased crop productivity and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting initiation and biomass production of roots is significant for plant-based industries including using roots as bioreactors. Two citrus genotypes, Carrizo and US-897, were used as model plants to test the effects of root-predominantly overexpressed the iaaM (indoleacetic acid-tryptophan monooxygenase) gene and a CKX (a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase) gene. The iaaM transgenic lines exhibited markedly faster root initiation, more root numbers, and higher root biomass compared to their wild-type counterparts. The transgenic iaaM + CKX plants also exhibited similar phenotypes, albeit to a lesser extent than the iaaM plants. Molecular analysis revealed an auxin-responsive CsGH3.1 gene was up-regulated in the iaaM roots and iaaM + CKX roots, and a cytokinin-responsive gene CsARR5 gene was down-regulated in the iaaM + CKX roots. Our results demonstrate that root predominant overexpression of the iaaM or both the iaaM and CKX genes drastically enhances the initiation, growth and biomass production of roots. These results provide additional support that manipulation of auxin and cytokinin levels in roots via transgenic or gene-editing technologies may benefit production of high-value secondary metabolites using roots as bioreactors and also improve rooting of recalcitrant plant species. Key message: Root-predominant overexpression of an auxin synthetic gene and a cytokinin degradation gene in citrus enhance initiation and biomass production of roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]